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Kubo Y, Nakashima D, Tomiyama N, Noritake K, Yorozuya K, Tsubouchi Y, Iitsuka T, Fujii K. Association between muscle quality and nutritional status among community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study. Nutr Health 2024:2601060241263377. [PMID: 39051616 DOI: 10.1177/02601060241263377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Background: Decline in muscle quality is associated with poorer health in community-dwelling older adults. Although there is evidence that malnutrition is associated with the decline of muscle quality in older adults, few analyses have considered important factors related to muscle quality. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between muscle quality and nutritional status in community-dwelling older adults, taking into account muscle mass, muscle strength, and amount of physical activity. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from a health checkup program in Japan. Participants were older adults aged ≥65 years living in the community who participated in the health checkup program. The data collected were echo intensity, scores on the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria, skeletal muscle mass, grip strength, physical activity level, and demographic data. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the association between muscle quality and nutritional status. Results: Data were analyzed for 50 participants (mean age 77.62 years, standard deviation 6.16 years, 78.0% women). Multiple regression analysis showed that nutritional status affected muscle quality even when various factors were taken into account (B = 6.95, β = 0.31, p = 0.04, 95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.62). Conclusion: The observed association suggests that providing nutritional support for older adults living in the community may be a useful strategy to maintain muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kubo
- Faculty of Rehabilitation and Care, Seijoh University, Tokai, Japan
| | - Daiki Nakashima
- Faculty of Health Science, Naragakuen University, Nara, Japan
| | - Naoki Tomiyama
- Faculty of Rehabilitation and Care, Seijoh University, Tokai, Japan
| | - Kento Noritake
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Yorozuya
- Faculty of Rehabilitation and Care, Seijoh University, Tokai, Japan
| | | | | | - Keisuke Fujii
- Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
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Dos Reis TMP, Aguiar GG, de Azevedo LP, Silva Lima E, André Dellagrana R, Rossato M. Effects of acai supplementation (Euterpe precatoria Mart) on muscle recovery markers after jump protocol. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:580-596. [PMID: 36924018 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2023.2189114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of acai supplementation (AS) on markers of muscle damage. Twelve men participated in the 21-day study. All performed the damage protocol (DP) in two moments, separated by 7 days. The DP consisted of 10 sets of 10 CMJs, with a recovery of 1 min between sets. The AS was performed for 7 days with 40 g/day of dehydrated acai (GA) or placebo (GP). Blood parameters (CK, LDH and Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity - TEAC) were evaluated at 0 h and 24 h. Ultrasound images (VL, RF and GM), DOMS in lower limbs and isometric peak torque (IPT) of knee extensors and flexors were evaluated at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after DP. A time-treatment interaction was observed for TEAC (p = 0.01), in which the GA presented increases of 11% after 24 h. Similarly, time-treatment interaction was observed for knee flexors IPT (p = 0.02), where GA showed superior recovery after 24 h (GA = 108 ± 23 vs. GP = 92 ± 24 N∙m) and 72 h (GA = 113 ± 31 vs. GP = 98 ± 26 N∙m). No significance was observed in the fatigue index for knee extensors (p = 0.75) and flexors (p = 0.89), indicating similar fatigue in both situations. We concluded that AS increased the TEAC and promoted faster recovery of the knee flexors IPT when compared to GP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Gomes Aguiar
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luma Palheta de Azevedo
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Amazonas, FederalUniversity of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Rossato
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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Albuquerque Brandão MC, de Carvalho Teixeira G, Fernandes de Oliveira L. Acute Effects of Stretching Exercises on Posterior Chain: Analysis of Shear Modulus by Elastography SSI. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 2023:5582277. [PMID: 38654914 PMCID: PMC11023729 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5582277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The posterior chain muscles of the lower limb include the hamstrings and triceps surae, along with the Achilles tendon. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of static stretching exercises commonly used in clinical and training settings on the shear modulus (µ) of these muscles and tendon using Supersonic Shear-Wave Imaging (SSI) elastography. Fifteen healthy adults participated in the study, performing stretching exercises for hamstrings and triceps surae. Shear modulus and joint range of motion (ROM) were measured before and after the stretching protocols. The hip and ankle mean ROM significantly increased by 19.27% and 24.10%, respectively. However, the stretching protocol did not significantly alter in µ of the hamstrings, the gastrocnemius muscles, and the Achilles tendon. K-means clustering analysis identified a group where the subjects with lower initial ROM showed higher amplitude gains and a significant decrease in the semimembranosus stiffness after stretching. These findings suggest that the stretching protocol was effective in improving joint mobility but not sufficient to elicit immediate mechanical changes in muscle and tendon stiffness. Neural adaptations and nonmuscular structures might contribute to increased ROM. The study highlights the importance of considering individual initial ROM and subsequent responses when evaluating the effects of stretching exercises on muscle and tendon properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Albuquerque Brandão
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica—COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Carvalho Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica—COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Liliam Fernandes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica—COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Takahashi K, Shiotani H, Evangelidis PE, Sado N, Kawakami Y. Coronal As Well As Sagittal Fascicle Dynamics Can Bring About a Gearing Effect in Muscle Elongation by Passive Lengthening. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2035-2044. [PMID: 37418239 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The amount of muscle belly elongation induced by passive lengthening is often assumed to be equal to that of fascicles. But these are different if fascicles shorter than the muscle belly rotate around their attachment sites. Such discrepancy between fascicles and muscle belly length changes can be considered as gearing. As the muscle fascicle arrangement is 3D, the fascicle rotation by passive lengthening may occur in the coronal as well as the sagittal planes. Here we examined the fascicle 3D dynamics and resultant gearing during passive elongation of human medial gastrocnemius in vivo . METHODS For 16 healthy adults, we reconstructed fascicles three-dimensionally using diffusion tensor imaging and evaluated the change in fascicle length and angles in the sagittal and coronal planes during passive ankle dorsiflexion (from 20° plantar flexion to 20° dorsiflexion). RESULTS Whole muscle belly elongation during passive ankle dorsiflexion was 38% greater than the fascicle elongation. Upon passive lengthening, the fascicle angle in the sagittal plane in all regions (-5.9°) and that in the coronal plane in the middle-medial (-2.7°) and distal-medial (-4.3°) regions decreased significantly. Combining the fascicle coronal and sagittal rotation significantly increased the gearing effects in the middle-medial (+10%) and distal-medial (+23%) regions. The gearing effect by fascicle sagittal and coronal rotations corresponded to 26% of fascicle elongation, accounting for 19% of whole muscle belly elongation. CONCLUSIONS Fascicle rotation in the coronal and sagittal planes is responsible for passive gearing, contributing to the whole muscle belly elongation. Passive gearing can be favorable for reducing fascicle elongation for a given muscle belly elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natsuki Sado
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
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5
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Nakao S, Ikezoe T, Yagi M, Umehara J, Nojiri S, Ichihashi N. Changes in echo intensity of the gastrocnemius muscle with passive ankle dorsiflexion: can echo intensity be used to assess muscle elongation? Front Physiol 2023; 14:1197503. [PMID: 37781221 PMCID: PMC10540844 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1197503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: While shear modulus has been used as an index of muscle elongation, high costs prevent its general adoption. A more general indicator that can quantify muscle elongation non-invasively is needed to develop effective methods for stretching each muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the echo intensity of the muscle changes with muscle elongation compared with the shear modulus. Methods: Sixteen healthy males (24.1 ± 2.8 years) participated in the study. Shear modulus and echo intensity of the medial gastrocnemius were assessed at 20° and 10° of ankle plantar-flexion, and 0°, 10°, and 20° of ankle dorsiflexion (presented as -20°, -10°, and 0°, +10°, +20°, respectively). Shear modulus was measured using ultrasound shear wave elastography. The echo intensity was quantified using the average grayscale value of a given region of interest (RoI) in longitudinal and transverse B-mode images. Grayscale analysis was performed using two RoIs: one which included as much of the muscle as possible (maximum RoI), and a rectangular one whose size and depth was identical for all images (rectangular RoI). Pearson's correlation coefficients between either the shear modulus or echo intensity and the ankle angle and between the echo intensity and shear modulus were calculated separately for each participant. Results: Average Pearson's correlation coefficient between shear modulus and ankle angle of the participants was 0.904. The average Pearson's correlation coefficients between the echo intensity and ankle angle were estimated to be 0.797 and 0.222 for the maximum RoI and 0.698 and 0.323 for the rectangular RoI in the longitudinal and transverse images, respectively. The average Pearson's correlation coefficients between the echo intensity and shear modulus were 0.684 and 0.514 for the maximum RoI, and 0.611 and 0.409 for rectangular RoI in the longitudinal and transverse images, respectively. Discussion: The results indicate that the echo intensity in the longitudinal image of the gastrocnemius, especially when assessed using the maximum RoI, increased with muscle elongation by passive ankle dorsiflexion. Therefore, assessment of the echo intensity using the maximum RoI in the longitudinal image might be useful for quantifying the muscle elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nakao
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tome Ikezoe
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Yagi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Umehara
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shusuke Nojiri
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Lévenéz M, Moeremans M, Booghs C, Vigouroux F, Leveque C, Hemelryck W, Balestra C. Architectural and Mechanical Changes after Five Weeks of Intermittent Static Stretch Training on the Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle of Active Adults. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11040073. [PMID: 37104147 PMCID: PMC10144030 DOI: 10.3390/sports11040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of intermittent long-term stretch training (5 weeks) on the architectural and mechanical properties of the muscle–tendon unit (MTU) in healthy humans. MTU’s viscoelastic and architectural properties in the human medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle and the contribution of muscle and tendon structures to the MTU lengthening were analyzed. Ten healthy volunteers participated in the study (four females and six males). The passive stretch of the plantar flexor muscles was achieved from 0° (neutral ankle position) to 25° of dorsiflexion. Measurements were obtained during a single passive stretch before and after the completion of the stretching protocol. During the stretch, the architectural parameters of the MG muscle were measured via ultrasonography, and the passive torque was recorded by means of a strain-gauge transducer. Repeated-measure ANOVA was applied for all parameters. When expressed as a percentage for all dorsiflexion angles, the relative torque values decreased (p < 0.001). In the same way, architectural parameters (pennation angle and fascicle length) were compared for covariance and showed a significant difference between the slopes (ANCOVA p < 0.0001 and p < 0.001, respectively) suggesting a modification in the mechanical behavior after stretch training. Furthermore, the values for passive stiffness decreased (p < 0.05). The maximum ankle range of motion (ROM) (p < 0.01) and the maximum passive torque (p < 0.05) increased. Lastly, the contribution of the free tendon increased more than fascicle elongation to the total lengthening of the MTU (ANCOVA p < 0.001). Our results suggest that five weeks of intermittent static stretch training significantly change the behavior of the MTU. Specifically, it can increase flexibility and increase tendon contribution during MTU lengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Lévenéz
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moeremans
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Booghs
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florent Vigouroux
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clément Leveque
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Walter Hemelryck
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Anatomical Research and Clinical Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Division (Roseto-Brussels), 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Motor Sciences Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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de Sousa AMM, Cavalcante JGT, Bottaro M, Vieira DCL, Babault N, Geremia JM, Corrigan P, Silbernagel KG, Durigan JLQ, Marqueti RDC. The Influence of Hip and Knee Joint Angles on Quadriceps Muscle-Tendon Unit Properties during Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3947. [PMID: 36900958 PMCID: PMC10002253 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Determining how the quadriceps femoris musculotendinous unit functions, according to hip and knee joint angles, may help with clinical decisions when prescribing knee extension exercises. We aimed to determine the effect of hip and knee joint angles on structure and neuromuscular functioning of all constituents of the quadriceps femoris and patellar tendon properties. Twenty young males were evaluated in four positions: seated and supine in both 20° and 60° of knee flexion (SIT20, SIT60, SUP20, and SUP60). Peak knee extension torque was determined during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Ultrasound imaging was used at rest and during MVIC to characterize quadriceps femoris muscle and tendon aponeurosis complex stiffness. We found that peak torque and neuromuscular efficiency were higher for SUP60 and SIT60 compared to SUP20 and SIT20 position. We found higher fascicle length and lower pennation angle in positions with the knee flexed at 60°. The tendon aponeurosis complex stiffness, tendon force, stiffness, stress, and Young's modulus seemed greater in more elongated positions (60°) than in shortened positions (20°). In conclusion, clinicians should consider positioning at 60° of knee flexion rather than 20°, regardless if seated or supine, during rehabilitation to load the musculotendinous unit enough to stimulate a cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Martins Melo de Sousa
- Laboratory of Muscle and Tendon Plasticity, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220275, Brazil
| | | | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910900, Brazil
| | - Denis César Leite Vieira
- College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910900, Brazil
- Centre d’Expertise de la Performance, INSERM U1093 CAPS, Sports Science Faculty, University of Burgundy, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- Centre d’Expertise de la Performance, INSERM U1093 CAPS, Sports Science Faculty, University of Burgundy, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy, and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690200, Brazil
| | - Patrick Corrigan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | - João Luiz Quaglioti Durigan
- Laboratory of Muscle and Tendon Plasticity, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220275, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Marqueti
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220275, Brazil
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Warneke K, Zech A, Wagner CM, Konrad A, Nakamura M, Keiner M, Schoenfeld BJ, Behm DG. Sex differences in stretch-induced hypertrophy, maximal strength and flexibility gains. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1078301. [PMID: 36685189 PMCID: PMC9846774 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1078301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: If the aim is to increase maximal strength (MSt) and muscle mass, resistance training (RT) is primarily used to achieve these outcomes. However, research indicates that long-duration stretching sessions of up to 2 h per day can also provide sufficient stimuli to induce muscle growth. In RT literature, sex-related differences in adaptations are widely discussed, however, there is a lack of evidence addressing the sex-related effects on MSt and muscle thickness (MTh) of longer duration stretch training. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of daily (1 h) unilateral static stretch training of the plantar flexors using a calf-muscle stretching device. Methods: Fifty-five healthy (m = 28, f = 27), active participants joined the study. MSt and range of motion (ROM) were measured with extended and flexed knee joint, and MTh was investigated in the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius. Results: Statistically significant increases in MSt of 6%-15% (p < .001-.049, d = 0.45-1.09), ROM of 6%-21% (p < .001-.037, d = 0.47-1.38) and MTh of 4%-14% (p < .001-.005, d = 0.46-0.72) from pre-to post-test were observed, considering both sexes and both legs. Furthermore, there was a significant higher increase in MSt, MTh and ROM in male participants. In both groups, participants showed more pronounced adaptations in MSt and ROM with an extended knee joint as well as MTh in the medial head of the gastrocnemius (p < .001-.047). Results for relative MSt increases showed a similar result (p < .001-.036, d = 0.48-1.03). Discussion: Results are in accordance with previous studies pointing out significant increases of MSt, MTh and ROM due to long duration static stretch training. Both sexes showed significant increases in listed parameters however, male participants showed superior increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schuller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
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Brusco CM, Pinto RS, Blazevich AJ. Reliability and Comparison of Sonographic Methods for In Vivo Measurement of Human Biceps Femoris Long-Head Architecture. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:2216-2226. [PMID: 35941523 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biceps femoris long-head fascicle length ( Lf ), fascicle angle (FA), and muscle thickness (MT) estimates obtained across 2 d from extended field-of-view (EFOV) sonographic images were compared with those measured from a collage of single ultrasound images (to visualize entire fascicles) as well as a range of geometric equations and extrapolation methods used on single images. Both test validity and intraday reliability were determined. METHODS Twenty healthy adults (10 men and 10 women) were tested on two occasions (day 1 and day 2), 7 d apart at the same time of day for test-retest measurements. Ultrasound imaging was performed using EFOV and static image acquisition sequences; in the latter, four single images were acquired in-series along the muscle. From these images, Lf was assessed using seven methods: EFOV, collage, manual linear extrapolation, and four different trigonometric equations (termed equations A, B, C, and D), and FA and MT were measured in EFOV, collage, and single images. RESULTS Lf , FA, and MT measured on days 1 and 2 were not different ( P > 0.05) for any method, reliabilities were very high (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.91-0.98), and correlations were strong (≥0.84). Significant correlations ( P < 0.05; r = 0.67-0.98) were found between EFOV and the other measurement techniques for Lf , FA, and MT. The collage method had the highest reliability for Lf , and highest rank order and correlation with EFOV. CONCLUSIONS Although the six different techniques used to estimate Lf provided values similar to EFOV, higher between-subject measurement variability was observed with trigonometric equations, and the collage method described herein provided the most accurate and reliable results and is therefore recommended for biceps femoris long-head architectural analysis when EFOV is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronei S Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BRAZIL
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA
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10
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Kaya M, Gokce E, Demırturk F. The effect of two different stretching exercises on the muscle tendon unit and range of motion. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-210172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Stretching is commonly used for clinical and sports reason but the effects vary on time and the technique used. PURPOSE: To determine the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching of gastrocnemius muscle on muscle-tendon unit (MTU) and dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) in the same individuals; to find out how long the stretching effects endure. METHODS: Twenty-eight males (mean age: 22.18 ± 2.58 years) were included in the study. A 45-s static stretching (SS) exercise was applied to the right leg 5 times and dynamic stretching (DS) of same duration to the other leg. Change in MTU was assessed by ultrasonography and active and passive ROM was measured with goniometer. All evaluations were performed before, immediately following, 5-min, 15-min and 30-min after stretching. RESULTS: Muscle thickness and pennation angle did not change over time with either techniques (p> 0.05). A significant muscle-tendon junction (MTJ) displacement occurred after the techniques (p< 0.05); the highest change was achieved after DS (p< 0.05). Both techniques improved active ROM values similarly (p< 0.05), but only dynamic stretching increased passive ROM significantly (p< 0.05). Active and passive ROM and MTJ displacement values at 30th – min were still higher than the baseline ones on the DS side (p< 0.05). However, SS increased active ROM angle immediately after application but this increment declined until the final measurement. CONCLUSION: We recommend using the dynamic stretching technique to achieve greater and longer lasting increases in tendon length and range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kaya
- Department of Movement and Training Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Erkan Gokce
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Funda Demırturk
- Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
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Gallo da Silva TT, Melo Filho J, Biesek S, Vojciechowski AS, Borba VZC, Gomes ARS. Accuracy of Tools to Differentiate Single From Recurrent Fallers Pre-Frail Older Women. Front Public Health 2022; 10:716851. [PMID: 35655457 PMCID: PMC9152280 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.716851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objectives of this study were to analyze and compare musculoskeletal and functional performance and present cutoff points to differentiate pre-frail community-dwelling older women regarding their fall history: non fallers (0 falls), fallers (single fall), and recurrent fallers (≥2 falls). Method This is a cross-sectional, retrospective study on 90 pre-frail community-dwelling older women (71.2 ± 4.49 years) according to Fried criteria. We assessed peak torque (PT) (isokinetic dynamometer), muscle architecture/mass (ultrasound/dual-energy X-ray absorptometry), and the following functional performance: usual gait speed (UGS), fast gait speed (FGS), walking speed reserve (WSR), cadence and step length, and timed up and go. Results The recurrent fallers presented lower UGS (1.12 ± 0.18 vs. 1.29 ± 0.28 m/s; p = 0.05) and isometric PT of knee extensors than the fallers (89.88 ± 20.99 vs. 115.55 ± 23.09 Nm; p = 0.01), and lower FGS than the fallers (1.35 ± 0.26 vs. 1.5 ± 0.29 m/s; p = 0.03) and non-fallers (1.35 ± 0.26 vs. 1.52 ± 0.26 m/s; p = 0.01). The outcomes that differentiated the fallers from the non-fallers were both WSR calculated as a difference (WSRdiff) (≤0.26 m/s) and WSR calculated as a ratio (WSRratio) (≤1.25 m/s), while to differentiate the recurrent fallers from the non-fallers were FGS (≤1.44 m/s) and step length (≤73 cm). The following cutoff points might be used to differentiate recurrent fallers and fallers: UGS (≤1.12 m/s), FGS (≤1.34m/s), step length (≤73 cm), PT knee extension (≤114.2 Nm), PT knee flexion (≤46.3 Nm), and PT ankle dorsiflexion (≤22.1 Nm). Conclusion Recurrent fallers community-dwelling pre-frail older women presented a worse musculoskeletal and functional performance when compared to the non-fallers and fallers. Gait speed, step length, PT of both knee extension and flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion can be used to identify both single and recurrent fallers pre-frail older women, contributing to guide interventions and prevent falls and fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jarbas Melo Filho
- Departament of Massage Under Graduation, Federal Institute of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Simone Biesek
- PhD Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Victória Zeghbi Cochenski Borba
- Internal Medicine Department and Masters and PhD Programs, Endocrinology Service, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Anna Raquel Silveira Gomes
- Masters and PhD Programs in Physical Education, Prevention and Rehabilitation in Physiotherapy Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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12
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Bourgeois H, Duchateau J, Baudry S. Effects of post-activation potentiation on mechanical output and muscle architecture during electrically-induced contractions in plantar flexors. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1213-1222. [PMID: 35358400 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00359.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of post-activation potentiation (PAP) on the force output and muscle architecture in plantar flexor muscles. The mechanical response to a single electrical stimulus (twitch), and to two (doublet) and three (triplet) stimuli (10-ms inter-pulse interval) was measured before and after a 6-s maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Ultrasound imaging was used to measure fascicle length and pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis at rest and during the electrically-induced contractions. Immediately after the conditioning MVC, twitch peak force [+40%] and its maximal rate of force development [+57%] and relaxation [+62%] were greater than before the MVC (p<0.001). The PAP extent was lesser for the doublet than for the twitch and for the triplet than for the doublet (p<0.05). Whereas none of the architectural parameters changed at rest, fascicle shortening and increase in pennation angle during contractions were greater after than before the conditioning MVC, with a greater extent (p<0.001) during the twitch (+28% and +58%, respectively) compared with the doublet (+16% and +36%) and the triplet (+12% and +14%). Overall, our results indicate that the effect of the conditioning MVC on mechanical output and muscle architecture decreased from the twitch to the triplet in PF muscles. The decreased PAP observed during doublet and triplet compared to twitch, indicate that the benefit of this mechanism to the enhancement of muscle performance become progressively less effective during successive muscle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Centre d'Aide à la Performance Sportive (CAPS), Faculty for Motor Sciences (FSM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jaques Duchateau
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Centre d'Aide à la Performance Sportive (CAPS), Faculty for Motor Sciences (FSM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Warneke K, Zech A, Wagner CM, Konrad A, Nakamura M, Keiner M, Schoenfeld BJ, Behm DG. Sex differences in stretch-induced hypertrophy, maximal strength and flexibility gains. Front Physiol 2022. [PMID: 36685189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.878955/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: If the aim is to increase maximal strength (MSt) and muscle mass, resistance training (RT) is primarily used to achieve these outcomes. However, research indicates that long-duration stretching sessions of up to 2 h per day can also provide sufficient stimuli to induce muscle growth. In RT literature, sex-related differences in adaptations are widely discussed, however, there is a lack of evidence addressing the sex-related effects on MSt and muscle thickness (MTh) of longer duration stretch training. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of daily (1 h) unilateral static stretch training of the plantar flexors using a calf-muscle stretching device. Methods: Fifty-five healthy (m = 28, f = 27), active participants joined the study. MSt and range of motion (ROM) were measured with extended and flexed knee joint, and MTh was investigated in the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius. Results: Statistically significant increases in MSt of 6%-15% (p < .001-.049, d = 0.45-1.09), ROM of 6%-21% (p < .001-.037, d = 0.47-1.38) and MTh of 4%-14% (p < .001-.005, d = 0.46-0.72) from pre-to post-test were observed, considering both sexes and both legs. Furthermore, there was a significant higher increase in MSt, MTh and ROM in male participants. In both groups, participants showed more pronounced adaptations in MSt and ROM with an extended knee joint as well as MTh in the medial head of the gastrocnemius (p < .001-.047). Results for relative MSt increases showed a similar result (p < .001-.036, d = 0.48-1.03). Discussion: Results are in accordance with previous studies pointing out significant increases of MSt, MTh and ROM due to long duration static stretch training. Both sexes showed significant increases in listed parameters however, male participants showed superior increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schuller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
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Effects of Exergames and Protein Supplementation on Body Composition and Musculoskeletal Function of Prefrail Community-Dwelling Older Women: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179324. [PMID: 34501915 PMCID: PMC8430494 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of exergames and protein supplementation on the body composition and musculoskeletal function of pre-frail older women. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with 90 pre-frail older women (71.2 ± 4.5 years old) divided into five groups: control (CG); exergames training (ETG); protein supplementation (PSG); exergames combined with protein supplementation (ETPSG); exergames combined with isoenergetic supplementation (ETISG). The primary outcomes were pre-frailty status, body composition (appendicular muscle mass (ASM); appendicular muscle mass index (ASMI)) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and gastrocnemius muscle architecture via ultrasound. Secondary outcomes were protein intake, plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6, plantar and dorsiflexion isokinetic peak torque, and handgrip strength (HS). Data were analyzed using an ANOVA mixed model test and Bonferroni post hoc test (p < 0.05). The ETG showed a reduction of ASM (16.7 ± 3.4 vs. 16.1 ± 3.3 kg; Δ = −0.5; p = 0.02; d = 0.26) and ASMI (6.8 ± 0.9 vs. 6.5 ± 0.9 kg; Δ = −0.2; p = 0.03; d = 0.35), without changing ASM in other groups. The average protein intake in the supplemented groups (PSG and ETPSG) was 1.1 ± 0.2 g/kg/day. The dorsiflexion peak torque increased 11.4% in ETPSG (16.3 ± 2.5 vs. 18.4 ± 4.2 Nm; p = 0.021; d = −0.58). The HS increased by 13.7% in ETG (20.1 ± 7.2 vs. 23.3 ± 6.2 kg, Δ = 3.2 ± 4.9, p = 0.004, d = −0.48). The fatigue/exhaustion reduced by 100% in ETG, 75% in PSG, and 100% in ETPSG. Physical training with exergames associated with protein supplementation reversed pre-frailty status, improved the ankle dorsiflexors torque, and ameliorated fatigue/exhaustion in pre-frail older women.
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15
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Yoshimura A, Inami T, Schleip R, Mineta S, Shudo K, Hirose N. Effects of Self-myofascial Release Using a Foam Roller on Range of Motion and Morphological Changes in Muscle: A Crossover Study. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2444-2450. [PMID: 31136541 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yoshimura, A, Inami, T, Schleip, R, Mineta, S, Shudo, K, and Hirose, N. Effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roller on range of motion and morphological changes in muscle: a crossover study. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2444-2450, 2021-Self-myofascial release using a foam roller (FR) is effective in improving range of motion (ROM) in at least some conditions. However, its mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, this study investigated potential acute muscle morphological changes after the FR intervention and aimed to clarify the mechanism of increases in ROM by the FR intervention. We hypothesized that the FR intervention may increase ROM because of changes in fascicle length (FL) and aponeurosis displacement. This crossover study, involving 22 male university students (21.5 ± 1.3 years, 170.6 ± 4.0 cm, and 64.1 ± 8.9 kg; mean ± SD), compared the FR intervention targeting the gastrocnemius muscle with the control trial. The outcome measures were maximum passive ankle ROM, morphology of the gastrocnemius muscle (FL and aponeurosis displacement) during passive ankle plantar flexor movement, degree of pain during the FR intervention, and sensation of the triceps surae muscle. Although ROM of both dorsiflexion and plantar flexion increased significantly after the FR intervention (p < 0.01), no significant differences were found in FL and aponeurosis displacement before and after the FR intervention. The mean perception of pain during the FR intervention was rated as "slightly uncomfortable," corresponding to a 2.3 ± 2.4-cm on a 9.5-cm visual analog scale. We found that the FR intervention did not influence the morphology of muscle. It is necessary to investigate other factors related to ROM as the next step of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Nishitokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Inami
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Robert Schleip
- Fascia Research Group, Department of Neuroanesthesiology, Neurosurgical Clinic, Ulm University, Guenzburg, Germany
| | - Shinshiro Mineta
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Nishitokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Shudo
- Sinior High School, Waseda University, Nerimaku, Japan ; and
| | - Norikazu Hirose
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Nishitokyo, Japan
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16
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Moltubakk MM, Villars FO, Magulas MM, Magnusson SP, Seynnes OR, Bojsen-Møller J. Altered Triceps Surae Muscle-Tendon Unit Properties after 6 Months of Static Stretching. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1975-1986. [PMID: 34398062 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the effects of 24 wk of daily static stretching of the plantarflexors (unilateral 4 × 60-s stretching, whereas the contralateral leg served as a control; n = 26) on joint range of motion (ROM), muscle-tendon unit morphological and mechanical properties, neural activation, and contractile function. METHODS Torque-angle/velocity was obtained in passive and active conditions using isokinetic dynamometry, whereas muscle-tendon morphology and mechanical properties were examined using ultrasonography. RESULTS After the intervention, ROM increased (stretching, +11° ± 7°; control, 4° ± 8°), and passive torque (stretching, -10 ± 11 N·m; control, -7 ± 10 N·m) and normalized EMG amplitude (stretching, -3% ± 6%; control, -3% ± 4%) at a standardized dorsiflexion angle decreased. Increases were seen in passive tendon elongation at a standardized force (stretching, +1.3 ± 1.6 mm; control, +1.4 ± 2.1 mm) and in maximal passive muscle and tendon elongation. Angle of peak torque shifted toward dorsiflexion. No changes were seen in tendon stiffness, resting tendon length, or gastrocnemius medialis fascicle length. Conformable changes in ROM, passive dorsiflexion variables, tendon elongation, and angle of peak torque were observed in the nonstretched leg. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that habitual stretching increases ROM and decreases passive torque, altering muscle-tendon behavior with the potential to modify contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie M Moltubakk
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
| | | | - Melina M Magulas
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
| | | | - Olivier R Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
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17
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Pérez-Bellmunt A, Casasayas-Cos O, López-de-Celis C, Rodríguez-Sanz J, Rodríguez-Jiménez J, Ortiz-Miguel S, Meca-Rivera T, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C. Effects of Dry Needling of Latent Trigger Points on Viscoelastic and Muscular Contractile Properties: Preliminary Results of a Randomized Within-Participant Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173848. [PMID: 34501299 PMCID: PMC8432234 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate changes in neuromuscular function and pain perception in latent trigger points (TrPs) in the gastrocnemius muscle after a single session of dry needling. A randomized within-participant clinical trial was conducted. Fifty volunteers with latent TrPs in the gastrocnemius muscles were explored. Each extremity was randomly assigned to a control or experimental (dry needling) group. Viscoelastic parameters and contractile properties were analyzed by tensiomyography. Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was assessed with the lunge test. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and pain perceived were also analyzed. The results observed that three viscoelastic proprieties (myotonometry) showed significant differences in favor of the experimental extremity in the lateral gastrocnemius: stiffness (p = 0.02), relaxation (p = 0.045), and creep (p = 0.03), but not in the medial gastrocnemius. No changes in tensiomyography outcomes were found. The control extremity showed a higher increase in PPTs (i.e., decrease in pressure pain sensitivity) than the experimental extremity (p = 0.03). No significant effects for range of motion or strength were observed. In general, gender did not influence the effects of dry needling over latent TrPs in the gastrocnemius muscle. In conclusion, a single session of dry needling was able to change some parameters of neuromuscular function, such as muscle tone, relaxation, pressure pain sensitivity, and creep in the lateral (but not medial) gastrocnemius but did not improve strength or range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Casasayas-Cos
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos López-de-Celis
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.L.-d.-C.); (C.F.-d.-l.-P.)
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
- Cátedra de Investigación y Docencia en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual y Punción Seca, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Sara Ortiz-Miguel
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Meca-Rivera
- Basic Sciences Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (A.P.-B.); (O.C.-C.); (J.R.-S.); (S.O.-M.); (T.M.-R.)
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Fernández-de-las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain;
- Cátedra de Investigación y Docencia en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual y Punción Seca, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.L.-d.-C.); (C.F.-d.-l.-P.)
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Datoussaid M, El Khalouqi H, Dahm C, Guissard N, Baudry S. Passive torque influences the Hoffmann reflex pathway during the loading and unloading phases of plantar flexor muscles stretching. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14834. [PMID: 33932117 PMCID: PMC8087990 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of passive tension on Hoffmann reflex during the loading (muscle stretched by passive joint movement) and unloading phase (joint returned to initial position) of muscle stretching. The maximal H‐reflex amplitude (Hmax) was recorded in soleus in 19 young adults during the loading and unloading phases of a passive 30° dorsiflexion, from 90° ankle angle (reference position). Hmax was evoked at similar angles (protocol‐1) or similar passive torque (PT; protocol‐2) during the loading and unloading phases, or during two loading phases separated by a 5‐min stretch hold at 30° ankle dorsiflexion relative to the reference position (protocol‐3). Homosynaptic depression (HD) was assessed with paired H reflexes (0.5‐s interstimulus interval) during the loading and unloading phases (protocol‐4; n=13). In protocol‐1, PT was lesser and Hmax greater during the unloading than the loading phase (p < 0.001). In protocol‐2, no difference in Hmax was observed between phases. In protocol‐3, PT was lesser and Hmax greater during the second than the first loading phase (p < 0.001). Changes in PT during in these three protocols were associated with those in Hmax (r2 ≥ 0.97). In protocol‐4, HD increased and decreased during the loading and unloading phases, respectively (p < 0.001), without differing between phases. Additional experiments (n=12) showed a similar modulation of Hmax in gastrocnemius medialis during loading and unloading phases, while muscle fascicle length did not differ between phases. This study indicates that the H‐reflex modulation during muscle stretching relies in part on mechanisms associated with the PT developed by the muscle‐tendon unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Datoussaid
- Laboratory of Applied Biology & Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology (LABNeuro), ULB-Neurosciences Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hasnae El Khalouqi
- Laboratory of Applied Biology & Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology (LABNeuro), ULB-Neurosciences Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charel Dahm
- Laboratory of Applied Biology & Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology (LABNeuro), ULB-Neurosciences Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Guissard
- Laboratory of Applied Biology & Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology (LABNeuro), ULB-Neurosciences Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology & Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology (LABNeuro), ULB-Neurosciences Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Static Stretching Intensity Does Not Influence Acute Range of Motion, Passive Torque, and Muscle Architecture. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 29:1-6. [PMID: 30300070 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although stretching exercises are commonly used in clinical and athletic practice, there is a lack of evidence regarding the methodological variables that guide the prescription of stretching programs, such as intensity. OBJECTIVE To investigate the acute effects of different stretching intensities on the range of motion (ROM), passive torque, and muscle architecture. DESIGN Two-group pretest-posttest design. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twenty untrained men were allocated into the low- or high-intensity group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjects were evaluated for initial (ROMinitial) and maximum (ROMmax) discomfort angle, stiffness, viscoelastic stress relaxation, muscle fascicle length, and pennation angle. RESULTS The ROM assessments showed significant changes, in both groups, in the preintervention and postintervention measures both for the ROMinitial (P < .01) and ROMmax angle (P = .02). There were no significant differences for stiffness and viscoelastic stress relaxation variables. The pennation angle and muscle fascicle length were different between the groups, but there was no significant interaction. CONCLUSION Performing stretching exercises at high or low intensity acutely promotes similar gains in flexibility, that is, there are short-term/immediate gains in ROM but does not modify passive torque and muscle architecture.
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Cavalcante JGT, Marqueti RDC, Geremia JM, de Sousa Neto IV, Baroni BM, Silbernagel KG, Bottaro M, Babault N, Durigan JLQ. The Effect of Quadriceps Muscle Length on Maximum Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Evoked Contraction, Muscle Architecture, and Tendon-Aponeurosis Stiffness. Front Physiol 2021; 12:633589. [PMID: 33854439 PMCID: PMC8040804 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.633589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-tendon unit length plays a crucial role in quadriceps femoris muscle (QF) physiological adaptation, but the influence of hip and knee angles during QF neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is poorly investigated. We investigated the effect of muscle length on maximum electrically induced contraction (MEIC) and current efficiency. We secondarily assessed the architecture of all QF constituents and their tendon-aponeurosis complex (TAC) displacement to calculate a stiffness index. This study was a randomized, repeated measure, blinded design with a sample of twenty healthy men aged 24.0 ± 4.6. The MEIC was assessed in four different positions: supine with knee flexion of 60° (SUP60); seated with knee flexion of 60° (SIT60); supine with knee flexion of 20° (SUP20), and seated with knee flexion of 20° (SIT20). The current efficiency (MEIC/maximum tolerated current amplitude) was calculated. Ultrasonography of the QF was performed at rest and during NMES to measure pennation angle (θ p ) and fascicle length (L f ), and the TAC stiffness index. MEIC and current efficiency were greater for SUP60 and SIT60 compared to SUP20 and SIT20. The vastus lateralis and medialis showed lower θ p and higher L f at SUP60 and SIT60, while for the rectus femoris, in SUP60 there were lower θ p and higher L f than in all positions. The vastus intermedius had a similar pattern to the other vastii, except for lack of difference in θ p between SIT60 compared to SUP20 and SIT20. The TAC stiffness index was greater for SUP60. We concluded that NMES generate greater torque and current efficiency at 60° of knee flexion, compared to 20°. For these knee angles, lengthening the QF at the hip did not promote significant change. Each QF constituent demonstrated muscle physiology patterns according to hip and/or knee angles, even though a greater L f and lower θ p were predominant in SUP60 and SIT60. QF TAC index stiffened in more elongated positions, which probably contributed to enhanced force transmission and slightly higher torque in SUP60. Our findings may help exercise physiologist better understand the impact of hip and knee angles on designing more rational NMES stimulation strategies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03822221.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita de Cassia Marqueti
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Centro Metropolitano, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- Graduate Program in Sciences and Technology in Health, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Centro Metropolitano, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Martim Bottaro
- Departamento de Educação Física, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Babault
- Unité Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Centro Metropolitano, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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21
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Kellis E, Konstantinidou A, Ellinoudis A. Muscle Length of the Hamstrings Using Ultrasonography Versus Musculoskeletal Modelling. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6010026. [PMID: 33809069 PMCID: PMC8006252 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle morphology is an important contributor to hamstring muscle injury and malfunction. The aim of this study was to examine if hamstring muscle-tendon lengths differ between various measurement methods as well as if passive length changes differ between individual hamstrings. The lengths of biceps femoris long head (BFlh), semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus (ST) of 12 healthy males were determined using three methods: Firstly, by identifying the muscle attachments using ultrasound (US) and then measuring the distance on the skin using a flexible ultrasound tape (TAPE-US). Secondly, by scanning each muscle using extended-field-of view US (EFOV-US) and, thirdly, by estimating length using modelling equations (MODEL). Measurements were performed with the participant relaxed at six combinations of hip (0°, 90°) and knee (0°, 45°, and 90°) flexion angles. The MODEL method showed greater BFlh and SM lengths as well as changes in length than US methods. EFOV-US showed greater ST and SM lengths than TAPE-US (p < 0.05). SM length change across all joint positions was greater than BFlh and ST (p < 0.05). Hamstring length predicted using regression equations is greater compared with those measured using US-based methods. The EFOV-US method yielded greater ST and SM length than the TAPE-US method. SM showed the highest change in length at different hip and knee joint positions.
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22
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Hirata K, Kanehisa H, Miyamoto N. Association between medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon unit architecture and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion with and without consideration of slack angle. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248125. [PMID: 33667276 PMCID: PMC7935265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint flexibility is theoretically considered to associate with muscle-tendon unit (MTU) architecture. However, this potential association has not been experimentally demonstrated in humans in vivo. We aimed to identify whether and how MTU architectural parameters are associated with joint range of motion (RoM), with a special emphasis on slack angle. The fascicle length, pennation angle, tendinous tissue length, MTU length, and shear modulus of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) were assessed during passive ankle dorsiflexion using ultrasound shear wave elastography in 17 healthy males. During passive dorsiflexion task, the ankle joint was rotated from 40° plantar flexion to the maximal dorsiflexion joint angle at which each subject started experiencing pain. From the ankle joint angle-shear modulus relationship, the angle at which shear modulus began to rise (slack angle) was calculated. Two dorsiflexion RoMs were determined as follows; 1) range from the anatomical position to maximal angle (RoManat-max) and 2) range from the MG slack angle to maximal angle (RoMslack-max). The MTU architectural parameters were analyzed at the anatomical position and MG slack angle. The resolved fascicle length (fascicle length × cosine of pennation angle) and ratios of resolved fascicle or tendinous tissue length to MTU length measured at the MG slack angle significantly correlated with the RoMslack-max (r = 0.491, 0.506, and -0.506, respectively). Any MTU architectural parameters assessed at the anatomical position did not correlate with RoManat-max or RoMslack-max. These results indicate that MTUs with long fascicle and short tendinous tissue are advantageous for joint flexibility. However, this association cannot be found unless MTU architecture and joint RoM are assessed with consideration of muscle slack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Hirata
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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23
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Enoka RM, Farina D. Force Steadiness: From Motor Units to Voluntary Actions. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:114-130. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00027.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Voluntary actions are controlled by the synaptic inputs that are shared by pools of spinal motor neurons. The slow common oscillations in the discharge times of motor units due to these synaptic inputs are strongly correlated with the fluctuations in force during submaximal isometric contractions (force steadiness) and moderately associated with performance scores on some tests of motor function. However, there are key gaps in knowledge that limit the interpretation of differences in force steadiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger M. Enoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Roux A, Lecompte J, Iordanoff I, Laporte S. Modeling of muscular activation of the muscle-tendon complex using discrete element method. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 24:1184-1194. [PMID: 33416406 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1870039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The tearing of a muscle-tendon complex (MTC) is caused by an eccentric contraction; however, the structures involved and the mechanisms of rupture are not clearly identified. The passive mechanical behavior the MTC has already been modeled and validated with the discrete element method. The muscular activation is the next needed step. The aim of this study is to model the muscle fiber activation and the muscular activation of the MTC to validate their active mechanical behaviors. Each point of the force/length relationship of the MTC (using a parabolic law for the force/length relationship of muscle fibers) is obtained with two steps: 1) a passive tensile (or contractile) test until the desired elongation is reached and 2) fiber activation during a position holding that can be managed thanks to the Discrete Element model. The muscular activation is controlled by the activation of muscle fiber. The global force/length relationship of a single fiber and of the complete MTC during muscular activation is in agreement with literature. The influence of the external shape of the structure and the pennation angle are also investigated. Results show that the different constituents of the MTC (extracellular matrix, tendon), and the geometry, play an important role during the muscular activation and enable to decrease the maximal isometric force of the MTC. Moreover, the maximal isometric force decreases when the pennation angle increases. Further studies will combine muscular activation with a stretching of the MTC, until rupture, in order to numerically reproduce the tearing of the MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Roux
- Arts et Métiers-Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, LBM, Paris, France.,Arts et Métiers-Institute of Technology, I2M Bordeaux, France
| | - Jennyfer Lecompte
- Arts et Métiers-Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, LBM, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Iordanoff
- Arts et Métiers-Institute of Technology, I2M Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Laporte
- Arts et Métiers-Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, LBM, Paris, France
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25
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Effects of Self-Massage Using a Foam Roller on Ankle Range of Motion and Gastrocnemius Fascicle Length and Muscle Hardness: A Pilot Study. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 29:1171-1178. [DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Context: Several studies have reported that self-massage using a foam roller (FR) increased joint range of motion (ROM) immediately. However, the mechanism of increasing ROM by the FR intervention has not been elucidated. Objective: To clarify the mechanism by investigating properties and morphological changes of muscles targeted by the FR intervention. Design: An interventional study. Setting: An athletic training laboratory. Participants: Ten male college volunteers with no injuries in their lower limbs (mean [SD]: age 23.8 [3.2] y, height 173.2 [4.9] cm, weight 69.5 [8.6] kg). Intervention: The FR intervention on the right plantar flexors for 3 minutes. Main Outcome Measures: Maximum ankle ROM, muscle hardness, and fascicle length of the gastrocnemius muscle at the neutral (0°), maximum dorsiflexion, and maximum plantar flexion positions. All measurements were conducted before (PRE) and after (POST) the FR intervention. Results: Dorsiflexion ROM increased significantly at POST (PRE: 13.6° [8.0°], POST: 16.6° [8.4°]; P < .001), although plantar flexion ROM did not change significantly between PRE and POST (PRE: 40.0° [6.1°], POST: 41.1° [4.9°]). There was no significant difference in muscle hardness and fascicle length between PRE and POST in any of the angles. Conclusions: Dorsiflexion ROM increased significantly by the FR intervention in the present study; however, muscle hardness and fascicle length did not change. FR may affect not only the muscle but also the fascia, tendon, and muscle-tendon unit. The FR protocol of the present study can be applied in clinical situations, because it was found to be effective to increase ROM.
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26
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Myoelectric activity of the gastrocnemius during plantar flexion in a standing versus seated position and with a neutral or dorsiflexed ankle: A pilot study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 26:406-410. [PMID: 33992275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of the medial (GM) and lateral (GL) heads of the gastrocnemius muscle during plantar flexion performed in standing or seated positions, and with a neutral or dorsiflexed ankle. INTRODUCTION The tríceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) is an essential muscle group that promotes propulsion during walking, running and tasks of daily living. METHODS Ten male volunteers (24.5 ± 3.6 years, weight: 75.8 ± 10 kg; height: 1.74 ± 0.07 m) performed ten repetitions of plantar flexion under four different conditions: a) standing position (SP); b) standing position with passive stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle (SPS); c) seated with the knee flexed (KF); d) seated with the knee flexed and a passive stretch of the gastrocnemius (KFS). RESULTS The muscle activity expressed as the root mean square (RMS) was significantly higher for the GL in the SPS versus the SP condition, while there was no difference for the GM between conditions. However, for the KF condition, GM activity was significantly higher versus the KFS condition, which was not verified for the GL. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the standing position with passive stretching of the triceps surae may be more efficient in increasing the myoelectric activity of the GL. However, the sitting position without passive stretching promoted greater GM muscle recruitment. The length/tension relationship of gastrocnemius could be used as a prescription variable during rehabilitation or conditioning programs.
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27
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Acute Static Stretching Results in Muscle-Specific Alterations amongst the Hamstring Muscles. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8090119. [PMID: 32872623 PMCID: PMC7552619 DOI: 10.3390/sports8090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the acute effects of static stretching on the musculotendinous properties of two hamstring muscles. Twelve male volunteers underwent two testing sessions. One session was dedicated to the evaluation of the semitendinosus muscle before (PRE) and after (POST) static stretching (five sets of 30-s stretching), and the other session similarly explored the long head of biceps femoris muscle. In addition to the displacement of the myotendinous junction (MTJ), passive torque and maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT) were evaluated. MVIT (-8.3 ± 10.2%, p = 0.0036, d = 0.497) and passive torque (-28.4 ± 16.9%, p = 0.0003, d = 1.017) were significantly decreased POST stretching. PRE stretching, MTJ displacement was significantly greater for semitendinosus muscle than biceps femoris muscle (27.0 ± 5.2 vs. 18.6 ± 3.6, p = 0.0011, d = 1.975). After the stretching procedure, greater MTJ displacement relative changes were observed for biceps femoris muscle as compared to semitendinosus muscle (22.4 ± 31.6 vs. -8.4 ± 17.9, p = 0.0167, d = 1.252). Because of the smaller MTJ displacement PRE stretching and greater alteration POST stretching in biceps femoris muscles, the present study demonstrated muscle-specific acute responses of hamstring muscles during stretching. Although stretching acutely impairs torque production, the passive torque reduction and alteration of MTJ displacement might impact hamstring injury prevention.
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28
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Laurent C, Baudry S, Duchateau J. Comparison of Plyometric Training With Two Different Jumping Techniques on Achilles Tendon Properties and Jump Performances. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1503-1510. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Yoshida T, Suzuki T. Relationship between chronic ankle sprain instability and ultrasonographic evaluation of the peroneus during a single-leg standing task. J Phys Ther Sci 2020; 32:33-37. [PMID: 32082025 PMCID: PMC7008020 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.32.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to examine the relationship between chronic ankle sprain
instability and ultrasonography of the peroneus muscles during a single-leg standing task.
[Participants and Methods] We examined nine college-aged students with a history of
lateral ankle joint sprain with chronic ankle sprain instability scores less than 24.
Participants underwent ultrasonographic measurement of the pennation angle and muscle
thickness of the peroneal and gastrocnemius muscle groups of both legs. In addition,
participants were evaluated for fluctuation by the root mean square calculated from
accelerations in the anteroposterior, lateral-horizontal, and vertical directions during
the single-leg standing position by affixing the accelerometer to their waist. Measurement
results were compared between sprain and non-sprain sides. [Results] Ultrasonography
revealed a significant reduction in the feathered pennation angle of the long peroneal
muscle on the side of the sprain, but no other significant differences. Also, significant
extension was observed on the side of the sprain in the anteroposterior and vertical
directions during single-leg standing; however, no significant differences were found in
the lateral-horizontal direction. [Conclusion] Participants with chronic ankle sprain
instability exhibited greater fluctuation in the anteroposterior and vertical directions.
Such fluctuations are believed to be compensatory in nature because the feathered horn of
the long peroneal muscle is decreased, and pronation of the forefoot is difficult during
one-leg standing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yoshida
- Clinical Physical Therapy Laboratory, Kansai University of Health Sciences: 2-11-1 Wakaba, Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka 590-0482, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Suzuki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Japan
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30
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Reliability outcomes and inter-limb differences in ankle joint stiffness in children with unilateral cerebral palsy depend on the method of analysis. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2019; 49:102353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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31
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Geremia JM, Baroni BM, Bini RR, Lanferdini FJ, de Lima AR, Herzog W, Vaz MA. Triceps Surae Muscle Architecture Adaptations to Eccentric Training. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1456. [PMID: 31849706 PMCID: PMC6901927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eccentric exercises have been used in physical training, injury prevention, and rehabilitation programs. The systematic use of eccentric training promotes specific morphological adaptations on skeletal muscles. However, synergistic muscles, such as the triceps surae components, might display different structural adaptations due to differences in architecture, function, and load sharing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an eccentric training program on the triceps surae (GM, gastrocnemius medialis; GL, gastrocnemius lateralis; and SO, soleus) muscle architecture. Methods Twenty healthy male subjects (26 ± 4 years) underwent a 4-week control period followed by a 12-week eccentric training program. Muscle architecture [fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PA), and muscle thickness (MT)] of GM, GL, and SO was evaluated every 4 weeks by ultrasonography. Results Fascicle lengths (GM: 13.2%; GL: 8.8%; SO: 21%) and MT (GM: 14.9%; GL: 15.3%; SO: 19.1%) increased from pre- to post-training, whereas PAs remained similar. GM and SO FL and MT increased up to the 8th training week, whereas GL FL increased up to the 4th week. SO displayed the highest, and GL the smallest gains in FL post-training. Conclusion All three synergistic plantar flexor muscles increased FL and MT with eccentric training. MT increased similarly among the synergistic muscles, while the muscle with the shortest FL at baseline (SO) showed the greatest increase in FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rico Bini
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Fabio Juner Lanferdini
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Amanda Rodrigues de Lima
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Engineering, Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marco Aurélio Vaz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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32
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Nakaizumi D, Asai H, Inaoka PT, Ohno N, Miyati T. Measurement of the cross-sectional area of the hamstring muscles during initial and stretch positions with gravity magnetic resonance imaging. J Phys Ther Sci 2019; 31:267-272. [PMID: 30936643 PMCID: PMC6428649 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.31.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] We aimed to investigate the change rate in the cross-sectional area of each
hamstring component to evaluate muscle extensibility and to contribute to the studies on
hamstring strain prevention. [Participants and Methods] Fifteen healthy young males
volunteered to participate in this study. They performed a knee extension test. For the
measurements, we used multi-posture magnetic resonance imaging (gravity magnetic resonance
imaging), the open shape of which allows performing body scanning in various positions. We
measured the maximum cross-sectional area of the hamstring during the initial and stretch
positions from the obtained images. Then, for each muscle, we calculated the maximum
cross-sectional area change rate relative to the initial position. [Results] For all
hamstring muscles, the maximum cross-sectional area during stretching was significantly
smaller than that in the initial position. The maximum cross-sectional area change rate of
the semimembranosus was significantly smaller than that of the other 3 muscles (there were
no significant differences among these 3 muscles). [Conclusion] The results suggest that
the semimembranosus has higher resistance to morphological change than the other muscles,
which could be an important limiting factor for the extensibility of the hamstring muscle
group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Nakaizumi
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University: 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Kanazawa Red Cross Hospital, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Asai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Course of Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Pleiades Tiharu Inaoka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Course of Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohno
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Tosiaki Miyati
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
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33
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Acute Effects of Dynamic Stretching on Muscle Flexibility and Performance: An Analysis of the Current Literature. Sports Med 2018; 48:299-325. [PMID: 29063454 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stretching has long been used in many physical activities to increase range of motion (ROM) around a joint. Stretching also has other acute effects on the neuromuscular system. For instance, significant reductions in maximal voluntary strength, muscle power or evoked contractile properties have been recorded immediately after a single bout of static stretching, raising interest in other stretching modalities. Thus, the effects of dynamic stretching on subsequent muscular performance have been questioned. This review aimed to investigate performance and physiological alterations following dynamic stretching. There is a substantial amount of evidence pointing out the positive effects on ROM and subsequent performance (force, power, sprint and jump). The larger ROM would be mainly attributable to reduced stiffness of the muscle-tendon unit, while the improved muscular performance to temperature and potentiation-related mechanisms caused by the voluntary contraction associated with dynamic stretching. Therefore, if the goal of a warm-up is to increase joint ROM and to enhance muscle force and/or power, dynamic stretching seems to be a suitable alternative to static stretching. Nevertheless, numerous studies reporting no alteration or even performance impairment have highlighted possible mitigating factors (such as stretch duration, amplitude or velocity). Accordingly, ballistic stretching, a form of dynamic stretching with greater velocities, would be less beneficial than controlled dynamic stretching. Notwithstanding, the literature shows that inconsistent description of stretch procedures has been an important deterrent to reaching a clear consensus. In this review, we highlight the need for future studies reporting homogeneous, clearly described stretching protocols, and propose a clarified stretching terminology and methodology.
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34
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Takeuchi K, Takemura M, Shimono T, Miyakawa S. Baseline muscle tendon unit stiffness does not affect static stretching of the ankle plantar flexor muscles. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:1377-1380. [PMID: 30464369 PMCID: PMC6220098 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of baseline muscle tendon unit stiffness on static stretching. [Participants and Methods] Eighteen healthy males were divided into two groups according to their muscle tendon unit stiffness as follows: High (n=9) and Low (n=9). Flexibility assessment was performed before and after 10 minutes of static stretching. Alterations in range of motion, passive torque at the terminal range of motion, muscle tendon unit stiffness, muscle tendon junction displacement, and tendon length were examined. [Results] No significant interactions were found in all the measurements. After static stretching, the range of motion, passive torque, muscle tendon junction displacement, and tendon length increased, while muscle tendon unit stiffness decreased. There were significant differences in range of motion, muscle tendon unit stiffness, and muscle tendon junction displacement between the groups. [Conclusion] Ten minutes of static stretching increased the range of motion through a decrease in muscle tendon unit stiffness and an increase in tolerance in both groups. Differences in muscle tendon unit stiffness and muscle tendon junction displacement caused the differences in range of motion. Baseline muscle tendon unit stiffness had no effects on static stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takeuchi
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University: 9-1-6 Koyou-cho, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0032, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takemura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Shimono
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shumpei Miyakawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Miyamoto N, Hirata K, Miyamoto-Mikami E, Yasuda O, Kanehisa H. Associations of passive muscle stiffness, muscle stretch tolerance, and muscle slack angle with range of motion: individual and sex differences. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8274. [PMID: 29844513 PMCID: PMC5974414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint range of motion (ROM) is an important parameter for athletic performance and muscular injury risk. Nonetheless, a complete description of muscular factors influencing ROM among individuals and between men and women is lacking. We examined whether passive muscle stiffness (evaluated by angle-specific muscle shear modulus), tolerance to muscle stretch (evaluated by muscle shear modulus at end-ROM), and muscle slack angle of the triceps surae are associated with the individual variability and sex difference in dorsiflexion ROM, using ultrasound shear wave elastography. For men, ROM was negatively correlated to passive muscle stiffness of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius in a tensioned state and positively to tolerance to muscle stretch in the medial gastrocnemius. For women, ROM was only positively correlated to tolerance to muscle stretch in all muscles but not correlated to passive muscle stiffness. Muscle slack angle was not correlated to ROM in men and women. Significant sex differences were observed only for dorsiflexion ROM and passive muscle stiffness in a tensioned state. These findings suggest that muscular factors associated with ROM are different between men and women. Furthermore, the sex difference in dorsiflexion ROM might be attributed partly to that in passive muscle stiffness of plantar flexors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Miyamoto
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Eri Miyamoto-Mikami
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Osamu Yasuda
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan
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Moltubakk MM, Magulas MM, Villars FO, Seynnes OR, Bojsen-Møller J. Specialized properties of the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit in professional ballet dancers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2023-2034. [PMID: 29723911 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study compared professional ballet dancers (n = 10) to nonstretching controls (n = 10) with the purpose of comparing muscle and tendon morphology, mechanical, neural, and functional properties of the triceps surae and their role for ankle joint flexibility. Torque-angle and torque-velocity data were obtained during passive and active conditions by use of isokinetic dynamometry, while tissue morphology and mechanical properties were evaluated by ultrasonography. Dancers displayed longer gastrocnemius medialis fascicles (55 ± 5 vs 47 ± 6 mm) and a longer (207 ± 33 vs 167 ± 10 mm) and more compliant (230 ± 87 vs 364 ± 106 N/mm) Achilles tendon compared to controls. Greater passive ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (40 ± 7 vs 17 ± 9°) was seen in dancers, resulting from greater fascicle strain and greater elongation of the muscle. Peak electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded during passive stretching was lower in dancers, and at common joint angles, dancers displayed lower EMG amplitude and lower passive joint stiffness. No differences between groups were seen in maximal isometric plantar flexor torque, isokinetic peak torque, angle of peak torque, or work. In conclusion, the greater ankle joint flexibility of professional dancers seems attributed to multiple differences in morphological and mechanical properties of muscle and tendinous tissues, and to factors related to neural activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Moltubakk
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - M M Magulas
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - F O Villars
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - O R Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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37
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Martín Lorenzo T, Rocon E, Martínez Caballero I, Lerma Lara S. Medial gastrocnemius structure and gait kinetics in spastic cerebral palsy and typically developing children: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10776. [PMID: 29794756 PMCID: PMC6392514 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon structure, gait propulsive forces, and ankle joint gait kinetics between typically developing children and those with spastic cerebral palsy, and to describe significant associations between structure and function in children with spastic cerebral palsy.A sample of typically developing children (n = 9 /16 limbs) and a sample of children with spastic cerebral palsy (n = 29 /43 limbs) were recruited. Ultrasound and 3-dimensional motion capture were used to assess muscle-tendon structure, and propulsive forces and ankle joint kinetics during gait, respectively.Children with spastic cerebral palsy had shorter fascicles and muscles, and longer Achilles tendons than typically developing children. Furthermore, total negative power and peak negative power at the ankle were greater, while total positive power, peak positive power, net power, total vertical ground reaction force, and peak vertical and anterior ground reaction forces were smaller compared to typically developing children. Correlation analyses revealed that smaller resting ankle joint angles and greater maximum dorsiflexion in children with spastic cerebral palsy accounted for a significant decrease in peak negative power. Furthermore, short fascicles, small fascicle to belly ratios, and large tendon to fascicle ratios accounted for a decrease in propulsive force generation.Alterations observed in the medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon structure of children with spastic cerebral palsy may impair propulsive mechanisms during gait. Therefore, conventional treatments should be revised on the basis of muscle-tendon adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Martín Lorenzo
- Laboratorio de Análisis del Movimiento, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
| | - Eduardo Rocon
- Centro de Automática y Robótica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Arganda del Rey
| | | | - Sergio Lerma Lara
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kuzyk SL, Smart RR, Simpson CL, Fedorov A, Jakobi JM. Influence of fascicle length on twitch potentiation of the medial gastrocnemius across three ankle angles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1199-1207. [PMID: 29600331 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Length dependence of post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a well-established phenomenon in animal models but less certain in intact whole human muscles. Recent advances in B-mode ultrasonography provide real-time imaging and evaluation of human muscle fascicles in vivo, thus removing the assumption that joint positioning alters fascicle length and influences the extent of PAP. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a conditioning maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) would influence the return of medial gastrocnemius (MG) fascicles to baseline length and alter the extent of twitch potentiation between three ankle positions. METHODS Ultrasonography was used to measure MG fascicle length for baseline and potentiated twitches at angles of 10° dorsiflexion (DF), 0° neutral (NEU-tibia perpendicular to the sole of the foot), and 20° plantar flexion (PF). A MVC was used as a conditioning contraction and PAP determined for each ankle angle. RESULTS PAP of the plantar flexors was greater in PF (28.8 ± 2.6%) compared to NEU (19.8 ± 1.8%; p < 0.05) and DF (9.3 ± 2.8%; p < 0.0001). In PF, fascicle lengths (4.64 ± 0.17 cm) were shorter than both NEU (5.78 ± 0.15 cm; p < 0.0001) and DF (6.09 ± 0.15 cm; p < 0.0001). Fascicle lengths for the baseline twitches were longer (5.92 ± 0.11 cm) than the potentiated twitches (5.83 ± 0.10 cm; p < 0.01) at all joint angles. CONCLUSION Although PAP is greatest in PF compared to NEU and DF, the higher PAP in the PF joint angle cannot be attributed to fascicles remaining shortened following the MVC because across all joint positions, fascicles are similarly shortened following the MVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Kuzyk
- Healthy Exercise and Aging Lab Group, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 133-1147 Research Road (Arts Building), Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Rowan R Smart
- Healthy Exercise and Aging Lab Group, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 133-1147 Research Road (Arts Building), Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Carey L Simpson
- Healthy Exercise and Aging Lab Group, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 133-1147 Research Road (Arts Building), Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Andrey Fedorov
- Healthy Exercise and Aging Lab Group, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 133-1147 Research Road (Arts Building), Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Jakobi
- Healthy Exercise and Aging Lab Group, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 133-1147 Research Road (Arts Building), Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Vojciechowski AS, Biesek S, Melo Filho J, Rabito EI, Amaral MPD, Gomes ARS. Effects of physical training with the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus ® and protein supplementation on musculoskeletal function and the risk of falls in pre-frail older women: Protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial (the WiiProtein study). Maturitas 2018; 111:53-60. [PMID: 29673832 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty is one of the key geriatric syndromes and is related to the loss of functional independence. However, the practice of physical training (PT) combined with protein supplementation (PS) may improve musculoskeletal function (MF). OBJECTIVE To verify the effect of PT using 'exergames' with or without PS on MF, nutritional status, and risk of falls in pre-frail older women. METHOD The protocol is for a randomized controlled clinical trial with a sample of pre-frail older women, divided into 5 groups: control group; PT using exergames; PS; PT using exergames combined with PS; PT using exergames combined with isoenergetic supplementation. The primary outcomes will be: the strength and power of the lower limbs, assessed by isokinetic dynamometer and the sit-and-stand test carried out 5 times; muscle architecture, assessed by ultrasound; body composition, assessed by anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; and functional mobility and risk of falls, assessed using the Timed-Up and Go test. The secondary outcomes will be: centre of pressure (CoP), assessed using a force plate; and fear of falling, assessed using the Falls Efficacy Scale - International, Brazil. PT using exergames with a gradual increase in the mass weighted vest will be carried out twice a week for 50 min over 3 months. The supplements will be ingested 5 days a week for 3 months. All outcomes will be assessed before and after 3 months. DISCUSSION The WiiProtein study will be the first clinical trial to examine the effects of PT using exergames with progressive resistance, which may or may not be combined with PS, on MF, nutritional status, and risk of falls in pre-frail older women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Biesek
- Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Centro Universitário Autônomo do Brasil (UNIBRASIL), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Anna Raquel Silveira Gomes
- Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Prevention and Rehabilitation in Physiotherapy Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Earp JE, Newton RU, Cormie P, Blazevich AJ. The Influence of External Load on Quadriceps Muscle and Tendon Dynamics during Jumping. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:2250-2259. [PMID: 28657932 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tendons possess both viscous (rate-dependent) and elastic (rate-independent) properties that determine tendon function. During high-speed movements external loading increases both the magnitude (FT) and rate (RFDT) of tendon loading. PURPOSE The influence of external loading on muscle and tendon dynamics during maximal vertical jumping was explored. METHODS Ten resistance-trained men performed parallel-depth, countermovement vertical jumps with and without additional load (0%, 30%, 60%, and 90% of maximum squat lift strength), while joint kinetics and kinematics, quadriceps tendon length (LT) and patellar tendon FT and RFDT were estimated using integrated ultrasound, motion analysis and force platform data and muscle tendon modelling. RESULTS Estimated FT and RFDT, but not peak LT, increased with external loading. Temporal comparisons between 0% and 90% loads revealed that FT was greater with 90% loading throughout the majority of the movement (11%-81% and 87%-95% movement duration). However, RFDT was greater with 90% load only during the early movement initiation phase (8%-15% movement duration) but was greater in the 0% load condition later in the eccentric phase (27%-38% movement duration). LT was longer during the early movement (12%-23% movement duration) but shorter in the late eccentric and early concentric phases (48%-55% movement duration) with 90% load. DISCUSSION External loading positively influenced peak FT and RFDT but tendon strain appeared unaffected, suggesting no additive effect of external loading on patellar tendon lengthening during human jumping. Temporal analysis revealed that external loading resulted in a large initial RFDT that may have caused dynamic stiffening of the tendon and attenuated tendon strain throughout the movement. These results suggest that external loading influences tendon lengthening in both a load- and movement-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Earp
- 1Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; 2Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA, AUSTRALIA; 3Institute of Human Performance, University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG; 4Australian Catholic University, Institute for Health & Ageing, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
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Kellis E. Biceps femoris fascicle length during passive stretching. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 38:119-125. [PMID: 29223017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify the relative changes in fascicle (FL) and muscle-tendon unit (LMTU) length of the long head of the biceps femoris (BFlh) at different combinations of hip and knee joint positions. Fourteen participants performed passive knee extension trials from 0°, 45° and 90° of hip flexion. FL, LMTU, pennation angle (PA) and effective FL (FL multiplied by the cosine of the PA) of the BFlh were quantified using ultrasonography (US). Three-way analysis of variance designs indicated that at each hip angle, FL and LMTU increased and PA decreased from 90° to 0° of knee flexion. Increasing hip flexion angle from 0° to 90° led to a higher FL and LMTU and a lower PA (p < .05). The average lengthening of the LMTU and effective FL was 28.00 ± 1.82% and 85.88 ± 21.92%, respectively. The average effective FL change accounted for 51.36 ± 7.39% of LMTU change. The relationship between effective FL and LMTU was almost linear with a slope equal to 0.49 ± 0.06 (r2 = 0.52 to 0.97). To achieve greater lengthening of the fascicles of the BFlh, passive stretch with the hip flexed at least 45° and the knee reaching full extension is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Lacourpaille L, Nordez A, Hug F. The nervous system does not compensate for an acute change in the balance of passive force between synergist muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3455-3463. [PMID: 28751493 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.163303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear how muscle activation strategies adapt to differential acute changes in the biomechanical characteristics between synergist muscles. This issue is fundamental to understanding the control of almost every joint in the body. The aim of this human experiment was to determine whether the relative activation of the heads of the triceps surae [gastrocnemius medialis (GM), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and soleus (SOL)] compensates for differential changes in passive force between these muscles. Twenty-four participants performed isometric ankle plantarflexion at 20 N m and 20% of the active torque measured during a maximal contraction, at three ankle angles (30 deg of plantarflexion, 0 and 25 deg of dorsiflexion; knee fully extended). Myoelectric activity (electromyography, EMG) provided an index of neural drive. Muscle shear modulus (elastography) provided an index of muscle force. Passive dorsiflexion induced a much larger increase in passive shear modulus for GM (+657.6±257.7%) than for GL (+488.7±257.9%) and SOL (+106.6±93.0%). However, the neural drive during submaximal tasks did not compensate for this change in the balance of the passive force. Instead, when considering the contraction at 20% MVC, GL root mean square (RMS) EMG was reduced at both 0 deg (-39.4±34.5%) and 25 deg dorsiflexion (-20.6±58.6%) compared with 30 deg plantarflexion, while GM and SOL RMS EMG did not change. As a result, the GM/GL ratio of shear modulus was higher at 0 deg and 25 deg dorsiflexion than at 30 deg plantarflexion, indicating that the greater the dorsiflexion angle, the stronger the bias of force to GM compared with GL. The magnitude of this change in force balance varied greatly between participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Lacourpaille
- University of Nantes, Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Nordez
- University of Nantes, Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, 44000 Nantes, France.,Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand
| | - François Hug
- University of Nantes, Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, 44000 Nantes, France .,The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
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Martín Lorenzo T, Albi Rodríguez G, Rocon E, Martínez Caballero I, Lerma Lara S. Relationship of medial gastrocnemius relative fascicle excursion and ankle joint power and work performance during gait in typically developing children: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7572. [PMID: 28723790 PMCID: PMC5521930 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fascicles lengthen in response to chronic passive stretch through in-series sarcomere addition in order to maintain an optimum sarcomere length. In turn, the muscles' force generating capacity, maximum excursion, and contraction velocity is enhanced. Thus, longer fascicles suggest a greater capacity to develop joint power and work. However, static fascicle length measurements may not be taking sarcomere length differences into account. Thus, we considered relative fascicle excursions through passive ankle dorsiflexion may better correlate with the capacity to generate joint power and work than fascicle length. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine if medial gastrocnemius relative fascicle excursions correlate with ankle joint power and work generation during gait in typically developing children. A sample of typically developing children (n = 10) were recruited for this study and data analysis was carried out on 20 legs. Medial gastrocnemius relative fascicle excursion from resting joint angle to maximum dorsiflexion was estimated from trigonometric relations of medial gastrocnemius pennation angle and thickness obtained from B-mode real-time ultrasonography. Furthermore, a three-dimensional motion capture system was used to obtain ankle joint work and power during the stance phase of gait. Significant correlations were found between relative fascicle excursion and peak power absorption (-) r(14) = -0.61, P = .012 accounting for 31% variability, positive work r(18) = 0.56, P = .021 accounting for 31% variability, and late stance positive work r(15) = 0.51, P = .037 accounting for 26% variability. The large unexplained variance may be attributed to mechanics of neighboring structures (e.g., soleus or Achilles tendon mechanics) and proximal joint kinetics which may also contribute to ankle joint power and work performance, and were not taken into account. Further studies are encouraged to provide greater insight on the relationship between relative fascicle excursions and joint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Martín Lorenzo
- Laboratorio de Análisis del Movimiento, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón
| | - Gustavo Albi Rodríguez
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
| | - Eduardo Rocon
- Centro de Automática y Robótica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Arganda del Rey
| | | | - Sergio Lerma Lara
- Laboratorio de Análisis del Movimiento, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, CSEU La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Acute effects of static stretching on muscle-tendon mechanics of quadriceps and plantar flexor muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1309-1315. [PMID: 28444436 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the acute effects of static stretching on stiffness indexes of two muscle groups with a contrasting difference in muscle-tendon proportion. METHODS Eleven active males were tested on an isokinetic dynamometer during four sessions randomly presented. Two sessions were dedicated to quadriceps and the two others to triceps surae muscles. Before and immediately after the stretching procedure (5 × 30 s), gastrocnemius medialis and rectus femoris fascicle length and myotendinous junction elongation were determined using ultrasonography. Passive and maximal voluntary torques were measured. Fascicle and myotendinous junction stiffness indexes were calculated. RESULTS After stretching, maximal voluntary torque similarly decreased for both muscle groups. Passive torque significantly decreased on triceps surae and remained unchanged on quadriceps muscles. Fascicle length increased similarly for both muscles. However, myotendinous junction elongation remained unchanged for gastrocnemius medialis and increased significantly for rectus femoris muscle. Fascicle stiffness index significantly decreased on medial gastrocnemius and remained unchanged on rectus femoris muscle. In contrast, myotendinous junction stiffness index similarly decreased on both muscles. CONCLUSION Depending on the muscle considered, the present results revealed different acute stretching effects. This muscle dependency appeared to affect primarily fascicle stiffness index rather than the myotendinous junction.
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Abstract
Equinus is linked to most lower extremity biomechanically related disorders. Defining equinus as ankle joint dorsiflexion less than 5° of dorsiflexion with the knee extended is the basis for evaluation and management of the deformity. Consistent evaluation methodology using a goniometer with the subtalar joint in neutral position and midtarsal joint supinated while dorsiflexing the ankle with knee extended provides a consistent clinical examination. For equinus deformity with an associated disorder, comprehensive treatment mandates treatment of the equinus deformity. Surgical treatment of equinus offers multiple procedures but the Baumann gastrocnemius recession is preferred based on deformity correction without weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A DeHeer
- Surgery Department, Indiana University Health North Hospital, Carmel, IN, USA; Surgery Department, Johnson Memorial Hospital, Franklin, IN, USA; Department of Podiatric Medicine and Radiology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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Yu SH, Huang CY. Improving posture-motor dual-task with a supraposture-focus strategy in young and elderly adults. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170687. [PMID: 28151943 PMCID: PMC5289460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a postural-suprapostural task, appropriate prioritization is necessary to achieve task goals and maintain postural stability. A “posture-first” principle is typically favored by elderly people in order to secure stance stability, but this comes at the cost of reduced suprapostural performance. Using a postural-suprapostural task with a motor suprapostural goal, this study investigated differences between young and older adults in dual-task cost across varying task prioritization paradigms. Eighteen healthy young (mean age: 24.8 ± 5.2 years) and 18 older (mean age: 68.8 ± 3.7 years) adults executed a designated force-matching task from a stabilometer board using either a stabilometer stance (posture-focus strategy) or force-matching (supraposture-focus strategy) as the primary task. The dual-task effect (DTE: % change in dual-task condition; positive value: dual-task benefit, negative value: dual-task cost) of force-matching error and reaction time (RT), posture error, and approximate entropy (ApEn) of stabilometer movement were measured. When using the supraposture-focus strategy, young adults exhibited larger DTE values in each behavioral parameter than when using the posture-focus strategy. The older adults using the supraposture-focus strategy also attained larger DTE values for posture error, stabilometer movement ApEn, and force-matching error than when using the posture-focus strategy. These results suggest that the supraposture-focus strategy exerted an increased dual-task benefit for posture-motor dual-tasking in both healthy young and elderly adults. The present findings imply that the older adults should make use of the supraposture-focus strategy for fall prevention during dual-task execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Han Yu
- Physical Therapy Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ya Huang
- Physical Therapy Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Waugh CM, Korff T, Blazevich AJ. Developmental differences in dynamic muscle-tendon behaviour: implications for movement efficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1287-1294. [PMID: 28108669 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.127951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Children perform cyclic motor tasks less efficiently than adults; however, the mechanisms underlying such differences are not fully understood. One mechanism that may contribute to these age-related differences is a differential contribution of muscles and tendons to a given muscle-tendon unit (MTU) excursion. The aims of this study were to (i) compare muscle and tendon excursion between children and adults performing vertical hopping, and (ii) determine whether children and adults choose a hopping frequency that maximizes movement efficiency, based on the utilization of energy-saving mechanisms. Twelve children (8.8±0.3 years) and 12 adults (26.0±2.1 years) performed 20 s of two-legged hopping at a self-selected frequency and at 1.33, 2.00, 2.67 and 3.33 Hz. Gastrocnemius medialis MTU excursion was estimated from kinematic data and muscle and tendon excursions were derived using a combination of 3D-motion capture and ultrasonography. Optimum hopping frequency was determined as the frequency that maximized surrogate measures of elastic energy storage potential of the tendon and minimized muscle excursion. Adults presented a significantly greater potential for elastic energy storage in combination with lower muscle excursion than children at their self-selected frequency, suggesting that children do not utilize these energy-saving mechanisms as effectively as adults. However, tendon elastic energy storage was maximized and muscle excursion minimized at the preferred frequency in both children and adults, indicating that children may select their preferred hopping frequency based on the same criteria as adults. These findings increase our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the higher energy cost of movement performance in children, and have implications for the interpretation of age-related differences in complex task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie M Waugh
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Thomas Korff
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.,Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, WA 6027, Australia
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Earp JE, Newton RU, Cormie P, Blazevich AJ. Faster Movement Speed Results in Greater Tendon Strain during the Loaded Squat Exercise. Front Physiol 2016; 7:366. [PMID: 27630574 PMCID: PMC5005367 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tendon dynamics influence movement performance and provide the stimulus for long-term tendon adaptation. As tendon strain increases with load magnitude and decreases with loading rate, changes in movement speed during exercise should influence tendon strain. METHODS Ten resistance-trained men [squat one repetition maximum (1RM) to body mass ratio: 1.65 ± 0.12] performed parallel-depth back squat lifts with 60% of 1RM load at three different speeds: slow fixed-tempo (TS: 2-s eccentric, 1-s pause, 2-s concentric), volitional-speed without a pause (VS) and maximum-speed jump (JS). In each condition joint kinetics, quadriceps tendon length (LT), patellar tendon force (FT), and rate of force development (RFDT) were estimated using integrated ultrasonography, motion-capture, and force platform recordings. RESULTS Peak LT, FT, and RFDT were greater in JS than TS (p < 0.05), however no differences were observed between VS and TS. Thus, moving at faster speeds resulted in both greater tendon stress and strain despite an increased RFDT, as would be predicted of an elastic, but not a viscous, structure. Temporal comparisons showed that LT was greater in TS than JS during the early eccentric phase (10-14% movement duration) where peak RFDT occurred, demonstrating that the tendon's viscous properties predominated during initial eccentric loading. However, during the concentric phase (61-70 and 76-83% movement duration) differing FT and similar RFDT between conditions allowed for the tendon's elastic properties to predominate such that peak tendon strain was greater in JS than TS. CONCLUSIONS Based on our current understanding, there may be an additional mechanical stimulus for tendon adaptation when performing large range-of-motion isoinertial exercises at faster movement speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Earp
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode IslandKingston, RI, USA; Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Prue Cormie
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup, WA, Australia; Institute for Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Hodson-Tole EF, Wakeling JM, Dick TJM. Passive Muscle-Tendon Unit Gearing Is Joint Dependent in Human Medial Gastrocnemius. Front Physiol 2016; 7:95. [PMID: 27014093 PMCID: PMC4791406 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles change length and develop force both passively and actively. Gearing allows muscle fiber length changes to be uncoupled from those of the whole muscle-tendon unit. During active contractions this process allows muscles to operate at mechanically favorable conditions for power or economical force production. Here we ask whether gearing is constant in passive muscle; determining the relationship between fascicle and muscle-tendon unit length change in the bi-articular medial gastrocnemius and investigating the influence of whether motion occurs at the knee or ankle joint. Specifically, the same muscle-tendon unit length changes were elicited by rotating either the ankle or knee joint whilst simultaneously measuring fascicle lengths in proximal and distal muscle regions using B-mode ultrasound. In both the proximal and distal muscle region, passive gearing values differed depending on whether ankle or knee motion occurred. Fascicle length changes were greater with ankle motion, likely reflecting anatomical differences in proximal and distal passive tendinous tissues, as well as shape changes of the adjacent mono-articular soleus. This suggests that there is joint-dependent dissociation between the mechanical behavior of muscle fibers and the muscle-tendon unit during passive joint motions that may be important to consider when developing accurate models of bi-articular muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Hodson-Tole
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester, UK
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Taylor J M Dick
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Muscle-specific acute changes in passive stiffness of human triceps surae after stretching. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:911-8. [PMID: 26945574 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It remains unclear whether the acute effect of stretching on passive muscle stiffness differs among the synergists. We examined the muscle stiffness responses of the medial (MG) and lateral gastrocnemii (LG), and soleus (Sol) during passive dorsiflexion before and after a static stretching by using ultrasound shear wave elastography. METHODS Before and after a 5-min static stretching by passive dorsiflexion, shear modulus of the triceps surae and the Achilles tendon (AT) during passive dorsiflexion in the knee extended position were measured in 12 healthy subjects. RESULTS Before the static stretching, shear modulus was the greatest in MG and smallest in Sol. The stretching induced significant reductions in shear modulus of MG, but not in shear modulus of LG and Sol. The slack angle was observed at more plantar flexed position in the following order: AT, MG, LG, and Sol. After the stretching, the slack angles of each muscle and AT were significantly shifted to more dorsiflexed positions with a similar extent. When considering the shift in slack angle, the change in MG shear modulus became smaller. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that passive muscle stiffness differs among the triceps surae, and that the acute effect of a static stretching is observed only in the stiff muscle. However, a large part of the reduction of passive muscle stiffness at a given joint angle could be due to an increase in the slack length.
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