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Viskaitis P, Tesmer AL, Liu Z, Karnani MM, Arnold M, Donegan D, Bracey E, Grujic N, Patriarchi T, Peleg-Raibstein D, Burdakov D. Orexin neurons track temporal features of blood glucose in behaving mice. Nat Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41593-024-01648-w. [PMID: 38773350 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01648-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Does the brain track how fast our blood glucose is changing? Knowing such a rate of change would enable the prediction of an upcoming state and a timelier response to this new state. Hypothalamic arousal-orchestrating hypocretin/orexin neurons (HONs) have been proposed to be glucose sensors, yet whether they track glucose concentration (proportional tracking) or rate of change (derivative tracking) is unknown. Using simultaneous recordings of HONs and blood glucose in behaving male mice, we found that maximal HON responses occur in considerable temporal anticipation (minutes) of glucose peaks due to derivative tracking. Analysis of >900 individual HONs revealed glucose tracking in most HONs (98%), with derivative and proportional trackers working in parallel, and many (65%) HONs multiplexed glucose and locomotion information. Finally, we found that HON activity is important for glucose-evoked locomotor suppression. These findings reveal a temporal dimension of brain glucose sensing and link neurobiological and algorithmic views of blood glucose perception in the brain's arousal orchestrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Viskaitis
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L Tesmer
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mahesh M Karnani
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dane Donegan
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Bracey
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Grujic
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Lorestani F, Zhang X, Abdullah AM, Xin X, Liu Y, Rahman M, Biswas MAS, Li B, Dutta A, Niu Z, Das S, Barai S, Wang K, Cheng H. A highly sensitive and long-term stable wearable patch for continuous analysis of biomarkers in sweat. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 33:2306117. [PMID: 38525448 PMCID: PMC10959519 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202306117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Although increasing efforts have been devoted to the development of non-invasive wearable or stretchable electrochemical sweat sensors for monitoring physiological and metabolic information, most of them still suffer from poor stability and specificity over time and fluctuating temperatures. This study reports the design and fabrication of a long-term stable and highly sensitive flexible electrochemical sensor based on nanocomposite-modified porous graphene by simple and facile laser treatment for detecting biomarkers such as glucose in sweat. The laser-reduced and patterned stable conductive nanocomposite on the porous graphene electrode provides the resulting glucose sensor with an excellent sensitivity of 1317.69 μAmM-1cm-2 with an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.079 μM. The sensor can also detect pH and exhibit extraordinary stability to maintain more than 91% sensitivity over 21 days in ambient conditions. Taken together with a temperature sensor based on the same material system, the dual glucose and pH sensor integrated with a flexible microfluidic sweat sampling network further results in accurate continuous on-body glucose detection calibrated by the simultaneously measured pH and temperature. The low-cost, highly sensitive, and long-term stable platform could facilitate and pave the way for the early identification and continuous monitoring of different biomarkers for non-invasive disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Lorestani
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Xianzhe Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Abu Musa Abdullah
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Xin Xin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Yushen Liu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Mashfiqur Rahman
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Md Abu Sayeed Biswas
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Ankan Dutta
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Niu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Shuvendu Das
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Shishir Barai
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
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3
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Zhu J, Bai Y, Gilbert RG. Effects of the Molecular Structure of Starch in Foods on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112263. [PMID: 37297507 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch provides approximately half of humans' food energy, and its structural features influence human health. The most important structural feature is the chain length distribution (CLD), which affects properties such as the digestibility of starch-containing foods. The rate of digestion of such foods has a strong correlation with the prevalence and treatment of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity. Starch CLDs can be divided into multiple regions of degrees of polymerization, wherein the CLD in a given region is predominantly, but not exclusively, formed by a particular set of starch biosynthesis enzymes: starch synthases, starch branching enzymes and debranching enzymes. Biosynthesis-based models have been developed relating the ratios of the various enzyme activities in each set to the CLD component produced by that set. Fitting the observed CLDs to these models yields a small number of biosynthesis-related parameters, which, taken together, describe the entire CLD. This review highlights how CLDs can be measured and how the model-based parameters obtained from fitting these distributions are related to the properties of starch-based foods significant for health, and it considers how this knowledge could be used to develop plant varieties to provide foods with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yeming Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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4
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Yang D, Lew HL, Mak YY, Ou SJL, Lim JA, Lu Y, Seah CLY, Tan MQH, Huang D, Tai ES, Liu MH. Incorporation of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) seed powder into fresh rice noodles with tapioca starch improves postprandial glycemia, insulinemia and satiety in healthy human volunteers. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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5
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Xu P, Hong Y, Chen P, Wang X, Li S, Wang J, Meng F, Zhou Z, Shi D, Li Z, Cao S, Xiao Y. Regulation of the cecal microbiota community and the fatty liver deposition by the addition of brewers’ spent grain to feed of Landes geese. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970563. [PMID: 36204629 PMCID: PMC9530188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of brewers’ spent grain (BSG) diets on the fatty liver deposition and the cecal microbial community were investigated in a total of 320 healthy 5-day-old Landes geese. These geese were randomly and evenly divided into 4 groups each containing 8 replicates and 10 geese per replicate. These four groups of geese were fed from the rearing stage (days 5–60) to the overfeeding stage (days 61–90). The Landes geese in group C (control) were fed with basal diet (days 5–90); group B fed first with basal diet in the rearing stage and then basal diet + 4% BSG in the overfeeding stage; group F first with basal diet + 4% BSG during the rearing stage and then basal diet in the overfeeding stage; and group W with basal diet + 4% BSG (days 5–90). The results showed that during the rearing stage, the body weight (BW) and the average daily gain (ADG) of Landes geese were significantly increased in groups F and W, while during the overfeeding stage, the liver weights of groups W and B were significantly higher than that of group C. The taxonomic structure of the intestinal microbiota revealed that during the overfeeding period, the relative abundance of Bacteroides in group W was increased compared to group C, while the relative abundances of Escherichia–Shigella and prevotellaceae_Ga6A1_group were decreased. Results of the transcriptomics analysis showed that addition of BSG to Landes geese diets altered the expression of genes involved in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and sphingolipid metabolism in the liver. Our study provided novel experimental evidence based on the cecal microbiota to support the application of BSG in the regulation of fatty liver deposition by modulating the gut microbiota in Landes geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxuan Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pinpin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shijie Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fancong Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuncai Xiao,
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6
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Hall KD, Farooqi IS, Friedman JM, Klein S, Loos RJF, Mangelsdorf DJ, O'Rahilly S, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Ryan DH, Speakman JR, Tobias DK. The energy balance model of obesity: beyond calories in, calories out. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:1243-1254. [PMID: 35134825 PMCID: PMC9071483 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent Perspective article described the "carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM)" of obesity, asserting that it "better reflects knowledge on the biology of weight control" as compared with what was described as the "dominant energy balance model (EBM)," which fails to consider "biological mechanisms that promote weight gain." Unfortunately, the Perspective conflated and confused the principle of energy balance, a law of physics that is agnostic as to obesity mechanisms, with the EBM as a theoretical model of obesity that is firmly based on biology. In doing so, the authors presented a false choice between the CIM and a caricature of the EBM that does not reflect modern obesity science. Here, we present a more accurate description of the EBM where the brain is the primary organ responsible for body weight regulation operating mainly below our conscious awareness via complex endocrine, metabolic, and nervous system signals to control food intake in response to the body's dynamic energy needs as well as environmental influences. We also describe the recent history of the CIM and show how the latest "most comprehensive formulation" abandons a formerly central feature that required fat accumulation in adipose tissue to be the primary driver of positive energy balance. As such, the new CIM can be considered a special case of the more comprehensive EBM but with a narrower focus on diets high in glycemic load as the primary factor responsible for common obesity. We review data from a wide variety of studies that address the validity of each model and demonstrate that the EBM is a more robust theory of obesity than the CIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge
| | | | - Samuel Klein
- Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen
| | | | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge
| | | | | | | | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzen, China, and the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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7
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Watts AG, Kanoski SE, Sanchez-Watts G, Langhans W. The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:689-813. [PMID: 34486393 PMCID: PMC8759974 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities that has coincided with an ever increasing sophistication of genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results with a remarkable degree of cell specificity, particularly at the cell signaling level, and have played a lead role in advancing the field. However, putting these findings into a brain-wide context that connects physiological signals and neurons to behavior and somatic physiology requires a thorough consideration of neuronal connections: a field that has also seen an extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal is to present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors. A major theme is that these signals engage sets of interacting neural networks throughout the brain that are defined by specific neural connections. We begin by discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones that still engender vigorous debate, that provide the necessary frameworks for understanding how the brain controls meal initiation and termination. These include key word definitions, ATP availability as the pivotal regulated variable in energy homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic and hedonic eating, and meal structure. Within this context, we discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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8
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Schembre SM, Jospe MR, Bedrick EJ, Li L, Brewster AM, Levy E, Dirba DD, Campbell M, Taylor RW, Basen-Engquist KM. Hunger Training as a self-regulation strategy in a comprehensive weight loss program for breast cancer prevention: a randomized feasibility study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 15:193-201. [PMID: 34893531 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Weight losses >10% favorably modulate biomarkers of breast cancer risk but are not typically achieved by comprehensive weight loss programs, including the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Combining the DPP with Hunger Training (HT), an evidence-based self-regulation strategy that uses self-monitored glucose levels to guide meal timing, has potential to enhance weight losses and cancer-related biomarkers, if proven feasible. This 2-arm RCT examined the feasibility of adding HT to the DPP and explored effects on weight and metabolic and breast cancer risk biomarkers. Fifty postmenopausal women (BMI > 27 kg/m2) at risk of breast cancer were randomized to the DPP+HT or DPP-only arm. Both arms followed a 16-week version of the DPP delivered weekly by a trained registered dietitian. Those in the DPP+HT also wore a continuous glucose monitor during weeks 4-6 of the program. Feasibility criteria were accrual rates > 50%, retention rates > 80%, and adherence to the HT protocol >75%. All a priori feasibility criteria were achieved. The accrual rate was 67%; retention rate was 81%; and adherence to HT was 90%. Weight losses and BMI reductions were significant over time as were changes in metabolic and breast cancer risk biomarkers but did not vary by group. This trial demonstrated that HT was feasible to add to comprehensive weight management program targeted towards postmenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer, though upon preliminary examination it does not appear to enhance weight loss or metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Schembre
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona
| | | | - Edward J Bedrick
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Arizona
| | - Liang Li
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Abenaa M Brewster
- Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Erma Levy
- Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | - Morgan Campbell
- Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
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9
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Mechanisms of Glucose Absorption in the Small Intestine in Health and Metabolic Diseases and Their Role in Appetite Regulation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072474. [PMID: 34371983 PMCID: PMC8308647 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes shows an upward trend in recent decades. A characteristic feature of these diseases is hyperglycemia which can be associated with hyperphagia. Absorption of glucose in the small intestine physiologically contributes to the regulation of blood glucose levels, and hence, appears as a putative target for treatment of hyperglycemia. In fact, recent progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glucose absorption in the gut and its reabsorption in the kidney helped to develop a new strategy of diabetes treatment. Changes in blood glucose levels are also involved in regulation of appetite, suggesting that glucose absorption may be relevant to hyperphagia in metabolic diseases. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of glucose absorption in the small intestine in physiological conditions and their alterations in metabolic diseases as well as their relevance to the regulation of appetite. The key role of SGLT1 transporter in intestinal glucose absorption in both physiological conditions and in diabetes was clearly established. We conclude that although inhibition of small intestinal glucose absorption represents a valuable target for the treatment of hyperglycemia, it is not always suitable for the treatment of hyperphagia. In fact, independent regulation of glucose absorption and appetite requires a more complex approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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10
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Wyatt P, Berry SE, Finlayson G, O'Driscoll R, Hadjigeorgiou G, Drew DA, Khatib HA, Nguyen LH, Linenberg I, Chan AT, Spector TD, Franks PW, Wolf J, Blundell J, Valdes AM. Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals. Nat Metab 2021; 3:523-529. [PMID: 33846643 PMCID: PMC7610681 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how to modulate appetite in humans is key to developing successful weight loss interventions. Here, we showed that postprandial glucose dips 2-3 h after a meal are a better predictor of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake than peak glucose at 0-2 h and glucose incremental area under the blood glucose curve at 0-2 h. We explore the links among postprandial glucose, appetite and subsequent energy intake in 1,070 participants from a UK exploratory and US validation cohort, who consumed 8,624 standardized meals followed by 71,715 ad libitum meals, using continuous glucose monitors to record postprandial glycaemia. For participants eating each of the standardized meals, the average postprandial glucose dip at 2-3 h relative to baseline level predicted an increase in hunger at 2-3 h (r = 0.16, P < 0.001), shorter time until next meal (r = -0.14, P < 0.001), greater energy intake at 3-4 h (r = 0.19, P < 0.001) and greater energy intake at 24 h (r = 0.27, P < 0.001). Results were directionally consistent in the US validation cohort. These data provide a quantitative assessment of the relevance of postprandial glycaemia in appetite and energy intake modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E Berry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite and Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ruairi O'Driscoll
- Appetite and Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - David A Drew
- Clinical & Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haya Al Khatib
- Zoe Global Ltd, London, UK
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Long H Nguyen
- Clinical & Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical & Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - John Blundell
- Appetite and Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ana M Valdes
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
- Nottingham National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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11
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The Medullary Targets of Neurally Conveyed Sensory Information from the Rat Hepatic Portal and Superior Mesenteric Veins. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0419-20.2021. [PMID: 33495245 PMCID: PMC8114873 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0419-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagal and spinal sensory endings in the wall of the hepatic portal and superior mesenteric veins (PMV) provide the brain with chemosensory information important for energy balance and other functions. To determine their medullary neuronal targets, we injected the transsynaptic anterograde viral tracer HSV-1 H129-772 (H129) into the PMV wall or left nodose ganglion (LNG) of male rats, followed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and high-resolution imaging. We also determined the chemical phenotype of H129-infected neurons, and potential vagal and spinal axon terminal appositions in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). PMV wall injections generated H129-infected neurons in both nodose ganglia and in thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). In the medulla, cholinergic preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the DMX were virtually the only targets of chemosensory information from the PMV wall. H129-infected terminal appositions were identified on H129-infected somata and dendrites in the DMX, and on H129-infected DMX dendrites that extend into the NTS. Sensory transmission via vagal and possibly spinal routes from the PMV wall therefore reaches DMX neurons via axo-somatic appositions in the DMX and axo-dendritic appositions in the NTS. However, the dearth of H129-infected NTS neurons indicates that sensory information from the PMV wall terminates on DMX neurons without engaging NTS neurons. These previously underappreciated direct sensory routes into the DMX enable a vago-vagal and possibly spino-vagal reflexes that can directly influence visceral function.
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Abstract
AbstractKnowing the biological signals associated with appetite control is crucial for understanding the regulation of food intake. Biomarkers of appetite have been defined as physiological measures that relate to subjective appetite ratings, measured food intake, or both. Several metabolites including amino acids, lipids and glucose were proposed as key molecules associated with appetite control over 60 years ago, and along with bile acids are all among possible appetite biomarker candidates. Additional metabolites that have been associated with appetite include endocannabinoids, lactate, cortisol and β-hydroxybutyrate. However, although appetite is a complex integrative process, studies often investigated a limited number of markers in isolation. Metabolomics involves the study of small molecules or metabolites present in biological samples such as urine or blood, and may present a powerful approach to further the understanding of appetite control. Using multiple analytical techniques allows the characterisation of molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, bile acids and fatty acids. Metabolomics has proven successful in identifying markers of consumption of certain foods and biomarkers implicated in several diseases. However, it has been underexploited in appetite control or obesity. The aim of the present narrative review is to: (1) provide an overview of existing metabolites that have been identified in human biofluids and associated with appetite control; and (2) discuss the potential of metabolomics to deepen understanding of appetite control in humans.
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Alam I, Almajwal AM, Alam W, Alam I, Ullah N, Abulmeaaty M, Razak S, Khan S, Pawelec G, Paracha PI. The immune-nutrition interplay in aging – facts and controversies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/nha-170034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Alam
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Tübingen Ageing and Tumour Immunology Group, Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ali M. Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajid Alam
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khyber Colleg of Dentistry, KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ibrar Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Niamat Ullah
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Agriculture University Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Abulmeaaty
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleem Khan
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Agriculture University Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Tübingen Ageing and Tumour Immunology Group, Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Parvez Iqbal Paracha
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Agriculture University Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Charlot K, Chapelot D. Comparison of energy-matched high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise sessions on latency to eat, energy intake, and appetite. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:665-673. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval exercises (HIIex) have gained popularity but their effects on eating behavior are poorly known. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the effects of HIIex on the 3 main components of eating behavior (appetite, intake, and latency to eat) differ from those of moderate-intensity continuous exercises (MICex) for the same energy expenditure. Fifteen young normal-weight males completed 3 sessions in a counterbalanced order: HIIex (30-s bouts at 90% of maximal oxygen uptake interceded with 60-s bouts at 35% of maximal oxygen uptake for 20 min), MICex (42% of maximal oxygen uptake for 40 min), and a resting session (REST). Trials were scheduled 80 and 100 min after a standard breakfast for MICex and HIIex, respectively. At 120 min, participants were isolated until they asked for lunch. Appetite was rated on 4 visual analog scales (hunger, desire to eat, fullness, and prospective consumption) every 15 min until meal request. Results showed that the mean latency of requesting lunch was significantly longer after HIIex than after REST (+17.3 ± 4.3 min, P = 0.004), but not after MICex (P = 0.686). Energy intake was not different between conditions, leading to a negative energy balance in the 2 exercise sessions. Thus, the effects of HIIex on eating behavior are likely primarily mediated through the latency of meal initiation. However, inter-individual variability was large and further studies are needed to identify the predictive factors of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyne Charlot
- Université Paris 13, Laboratoire Réponses Cellulaires et Fonctionnelles à l’Hypoxie, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Didier Chapelot
- Université Paris 13, Laboratoire Réponses Cellulaires et Fonctionnelles à l’Hypoxie, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, UFR Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France
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Chapelot D, Charlot K. Physiology of energy homeostasis: Models, actors, challenges and the glucoadipostatic loop. Metabolism 2019; 92:11-25. [PMID: 30500561 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the physiology of energy homeostasis (EH), which is a debated concept. Thus, we will see that the set-point theory is highly challenged and that other models integrating an anticipative component, such as energy allostasis, seem more relevant to experimental reports and life preservation. Moreover, the current obesity epidemic suggests that EH is poorly efficient in the modern human dietary environment. Non-homeostatic phenomena linked to hedonism and reward seem to profoundly impair EH. In this review, the apparent failed homeostatic responses to energy challenges such as exercise, cafeteria diet, overfeeding and diet-induced weight loss, as well as their putative determinants, are analyzed to highlight the mechanisms of EH. Then, the hormonal, neuronal, and metabolic factors of energy intake or energy expenditure are briefly presented. Last, this review focuses on the contributions of two of the most pivotal and often overlooked determinants of EH: the availability of endogenous energy and the pattern of energy intake. A glucoadipostatic loop model is finally proposed to link energy stored in adipose tissue to EH through changes in eating behavior via leptin and sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Chapelot
- Université Paris 13, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Bobigny, France.
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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Ciampolini M. Initial Hunger, a Subjective, Reproducible Limit in Intake Associated with Low Blood Glucose: A Training for Malnourished Infants and Overweight Adults. HANDBOOK OF FAMINE, STARVATION, AND NUTRIENT DEPRIVATION 2019:533-550. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55387-0_125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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17
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Guzzardi MA, Sanguinetti E, Bartoli A, Kemeny A, Panetta D, Salvadori PA, Burchielli S, Iozzo P. Elevated glycemia and brain glucose utilization predict BDNF lowering since early life. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:447-455. [PMID: 28281382 PMCID: PMC5851134 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17697338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes associate with neurodegeneration. Brain glucose and BDNF are fundamental in perinatal development. BDNF is related to brain health, food intake and glucose metabolism. We characterized the relationship between glycemia and/or brain glucose utilization (by 18FDG-PET during fasting and glucose loading), obesity and BDNF in 4-weeks old (pre-obese) and 12-weeks old (obese) Zucker fa/fa rats, and their age-matched fa/+ controls. In 75 human infants, we assessed cord blood BDNF and glucose levels, appetite regulating hormones, body weight and maternal factors. Young and adult fa/fa rats showed glucose intolerance and brain hyper-utilization compared to controls. Glycemia and age were positively related to brain glucose utilization, and were negative predictors of BDNF levels. In humans, fetal glycemia was dependent on maternal glycemia at term, and negatively predicted BDNF levels. Leptin levels were associated with higher body weight and lower BDNF levels. Glucose intolerance and elevated brain glucose utilization already occur in young, pre-obese rats, suggesting that they precede obesity onset in Zucker fatty rats. Glycemic elevation and brain glucose overexposure predict circulating BDNF deficiency since perinatal and early life. Future studies should evaluate whether the control of maternal and fetal glycemia during late intrauterine development can prevent these unfavorable interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Sanguinetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonietta Bartoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Kemeny
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Massa e Carrara, Italy
| | - Daniele Panetta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero A Salvadori
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
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Ciampolini M. Initial Hunger, a Subjective, Reproducible Limit in Intake Associated with Low Blood Glucose: A Training for Malnourished Infants and Overweight Adults. HANDBOOK OF FAMINE, STARVATION, AND NUTRIENT DEPRIVATION 2018:1-18. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40007-5_125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Zeltser LM, Drewnowski A, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Leibel RL. Obesity Pathogenesis: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:267-296. [PMID: 28898979 PMCID: PMC5546881 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is among the most common and costly chronic disorders worldwide. Estimates suggest that in the United States obesity affects one-third of adults, accounts for up to one-third of total mortality, is concentrated among lower income groups, and increasingly affects children as well as adults. A lack of effective options for long-term weight reduction magnifies the enormity of this problem; individuals who successfully complete behavioral and dietary weight-loss programs eventually regain most of the lost weight. We included evidence from basic science, clinical, and epidemiological literature to assess current knowledge regarding mechanisms underlying excess body-fat accumulation, the biological defense of excess fat mass, and the tendency for lost weight to be regained. A major area of emphasis is the science of energy homeostasis, the biological process that maintains weight stability by actively matching energy intake to energy expenditure over time. Growing evidence suggests that obesity is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system, rather than simply arising from the passive accumulation of excess weight. We need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this "upward setting" or "resetting" of the defended level of body-fat mass, whether inherited or acquired. The ongoing study of how genetic, developmental, and environmental forces affect the energy homeostasis system will help us better understand these mechanisms and are therefore a major focus of this statement. The scientific goal is to elucidate obesity pathogenesis so as to better inform treatment, public policy, advocacy, and awareness of obesity in ways that ultimately diminish its public health and economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Lori M Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Eric Ravussin
- John S. McIlhenny Skeletal Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Leanne M Redman
- John S. McIlhenny Skeletal Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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Hosoi T, Suyama Y, Kayano T, Ozawa K. Flurbiprofen Ameliorates Glucose Deprivation-Induced Leptin Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:354. [PMID: 27746736 PMCID: PMC5042967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin resistance is one of the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of obesity. The present study showed that glucose deprivation inhibited leptin-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) in neuronal cells. Flurbiprofen reversed glucose deprivation-mediated attenuation of STAT3, but not STAT5 activation, in leptin-treated cells. Glucose deprivation increased C/EBP-homologous protein and glucose regulated protein 78 induction, indicating the activation of unfolded protein responses (UPR). Flurbiprofen did not affect the glucose deprivation-induced activation of UPR, but did attenuate the glucose deprivation-mediated induction of AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Flurbiprofen may ameliorate glucose deprivation-induced leptin resistance in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hosoi
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Suyama
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kayano
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ozawa
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
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21
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Prokosch ML, Hill SE. A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27585282 DOI: 10.3791/54211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Much research in social psychology has investigated the impact of bodily energy need on cognition and decision-making. As such, blood glucose, the body's primary energy source, has been of special interest to researchers for years. Fluctuations in blood glucose have been linked to a variety of changes in cognitive and behavioral processes, such as self-control, political attitudes, and eating behavior. To help meet growing interest in the links between bodily energy need and these processes, this manuscript offers a simple methodology to experimentally manipulate blood glucose using a fasting procedure followed by administration of a sugar-sweetened, unsweetened, or artificially-sweetened beverage. This is followed by presentation of a method for measuring resulting changes in implicit cognition using a lexical decision-task. In this task, participants are asked to identify whether strings of letters are words or non-words and response latencies are recorded. Sample results from a recent publication are presented as an example of the applications for the experimental manipulation of blood glucose and the lexical decision task measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E Hill
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University;
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22
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Medial cerebellar nucleus projects to feeding-related neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in rats. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:957-971. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Ciampolini M. Conditioned Intake and Fattening/Diabetes. OPEN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2015; 05:468-478. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpm.2015.512053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Yasoshima Y, Shimura T. A mouse model for binge-like sucrose overconsumption: Contribution of enhanced motivation for sweetener consumption. Physiol Behav 2014; 138:154-64. [PMID: 25446199 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral and neural features of binge-like sugar overconsumption have been studied using rat models. However, few mouse models are available to examine the interaction between neural and genetic underpinnings of bingeing. In the present study, we first aim to establish a simple mouse model of binge-like sucrose overconsumption using daytime limited access training in food-restricted male mice. Trained mice received 4-h limited access to both 0.5M sucrose solution and chow for 10 days. Three control groups received (1) 4-h sucrose and 20-h chow access, (2) 20-h sucrose and 4-h, or (3) 20-h chow access, respectively. Only the trained group showed progressively increased sucrose consumption during brief periods of time and developed binge-like excessive behavior. Next, we examined whether the present mouse model mimicked a human feature of binge eating known as "eating when not physically hungry." Trained mice consumed significantly more sucrose or non-caloric sweetener (saccharin) during post-training days even after they nocturnally consumed substantial chow prior to daytime sweetener access. In other trained groups, both a systemic administration of glucose and substantial chow consumption prior to the daytime limited sucrose access failed to reduce binge-like sucrose overconsumption. Our results suggest that even when caloric consumption is not necessarily required, limited access training shapes and triggers binge-like overconsumption of sweetened solution in trained mice. The binge-like behavior in trained mice may be mainly due to enhanced hedonic motivation for the sweetener's taste. The present study suggests that our mouse model for binge-like sugar overconsumption may mimic some human features of binge eating and can be used to investigate the roles of neural and genetic mechanisms in binge-like overconsumption of sweetened substances in the absence of physical hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Yasoshima
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Science, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimura
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Science, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Hu J, Jiang L, Low MJ, Rui L. Glucose rapidly induces different forms of excitatory synaptic plasticity in hypothalamic POMC neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105080. [PMID: 25127258 PMCID: PMC4134273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic POMC neurons are required for glucose and energy homeostasis. POMC neurons have a wide synaptic connection with neurons both within and outside the hypothalamus, and their activity is controlled by a balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Brain glucose-sensing plays an essential role in the maintenance of normal body weight and metabolism; however, the effect of glucose on synaptic transmission in POMC neurons is largely unknown. Here we identified three types of POMC neurons (EPSC(+), EPSC(-), and EPSC(+/-)) based on their glucose-regulated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Lowering extracellular glucose decreased the frequency of sEPSCs in EPSC(+) neurons, but increased it in EPSC(-) neurons. Unlike EPSC(+) and EPSC(-) neurons, EPSC(+/-) neurons displayed a bi-phasic sEPSC response to glucoprivation. In the first phase of glucoprivation, both the frequency and the amplitude of sEPSCs decreased, whereas in the second phase, they increased progressively to the levels above the baseline values. Accordingly, lowering glucose exerted a bi-phasic effect on spontaneous action potentials in EPSC(+/-) neurons. Glucoprivation decreased firing rates in the first phase, but increased them in the second phase. These data indicate that glucose induces distinct excitatory synaptic plasticity in different subpopulations of POMC neurons. This synaptic remodeling is likely to regulate the sensitivity of the melanocortin system to neuronal and hormonal signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Malcolm J. Low
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mattes R. Energy intake and obesity: Ingestive frequency outweighs portion size. Physiol Behav 2014; 134:110-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhu Y, Hsu WH, Hollis JH. Increased number of chews during a fixed-amount meal suppresses postprandial appetite and modulates glycemic response in older males. Physiol Behav 2014; 133:136-40. [PMID: 24857719 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a reduction in appetite. Older adults require a higher number of chews to form a bolus before swallowing. However, whether this ingestive behavior contributes to the reduced appetite in this population is unknown. Fifteen males aged 65 years or older participated in this randomized cross-over trial and attended two test sessions. After an overnight fast, they consumed a fixed-amount meal (2050 kJ) by chewing each portion of food 15 or 40 times before swallowing. Subjective appetite was measured using visual analogue scales at regular intervals for 3 h after completion of the meal. Blood samples were collected at the same time for measurement of glucose, insulin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). Participants were provided an ad libitum meal 3 h later. Compared with 15 chews, chewing food 40 times before swallowing resulted in significantly lower postprandial hunger (P=0.003), preoccupation with food (P<0.001), and desire to eat (P<0.001). Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and GIP were significantly higher at meal completion when 40 chews were made (all P<0.01), and became significantly lower during the late postprandial period (all P<0.05). Food intake at the subsequent ad libitum meal did not differ significantly between test sessions. Our findings suggested that increased number of chews reduced postprandial hunger and desire to eat, and modulated glucose metabolism in older males. The number of chews made during a fixed-amount meal may influence short-term appetite; how this ingestive behavior contributes to energy balance in the long term warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, United States
| | - James H Hollis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, United States.
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Geary N. A physiological perspective on the neuroscience of eating. Physiol Behav 2014; 136:3-14. [PMID: 24704192 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
I present the thesis that 'being physiological,' i.e., analyzing eating under conditions that do not perturb, or minimally perturb, the organism's endogenous processes, should be a central goal of the neuroscience of eating. I describe my understanding of 'being physiological' based on [i] the central neural-network heuristic of CNS function that traces back to Cajal and Sherrington, [ii] research on one of the simpler problems in the neuroscience of eating, identification of endocrine signals that control eating. In this context I consider natural meals, physiological doses and ranges, and antagonist studies. Several examples involve CCK. Next I describe my view of the cutting edge in the molecular neuroscience of eating as it has evolved from the discovery of leptin signaling through the application of optogenetic and pharmacogenetic methods. Finally I describe some novel approaches that may advance the neuroscience of eating in the foreseeable future. I conclude that [i] the neuroscience of eating may soon be able to discern 'physiological' function in the operation of CNS networks mediating eating, [ii] the neuroscience of eating should capitalize on methods developed in other areas of neuroscience, e.g., improved methods to record and manipulate CNS function in behaving animals, identification of canonical regional circuits, use of population electrophysiology, etc., and [iii] subjective aspects of eating are crucial aspects of eating science, but remain beyond mechanistic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Geary
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.
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Abstract
Homeostasis, the dominant explanatory framework for physiological regulation, has undergone significant revision in recent years, with contemporary models differing significantly from the original formulation. Allostasis, an alternative view of physiological regulation, goes beyond its homeostatic roots, offering novel insights relevant to our understanding and treatment of several chronic health conditions. Despite growing enthusiasm for allostasis, the concept remains diffuse, due in part to ambiguity as to how the term is understood and used, impeding meaningful translational and clinical research on allostasis. Here, we provide a more focused understanding of homeostasis and allostasis by explaining how both play a role in physiological regulation, and a critical analysis of regulation suggests how homeostasis and allostasis can be distinguished. Rather than focusing on changes in the value of a regulated variable (e.g., body temperature, body adiposity, or reward), research investigating the activity and relationship among the multiple regulatory loops that influence the value of these regulated variables may be the key to distinguishing homeostasis and allostasis. The mechanisms underlying physiological regulation and dysregulation are likely to have important implications for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. Ramsay
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Appetite sensations, appetite signaling proteins, and glucose in obese adolescents with subclinical binge eating disorder. ISRN OBESITY 2014; 2014:312826. [PMID: 25006530 PMCID: PMC3967462 DOI: 10.1155/2014/312826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective. This study aimed to investigate potential differences in appetite sensations, ghrelin, peptide YY, and glucose and their relationship with energy and macronutrient intake in obese adolescents with subclinical binge eating disorder. Methods. Fifteen obese adolescents (six and nine individuals with and without subclinical binge eating disorder, resp.) qualified for this study. Visual analog scales and Three-Factor Eating Questionnaires were used to assess eating behaviours. Circulating ghrelin, peptide YY, and glucose were measured after fasting and at multiple time points postprandially following a standardized breakfast meal. Energy and macronutrient intake were measured with an ad libitum lunch buffet. Results. Emotional eating scores were significantly higher in obese adolescents with subclinical binge eating disorder. Hunger levels rose and satiety levels fell significantly over the course of the monitoring period but there was no difference between the two groups. Obese adolescents with subclinical binge eating disorder did not have significantly different levels of appetite signaling proteins or glucose. Obese adolescents with subclinical binge eating disorder had a nonsignificantly higher energy and macronutrient intake. Conclusions. A significant difference between the two groups in terms of their emotional eating scores highlights the important role that psychological factors play in relation to eating behaviours.
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Effect of Intragastric Balloon on Gastric Emptying Time in Humans for Weight Control. Clin Nucl Med 2013; 38:863-8. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, the basic rest–activity cycle, meal initiation, and bodily homeostasis in rats. Physiol Behav 2013; 121:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Penaforte FR, Japur CC, Pigatto LP, Chiarello PG, Diez-Garcia RW. Short-term impact of sugar consumption on hunger and ad libitum food intake in young women. Nutr Res Pract 2013; 7:77-81. [PMID: 23610598 PMCID: PMC3627933 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2013.7.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of this study was that greater sugar consumption at breakfast promotes a stronger sensation of hunger and a later increase in energy consumption. The objective was to assess the relation between sugar consumption in a meal and the subsequent sensations of hunger and ad libitum food consumption. Sixteen women consumed a breakfast accompanied by 2 drinks sweetened ad libitum with sugar. After 3 h, a lunch was offered to evaluate ad libitum food consumption. During the period from breakfast to lunch, hunger sensations were evaluated at 30 min intervals. Women were divided according to the median amount of sugar used to sweeten the breakfast drinks (20 g). The group who consumed sugar above the median showed a greater hunger sensation in the preprandial period, and a greater ad libitum intake at lunch (390 ± 130 g × 256 ± 67 g, P = 0.002), compared to the group who had a lower sugar consumption. The amount of sugar consumed at breakfast was correlated positively with the sensation of preprandial hunger and food intake at lunch. We concluded that foods with a high glycemic index can modulate the appetite within a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ro Penaforte
- Laboratory of Eating Practices and Behavior (PratiCA), Course of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. ; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Nováková J, Lukačínová A, Lovásová E, Cimboláková I, Rácz O, Ništiar F. Lifetime exposure to low doses of lead in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:448-58. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713475510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of exposure to low doses of lead dissolved in drinking water (average daily dose of 2.2 mg kg−1 day−1) on selected carbohydrate metabolism parameters in 20 wistar rats. Animals were divided into two groups – control (C) (group drinking clear water) and experimental group (Pb; group exposed to low doses of lead acetate in a concentration of 100 μmol l−1 of drinking water). In this study, we studied the biochemical parameters (glucose, haemoglobin (Hb), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and amylase (AMS)) in rat blood. Glucose and Hb concentration and AMS activity decreased, LDH activity increased but HbA1c concentration levels did not change in rats exposed to lead. Our results well documented that lifetime exposure to lead affected carbohydrate metabolism of rats. Some parameters like concentration of Hb as well as activities of AMS and LDH are useful markers of intoxication of rats with lead. For the evaluation of results (e.g. AMS), not only the data at the end of the experiment should be taken into account but also the entire duration of trials (i.e. more time steps) that makes results more objective should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Lovásová
- Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | - Oliver Rácz
- Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
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Abstract
To understand the influence of food form on satiety, 19 male participants attended two separate test sessions to consume either a liquid-solid meal (LS), which consisted of whole pieces of vegetable in a broth, or a liquid version of the same ingredients [liquid meal (LM)]. Following this meal, appetite questionnaires and blood samples were collected at regular intervals over 3 h. An ad libitum meal was then served and the amount eaten recorded. Fullness and preoccupation with food were higher following the LM compared with the LS (p = 0.001 and p = 0.031, respectively). Postprandial plasma concentration of cholecystokinin (p < 0.001) and insulin (p < 0.001) was higher and plasma glucose concentration was lower (p = 0.003) following the LM compared with the LS. However, there was no difference in the food intake at the subsequent meal. These results suggest that food form has a limited effect on satiety; however, the influence of the postprandial insulin response warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Paspala I, Katsiki N, Kapoukranidou D, Mikhailidis DP, Tsiligiroglou-Fachantidou A. The role of psychobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms in appetite regulation and obesity. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2012; 6:147-55. [PMID: 23346258 PMCID: PMC3549543 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401206010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease. Among its causes are physical inactivity and overeating. In addition, other factors may play an important role in the development of overweight/obesity. For example, certain hormones including leptin, insulin and ghrelin, may influence appetite and consequently body weight. Obesity frequently co-exists with metabolic disorders including dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance, thus constituting the metabolic syndrome which is characterized by increased cardiovascular risk. Lack of comprehensive knowledge on obesity-related issues makes both prevention and treatment difficult. This review considers the psychobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms of appetite and food intake. Whether these factors, in terms of obesity prevention and treatment, will prove to be relevant in clinical practice (including reducing the cardiovas-cular risk associated with obesity) remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Paspala
- Laboratory of Hygiene & Sports Nutrition, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Henderson YO, Smith GP, Parent MB. Hippocampal neurons inhibit meal onset. Hippocampus 2012; 23:100-7. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Su H, Jiang L, Carter-Su C, Rui L. Glucose enhances leptin signaling through modulation of AMPK activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31636. [PMID: 22359610 PMCID: PMC3281098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin exerts its action by binding to and activating the long form of leptin receptors (LEPRb). LEPRb activates JAK2 that subsequently phosphorylates and activates STAT3. The JAK2/STAT3 pathway is required for leptin control of energy balance and body weight. Defects in leptin signaling lead to leptin resistance, a primary risk factor for obesity. Body weight is also regulated by nutrients, including glucose. Defects in glucose sensing also contribute to obesity. Here we report crosstalk between leptin and glucose. Glucose starvation blocked the ability of leptin to stimulate tyrosyl phosphorylation and activation of JAK2 and STAT3 in a variety of cell types. Glucose dose-dependently enhanced leptin signaling. In contrast, glucose did not enhance growth hormone-stimulated phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5. Glucose starvation or 2-deoxyglucose-induced inhibition of glycolysis activated AMPK and inhibited leptin signaling; pharmacological inhibition of AMPK restored the ability of leptin to stimulate STAT3 phosphorylation. Conversely, pharmacological activation of AMPK was sufficient to inhibit leptin signaling and to block the ability of glucose to enhance leptin signaling. These results suggest that glucose and/or its metabolites play a permissive role in leptin signaling, and that glucose enhances leptin sensitivity at least in part by attenuating the ability of AMPK to inhibit leptin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Moss C, Dhillo WS, Frost G, Hickson M. Gastrointestinal hormones: the regulation of appetite and the anorexia of ageing. J Hum Nutr Diet 2011; 25:3-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277x.2011.01211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Blessing W, Mohammed M, Ootsuka Y. Heating and eating: brown adipose tissue thermogenesis precedes food ingestion as part of the ultradian basic rest-activity cycle in rats. Physiol Behav 2011; 105:966-74. [PMID: 22115948 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory rats, throughout the 24 hour day, alternate between behaviorally active and non active episodes that Kleitman called the basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC). We previously demonstrated that brown adipose tissue (BAT), body and brain temperatures and arterial pressure and heart rate increase in an integrated manner during behaviorally active phases. Studies show that eating is preceded by increases in body and brain temperature, but whether eating is integrated into the BRAC has not been investigated. In the present study of chronically instrumented, unrestrained Sprague-Dawley rats, peaks in BAT temperature occurred every 96 ± 7 and 162 ± 16 min (mean ± SE, n=14 rats) in dark and light periods respectively, with no apparent underlying regularity. With food available ad libitum, eating was integrated into the BRAC in a temporally precise manner. Eating occurred only after an increase in BAT temperature, commencing 15 ± 1 min (mean ± SE) after the onset of an increase, with no difference between dark and light phases. There were either no or weak preprandial and postprandial relations between intermeal interval and amount eaten during a given meal. Remarkably, with no food available the rat still disturbed the empty food container 16 ± 1 min (p>0.05 versus ad libitum food) after the onset of increases in BAT temperature, and not at other times. Rather than being triggered by changes in levels of body fuels or other meal-associated factors, in sedentary laboratory rats with ad libitum access to food eating commences as part of the ultradian BRAC, a manifestation of intrinsic brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Blessing
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
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Charlot K, Pichon A, Chapelot D. Exercise prior to a freely requested meal modifies pre and postprandial glucose profile, substrate oxidation and sympathovagal balance. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:66. [PMID: 21943373 PMCID: PMC3189104 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of exercise on glucose and metabolic events preceding and following a freely initiated meal have never been assessed. Moreover, the relationship between these events and sympathovagal balance is not known. The objective of this study was to determine whether exercise prior to a freely requested meal modifies the pre- and postprandial glucose profile, substrate oxidation and sympathovagal balance. Methods Nine young active male subjects consumed a standard breakfast (2298 ± 357 kJ). After 120 min, they either performed 75 min of exercise on a cycle ergometer (EX - 70% VO2max) or rested (RT). Lunch was freely requested but eaten ad libitum only during the 1st session, and then energy intake was fixed across conditions. Glucose and sympathovagal balance were assessed continuously using a subcutaneous glucose monitoring system and analysis of heart rate variability, respectively. Every 5 min, a mean value was calculated for both glucose and sympathovagal balance. Substrate oxidation was determined by calculating the gas exchange ratio when lunch was requested and 180 min after the onset of eating. Results Preprandial glucose profiles were found in 72% of the sessions and with a similar frequency under both conditions. Meals were requested after a similar delay (40 ± 12 and 54 ± 10 min in EX and RT respectively; ns). At meal request, sympathovagal balance was not different between conditions but CHO oxidation was lower and fat oxidation higher in EX than in RT (-46% and +63%, respectively; both p < 0.05). Glucose responses to the meal were higher in incremental (+ 48%) but not in absolute value in EX than in RT, with a higher fat oxidation (+ 46%, p < 0.05), and a greater vagal withdrawal (+ 15%, p < 0.05). Conclusions These results show that exercise does not impair preprandial glucose declines at the following meal freely requested, but leads to an increased postprandial glucose response and an elevated fat oxidation, an effect that vagal withdrawal may contribute to explain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyne Charlot
- Université Paris 13, Laboratoire des Réponses Cellulaires et Fonctionnelles à l'Hypoxie, UFR SMBH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France.
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Food anticipation and subsequent food withdrawal increase serum cortisol in healthy men. Physiol Behav 2011; 103:594-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ensling M, Steinmann W, Whaley-Connell A. Hypoglycemia: A Possible Link between Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Dyslipidemia, and Heart and Kidney Disease (the Cardiorenal Syndrome). Cardiorenal Med 2011; 1:67-74. [PMID: 22258467 DOI: 10.1159/000322886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to insulin metabolic signaling in adipose tissue contributes to the lipid abnormalities in obese, hyperinsulinemic, insulin-resistant patients who develop the cardiorenal syndrome. These same metabolic dyslipidemic abnormalities can be found in conditions of caloric energy restriction with decreased adiposity or normal insulin levels, such as anorexia, starvation or non-diabetic kidney disease. In this review, we assess hypoglycemia as an alternative physiological explanation for the biochemical and lipid findings in conditions of insulin resistance (IR). Therefore, PubMed databases (1961-2010) were searched for articles on the effect of hypoglycemia and starvation on non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) elevation and abnormalities in insulin signaling in muscles as well as abnormal kidney metabolism. The search included articles on NEFA and their role in triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism, as well as kidney and heart disease. Available studies support that hypoglycemia increases NEFA generation from adipose tissue. Elevated levels of NEFA induce increased plasma levels of TG and decreased levels of HDL cholesterol, and may cause direct kidney and myocardial damage. IR of adipose and skeletal muscle tissue, and the elevation in insulin levels in obese, insulin-resistant patients could be explained by an adaptation to their carbohydrate intake. These molecular abnormalities in insulin metabolic signaling can also be found in hypoglycemia or starvation. In conclusion, IR of adipose tissue cannot fully explain the lipid abnormalities observed in the cardiorenal syndrome. Decreased blood glucose levels (e.g. hypoglycemia) occur frequently in patients at risk for this syndrome. Hypoglycemia-induced increases in NEFA levels can promote lipid abnormalities that contribute to IR and the cardiorenal syndrome.
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Ranawana V, Henry CJK, Pratt M. Degree of habitual mastication seems to contribute to interindividual variations in the glycemic response to rice but not to spaghetti. Nutr Res 2010; 30:382-91. [PMID: 20650345 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous work by our group showed that the degree of particle breakdown of rice during mastication affects in vitro glycemic potency. The objective of this study was to confirm these in vitro findings in an in vivo model. We hypothesized that the degree of habitual mastication will influence individuals' in vivo blood glucose response (glycemic response, or GR) to carbohydrate foods. Eleven participants came in on six nonconsecutive days to the laboratory and evaluated 2 test foods (rice and spaghetti). Their GR was measured for the subsequent 120 minutes. Mastication parameters were determined using surface electrode electromyography. The particle size distribution of individuals' masticated food was also determined. The intraindividual number of chews per mouthful did not significantly differ for rice and spaghetti (29.9 and 33, respectively), although masticated particle size distribution did (P < .001). Significant correlations between the degree of breakdown during mastication and the GR were observed for rice, but none for spaghetti. Individuals' peak GR (at 45 minutes) correlated significantly with the particles size distribution of their masticated rice (P = .002), and also with the total incremental area under the curve for the GR (r = -0.72; P = .012) and the incremental area under the curve for the first 45 (r = -0.74; P = .010) and 60 minutes (r = 0.73; P = .010) postconsumption. The results suggest that individual differences in mastication may be one of the causes for interindividual differences in the GR to rice but not spaghetti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Ranawana
- Functional Food Centre, School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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Gaysinskaya VA, Karatayev O, Shuluk J, Leibowitz SF. Hyperphagia induced by sucrose: relation to circulating and CSF glucose and corticosterone and orexigenic peptides in the arcuate nucleus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 97:521-30. [PMID: 21036188 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose-rich diets compared to starch-rich diets are known to stimulate overeating under chronic conditions. The present study in normal-weight rats established an acute "preload-to-test meal" paradigm for demonstrating sucrose-induced hyperphagia and investigating possible mechanisms that mediate this behavioral phenomenon. In this acute paradigm, the rats were first given a small (15 kcal) sucrose preload (30% sucrose) for 30 min compared to an equicaloric, starch preload (25% starch with 5% sucrose) and then allowed to freely consume a subsequent test meal of lab chow. The sucrose preload, when compared to a starch preload equal in energy density and palatability, consistently increased food intake in the subsequent test meal occurring between 60 and 120 min after the end of the preload. Measurements of hormones, metabolites and hypothalamic peptides immediately preceding this hyperphagia revealed marked differences between the sucrose vs starch groups that could contribute to the increase in food intake. Whereas the sucrose group compared to the starch group immediately after the preload (at 10 min) had elevated levels of glucose in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) along with reduced expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), the subsequent effects (at 30-60 min) just preceding the test meal hyperphagia were the reverse. Along with lower levels of glucose, they included markedly elevated serum and CSF levels of corticosterone and mRNA levels of NPY and AgRP in the ARC. In addition to establishing an animal model for sucrose-induced hyperphagia, these results demonstrate peripheral and central mechanisms that may mediate this behavioral phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Gaysinskaya
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Ranawana V, Henry CJK. Liquid and solid carbohydrate foods: comparative effects on glycemic and insulin responses, and satiety. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010; 62:71-81. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2010.520011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Dioxins, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the central regulation of energy balance. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:452-78. [PMID: 20624415 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have attracted toxicological interest not only for the potential risk they pose to human health but also because of their unique mechanism of action. This mechanism involves a specific, phylogenetically old intracellular receptor (the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AHR) which has recently proven to have an integral regulatory role in a number of physiological processes, but whose endogenous ligand is still elusive. A major acute impact of dioxins in laboratory animals is the wasting syndrome, which represents a puzzling and dramatic perturbation of the regulatory systems for energy balance. A single dose of the most potent dioxin, TCDD, can permanently readjust the defended body weight set-point level thus providing a potentially useful tool and model for physiological research. Recent evidence of response-selective modulation of AHR action by alternative ligands suggests further that even therapeutic implications might be possible in the future.
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Abstract
Each year, millions of dogs worldwide are abandoned by their owners, relinquished to animal shelters, and euthanised because of behaviour problems. Nutrition is rarely considered as one of the possible contributing factors of problem behaviour. This contribution presents an overview of current knowledge on the influence of nutrition on canine behaviour and explores the underlying mechanisms by which diet may affect behaviour in animals. Behaviour is regulated by neurotransmitters and hormones, and changes in the availability of their precursors may influence behaviour. Tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, may affect the incidence of aggression, self-mutilation and stress resistance. The latter may also be influenced by dietary tyrosine, a precursor to catecholamines. As diet composition, nutrient availability and nutrient interactions affect the availability of these precursors in the brain, behaviour or stress resistance may be affected. PUFA, especially DHA, have an important role as structural constituents in brain development, and dietary supply of n-3 and n-6 PUFA could modify aspects of the dopaminergic and serotonergic system and, consequently, cognitive performance and behaviour. Finally, persistent feeding motivation between meals can increase stereotyped behaviour and aggression and decrease resting time. This feeding motivation may be altered by dietary fibre content and source. At present, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the role of nutrition in canine (problem) behaviour through the above mentioned mechanisms. Studies that explore this relationship may help to improve the welfare of dogs and their owners.
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Peters A, Langemann D. Build-ups in the supply chain of the brain: on the neuroenergetic cause of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2009; 1:2. [PMID: 19584906 PMCID: PMC2691548 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.14.002.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes have become the major health problems in many industrialized countries. A few theoretical frameworks have been set up to derive the possible determinative cause of obesity. One concept views that food availability determines food intake, i.e. that obesity is the result of an external energy "push" into the body. Another one views that the energy milieu within the human organism determines food intake, i.e. that obesity is due to an excessive "pull" from inside the organism. Here we present the unconventional concept that a healthy organism is maintained by a "competent brain-pull" which serves systemic homeostasis, and that the underlying cause of obesity is "incompetent brain-pull", i.e. that the brain is unable to properly demand glucose from the body. We describe the energy fluxes from the environment, through the body, towards the brain with a mathematical "supply chain" model and test whether its predictions fit medical and experimental data sets from our and other research groups. In this way, we show data-based support of our hypothesis, which states that under conditions of food abundance incompetent brain-pull will lead to build-ups in the supply chain culminating in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In the same way, we demonstrate support of the related hypothesis, which states that under conditions of food deprivation a competent brain-pull mechanism is indispensable for the continuance of the brain s high energy level. In conclusion, we took the viewpoint of integrative physiology and provided evidence for the necessity of brain-pull mechanisms for the benefit of health. Along these lines, our work supports recent molecular findings from the field of neuroenergetics and continues the work on the "Selfish Brain" theory dealing with the maintenance of the cerebral and peripheral energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Peters
- Head of the Clinical Research Group, Brainmetabolism, Neuroenergetics, Obesity and Diabetes, Medical Clinic 1Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dirk Langemann
- Institute of Mathematics, University of LuebeckLübeck, Germany
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