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Bertron Y, Bowen M, Samozino P, Leo P, Pacot A, Quiclet JB, Hintzy F, Morel B. In Situ Power-Cadence Relationship for 2-, 5-, and 20-Minute Duration: A Proof of Concept in Under-19 Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:738-746. [PMID: 38881178 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The force-velocity relationship suggests that maximal power (Pmax) can only be produced in optimal torque (Topt) and cadence (Copt). However, the cadence at which mean maximal power (MMP) is produced has never been studied. This study aimed to determine the individual MMP-cadence relationship from in situ data. METHOD We analyzed 1 year of data from 14 under-19 cyclists and calculated the MMP for each cadence between 50 and 120 rpm for 2-, 5-, and 20-minute durations. The MMP-cadence relationship was fit with a second-order polynomial function. The goodness of fit (r2) and odd-day-even-day absolute and relative reliability were evaluated, respectively, for Pmax, Topt, and Copt. RESULTS The goodness of fit was very high for every duration studied. Topt and Pmax, but not Copt, were significantly higher for shorter durations. Pmax was significantly correlated only with Topt for the 3 durations (r2 = .63, .71, and .64 for 2, 5, and 20 min, respectively). DISCUSSION Evaluation of the MMP-cadence relationship from in situ data is feasible and reliable for 2-, 5-, and 20-minute durations. This profiling approach would enable better detection of the strengths and weaknesses of cyclists and make it possible to design more effective training interventions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The analysis makes it possible to identify the torque versus cadence component that individually limits power production. Knowing the Copt for a given duration of maximal effort could help athletes choose the right gear ratio and regulate cadence during a race in order to maximize performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Bertron
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité LIBM, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
- France Cyclisme, Decathlon-Ag2r la Mondiale Team, La Motte-Servolex, France
| | - Maximilien Bowen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité LIBM, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité LIBM, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
| | - Peter Leo
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandre Pacot
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Frédérique Hintzy
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité LIBM, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité LIBM, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
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Zhang Z, Xie L, Ji H, Chen L, Gao C, He J, Lu M, Yang Q, Sun J, Li D. Effects of different work-to-rest ratios of high-intensity interval training on physical performance and physiological responses in male college judo athletes. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:245-253. [PMID: 38577388 PMCID: PMC10990747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guang Zhou Sport of University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guang Zhou Sport of University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Hongshen Ji
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Lunxin Chen
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guang Zhou Sport of University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Chong Gao
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Jiaxin He
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Min Lu
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Qun Yang
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
| | - Duanying Li
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guang Zhou, China
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Haase R, Dunst AK, Nitzsche N. The Influence of Pedaling Frequency on Blood Lactate Accumulation in Cycling Sprints. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:608-615. [PMID: 38648800 DOI: 10.1055/a-2255-5254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Anaerobic performance diagnostics in athletes relies on accurate measurements of blood lactate concentration and the calculation of blood lactate accumulation resulting from glycolytic processes. In this study, we investigated the impact of pedaling frequency on blood lactate accumulation during 10-second maximal isokinetic cycling sprints. Thirteen trained males completed five 10-second maximal isokinetic cycling sprints on a bicycle ergometer at different pedaling frequencies (90 rpm, 110 rpm, 130 rpm, 150 rpm, 170 rpm) with continuous power and frequency measurement. Capillary blood samples were taken pre-exercise and up to 30 minutes post-exercise to determine the maximum blood lactate concentration.Blood lactate accumulation was calculated as the difference between maximal post-exercise and pre-start blood lactate concentration. Repeated measurement ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc t-tests revealed significant progressive increases in maximal blood lactate concentration and accumulation with higher pedaling frequencies (p<0.001; η2+>+0.782).The findings demonstrate a significant influence of pedaling frequency on lactate accumulation, emphasizing its relevance in anaerobic diagnostics. Optimal assessment of maximal lactate formation rate is suggested to require a pedaling frequency of at least 130 rpm or higher, while determining metabolic thresholds using the maximal lactate formation rate may benefit from a slightly lower pedaling frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Haase
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Therapy, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Dunst
- Department of Endurance Sports, Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Nitzsche
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Therapy, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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Yang WH, Meixner BJ, Sperlich B. Uncertainty in determining the optimal test duration for maximal rate of lactate accumulation during all-out sprint cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05506-2. [PMID: 38809479 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Benedikt Johannes Meixner
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Iq-Move PG Lochmann & Fraunberger, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Judenbuehlweg 11, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Judenbuehlweg 11, 97082, Würzburg, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Yang W, Xue Y, Hou D, Chen S, Xu Z, Peng S, Zhao H, Wang C, Liu C. Timing Matters: Time of Day Impacts the Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1421. [PMID: 38794659 PMCID: PMC11124133 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine has attracted significant attention from researchers in the sports field due to its well-documented ergogenic effects across various athletic disciplines. As research on caffeine continues to progress, there has been a growing emphasis on evaluating caffeine dosage and administration methods. However, investigations into the optimal timing of caffeine intake remain limited. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to assess the ergogenic effects of caffeine administration at different times during the morning (06:00 to 10:00) and evening (16:00 to 21:00). The review findings suggest that circadian rhythms play a substantial role in influencing sports performance, potentially contributing to a decline in morning performance. Caffeine administration has demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating this phenomenon, resulting in ergogenic effects and performance enhancement, even comparable to nighttime levels. While the specific mechanisms by which caffeine regulates circadian rhythms and influences sports performance remain unclear, this review also explores the mechanisms underlying caffeine's ergogenic effects, including the adenosine receptor blockade, increased muscle calcium release, and modulation of catecholamines. Additionally, the narrative review underscores caffeine's indirect impact on circadian rhythms by enhancing responsiveness to light-induced phase shifts. Although the precise mechanisms through which caffeine improves morning performance declines via circadian rhythm regulation necessitate further investigations, it is noteworthy that the timing of caffeine administration significantly affects its ergogenic effects during exercise. This emphasizes the importance of considering caffeine intake timing in future research endeavors to optimize its ergogenic potential and elucidate its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yizhang Xue
- Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dingchun Hou
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Songyue Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhiqin Xu
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sijia Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haotian Zhao
- Department of Physical Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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Cesanelli L, Ylaite B, Fernandez Lopez JA, Volungevičius G, Lagoute T, Venckunas T. Cycling through the ranks: a cross-sectional analysis of endurance, strength and body composition indicators in junior, elite, and amateur competitive road cyclists. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:371-382. [PMID: 38126975 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the present study was to compare different performance indicators, encompassing endurance, body composition, and maximal and explosive strength markers, among competitive Lithuanian cyclists across different age and performance categories. METHODS Thirty Lithuanian male cyclists in elite (EL, N.=10), amateur (AM, N.=10), and junior (JU, N.=10) categories underwent body composition analysis, knee extensors' isometric strength and ultrasound measurements, maximal incremental exercise tests, cycling efficiency protocol, and sprint performance evaluations. Additionally, competition results and power profiles were analyzed. RESULTS EL cyclists had greater experience and higher annual kilometers (P<0.05). Quadriceps muscle size exhibited significant differences, being greater in EL than JU (P<0.05), whereas no noteworthy variations were observed in body fat or isometric strength. EL athletes demonstrated higher maximal oxygen consumption, maximal aerobic power, and sprint performance compared to JU and AM, particularly when considering absolute power metrics (P<0.05). Interestingly, despite JU achieving lower ranks in competitions, power profiles differed minimally between EL and JU. Furthermore, both JU and AM expended more energy during competitions (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study highlights disparities among Lithuanian cyclists, with EL cyclists showcasing advantages in endurance capacity and better competition outcomes, possibly due to their extensive experience, leading to a more efficient energy utilization. This research enhances our understanding of the multifaceted nature of the sport performance within the realm of Lithuanian cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cesanelli
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania -
| | - Berta Ylaite
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Juan A Fernandez Lopez
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Thomas Lagoute
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, École Normale Supérieure de Rennes, Bruz, France
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Kostka T, Kostka J. Feasibility and Reliability of Quadriceps Muscle Power and Optimal Movement Velocity Measurements in Different Populations of Subjects. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:140. [PMID: 38534410 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the feasibility and reliability of quadriceps maximal short-term power (Pmax) and corresponding optimal movement velocity (υopt-velocity at which the power reaches a maximum value) measurements in different populations of subjects. Five groups of subjects, fifty participants in each group, took part in the study: students; patients of the cardiac rehabilitation program; patients after stroke; older adults; and subjects of different ages who performed repetitive measurements with two different bicycles. The correlations calculated for the pairs of scores ranged from 0.93 to 0.99 for Pmax and from 0.86 to 0.96 for υopt (all with p < 0.001). Intraclass Correlations Coefficients (ICCs) varied from 0.93 to 0.98 for Pmax and from 0.86 to 0.95 for υopt. The standard error of measurement (SEM) varied from 16.9 to 21.4 W for Pmax and from 2.91 to 5.54 rotations(rot)/min for υopt. The coefficients of variation (CVs or SEM%) for Pmax and υopt in the stroke group were 10.6% and 11.4%, respectively; all other CVs were clearly lower than 10%. The minimal detectable change (MDC) varied from 46.6 to 59.3 W for Pmax and from 8.07 to 15.4 rot/min for υopt. MDC% varied from 9.53% to 29.3% for Pmax and from 8.19% to 31.7% for υopt, and was the highest in the stroke group. Therefore, the precision of measurements of Pmax and υopt was confirmed by very good indices of absolute and relative reliability. The proposed methodology is precise, safe, not time-consuming and feasible in older subjects and those with diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Plac Hallera 1, 90-647 Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Kostka
- Department of Gerontology, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Łódź, Poland
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Pałka T, Rydzik Ł, Koteja PM, Piotrowska A, Bagińska M, Ambroży T, Angelova-Igova B, Javdaneh N, Wiecha S, Filip-Stachnik A, Tota Ł. Effect of Various Hydration Strategies on Work Intensity and Selected Physiological Indices in Young Male Athletes during Prolonged Physical Exercise at High Ambient Temperatures. J Clin Med 2024; 13:982. [PMID: 38398295 PMCID: PMC10888716 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13040982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: In high temperatures, adequate hydration is vital for sustained physical exercise. This study explores the effect of three hydration strategies on physiological indices and work intensity. Methods: The research involved 12 healthy males who engaged in three test series, each separated by a one-week interval. During the trials, participants underwent a 120 min cycling session in a thermal climate chamber (temperature: 31 ± 2 °C, humidity: 60 ± 3%, air movement: <1 m/s). Measurements of rectal temperature (Tre) and heart rate (HR), and assessment of subjective workload perception, and thermal comfort were made both before and during the exercise. The computation of the physical strain index (PSI) relied on Tre and HR values. Three hydration strategies (isotonic drink, water, and no hydration) were administered before, during, and after the exercise. Results: Regardless of the hydration strategy, the participants' mean body mass decreased as a result of the exercise. Statistically significant differences in HR were observed between the no-hydration and water groups (p < 0.036). The mean PSI values significantly varied between hydration strategies, with the no hydration group exhibiting a higher PSI compared to the isotonic drink or water groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: All hydration strategies contribute to thermoregulatory processes and mitigate the rise in internal body temperature during sustained physical exercise in elevated ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (T.P.); (Ł.T.)
| | - Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (P.M.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Piotr Michał Koteja
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (P.M.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Bagińska
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (P.M.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Boryana Angelova-Igova
- National Sports Academy Vassil Levski, Philosophy and Sociology of Sport, 1700 Sophia, Bulgaria;
| | - Norollah Javdaneh
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran 14911-15719, Iran;
| | - Szczepan Wiecha
- Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Tota
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (T.P.); (Ł.T.)
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Nascimento EMF, Klitzke Borszcz F, Ventura TP, Caputo F, Guglielmo LGA, de Lucas RD. Reliability and Validity of Cycling Sprint Performance at Isolinear Mode Without Torque Factor: A Preliminary Study in Well-Trained Male Cyclists. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38319597 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2298752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the performance-derived parameters utilizing isolinear (ISOLIN) and isovelocity (ISOVEL) sprint cycling modes. Method: For that, 20 male trained cyclists performed 2 sprints of 7 s on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer in ISOLIN and six sprints in ISOVEL mode with cadences between 90 and 180 rpm, each separated by 3-min. A linear function modeled the sprints within each mode to extrapolate maximal cadence (CMAX) and torque (TMAX), and a quadratic function was used to extrapolate the apex defined as optimal cadence power (OPTCAD) and peak power output (PMAX). Fifteen subjects performed another 4 sprints at ISOLIN mode on different days to verify the reliability. Results: The measures from the power-cadence relationship were not different between the ISOLIN and ISOVEL modes. Although significant differences were detected in the T-C relationship, TMAX was greater at ISOLIN than ISOVEL (p = .006). On the other hand, CMAX was higher at ISOVEL than ISOLIN (p < .001). The correlation between parameters was large to very large (r = 0.51 to 0.89). However, high limits of agreement were verified. The ISOLIN presented consistency during the trials, and the random errors were acceptable (CV = 5.3% to 11.5%). Conclusion: Using the power-cadence relationship, PMAX and OPTCAD could be detected similarly between the two sprint modes (ISOLIN and ISOVEL). Thus, the findings demonstrated that a single ISOLIN sprint test could be a suitable tool for quantifying the time course of muscle fatigue during and after cycling exercises in well-trained male cyclists.
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Askari Hosseini S, Wolf P. Performance indicators in speed climbing: insights from the literature supplemented by a video analysis and expert interviews. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1304403. [PMID: 38186397 PMCID: PMC10766694 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1304403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the goal of mastering a standardised route with relatively large handholds as quickly as possible, the weighting of performance-determining factors might be different in speed climbing in comparison to lead climbing or bouldering. The objective of this paper was to identify physical and tactical factors for peak performance in speed climbing. Therefore, not only existing literature was reviewed but also a video analysis of the final round of speed climbing at the Olympic games and interviews with experts were done. Out of two hundred and one articles initially found by searching in Medline, Elsevier and Google Scholar databases, 38 were ultimately considered. Generally, an increased lower limb power, a small body mass index, an improved anaerobic glycogen system, and a high fluency in movements were identified as characteristics for high-speed climbing performance. Based on video analysis of Olympic games, coordinated motions, correct foot movements and shorter reaction time could take a novice speed climber to an elite level. Furthermore, male climbers should avoid pairing hands on holds. Considering the increasing popularity, the continued improvement of the record time in this discipline, and the currently limited amount of relevant literature should stimulate future studies on performance-determining variables, assessments, and training methods to maintain the attractiveness of speed climbing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Wolf
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Fitzgerald H, Fitzgerald DA, Selvadurai H. Exercise testing for young athletes. Paediatr Respir Rev 2023:S1526-0542(23)00082-9. [PMID: 38176989 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
With increasing competitiveness across the sporting landscape, there is a need for more research into monitoring and managing the young athlete, as the needs of a young athlete are vastly different to those of an older athlete who is already established in their respective sport. As the age of sports specialisation seems to decrease, exercise testing in the younger cohort of athletes is crucial for safety and long-term success. This article provides a comprehensive summary of available testing and monitoring methods that can be used to assist young athletes as they mature and attempt to excel in their chosen sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - D A Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - H Selvadurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Szczepan S, Wróblewska Z, Klich S, Michalik K, Gonjo T, Olstad BH, Rejman M. Reliability of a semi-tethered front crawl sprint performance test in adolescent swimmers. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1260346. [PMID: 38156067 PMCID: PMC10753824 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1260346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a sprint performance test with semi-tethered front crawl swimming to indirectly assess the current potential to perform at maximal anaerobic effort in adolescent swimmers. Eight adolescent swimmers participated in this study (gender: females (n = 4) aged 13.0 ± 0.8 years, body height 1.6 ± 0.0 m, body mass 50.1 ± 4.5 kg; and males (n = 4) aged 13.3 ± 1.3 years, body height 1.7 ± 0.1 m, body mass 59.0 ± 8.2 kg. The testing protocol consisted of two trials of 25 m semi-tethered front crawl swimming with maximal effort and with 1 kg resisted isotonic load. Velocity data were recorded automatically by the 1080 Sprint device for 15 m (between 3 m and 18 m). The Fast Fourier Transform algorithm filtered raw instantaneous swimming velocity data in distance (time) function. A third-degree polynomial was used to extract the individual velocity profile, from which the following variables were chosen for test-retest reliability and the assessment of sprint performance: ttrial15, vmax, vmin, tvto max, tvat max, Dto vmax, Dat vmax, fatigue index. Parameters such as vmax, vmin, and ttrial15 were estimated from swimming velocity profiles and considered as reliable. The CV showed low variance <5%; while ICC2,1 demonstrated respectively good (ICC2,1: 0.88), very good (ICC2,1: 0.95), and excellent (ICC2,1: 0.98) rate of relative reliability; and the Bland-Altman index revealed an acceptable agreement (LoA ≤5%) between two measurements. The sprint performance test based on semi-tethered front crawl swimming confirmed that ttrial15, vmax, and vmin were reliable variables to indirectly indicate a potential to perform the maximal anaerobic effort among adolescent swimmers. The evaluation of the swimming velocity profiles allows coaches to monitor the adaptive changes of performance during the training process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Szczepan
- Department of Swimming, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Wróblewska
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Klich
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomohiro Gonjo
- Institute for Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bjørn Harald Olstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marek Rejman
- Department of Swimming, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Coertjens M, Coertjens PC, Tartaruga MP, Gorski T, Lima-Silva AE, Carminatti LJ, Beyer PO, de Almeida APV, Geremia JM, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Kruel LFM. Energetic responses of head-out water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequence on anaerobic mechanical power. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2813-2831. [PMID: 37393218 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While exercise recovery may be beneficial from a physiological point of view, it may be detrimental to subsequent anaerobic performance. To investigate the energetic responses of water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequences on subsequent anaerobic performance, a randomized and controlled crossover experimental design was performed with 21 trained cyclists. METHOD Participants were assigned to receive three passive recovery strategies during 10 min after a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT): control (CON: non-immersed condition), cold water immersion (CWI: 20 ℃), and hot water immersion (HWI: 40 ℃). Blood lactate, cardiorespiratory, and mechanical outcomes were measured during the WAnT and its recovery. Time constant (τ), asymptotic value, and area under the curve (AUC) were quantified for each physiologic parameter during recovery. After that, a second WAnT test and 10-min recovery were realized in the same session. RESULTS Regardless the water immersion temperature, water immersion increased [Formula: see text] (+ 18%), asymptote ([Formula: see text]+ 16%, [Formula: see text] + 13%, [Formula: see text] + 17%, HR + 16%) and AUC ([Formula: see text]+ 27%, [Formula: see text] + 18%, [Formula: see text] + 20%, HR + 25%), while decreased [Formula: see text] (- 33%). There was no influence of water immersion on blood lactate parameters. HWI improved the mean power output during the second WAnT (2.2%), while the CWI decreased 2.4% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Independent of temperature, water immersion enhanced aerobic energy recovery without modifying blood lactate recovery. However, subsequent anaerobic performance was increased only during HWI and decreased during CWI. Despite higher than in other studies, 20 °C effectively triggered physiological and performance responses. Water immersion-induced physiological changes did not predict subsequent anaerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Coertjens
- School of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil.
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Chaves Coertjens
- School of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Marcus Peikriszwili Tartaruga
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Energetics of the Human Movement, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Gorski
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, ETH Zürich-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- The Human Performance Research Group, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lorival José Carminatti
- Morpho-Functional Research Laboratory, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulo Otto Beyer
- Laboratory of Steam and Refrigeration, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Alexandre Peyré-Tartaruga
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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14
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D'Attilio M, Bondi D, Castellani M, Verratti V, Pietrangelo T. Sports performance adaptations through occlusal splint: Case reports of triathlon athletes. Cranio 2023; 41:556-564. [PMID: 33554766 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2021.1883386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Occlusal disturbances affect human posture and sports performance. This study aimed to monitor biomechanical adaptations to personalized occlusal splints. METHODS Splints were customized based on stabilometry, thermography, sEMG, and kinesiography, and administered to three triathlon athletes. They were evaluated during a 4-month period, using isokinetic indexes, running kinematics and anaerobic outputs. RESULTS Individuality emerged as a key factor driving type, quantity, quality, and time trajectories of adaptations. The use of instrumental and clinical tests allowed the detection of static balance and biting function improvements, but not necessarily parallel to sports performance improvements. CONCLUSION The authors argue that strength and kinematic imbalances are joint and task-specific and support the use of multi-stage monitoring of the biomechanical effect of mouthpieces. Kinematics of cycling and running may be widely assessed with ecological and inexpensive methods. Strength imbalances need to be continuously monitored due to the high informative value to injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D'Attilio
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Danilo Bondi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Castellani
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vittore Verratti
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti - Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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15
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Hernández-Belmonte A, Buendía-Romero Á, Franco-López F, Martínez-Cava A, Pallarés JG. Adaptations in athletic performance and muscle architecture are not meaningfully conditioned by training free-weight versus machine-based exercises: Challenging a traditional assumption using the velocity-based method. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1948-1957. [PMID: 37340878 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the superior effectiveness of free-weight over machine-based training has been a traditionally widespread assumption, longitudinal studies comparing these training modalities were scarce and heterogeneous. OBJECTIVE This research used the velocity-based method to compare the effects of free-weight and machine-based resistance training on athletic performance and muscle architecture. METHODS Thirty-four resistance-trained men participated in an 8-week resistance training program allocated into free-weight (n = 17) or machine-based (n = 17) groups. Training variables (intensity, intraset fatigue, and recovery) were identical for both groups, so they only differed in the use of a barbell or specific machines to execute the full squat, bench press, prone bench pull, and shoulder press exercises. The velocity-based method was implemented to accurately adjust the planned intensity. Analysis of covariance and effect size (ES) statistics were used to compare both training modalities on a comprehensive set of athletic and muscle architecture parameters. RESULTS No between-group differences were found for any athletic (p ≥ 0.146) and muscle architecture (p ≥ 0.184) variable. Both training modalities significantly and similarly improved vertical jump (Free-weight: ES ≥ 0.45, p ≤ 0.001; Machine-based: ES ≥ 0.41, p ≤ 0.001) and lower limb anaerobic capacity (Free-weight: ES ≥ 0.39, p ≤ 0.007; Machine-based: ES ≥ 0.31, p ≤ 0.003). Additionally, the machine-based group meaningfully enhanced upper limb anaerobic power (ES = 0.41, p = 0.021), whereas the free-weight group significantly improved the change of direction (ES = -0.54, p = 0.003) and 2/6 balance conditions analyzed (p ≤ 0.012). Changes in sprint capacity (ES ≥ -0.13, p ≥ 0.274), fascicle length, and pennation angle (ES ≤ 0.19, p ≥ 0.129) were not significant for either training modality. CONCLUSION Adaptations in athletic performance and muscle architecture would not be meaningfully influenced by the resistance modality trained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ángel Buendía-Romero
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Franco-López
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Cava
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jesús G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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16
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Michalik K, Smolarek M, Ochmann B, Zatoń M. Determination of optimal load in the Wingate Anaerobic Test is not depend on number of sprints included in mathematical models. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1146076. [PMID: 37324399 PMCID: PMC10265113 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1146076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the optimal load (OPTLOAD) in measuring mechanical peak power output (PPO) is important in assessment of anaerobic fitness. The main goals of this study were: 1) to examine estimated optimal load and PPO based on a force-velocity test and 2) to compare the PPO from the previous method with the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). The study involved 15 academic male athletes, aged 22.4 ± 2.3 (years), height 178.9 ± 6.8 (cm), and body weight 77.9 ± 12.2 (kg). They performed the 30-s WAnT (7.5% of body weight) during the first visit to the laboratory. Second to fourth session included a force-velocity test (FVT) involving three, 10-s all-out sprints. A randomized load ranging from 3 to 11 kg was used in each session for FVT. The OPTLOAD and PPO were computed using quadratic relationships based on power-velocity (P-v) and power-percent of body weight (P-%BM) and including three, four, five and nine sprints from FVT. The results showed non-difference in OPTLOAD [13.8 ± 3.2 (%BM); 14.1 ± 3.5 (%BM); 13.5 ± 2.8 (%BM); 13.4 ± 2.6 (%BM)] executed at three, four, five, and nine sprints (F3,56 = 0.174, p = 0.91, η2 = 0.01). The two-way ANOVA revealed that PPO were similar between tested models (P-%BM vs. P-v) independently from the numbers of sprints (F3,112 = 0.08, p = 0.99, η2 = 0.000). Moreover, the PPO measured in the WAnT (870.6 ± 179.1 W) was significantly lower compared with in P-v model (1,102.9 ± 242.5-1,134.2 ± 285.4 W) (F4,70 = 3.044, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.148). In addition, the PPO derived from P-%BM model (1,105.2 ± 245.5-1,138.7 ± 285.3 W) was significantly higher compared with the WAnT (F4,70 = 2.976, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.145). The findings suggest the potential utility of FVT for assessment of anaerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Michalik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Smolarek
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Ochmann
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Zatoń
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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17
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Janssen RJF, de Groot S, Van der Woude LHV, Houdijk H, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Vegter RJK. Force-velocity profiling of elite wheelchair rugby players by manipulating rolling resistance over multiple wheelchair sprints. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023. [PMID: 37183537 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of increased rolling resistance on wheelchair sprint performance and the concomitant force-velocity characteristics. Thirteen wheelchair rugby (WCR) athletes completed five 15 s wheelchair sprints in their own rugby wheelchair on an instrumented dual-roller wheelchair ergometer. The first sprint was performed against a close to overground resistance and in each of the following sprints, the resistance increased with 80% of that resistance. A repeated-measures ANOVA examined differences between sprints. Subsequently, linear regression analyses examined the individual force-velocity relations and then, individual parabolic power output curves were modeled. Increased rolling resistance led to significantly lower velocities (-36%), higher propulsion forces (+150%) and higher power outputs (+83%). These differences were accompanied by a lower push frequency, higher push time, yet a constant recovery time and contact angle. The modeled linear regressions (R2 = 0.71 ± 0.10) between force and velocity differed a lot in slope and intercept among individual athletes. The peak of the power output parabola (i.e., the optimal velocity) occurred on average at 3.1 ± 0.6 ms-1 . These individual force-velocity profiles can be used for training recommendations or technological changes to better exploit power generation capabilities of the WCR athletes' musculoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowie J F Janssen
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja de Groot
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas H V Van der Woude
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Center for Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sports, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Han Houdijk
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vicky L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sports, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Riemer J K Vegter
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sports, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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18
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Nancekievill D, Colpitts BH, Seaman K, Girard M, Sénéchal M. The impact of sprint interval training with or without weight loss on substrate oxidation in adults: A secondary analysis of the i-FLEX study. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15684. [PMID: 37144609 PMCID: PMC10161214 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise training and weight loss (WL) have been associated with changes in fat oxidation. However, there is limited evidence investigating the impact of sprint interval training (SIT)-induced WL on fat oxidation in adults. To investigate the impact of SIT with or without WL on fat oxidation, 34 adults aged 19-60 years (males, n = 15) took part in 4-week SIT. SIT consisted of 30-s Wingates starting with two intervals and working up to four interspersed with 4 min of active recovery. Fat oxidation was estimated via indirect calorimetry using a metabolic cart during submaximal cycling. Following the intervention, participants were classified into a WL group (weight change >0 kg) or a non-WL group (weight change ≤0 kg). No difference in resting fat oxidation (p = 0.642) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (p = 0.646) were observed between the groups. There was a significant interaction for the WL group with increased submaximal fat oxidation usage (p = 0.005) and decreased submaximal RER over the duration of the study (p = 0.017). When adjusted for baseline weight and sex, submaximal fat oxidation usage remained significant (p < 0.05), while RER did not (p = 0.081). The WL group had higher work volume, relative peak power, and mean power than the non-WL group (p < 0.05). Short-term SIT elicited significant improvements in submaximal RER and fat oxidation (FOx) in adults that lost weight, which may be explained by an increase in work volume throughout SIT training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawson Nancekievill
- Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Colpitts
- Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Ken Seaman
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Martine Girard
- Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Martin Sénéchal
- Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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19
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Galantine P, Sudlow A, Peyrot N, Vercruyssen F, Bélard C, Dalleau G, Duché P. Force-velocity profile in sprinting: sex effect. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:911-921. [PMID: 36595048 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to produce muscle power during sprint acceleration is a major determinant of physical performance. The comparison of the force-velocity (F-v: theoretical maximal force, F0; velocity, v0 and maximal power output, Pmax) profile between men and women has attracted little attention. Most studies of sex differences have failed to apply a scaling ratio when reporting data. The present study investigated the sex effect on the F-v profile using an allometric model applied with body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM), fat-free mass of the lower limb (FFMLL), cross-sectional area (CSA) and leg length (LL) to mechanical parameters. Thirty students (15 men, 15 women) participated. Raw velocity-time data for three maximal 35 m sprints were measured with a radar. Mechanical parameters of the F-v relationship were calculated from the modelling of the velocity-time curve. When F0 and Pmax were allometrically scaled with BM (p = 0.538; ES = 0.23) and FFM (p = 0.176; ES = 0.51), there were no significant differences between men and women. However, when the allometric model was applied to Pmax with FFMLL (p = 0.015; ES = 0.52), F0 with CSA (p = 0.016; ES = 0.93) and v0 with LL (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 1.98) differences between men and women persisted. FFM explained 83% of the sex differences in the F-v profile (p ≤ 0.001). After applying an allometric model, sex differences in the F-v profile are explained by other factors than body dimensions (i.e., physiological qualitative differences).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Galantine
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Anthony Sudlow
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, Université Le Mans, EA 4334, Le Mans, France
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Chrystal Bélard
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Georges Dalleau
- Laboratoire IRISSE-EA4075, Université de la Réunion, Le Tampon, La Réunion, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France.
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20
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Sachet I, Brochner Nygaard NP, Guilhem G, Hug F, Dorel S. Strength capacity of lower-limb muscles in world-class cyclists: new insights into the limits of sprint cycling performance. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:536-553. [PMID: 35029136 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2024243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between the torque-generating capacity in sprint cycling and the strength capacity of the six lower-limb muscle groups in male and female world-class sprint cyclists. Eleven female and fifteen male top-elite cyclists performed 5-s sprints at maximal power in seated and standing positions. They also performed a set of maximal voluntary ankle, knee and hip flexions and extensions to assess single-joint isometric and isokinetic torques. Isokinetic torques presented stronger correlations with cycling torque than isometric torques for both body positions, regardless of the group. In the female group, knee extension and hip flexion torques accounted for 81.2% of the variance in cycling torque, while the ability to predict cycling torque was less evident in males (i.e., 59% of variance explained by the plantarflexion torque only). The standing condition showed higher correlations than seated and a better predictive model in males (R2 = 0.88). In addition to the knee extensors and flexors and hip extensors, main power producers, the strength capacity of lower-limb distal plantarflexor (and to a lesser extent dorsiflexor) muscles, as well as other non-measured qualities (e.g., the upper body), might be determinants to produce such extremely high cycling torque in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Sachet
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (Ea 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,French Cycling Federation, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France
| | - Niels Peter Brochner Nygaard
- Research Unit of Health Science, Hospital of South West Jutland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (Ea 7370), French Institute of Sport (Insep), Paris, France
| | - François Hug
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (Ea 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,LAMHESS, Université Côte d'azur, Nice, France.,Nhmrc Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institut Universitaire de France (Iuf), Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Dorel
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (Ea 4334), University of Nantes, Nantes, France
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21
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A Novel Approach to Determining the Alactic Time Span in Connection with Assessment of the Maximal Rate of Lactate Accumulation in Elite Track Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:157-163. [PMID: 36596309 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Following short-term all-out exercise, the maximal rate of glycolysis is frequently assessed on the basis of the maximal rate of lactate accumulation in the blood. Since the end of the interval without significant accumulation (talac) is 1 of 2 denominators in the calculation employed, accurate determination of this parameter is crucial. Although the very existence and definition of talac, as well as the validity of its determination as time-to-peak power (tPpeak), remain controversial, this parameter plays a key role in anaerobic diagnostics. Here, we describe a novel approach to determination of talac and compare it to the current standard. METHODS Twelve elite track cyclists performed 3 maximal sprints (3, 8, and 12 s) and a high-rate, low-resistance pedaling test on an ergometer with monitoring of crank force and pedaling rate. Before and after each sprint, capillary blood samples were taken for determination of lactate accumulation. Fatigue-free force-velocity and power-velocity profiles were generated. talac was determined as tPpeak and as the time point of the first systematic deviation from the force-velocity profile (tFf). RESULTS Accumulation of lactate after the 3-second sprint was significant (0.58 [0.19] mmol L-1; P < .001, d = 1.982). tFf was <3 seconds and tPpeak was ≥3 seconds during all sprints (P < .001, d = - 2.111). Peak power output was lower than maximal power output (P < .001, d = -0.937). Blood lactate accumulation increased linearly with increasing duration of exercise (R2 ≥ .99) and intercepted the x-axis at ∼tFf. CONCLUSION Definition of talac as tPpeak can lead to incorrect conclusions. We propose determination of talac based on tFf, the end of the fatigue-free state that may reflect the beginning of blood lactate accumulation.
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22
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Cesanelli L, Kamandulis S, Volungevičius G, Satkunskiene D. Relationships between muscle quality, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and sprint performance markers of competitive cyclists. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:104-110. [PMID: 35333030 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many variables are considered to be determinants of cycling sprint performance. Among them, the importance of skeletal muscle properties in relation to cycling performance has been consistently underlined. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM), echo intensity (EI) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) content in a group of competitive cyclists and to identify whether these are related to sprint performance. METHODS Muscle echo intensity was evaluated by ultrasound in 16 highly trained competitive cyclists. The cyclists performed a maximal-intensity sprint session comprising four 15 s maximal sprints on a Wingate bike with 2 min of recovery between each. Pearson correlational analysis with linear regression was used to identify significant relationships between the criteria EI and SAT content and the sprint performance variables. RESULTS Muscle EI correlated strongly with sprint performance markers (r=from 0.54 to 0.62; P<0.05), while SAT content and body fat percentage correlated trivially to moderately with sprint performance (r=from 0.07 to 0.40; P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, muscle quality of knee extensors was positively related to sprint performance markers, but SAT content was not. Although additional studies are needed, muscle quality may represent a valid body composition indicator and may be helpful for supporting sprint performance optimization procedures in competitive cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cesanelli
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania -
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Moya-Ramón M, Haakonssen E, Peña-González I, Mateo-March M, Javaloyes A. Predicting BMX Performance with Laboratory Measurements in Elite Riders. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2461-2467. [PMID: 36573934 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2162755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In Bicycle Motocross (BMX) performance is determined by the riders' sprint ability and power output. Therefore, descriptive and predictive performance assessments through laboratory and field tests are of interest. Twelve members of the Spanish BMX National Team performed 4 laboratory tests, including 1RM in squat, a Wingate test, a 5x6-s repeated sprint test (RST) and a force-velocity profile test. These tests were compared with the riders' field performance using the best lap of a simulated BMX competition consisting of 6 all-out laps on a standard BMX track. Pearson's correlation and linear regression analysis showed a significant association (p < 0.05) between the riders' field performance and the 1RM (r = 0.84; R2 = 0.65), the peak power output in the RST (r = 0.87; R2 = 0.78) and the peak power, the mean power and the lactate production in the Wingate test (r = 0.68-0.77; R2 = 0.14-0.65), as well as maximal power from the force-velocity profile (r = 0.71; R2 = 0.53). The laboratory tests included in this study can show information about BMX riders' performance, with the highest values for the peak power obtained in the repeated sprint test (78% of the variance in common).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Iván Peña-González
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo-March
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Spanish Cycling Federation, Spain
| | - Alejandro Javaloyes
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre of Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
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24
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Bayrakdaroğlu S, Eken Ö, Yagin FH, Bayer R, Gulu M, Akyildiz Z, Nobari H. Warm up with music and visual feedback can effect Wingate performance in futsal players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:205. [PMID: 36474255 PMCID: PMC9727888 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Visual feedback and music while warm up may help elicit peak performance, but its effect during the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) in futsal players is unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of music and visual stimulus on WAnT performance in futsal players. METHODS The study included 17 young male futsal players (age, 21.53 ± 1.32 years; height, 177.59 ± 5.75 cm; 73.71 ± 9.31 kg; BMI 23.342 ± .47). The WAnT was administered using three distinct protocols: with music (M), without music (NM), and with music and visual feedback (MV) following a 10-min warm-up at 72-h intervals. After WAnT, the following parameters were evaluated: (a) peak power output: PPO (W), (b) relative peak power output: RPPO (W/kg), (c) mean power output: MPO (W), (d) relative mean power output: RMPO (W/kg), (e) fatigue index: FI (%), and (f) minimum power output MIPO (W). RESULTS MV indicated that futsal players' WAnT values, including PPO, RPPO, MPO, RMPO, and MIPO improved more than with other protocols (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between protocols for FI (%) WAnT values (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Listening to music and watching visual feedback while warm up before performing WAnT performance suggest to coaches and futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Bayrakdaroğlu
- grid.448936.40000 0004 0369 6808Movement and Training Science, Gumushane University, Gumushane, Turkey
| | - Özgür Eken
- grid.411650.70000 0001 0024 1937Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- grid.411650.70000 0001 0024 1937Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Bayer
- grid.507331.30000 0004 7475 1800Faculty of Health Sciences, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gulu
- grid.411047.70000 0004 0595 9528Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kirikkale University, 71450 Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- grid.25769.3f0000 0001 2169 7132Sports Science Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hadi Nobari
- grid.413026.20000 0004 1762 5445Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367 Iran ,grid.8393.10000000119412521Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain ,grid.5120.60000 0001 2159 8361Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
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25
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Validity and reliability of a specific anaerobic test for mixed martial arts. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Jereb B, Strojnik V. Effect of Six-Week Speed Endurance Training on Peripheral Fatigue. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10841. [PMID: 36078556 PMCID: PMC9518326 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
(1) Speed endurance training (inducing a high blood lactate concentration) delays excitation-contraction coupling impairment, thus providing more space for high-frequency fatigue to occur in the early stage of maximal concentric actions. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the maintenance type of speed endurance training may shift peripheral fatigue from low-frequency to high-frequency fatigue after the 15 s long Wingate test. (2) Six students of physical education performed the corresponding training for six weeks. Before and after this period, they were tested for low- and high-frequency fatigue after the 15 s long Wingate test; additionally, their blood lactate concentrations, maximal cycling power, work, fatigue index, and muscle twitch responses were also tested. (3) The training increased the maximal cycling power and work (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) with minor changes in the mean fatigue index and blood lactate concentration (both p > 0.05). Low-frequency dominant fatigue before the training showed a trend toward high-frequency dominant fatigue after the training (p > 0.05). (4) The results showed that the 15 s Wingate test failed to induce significant high-frequency fatigue. Even though it displayed a substantial fatigue index, the changes in favor of high-frequency fatigue were too small to be relevant.
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Sterns K, Hurt JW, Wilkinson RD, Kram R. Could a hybrid cycling-running shoe offer time savings to triathletes? FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2077841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Sterns
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James W. Hurt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ross D. Wilkinson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rodger Kram
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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28
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Iamonti VC, Souza GF, Castro AAM, Porto EF, Cruz LGB, Colucci E, Colucci M, Sarmento A, Nascimento OA, Jardim JR. Upper Limb Anaerobic Metabolism Capacity is Reduced in Mild and Moderate COPD Patients. COPD 2022; 19:265-273. [PMID: 35639442 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2022.2079485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is available regarding the role of anaerobic metabolism capacity on GOLD 1 and 2 COPD patients during upper limb exercise. We aimed to compare the upper limb anaerobic power capacity, blood lactate concentration, cardiovascular and respiratory responses, in male COPD patients versus healthy subjects during the 30-s Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). The rate of fatigue and time constant of the power output decay (τ, tau) were also calculated and a regression analysis model was built to assess the predictors of τ in these patients. Twenty-four male COPD patients (post-bronchodilator FEV1 73.2 ± 15.3% of predicted) and 17 healthy subjects (FEV1 103.5 ± 10.1% of predicted) underwent the WAnT. Measurements were performed at rest, at the end of the WAnT, and during 3' and 5' of recovery time. Peak power (p = 0.04), low power (p = 0.002), and mean power output (p = 0.008) were significantly lower in COPD patients than in healthy subjects. Power output decreased exponentially in both groups, but at a significantly faster rate (p = 0.007) in COPD patients. The time constant of power decay was associated with resistance (in ohms) and fat-free mass (r2 = 0.604, adjusted r2 = 0.555, and p = 0.002). Blood lactate concentration was significantly higher in healthy subjects at the end of the test, as well as during 3' and 5' of recovery time (p < 0.01). Compared with healthy subjects, COPD patients with GOLD 1 and 2 presented lower upper limb anaerobic capacity and a faster rate of power output decrease during a maximal intensity exercise. Also, the WAnT proved to be a valid tool to measure the upper limb anaerobic capacity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius C Iamonti
- Division of Pneumology - Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson F Souza
- Division of Pneumology - Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Antonio A M Castro
- Division of Pneumology - Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal dos Pampas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elias F Porto
- Division of Pneumology - Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiotherapy, Centro Universitário Adventista de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lais G B Cruz
- Division of Pneumology - Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colucci
- Division of Pneumology - Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Colucci
- Division of Pneumology - Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Sarmento
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Oliver A Nascimento
- Division of Pneumology - Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Jardim
- Division of Pneumology - Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sagray E, Wackel PL, Cannon BC. Cardiac arrhythmias in Primary Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis: Case report and Literature Review. HeartRhythm Case Rep 2022; 8:719-723. [PMID: 36310724 PMCID: PMC9596356 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Sousa FAB, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Rodrigues NA, Gobatto CA. Comparison of parameters derived from a three-minute all-out test with classical benchmarks for running exercise. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266012. [PMID: 35324999 PMCID: PMC8947413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare four constructs from the three-minute all-out test (AO3)–end power (EP), the area above EP (WEP), maximum power (Pmax), and attained V˙O2peak−to those derived from the classical CP model in tethered running. Seventeen male recreational runners underwent two experiments to test for reliability and agreement of AO3 parameters with those obtained from the classical CP model (Wꞌ and CP), a graded exercise test ( V˙O2max) and a 30-second all-out test (AO30s; Pmax); all performed on a non-motorized treadmill (NMT). Significance levels were set at p<0.05. There were no significant differences between test-retest for Pmax (p = 0.51), WEP (p = 0.39), and EP (p = 0.64), showing generally close to zero bias. Further, retest ICC were high for Pmax and EP (ICC > 0.86) but moderate for WEP (ICC = 0.69). Pmax showed no difference between AO3 and AO30s (p = 0.18; CV% = 9.5%). EP and WEP disagreed largely with their classical critical power model counterparts (p = 0.05; CV%>32.7% and p = 0.23; CV%>39.7%, respectively), showing greater error than their test-retest reliability. V˙O2peak from AO3 was not different (p = 0.13) and well related (CV% = 8.4; ICC = 0.87) to the incremental test V˙O2max. Under the studied conditions, the agreement of EP and WEP to CP and Wꞌ was not strong enough to assure their use interchangeably. Pmax and V˙O2max were closer to their criterion parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe A. B. Sousa
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Nutrition, Institute of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Natália A. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio A. Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The elegant concept of a hyperbolic relationship between power, velocity, or torque and time to exhaustion has rightfully captivated the imagination and inspired extensive research for over half a century. Theoretically, the relationship's asymptote along the time axis (critical power, velocity, or torque) indicates the exercise intensity that could be maintained for extended durations, or the "heavy-severe exercise boundary". Much more than a critical mass of the extensive accumulated evidence, however, has persistently shown the determined intensity of critical power and its variants as being too high to maintain for extended periods. The extensive scientific research devoted to the topic has almost exclusively centered around its relationships with various endurance parameters and performances, as well as the identification of procedural problems and how to mitigate them. The prevalent underlying premise has been that the observed discrepancies are mainly due to experimental 'noise' and procedural inconsistencies. Consequently, little or no effort has been directed at other perspectives such as trying to elucidate physiological reasons that possibly underly and account for those discrepancies. This review, therefore, will attempt to offer a new such perspective and point out the discrepancies' likely root causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffy Dotan
- Kinesiology Department, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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32
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Fares MY, Khachfe HH, Salhab HA, Bdeir A, Fares J, Baydoun H. Physical Testing in Sports Rehabilitation: Implications on a Potential Return to Sport. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e189-e198. [PMID: 35141551 PMCID: PMC8811492 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Development and Validation of Prediction Formula of Wingate Test Peak Power From Force-Velocity Test in Male Soccer Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:729247. [PMID: 34912266 PMCID: PMC8667574 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peak power of the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), either in W (Ppeak) or in W.kg–1 (rPpeak), has been widely used to evaluate the performance of soccer players; however, its relationship with force–velocity (F-v) test (e.g., whether these tests can be used interchangeably) has received little scientific attention so far. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a prediction equation of Ppeak and rPpeak from F-v characteristics in male soccer players. Participants were 158 adult male soccer players (sport experience 11.4 ± 4.5 years, mean ± standard deviation, approximately five weekly training units, age 22.6 ± 3.9 years, body mass 74.8 ± 7.8 kg, and height 178.3 ± 7.8 cm) who performed both WAnT and F-v test. An experimental (EXP, n = 79) and a control group (CON, n = 79) were used for development and validation, respectively, of the prediction equation of Ppeak and rPpeak from F-v test. In EXP, Ppeak correlated very largely with body mass (r = 0.787), fat-free mass (r = 0.765), largely with maximal power of F-v test (Pmax; r = 0.639), body mass index (r = 0.603), height (r = 0.558), moderately with theoretical maximal force (F0; r = 0.481), percentage of body fat (r = 0.471), fat mass (r = 0.443, p < 0.001); rPpeak correlated with rPmax (largely; r = 0.596, p < 0.001), theoretical maximal velocity (v0; moderately; r = 0.341, p = 0.002), F0 (small magnitude; r = 0.280, p = 0.012), BF (r = −0.230, p = 0.042), and fat mass (r = −0.242, p = 0.032). Ppeak in EXP could be predicted using the formula “44.251 + 7.431 × body mass (kg) + 0.576 × Pmax (W) – 19.512 × F0” (R = 0.912, R2 = 0.833, standard error of estimate (SEE) = 42.616), and rPpeak from “3.148 + 0.218 × rPmax (W.kg–1) + v0 (rpm)” (R = 0.765, R2 = 0.585, SEE = 0.514). Applying these formulas in CON, no bias was observed between the actual and the predicted Ppeak (mean difference 2.5 ± 49.8 W; 95% CI, −8.7, 13.6; p = 0.661) and rPpeak (mean difference 0.05 ± 0.71 W.kg–1; 95% CI, −0.11, 0.21, p = 0.525). These findings provided indirect estimates of Ppeak of the WAnT, especially useful in periods when this test should not be applied considering the fatigue it causes; in this context, the F-v test can be considered as an alternative of exercise testing for estimating the average Ppeak of a group of soccer players rather than for predicting individual scores when the interindividual variation of performance is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece.,Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hirsch A, Bieleke M, Bertschinger R, Schüler J, Wolff W. Struggles and strategies in anaerobic and aerobic cycling tests: A mixed-method approach with a focus on tailored self-regulation strategies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259088. [PMID: 34705866 PMCID: PMC8550367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance sports pose a plethora of mental demands that exercisers have to deal with. Unfortunately, investigations of exercise-specific demands and strategies to deal with them are insufficiently researched, leading to a gap in knowledge about athletic requirements and strategies used to deal with them. Here, we investigated which obstacles exercisers experience during an anaerobic (Wingate test) and an aerobic cycling test (incremental exercise test), as well as the strategies they considered helpful for dealing with these obstacles (qualitative analysis). In addition, we examined whether thinking of these obstacles and strategies in terms of if-then plans (or implementation intentions; i.e., "If I encounter obstacle O, then I will apply strategy S!") improves performance over merely setting performance goals (i.e., goal intentions; quantitative analysis). N = 59 participants (age: M = 23.9 ± 6.5 years) performed both tests twice in a 2-within (Experimental session: 1 vs. 2) × 2-between (Condition: goal vs. implementation intention) design. Exercisers' obstacles and strategies were assessed using structured interviews in Session 1 and subjected to thematic analysis. In both tests, feelings of exertion were the most frequently stated obstacle. Motivation to do well, self-encouragement, and focus on the body and on cycling were frequently stated strategies in both tests. There were also test-specific obstacles, such as boredom reported in the aerobic test. For session 2, the obstacles and strategies elicited in Session 1 were used to specify if-then plans. Bayesian mixed-factor ANOVA suggests, however, that if-then plans did not help exercisers to improve their performance. These findings shed novel light into the mental processes accompanying endurance exercise and the limits they pose on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hirsch
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Maik Bieleke
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Raphael Bertschinger
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia Schüler
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wanja Wolff
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Educational Psychology, Institute of Educational Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Leo P, Spragg J, Podlogar T, Lawley JS, Mujika I. Power profiling and the power-duration relationship in cycling: a narrative review. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:301-316. [PMID: 34708276 PMCID: PMC8783871 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Emerging trends in technological innovations, data analysis and practical applications have facilitated the measurement of cycling power output in the field, leading to improvements in training prescription, performance testing and race analysis. This review aimed to critically reflect on power profiling strategies in association with the power-duration relationship in cycling, to provide an updated view for applied researchers and practitioners. The authors elaborate on measuring power output followed by an outline of the methodological approaches to power profiling. Moreover, the deriving a power-duration relationship section presents existing concepts of power-duration models alongside exercise intensity domains. Combining laboratory and field testing discusses how traditional laboratory and field testing can be combined to inform and individualize the power profiling approach. Deriving the parameters of power-duration modelling suggests how these measures can be obtained from laboratory and field testing, including criteria for ensuring a high ecological validity (e.g. rider specialization, race demands). It is recommended that field testing should always be conducted in accordance with pre-established guidelines from the existing literature (e.g. set number of prediction trials, inter-trial recovery, road gradient and data analysis). It is also recommended to avoid single effort prediction trials, such as functional threshold power. Power-duration parameter estimates can be derived from the 2 parameter linear or non-linear critical power model: P(t) = W′/t + CP (W′—work capacity above CP; t—time). Structured field testing should be included to obtain an accurate fingerprint of a cyclist’s power profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Leo
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - James Spragg
- Health Physical Activity Lifestyle Sport Research Centre (HPALS), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tim Podlogar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Chung HC, Keiller DR, Roberts JD, Gordon DA. Do exercise-associated genes explain phenotypic variance in the three components of fitness? a systematic review & meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249501. [PMID: 34648504 PMCID: PMC8516263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify a list of common, candidate genes associated with the three components of fitness, specifically cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and anaerobic power, and how these genes are associated with exercise response phenotype variability, in previously untrained participants. A total of 3,969 potentially relevant papers were identified and processed for inclusion. After eligibility and study selection assessment, 24 studies were selected for meta-analysis, comprising a total of 3,012 participants (male n = 1,512; females n = 1,239; not stated n = 261; age 28 ± 9 years). Meta-Essentials spreadsheet 1.4 (Microsoft Excel) was used in creating the forest plots and meta-analysis. IBM SPSS statistics V24 was implemented for the statistical analyses and the alpha was set at p ≤ 0.05. 13 candidate genes and their associated alleles were identified, which were associated with the phenotypes of interest. Analysis of training group data showed significant differential phenotypic responses. Subgroup analysis showed; 44%, 72% and 10% of the response variance in aerobic, strength and power phenotypes, respectively, were explained by genetic influences. This analysis established that genetic variability explained a significant proportion of the adaptation differences across the three components of fitness in the participants post-training. The results also showed the importance of analysing and reporting specific gene alleles. Information obtained from these findings has the potential to inform and influence future exercise-related genes and training studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C. Chung
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Don R. Keiller
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Justin D. Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dan A. Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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37
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Outcomes of the Wingate do not differ when performed in a standing or sitting position. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Maximal muscular power: lessons from sprint cycling. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:48. [PMID: 34268627 PMCID: PMC8282832 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maximal muscular power production is of fundamental importance to human functional capacity and feats of performance. Here, we present a synthesis of literature pertaining to physiological systems that limit maximal muscular power during cyclic actions characteristic of locomotor behaviours, and how they adapt to training. Maximal, cyclic muscular power is known to be the main determinant of sprint cycling performance, and therefore we present this synthesis in the context of sprint cycling. Cyclical power is interactively constrained by force-velocity properties (i.e. maximum force and maximum shortening velocity), activation-relaxation kinetics and muscle coordination across the continuum of cycle frequencies, with the relative influence of each factor being frequency dependent. Muscle cross-sectional area and fibre composition appear to be the most prominent properties influencing maximal muscular power and the power-frequency relationship. Due to the role of muscle fibre composition in determining maximum shortening velocity and activation-relaxation kinetics, it remains unclear how improvable these properties are with training. Increases in maximal muscular power may therefore arise primarily from improvements in maximum force production and neuromuscular coordination via appropriate training. Because maximal efforts may need to be sustained for ~15-60 s within sprint cycling competition, the ability to attenuate fatigue-related power loss is also critical to performance. Within this context, the fatigued state is characterised by impairments in force-velocity properties and activation-relaxation kinetics. A suppression and leftward shift of the power-frequency relationship is subsequently observed. It is not clear if rates of power loss can be improved with training, even in the presence adaptations associated with fatigue-resistance. Increasing maximum power may be most efficacious for improving sustained power during brief maximal efforts, although the inclusion of sprint interval training likely remains beneficial. Therefore, evidence from sprint cycling indicates that brief maximal muscular power production under cyclical conditions can be readily improved via appropriate training, with direct implications for sprint cycling as well as other athletic and health-related pursuits.
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The influence of bicycle lean on maximal power output during sprint cycling. J Biomech 2021; 125:110595. [PMID: 34246911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Competitive cyclists typically sprint out of the saddle and alternately lean their bikes from side to side, away from the downstroke pedal. Yet, there is no direct evidence as to whether leaning the bicycle or conversely, attempting to minimize lean, affects maximal power output during sprint cycling. Here, we modified a cycling ergometer so that it can lean from side to side but can also be locked to prevent lean. This modified ergometer made it possible to compare maximal 1-s crank power during non-seated, sprint cycling under three different conditions: locked (no lean), ad libitum lean, and minimal lean. We found that leaning the ergometer ad libitum did not enhance maximal 1-s crank power compared to the locked condition. However, trying to minimize ergometer lean decreased maximal 1-s crank power by an average of 5% compared to leaning ad libitum. IMU-derived measures of ergometer lean provided evidence that subjects leaned the ergometer away from the downstroke pedal during the ad-lib condition, as in overground cycling. This finding suggests that our ergometer provides a suitable emulation of bicycle-lean dynamics. Overall, we find that leaning a cycle ergometer ad libitum does not enhance maximal power output, but conversely, trying to minimize lean impairs maximal power output.
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Hebisz P, Hebisz R. The Effect of Polarized Training (SIT, HIIT, and ET) on Muscle Thickness and Anaerobic Power in Trained Cyclists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126547. [PMID: 34207008 PMCID: PMC8296496 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of two different concepts in a training program on muscle thickness and anaerobic power in trained cyclists. Twenty-six mountain bike cyclists participated in the study and were divided into an experimental group (E), which performed polarized training, comprising sprint interval training (SIT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and endurance training (ET), and a control group (C), which performed HIIT and ET. The experiment was conducted over the course of 9 weeks. Laboratory tests were performed immediately before and after the conducted experiment, including an ultrasound measurement of the quadriceps femoris muscle thickness and a sprint interval testing protocol (SITP). During the SITP, the cyclists performed 4 maximal repetitions, 30 s each, with a 90-s rest period between the repetitions. SITP was performed to measure maximal and mean anaerobic power. As a result of the applied training program, the muscle thickness decreased and the mean anaerobic power increased in the experimental group. By contrast, no significant changes were observed in the control group. In conclusion, a decrease in muscle thickness with a concomitant increase in mean anaerobic power resulting from the polarized training program is beneficial in mountain bike cycling.
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Colpitts BH, Seaman K, Eadie AL, Brunt KR, Bouchard DR, Sénéchal M. Effects of sprint interval training on substrate oxidation in adults living with and without obesity: The i-FLEX study. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14916. [PMID: 34110721 PMCID: PMC8191399 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility is the ability to adapt substrate oxidation according to metabolic demand. Exercise increases fat oxidation responses in individuals living with obesity; however, limited research exists on the relationship between substrate oxidation and insulin sensitivity after sprint interval training (SIT). The primary objective was to investigate changes in substrate oxidation at rest and during submaximal exercise, and in insulin sensitivity after 4 weeks of SIT in individuals living with or without obesity. The secondary objective was to investigate correlations between changes in substrate oxidation and insulin sensitivity following SIT. Adults living with obesity (n = 16, body mass index (BMI) = 34.1 kg/m2 ± 3.8) and without obesity (n = 18, BMI = 22.9 kg/m2 ± 1.6) took part in a 4-week SIT intervention. Participants completed three sessions of SIT per week, consisting of repeated sets of a 30-s Wingate separated by 4 m of active recovery. Substrate oxidation at rest and during submaximal exercise was measured using VCO2 /VO2 . Insulin sensitivity was calculated using the Matsuda index. No difference in substrate oxidation at rest was observed for either group (p > 0.05), while a significant increase in fat oxidation was observed in individuals living with obesity [F(1,31) = 14.55, p = 0.001] during the submaximal exercise test. A significant decrease in insulin sensitivity was observed among individuals without obesity [F(1,31) = 5.010, p = 0.033]. No correlations were observed between changes in substrate oxidation and insulin sensitivity (p > 0.05). Following SIT, individuals living with obesity increased submaximal fat oxidation compared to individuals without obesity. No correlations were observed between substrate oxidation and insulin sensitivity. Thus, SIT impacts fat oxidation during exercise in individuals living with obesity while having no such influence on insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Colpitts
- Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle LaboratoryFrederictonCanada
- Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonCanada
| | - Ken Seaman
- Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonCanada
| | - Ashley L. Eadie
- Department of PharmacologyDalhousie Medicine New BrunswickSaint JohnCanada
- IMPART investigator team Canada
| | - Keith R. Brunt
- Department of PharmacologyDalhousie Medicine New BrunswickSaint JohnCanada
- IMPART investigator team Canada
| | - Danielle R. Bouchard
- Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle LaboratoryFrederictonCanada
- Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonCanada
- IMPART investigator team Canada
| | - Martin Sénéchal
- Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle LaboratoryFrederictonCanada
- Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonCanada
- IMPART investigator team Canada
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Benefits of Daytime Napping Opportunity on Physical and Cognitive Performances in Physically Active Participants: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:2115-2146. [PMID: 34043185 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that athletes often experience chronic sleep disturbance. Napping is widely recommended as a safe and non-invasive intervention to counteract the negative effects of partial sleep deprivation. However, systematic reviews on the benefits of napping have yet to be undertaken. OBJECTIVE (i) To evaluate the effectiveness of diurnal napping opportunities on athletes' physical and cognitive performance and (ii) to outline how aspects of the study design (i.e., nap duration, exercise protocol, participants' fitness level and previous sleep quantity) can influence the potential effects of napping through a systematic appraisal of the literature. METHODS This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases were searched up to June 2020 for relevant studies investigating the effect of napping on physical and cognitive performances in physically active participants. Fourteen strong-quality and four moderate-quality (mean QualSyst score = 75.75 ± 5.7%) studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the final sample (total participants: 158 physically active and 168 athletes). RESULTS Most studies (n = 15) confirmed the beneficial effects of napping and showed that diurnal napping improved short-term physical performance (n = 10), endurance performance (n = 3) and specific skills performance (n = 2). Two studies showed no significant napping effect and only one study showed reduced sprint performance following diurnal napping. Moreover, napping improved reaction time (n = 3), attention (n = 2) and short-term memory (n = 1) performances. Importantly, "replacement naps" improved both physical and cognitive performance regardless of the type of exercise. However, "prophylactic naps" improved only jump, strength, running repeated-sprint, attention and reaction time performances. In addition, this systematic review revealed that longer nap opportunities (i.e., 90 min) resulted in better improvement of physical and cognitive performance and lower induced fatigue. CONCLUSIONS A diurnal nap seems to be an advantageous intervention to enhance recovery process and counteract the negative effect of partial sleep deprivation on physical and cognitive performance. Particularly, to optimize physical performances of athletes experiencing chronic lack of sleep, findings from the included individual studies suggest 90 min as the optimal nap duration. Diurnal napping may be beneficial for athletes but this benefit should be viewed with caution due to the quality of the evidence, risk of bias and the limited evidence about napping interventions.
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Daameche HRTS, Martins AS, Lemos TV, de Souza Júnior JR, de Oliveira FB, Carpes FP, Matheus JPC. The relationship between the Wattbike® and Isokinetic findings in cyclists: A cross-sectional study. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-203139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Cycling has been the subject of numerous studies. Among these, measuring muscular performance during cycling has attracted much interest. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between Wattbike® and isokinetic findings in a group of cyclists. METHODS: Thirty-seven male cyclists performed a 30-s anaerobic power test on a Wattbike® and then were tested concentrically for knee extensor and flexor strength using isokinetic dynamometry. RESULTS: There was a positive fair-to-moderate correlation between the peak moment, peak power, and total work derived from the Wattbike® and the respective parameters evaluated isokinetically. CONCLUSION: While the findings exclude interchangeability of the two methods, the fact that total work is the most closely associated parameter among the measurements highlights its importance as an outcome measure in muscle performance in cyclists.
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Đurić S, Grbić V, Živković M, Majstorović N, Sember V. Are the Parameters of Novel Two-Point Force-Velocity Model Generalizable in Leg Muscles? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031032. [PMID: 33503856 PMCID: PMC7908528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The two-point force-velocity model allows the assessment of the muscle mechanical capacities in fast, almost fatigue-free conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the concurrent validity of the two-point parameters with directly measured force and power and to examine the generalization of the two-point parameters across the different functional movement tests of leg muscles. Twelve physically active participants were tested performing three functional lower limb maximal tests under two different magnitudes of loads: countermovement jumps, maximal cycling sprint, and maximal force under isokinetic conditions of the knee extensors. The results showed that all values from the two-point model were higher than the values from the standard tests (p < 0.05). We also found strong correlations between the same variables from different tests (r ≥ 0.84; p < 0.01), except for force in maximal cycling sprint, where it was low and negligible (r = −0.24). The results regarding our second aim showed that the correlation coefficients between the same two-point parameters of different lower limb tests ranged from moderate to strong (r −0.47 to 0.72). In particular, the relationships were stronger between power variables than between force variables and somewhat stronger between standard tests and two-point parameters. We can conclude that mechanical capacities of the leg muscles can be partially generalized between different functional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Đurić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Vladimir Grbić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.G.); (M.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Milena Živković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.G.); (M.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Nikola Majstorović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.G.); (M.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-51268263
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Nagle Zera J, Nagle EF, Nagai T, Lovalekar M, Abt JP, Lephart SM. Tethered Swimming Test: Reliability and the Association With Swimming Performance and Land-Based Anaerobic Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:212-220. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ozaki H, Abe T, Loenneke JP, Katamoto S. Stepwise Load Reduction Training: A New Training Concept for Skeletal Muscle and Energy Systems. Sports Med 2020; 50:2075-2081. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mechanical Power in Endurance Running: A Scoping Review on Sensors for Power Output Estimation during Running. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20226482. [PMID: 33202809 PMCID: PMC7696724 DOI: 10.3390/s20226482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical power may act as a key indicator for physiological and mechanical changes during running. In this scoping review, we examine the current evidences about the use of power output (PW) during endurance running and the different commercially available wearable sensors to assess PW. The Boolean phrases endurance OR submaximal NOT sprint AND running OR runner AND power OR power meter, were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, and SCOPUS. Nineteen studies were finally selected for analysis. The current evidence about critical power and both power-time and power-duration relationships in running allow to provide coaches and practitioners a new promising setting for PW quantification with the use of wearable sensors. Some studies have assessed the validity and reliability of different available wearables for both kinematics parameters and PW when running but running power meters need further research before a definitive conclusion regarding its validity and reliability.
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Olstad BH, Gonjo T, Njøs N, Abächerli K, Eriksrud O. Reliability of Load-Velocity Profiling in Front Crawl Swimming. Front Physiol 2020; 11:574306. [PMID: 33071829 PMCID: PMC7538691 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.574306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to establish test-retest reliability of calculating load-velocity profiles in front crawl swimming using five and three different external loads, and if outcome results were comparable between calculation methods for monitoring performance over time. Fifteen swimmers at either national or international competition level (seven females and eight males) participated in this study. The subjects performed 25 m of semi-tethered swimming with maximal effort with five progressive loads (females 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 kg and males 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 kg) as well as 50 m maximal front crawl on 2 different days. The mean velocity during three stroke cycles in mid-pool was calculated and plotted as a function of the external load. Relationship between the load and velocity was expressed by a linear regression line and established for each swimmer. The intercepts between the axes of the plot and the established regression line were defined as theoretical maximum velocity (V0) and load (L0). In addition, L0 was also expressed as a percentage of body mass (rL0). The coefficient of determination (R2) and the slope (Slv) of the linear load-velocity relationship were calculated. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) showed excellent agreement (ICC ≥0.902) for all variables. The coefficient of variation was ≤3.14% and typical error was rated as "good" in all variables. A difference was found between day 1 and 2 in V0 for three- and five-load calculations and for 50 m front crawl time (p < 0.05). No difference was found between the load-velocity profile outcomes variables compared between the three- and five-trial protocols on neither day 1 nor 2. The Bland-Altman plots showed a small bias across all resistance conditions for five loads, L0: 0.04 kg, rL0: 0.13%, V0: -0.03 m/s, and Slv: 0.003 -m/s/kg and for three loads, L0: -0.24 kg, rL0: -0.27%, V0: -0.04 m/s, Slv: 0.002 -m/s/kg. In conclusion, the load-velocity profile for front crawl swimming can be calculated with high reliability from both five and three external loads and comparable results in outcome variables were established. These methods can be used to monitor performance parameters over time, and to investigate and compare swimmers' velocity and strength capabilities to allow for individualized training prescription to improve performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Harald Olstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai Njøs
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kathrin Abächerli
- Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ola Eriksrud
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Mirkov DM, Knezevic OM, Garcia-Ramos A, Čoh M, Šarabon N. Gender-Related Differences in Mechanics of the Sprint Start and Sprint Acceleration of Top National-Level Sprinters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186447. [PMID: 32899837 PMCID: PMC7557927 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Within the current study we aimed at exploring gender-related differences and the relationship between sprint start block kinematics and kinetics and sprint acceleration force–velocity (F-v) relationship parameters (maximal force [F0], maximal velocity [v0], maximal power [Pmax] and slope) in top national-level sprinters. (2) Methods: Twenty-eight sprinters (6 females) performed 10 maximal 30-m sprints. Start block and acceleration kinematics and kinetics were collected with an instrumented sprint start block and a laser distance sensor (KiSprint system). Displacement-time data were used to determine the F-v relationship through Samozino’s method. (3) Results: Start block rear foot maximal force (effect size [ES] = 1.08), rate of force development (ES = 0.90–1.33), F0 (ES = 1.38), v0 (ES = 1.83) and Pmax (ES = 1.95) were higher in males than in females (p ≤ 0.05). There were no differences in the slope, and ratio of horizontal-to-resultant force. F0, v0, and Pmax generally presented higher correlations with the start block kinetics (median r [range] = 0.49 [0.28, 0.78]) than with the kinematics (median r [range] = −0.27 [−0.52, 0.28]). (4) Conclusions: We confirmed that sprint block phase and sprint acceleration mechanics should be mutually assessed when analyzing sprinting performance. KiSprint system could provide more accurate information regarding mechanical pattern and technique during sprint initiation and acceleration, and potentially help create a more personalized and effective training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan M. Mirkov
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Olivera M. Knezevic
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Amador Garcia-Ramos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 4090541 Granada, Spain;
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Milan Čoh
- Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
- InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- S2P, Science to practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behaviour, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-(0)40-429-505
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Krüger RL, Peyrard A, di Domenico H, Rupp T, Millet GY, Samozino P. Optimal load for a torque-velocity relationship test during cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2455-2466. [PMID: 32816143 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lower limbs' neuromuscular force capabilities can only be determined during single sprints if the test provides a good fit of the data in the torque-velocity (T-V) and power-velocity (P-V) relationships. This study compared the goodness of fit of single sprints performed against traditional (7.5% of the body mass) vs. optimal load (calculated based on the force production capacity and ergometer specificities), and examined if reducing the load in fatigued state enhances T-V and P-V relationship goodness of fit. METHODS Thirteen individuals performed sprints before (PRE) and after (POST) a fatiguing task against different loads: (1) TRAD: traditional, (2) OPT: optimal, and (3) LOW-OPT: optimal load reduced according to fatigue levels. RESULTS At PRE, OPT sprints presented a higher R2 of the T-V relationship (0.92 ± 0.06) and lower time to reach maximal power (Pmax) (48 ± 9%) when compared with TRAD sprints (0.89 ± 0.06 and 66 ± 22%, respectively, p < 0.01). At POST, the range of velocity spectrum was greater in the LOW-OPT (33 ± 4%) vs. TRAD (24 ± 3%) and OPT (26 ± 8%, p < 0.007). Similarly, the time to reach Pmax was lower in the LOW-OPT (46 ± 12%) vs. TRAD (76 ± 24%) and OPT (70 ± 24%, p < 0.006). CONCLUSION Sprints performed against an OPT load and reducing the OPT load after fatigue improve the fit of data in the T-V and P-V curves. Sprints load assignment should consider force production capacities rather than body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata L Krüger
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Arthur Peyrard
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Bâtiment 8C-Chartreuse, Campus scientifique, F-73000,, Chambery, France
| | - Hervé di Domenico
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Bâtiment 8C-Chartreuse, Campus scientifique, F-73000,, Chambery, France
| | - Thomas Rupp
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Bâtiment 8C-Chartreuse, Campus scientifique, F-73000,, Chambery, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Étienne, 73376, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Bâtiment 8C-Chartreuse, Campus scientifique, F-73000,, Chambery, France.
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