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Huang R, Pang Q, Zheng L, Lin J, Li H, Wan L, Wang T. Cholesterol metabolism: physiological versus pathological aspects in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1015-1030. [PMID: 38989934 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important component of plasma membranes and participates in many basic life functions, such as the maintenance of cell membrane stability, the synthesis of steroid hormones, and myelination. Cholesterol plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of the central nervous system. The brain contains 20% of the whole body's cholesterol, 80% of which is located within myelin. A huge number of processes (e.g., the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway and liver X receptor pathway) participate in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain via mechanisms that include cholesterol biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and efflux. Certain brain injuries or diseases involving crosstalk among the processes above can affect normal cholesterol metabolism to induce detrimental consequences. Therefore, we hypothesized that cholesterol-related molecules and pathways can serve as therapeutic targets for central nervous system diseases. Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most severe hemorrhagic stroke subtype, with high mortality and morbidity. Historical cholesterol levels are associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Moreover, secondary pathological changes after intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with cholesterol metabolism dysregulation, such as neuroinflammation, demyelination, and multiple types of programmed cell death. Intracellular cholesterol accumulation in the brain has been found after intracerebral hemorrhage. In this paper, we review normal cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system, the mechanisms known to participate in the disturbance of cholesterol metabolism after intracerebral hemorrhage, and the links between cholesterol metabolism and cell death. We also review several possible and constructive therapeutic targets identified based on cholesterol metabolism to provide cholesterol-based perspectives and a reference for those interested in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Huang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Przepiórska-Drońska K, Wnuk A, Pietrzak-Wawrzyńska BA, Łach A, Biernat W, Wójtowicz AK, Kajta M. Amorfrutin B Compromises Hypoxia/Ischemia-induced Activation of Human Microglia in a PPARγ-dependent Manner: Effects on Inflammation, Proliferation Potential, and Mitochondrial Status. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:34. [PMID: 38949694 PMCID: PMC11217078 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Amorfrutin B is a selective PPARγ modulator that we demonstrated to be a promising neuroprotective compound in cellular models of stroke and perinatal asphyxia. Although neuronal mechanisms of amorfrutin B-evoked neuroprotection have been identified, none of them reflects the actions of the compound on microglia, which play a pivotal role in brain response to hypoxia/ischemia. Here, we provide evidence for amorfrutin B-induced effects on human microglia subjected to hypoxia/ischemia; the compound counteracts inflammation, and influences mitochondrial status and proliferation potential in a PPARγ-dependent manner. Post-treatment with amorfrutin B decreased the IBA1 fluorescence intensity, reduced caspase-1 activity, and downregulated IL1B/IL-1β and TNFA but not IL10/IL-10 expression, which was upregulated. Amorfrutin B also stimulated PPARγ signaling, as evidenced by increased mRNA and/or protein levels of PPARγ and PGC1α. In addition, amorfrutin B reversed the hypoxia/ischemia-evoked effects on mitochondria-related parameters, such as mitochondrial membrane potential, BCL2/BCL2 expression and metabolic activity, which were correlated with diminished proliferation potential of microglia. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of amorfrutin B on the proliferation potential and mitochondrial function of microglia is opposite to the stimulatory effect of amorfrutin B on mouse neuronal survival, as evidenced by increased neuronal viability and reduced neurodegeneration. In summary, this study showed for the first time that amorfrutin B compromises hypoxia/ischemia-induced activation of human microglia in a PPARγ-dependent manner, which involves inhibiting inflammation, normalizing mitochondrial status, and controlling proliferation potential. These data extend the protective potential of amorfrutin B in the pharmacotherapy of hypoxic/ischemic brain injury, targeting not only neurons but also activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Przepiórska-Drońska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Smetna Street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Smetna Street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Angelika Pietrzak-Wawrzyńska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Smetna Street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Łach
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Smetna Street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Weronika Biernat
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Adama Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wójtowicz
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Adama Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Smetna Street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
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Giede-Jeppe A, Gerner ST, Sembill JA, Kuramatsu JB, Lang S, Luecking H, Staykov D, Huttner HB, Volbers B. Peak Edema Extension Distance: An Edema Measure Independent from Hematoma Volume Associated with Functional Outcome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2024; 40:1089-1098. [PMID: 38030878 PMCID: PMC11147861 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to test the association between hematoma volume and long-term (> 72 h) edema extension distance (EED) evolution and the association between peak EED and early EED increase with functional outcome at 3 months in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS This retrospective cohort study included patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH between January 2006 and January 2014. EED, an edema measure defined as the distance between the hematoma border and the outer edema border, was calculated by using absolute hematoma and edema volumes. We used multivariable logistic regression accounting for age, ICH volume, and location and receiver operating characteristic analysis for assessing measures associated with functional outcome and EED evolution. Functional outcome after 3 months was assessed by using the modified Rankin Scale (0-3 = favorable, 4-6 = unfavorable). To identify properties associated with peak EED multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS A total of 292 patients were included. Median age was 70 years (interquartile range [IQR] 62-78), median ICH volume on admission 17.7 mL (IQR 7.9-40.2), median peak perihemorrhagic edema (PHE) volume was 37.5 mL (IQR 19.1-60.6), median peak EED was 0.67 cm (IQR 0.51-0.84) with an early EED increase up to 72 h (EED72-0) of 0.06 cm (- 0.02 to 0.15). Peak EED was found to be independent of ICH volume (R2 = 0.001, p = 0.6). In multivariable analyses, peak EED (odds ratio 0.224, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.071-0.705]) and peak PHE volume (odds ratio 0.984 [95% CI 0.973-0.994]) were inversely associated with favorable functional outcome at 3 months. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a peak PHE volume of 26.8 mL (area under the curve 0.695 [95% CI 0.632-0.759]; p ≤ 0.001) and a peak EED of 0.58 cm (area under the curve 0.608 [95% CI 0.540-0.676]; p = 0.002) as best predictive values for outcome discrimination. CONCLUSIONS Compared with absolute peak PHE volume, peak EED represents a promising edema measure in patients with ICH that is largely hematoma volume-independent and nevertheless associated with functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Giede-Jeppe
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jochen A Sembill
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joji B Kuramatsu
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lang
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannes Luecking
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Bastian Volbers
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Shui X, Chen J, Fu Z, Zhu H, Tao H, Li Z. Microglia in Ischemic Stroke: Pathogenesis Insights and Therapeutic Challenges. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3335-3352. [PMID: 38800598 PMCID: PMC11128258 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s461795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, which is the main cause of death and disability on a global scale. As the primary immune cells in the brain that are crucial for preserving homeostasis of the central nervous system microenvironment, microglia have been found to exhibit dual or even multiple effects at different stages of ischemic stroke. The anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia and release of neurotrophic factors may provide benefits by promoting neurological recovery at the lesion in the early phase after ischemic stroke. However, the pro-inflammatory polarization of microglia and secretion of inflammatory factors in the later phase of injury may exacerbate the ischemic lesion, suggesting the therapeutic potential of modulating the balance of microglial polarization to predispose them to anti-inflammatory transformation in ischemic stroke. Microglia-mediated signaling crosstalk with other cells may also be key to improving functional outcomes following ischemic stroke. Thus, this review provides an overview of microglial functions and responses under physiological and ischemic stroke conditions, including microglial activation, polarization, and interactions with other cells. We focus on approaches that promote anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia, inhibit microglial activation, and enhance beneficial cell-to-cell interactions. These targets may hold promise for the creation of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Shui
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyue Fu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyue Zhu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualin Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyinqian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Aceves-Serrano L, Neva JL, Munro J, Vavasour IM, Parent M, Boyd LA, Doudet DJ. Evaluation of microglia activation related markers following a clinical course of TBS: A non-human primate study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301118. [PMID: 38753646 PMCID: PMC11098425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
While the applicability and popularity of theta burst stimulation (TBS) paradigms remain, current knowledge of their neurobiological effects is still limited, especially with respect to their impact on glial cells and neuroinflammatory processes. We used a multimodal imaging approach to assess the effects of a clinical course of TBS on markers for microglia activation and tissue injury as an indirect assessment of neuroinflammatory processes. Healthy non-human primates received continuous TBS (cTBS), intermittent TBS (iTBS), or sham stimulation over the motor cortex at 90% of resting motor threshold. Stimulation was delivered to the awake subjects 5 times a week for 3-4 weeks. Translocator protein (TSPO) expression was evaluated using Positron Emission Tomography and [11C]PBR28, and myo-inositol (mI) and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) concentrations were assessed with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Animals were then euthanized, and immunofluorescence staining was performed using antibodies against TSPO. Paired t-tests showed no significant changes in [11C]PBR28 measurements after stimulation. Similarly, no significant changes in mI and NAA concentrations were found. Post-mortem TSPO evaluation showed comparable mean immunofluorescence intensity after active TBS and sham delivery. The current study suggests that in healthy brains a clinical course of TBS, as evaluated with in-vivo imaging techniques (PET and MRS), did not measurably modulate the expression of glia related markers and metabolite associated with neural viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Aceves-Serrano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason L. Neva
- Faculté de Médecine, École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’activité Physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Munro
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irene M. Vavasour
- Faculty of Medicine, UBC MRI Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lara A. Boyd
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Doris J. Doudet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Fang M, Xia F, Wang J, Wang C, Teng B, You S, Li M, Chen X, Hu X. The NLRP3 inhibitor, OLT1177 attenuates brain injury in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111869. [PMID: 38492343 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It has been reported activation of NLRP3 inflammasome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) ictus exacerbates neuroinflammation and brain injury. We hypothesized that inhibition of NLRP3 by OLT1177 (dapansutrile), a novel NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, could reduce brain edema and attenuate brain injury in experimental ICH. METHODS ICH was induced by injection of autologous blood into basal ganglia in mice models. Sixty-three C57Bl/6 male mice were randomly grouped into the sham, vehicle, OLT1177 (Dapansutrile, 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and treated for consecutive three days, starting from 1 h after ICH surgery. Behavioral test, brain edema, brain water content, blood-brain barrier integrity and vascular permeability, cell apoptosis, and NLRP3 and its downstream protein levels were measured. RESULTS OLT1177 significantly reduced cerebral edema after ICH and contributed to the attenuation of neurological deficits. OLT1177 could preserve blood-brain barrier integrity and lessen vascular leakage. In addition, OLT1177 preserved microglia morphological shift and significantly inhibited the activation of caspase-1 and release of IL-1β. We also found that OLT1177 can protect against neuronal loss in the affected hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS OLT1177 (dapansutrile) could significantly attenuate the brain edema after ICH and effectively alleviate the neurological deficit. This result suggests that the novel NLRP3 inhibitor, OLT1177, might serve as a promising candidate for the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiayan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengyang Wang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bang Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shenglan You
- Animal Imaging Core Facilities, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Manrui Li
- Department of Forensic Pathology and Forensic Clinical Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiameng Chen
- Department of Forensic Pathology and Forensic Clinical Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xin Hu
- Animal Imaging Core Facilities, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Wang X, Yu Z, Dong F, Li J, Niu P, Ta Q, Kan J, Ma C, Han M, Yu J, Zhao D, Li J. Clarifying the mechanism of apigenin against blood-brain barrier disruption in ischemic stroke using systems pharmacology. Mol Divers 2024; 28:609-630. [PMID: 36949297 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Currently, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is an effective therapy for ischemic stroke (IS). However, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a serious side effect of rtPA therapy and may lead to patients' death. The natural polyphenol apigenin has a good therapeutic effect on IS. Apigenin has potential BBB protection, but the mechanism by which it protects the BBB integrity is not clear. In this study, we used network pharmacology, bioinformatics, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to reveal the mechanisms by which apigenin protects the BBB. Among the 146 targets of apigenin for the treatment of IS, 20 proteins were identified as core targets (e.g., MMP-9, TLR4, STAT3). Apigenin protects BBB integrity by inhibiting the activity of MMPs through anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress. These mechanisms included JAK/STAT, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and Nitrogen metabolism signaling pathways. The findings of this study contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of apigenin in the treatment of BBB disruption and provide ideas for the development of drugs to treat IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - ZiQiao Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Fuxiang Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Jinjian Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Ping Niu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Qiyi Ta
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - JunMing Kan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyu Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Moxuan Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Junchao Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Dexi Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China.
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Park DJ, Kang JB, Koh PO. Epigallocatechin gallate improves neuronal damage in animal model of ischemic stroke and glutamate-exposed neurons via modulation of hippocalcin expression. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299042. [PMID: 38427657 PMCID: PMC10906901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenolic component of green tea that has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in neurons. Ischemic stroke is a major neurological disease that causes irreversible brain disorders. It increases the intracellular calcium concentration and induces apoptosis. The regulation of intracellular calcium concentration is important to maintain the function of the nervous system. Hippocalcin is a neuronal calcium sensor protein that controls intracellular calcium concentration. We investigated whether EGCG treatment regulates the expression of hippocalcin in stroke animal model and glutamate-induced neuronal damage. We performed middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce cerebral ischemia. EGCG (50 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline was injected into the abdominal cavity just before MCAO surgery. The neurobehavioral tests were performed 24 h after MCAO surgery and cerebral cortex tissue was collected. MCAO damage induced severe neurobehavioral disorders, increased infarct volume, and decreased the expression of hippocalcin in the cerebral cortex. However, EGCG treatment improved these deficits and alleviated the decrease in hippocalcin expression in cerebral cortex. In addition, EGCG dose-dependently alleviated neuronal cell death and intracellular calcium overload in glutamate-exposed neurons. Glutamate exposure reduced hippocalcin expression, decreased Bcl-2 expression, and increased Bax expression. However, EGCG treatment mitigated these changes caused by glutamate toxicity. EGCG also attenuated the increase in caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 expressions caused by glutamate exposure. The effect of EGCG was more pronounced in non-transfected cells than in hippocalcin siRNA-transfected cells. These findings demonstrate that EGCG protects neurons against glutamate toxicity through the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins and caspase-3. It is known that hippocalcin exerts anti-apoptotic effect through the modulation of apoptotic pathway. Thus, we can suggest evidence that EGCG has a neuroprotective effect by regulating hippocalcin expression in ischemic brain damage and glutamate-exposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Bin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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Kong Y, Wang D, Jin X, Liu Y, Xu H. Unveiling the significance of TREM1/2 in hemorrhagic stroke: structure, function, and therapeutic implications. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1334786. [PMID: 38385036 PMCID: PMC10879330 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1334786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke has long been a major threat to human health worldwide. Hemorrhagic stroke, including intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, exhibits a high incidence rate and a high mortality and disability rate, imposing a substantial burden on both public health and the economy and society. In recent years, the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) family has garnered extensive attention in various pathological conditions, including hemorrhagic stroke. This review comprehensively summarizes the structure and function of TREM1/2, as well as their roles and potential mechanisms in hemorrhagic stroke, with the aim of providing guidance for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Kong
- Trauma Emergency Center, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Di Wang
- Trauma Emergency Center, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Xu Jin
- Changzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Trauma Emergency Center, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Trauma Emergency Center, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
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Li XN, Shang NY, Kang YY, Sheng N, Lan JQ, Tang JS, Wu L, Zhang JL, Peng Y. Caffeic acid alleviates cerebral ischemic injury in rats by resisting ferroptosis via Nrf2 signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:248-267. [PMID: 37833536 PMCID: PMC10789749 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There are few effective and safe neuroprotective agents for the treatment of ischemic stroke currently. Caffeic acid is a phenolic acid that widely exists in a number of plant species. Previous studies show that caffeic acid ameliorates brain injury in rats after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. In this study we explored the protective mechanisms of caffeic acid against oxidative stress and ferroptosis in permanent cerebral ischemia. Ischemia stroke was induced on rats by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Caffeic acid (0.4, 2, 10 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) was administered to the rats for 3 consecutive days before or after the surgery. We showed that either pre-pMCAO or post-pMCAO administration of caffeic acid (2 mg·kg-1·d-1) effectively reduced the infarct volume and improved neurological outcome. The therapeutic time window could last to 2 h after pMCAO. We found that caffeic acid administration significantly reduced oxidative damage as well as neuroinflammation, and enhanced antioxidant capacity in pMCAO rat brain. We further demonstrated that caffeic acid down-regulated TFR1 and ACSL4, and up-regulated glutathione production through Nrf2 signaling pathway to resist ferroptosis in pMCAO rat brain and in oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-treated SK-N-SH cells in vitro. Application of ML385, an Nrf2 inhibitor, blocked the neuroprotective effects of caffeic acid in both in vivo and in vitro models, evidenced by excessive accumulation of iron ions and inactivation of the ferroptosis defense system. In conclusion, caffeic acid inhibits oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death in pMCAO rat brain by regulating ferroptosis via Nrf2 signaling pathway. Caffeic acid might serve as a potential treatment to relieve brain injury after cerebral ischemia. Caffeic acid significantly attenuated cerebral ischemic injury and resisted ferroptosis both in vivo and in vitro. The regulation of Nrf2 by caffeic acid initiated the transcription of downstream target genes, which were shown to be anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antiferroptotic. The effects of caffeic acid on neuroinflammation and ferroptosis in cerebral ischemia were explored in a primary microglia-neuron coculture system. Caffeic acid played a role in reducing neuroinflammation and resisting ferroptosis through the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which further suggested that caffeic acid might be a potential therapeutic method for alleviating brain injury after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Nian-Ying Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu-Ying Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ning Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jia-Qi Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing-Shu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Fan G, Liu M, Liu J, Huang Y, Mu W. Traditional Chinese medicines treat ischemic stroke and their main bioactive constituents and mechanisms. Phytother Res 2024; 38:411-453. [PMID: 38051175 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) remains one of the leading causes of death and disability in humans. Unfortunately, none of the treatments effectively provide functional benefits to patients with IS, although many do so by targeting different aspects of the ischemic cascade response. The advantages of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in preventing and treating IS are obvious in terms of early treatment and global coordination. The efficacy of TCM and its bioactive constituents has been scientifically proven over the past decades. Based on clinical trials, this article provides a review of commonly used TCM patent medicines and herbal decoctions indicated for IS. In addition, this paper also reviews the mechanisms of bioactive constituents in TCM for the treatment of IS in recent years, both domestically and internationally. A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies will hopefully provide new ideas to address the threat of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genhao Fan
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Chen Y, Fei X, Liu G, Li X, Huang L, Yang LZ, Li Y, Xu B, Fang W. P-Glycoprotein Exacerbates Brain Injury Following Experimental Cerebral Ischemia by Promoting Proinflammatory Microglia Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:6916819. [PMID: 38144707 PMCID: PMC10748718 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6916819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are activated following cerebral ischemic insult. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter on microvascular endothelial cells and upregulated after cerebral ischemia. This study evaluated the effects and possible mechanisms of P-gp on microglial polarization/activation in mice after ischemic stroke. P-gp-specific siRNA and adeno-associated virus (p-AAV) were used to silence and overexpress P-gp, respectively. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were performed in mice and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3) in vitro, respectively. OGD/R-injured bEnd.3 cells were cocultured with mouse microglial cells (BV2) in Transwell. Influences on acute ischemic stroke outcome, the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines and chemokines receptors, microglial polarization, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) nuclear translocation, and GR-mediated mRNA decay (GMD) activation were evaluated via reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, or immunofluorescence. Silencing P-gp markedly alleviated experimental ischemia injury as indicated by reduced cerebral infarct size, improved neurological deficits, and reduced the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12 expression. Silencing P-gp also mitigated proinflammatory microglial polarization and the expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and its receptor CCR2 expression, whereas promoted anti-inflammatory microglia polarization. Additionally, P-gp silencing promoted GR nuclear translocation and the expression of GMD relative proteins in endothelial cells. Conversely, overexpressing P-gp via p-AAV transfection offset all these effects. Furthermore, silencing endothelial GR counteracted all effects mediated by silencing or overexpressing P-gp. Elevated P-gp expression aggravated inflammatory response and brain damage after ischemic stroke by augmenting proinflammatory microglial polarization in association with increased endothelial CCL2 release due to GMD inhibition by P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ge Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lele Zixin Yang
- Penn State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
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Chmelova M, Androvic P, Kirdajova D, Tureckova J, Kriska J, Valihrach L, Anderova M, Vargova L. A view of the genetic and proteomic profile of extracellular matrix molecules in aging and stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1296455. [PMID: 38107409 PMCID: PMC10723838 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1296455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Modification of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the major processes in the pathology of brain damage following an ischemic stroke. However, our understanding of how age-related ECM alterations may affect stroke pathophysiology and its outcome is still very limited. Methods We conducted an ECM-targeted re-analysis of our previously obtained RNA-Seq dataset of aging, ischemic stroke and their interactions in young adult (3-month-old) and aged (18-month-old) mice. The permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo) in rodents was used as a model of ischemic stroke. Altogether 56 genes of interest were chosen for this study. Results We identified an increased activation of the genes encoding proteins related to ECM degradation, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), proteases of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with the thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family and molecules that regulate their activity, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Moreover, significant upregulation was also detected in the mRNA of other ECM molecules, such as proteoglycans, syndecans and link proteins. Notably, we identified 8 genes where this upregulation was enhanced in aged mice in comparison with the young ones. Ischemia evoked a significant downregulation in only 6 of our genes of interest, including those encoding proteins associated with the protective function of ECM molecules (e.g., brevican, Hapln4, Sparcl1); downregulation in brevican was more prominent in aged mice. The study was expanded by proteome analysis, where we observed an ischemia-induced overexpression in three proteins, which are associated with neuroinflammation (fibronectin and vitronectin) and neurodegeneration (link protein Hapln2). In fibronectin and Hapln2, this overexpression was more pronounced in aged post-ischemic animals. Conclusion Based on these results, we can conclude that the ratio between the protecting and degrading mechanisms in the aged brain is shifted toward degradation and contributes to the aged tissues' increased sensitivity to ischemic insults. Altogether, our data provide fresh perspectives on the processes underlying ischemic injury in the aging brain and serve as a freely accessible resource for upcoming research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Chmelova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Androvic
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences – BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences – BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lydia Vargova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Liu Y, Zheng S, Zhang X, Guo W, Du R, Yuan H, Zhang L, Cui H. Electro-nape-acupuncture regulates the differentiation of microglia through PD-1/PD-L1 reducing secondary brain injury in acute phase intracerebral hemorrhage rats. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3229. [PMID: 37614117 PMCID: PMC10636396 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the effect of electro-nape-acupuncture (ENA) on the differentiation of microglia and the secondary brain injury in rats with acute-phase intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) through the programmed cell death protein-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway. METHODS A total of 27 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group, ICH group, and ENA group. The autologous blood infusion intracerebral hemorrhage model was used to study the effects of ENA by administering electroacupuncture at GB20 (Fengchi) and Jiaji (EX-B2) acupoints on 24 h after the modeling, once per day for 3 days. The neurological function damage, hematoma lesion, and inflammatory cell infiltration were measured by the beam walking test and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression of PD-1, PD-L1, CD86, CD206, and related cytokines around the hematoma was measured by western blot, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The ICH group had significant neurological deficits (p < .001), hematoma lesions, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The levels of CD86 protein, inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factors (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were increased (p < .001), while CD206 protein was reduced (p < .01), and the number of CD86+ /CD11b+ cells was also increased (p < .001) compared to the sham group. However, after ENA intervention, there was a significant reduction in neurological function damage (p < .05), infiltration of inflammatory cells, and the expression levels of CD86+ /CD11b+ cells (p < .05), resulting in the increased expression of PD-1 protein and differentiation of M2 phenotype significantly (p < .001). CONCLUSION The study concludes that ENA could reduce neurological function damage, inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improve the infiltration of inflammatory cells to improve secondary brain injury in acute-phase intracerebral hemorrhage rats. These effects could be related to the increased expression of PD-1 around the lesion, promoting the differentiation of microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shumei Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenhui Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ruosang Du
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hongwen Yuan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hai Cui
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Yang Y, Hao T, Yao X, Che Y, Liu Y, Fang M, Wang Y, Zhou D, Chai H, Li N, Hou Y. Crebanine ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion brain damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation mediated by NADPH oxidase 2 in microglia. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 120:155044. [PMID: 37634486 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The urgent challenge for ischemic stroke treatment is the lack of effective neuroprotectants that target multiple pathological processes. Crebanine, an isoquinoline-like alkaloid with superior pharmacological activities, presents itself as a promising candidate for neuroprotection. However, its effects and mechanisms on ischemic stroke remain unknown. METHODS The effects of crebanine on brain damage following ischemic stroke were evaluated using the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. Mechanism of action was investigated using both MCAO/R rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 cells. RESULTS We initially demonstrated that crebanine effectively ameliorated the neurological deficits in MCAO/R rats, while also reducing brain edema and infarction. Treatment with crebanine resulted in the up-regulation of NeuN+ fluorescence density and down-regulation of FJB+ cell count, and mitigated synaptic damage. Crebanine attenuated the hyperactivation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) by downregulating NADP+ and NADPH levels, suppressing gp91phox and p47phox expressions, and reducing p47phox membrane translocation in Iba-1+ cells. Additionally, crebanine reduced the quantity of Iba-1+ cells and protein expression. Correlation analysis has demonstrated that the inhibition of NOX2 activation in microglia is beneficial for mitigating I/R brain injuries. Moreover, crebanine exhibited significant antioxidant properties by down-regulating the expression of superoxide anion and intracellular reactive oxygen species in vivo and in vitro, and reducing lipid and DNA peroxidation. Crebanine exerted anti-inflammatory effect, as evidenced by the reduction in the expressions of nitric oxide, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The effect of crebanine was achieved through the suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway. This is supported by evidence showing reduced NF-κB p65 promoter activity and nucleus translocation, as well as suppressed IκBα phosphorylation and degradation. Additionally, it inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs. Importantly, the anti-oxidative stress and neuroinflammation effects of crebanine were further enhanced after silencing gp91phox and p47phox. CONCLUSION Crebanine alleviated the brain damages of MCAO/R rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation mediated by NOX2 in microglia, implying crebanine might be a potential natural drug for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tingyu Hao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Che
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yueyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingxia Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huifang Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yue Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
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16
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Alrafiah AR. Expression of Tie2 (angiopoietin receptor) on the monocyte subpopulations from ischemic stroke patients: Histological and flowcytometric studies. Histol Histopathol 2023; 38:1257-1267. [PMID: 36876965 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Different subpopulations of monocytes play roles in phagocytosis, inflammation, and angiogenic processes e.g., Tie2-expressing monocytes (TEMs). The brain is flooded with macrophages that are derived from monocytes within 3-7 days after a stroke. This study aimed to determine the expression level of Tie2 (an angiopoietin receptor) on monocytes and their subpopulations in ischemic stroke patients using the histological and immunohistological study of bone marrow biopsies and blood flow cytometry examination. METHODS Ischemic stroke patients within two days were selected. Participants in the control group were healthy volunteers of matched age and gender. Sample collection was performed within 24 to 48 hours after medical consultants confirmed the stroke diagnosis. An iliac crest bone marrow biopsy was obtained and fixed for histological and immunohistological staining with antiCD14 and antiCD68. Flow cytometry was used to determine the total monocyte population, monocyte subpopulations, and TEMs after staining with monoclonal antibodies to CD45, CD14, CD16, and Tie2. RESULTS Post-stroke patients' bone marrow cells were hypercellular. There was an apparent increase in CD68 and CD14-positive cells. Ischemic stroke patients exhibited low percentages of nonclassical monocytes CD14lowCD16++, with an increase in intermediate monocytes CD14highCD16+. Moreover, ischemic stroke patients had significantly higher levels of TEMs than control group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate dysregulation of angiogenesis in monocyte subsets in ischemic stroke patients, which could be used as an early diagnostic marker of neurovascular damage and may need angiogenic therapy or improved medications to prevent further damage of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza R Alrafiah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Wang Y, Liu W, Geng P, Du W, Guo C, Wang Q, Zheng GQ, Jin X. Role of Crosstalk between Glial Cells and Immune Cells in Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Protection after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1010. [PMID: 37962453 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage is the main pathological basis for acute ischemic stroke (AIS)-induced cerebral vasogenic edema and hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)/oligodendrocytes (OLs) play critical roles in BBB damage and protection. Recent evidence indicates that immune cells also have an important role in BBB damage, vasogenic edema and HT. Therefore, regulating the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells would hold the promise to alleviate AIS-induced BBB damage. In this review, we first introduce the roles of glia cells, pericytes, and crosstalk between glial cells in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS, emphasizing the polarization, inflammatory response and crosstalk between microglia, astrocytes, and other glia cells. We then describe the role of glial cell-derived exosomes in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS. Next, we specifically discuss the crosstalk between glial cells and immune cells after AIS. Finally, we propose that glial cells could be a potential target for alleviating BBB damage after AIS and we discuss some molecular targets and potential strategies to alleviate BBB damage by regulating glial cells after AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wencao Liu
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Weihong Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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Wang Z, Zhang S, Du J, Lachance BB, Chen S, Polster BM, Jia X. Neuroprotection of NSC Therapy is Superior to Glibenclamide in Cardiac Arrest-Induced Brain Injury via Neuroinflammation Regulation. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:723-739. [PMID: 35921049 PMCID: PMC9895128 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) is common and devastating, and neuroprotective therapies for brain injury after CA remain limited. Neuroinflammation has been a target for two promising but underdeveloped post-CA therapies: neural stem cell (NSC) engrafting and glibenclamide (GBC). It is critical to understand whether one therapy has superior efficacy over the other and to further understand their immunomodulatory mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the therapeutic effects of NSC and GBC therapies post-CA. In in vitro studies, BV2 cells underwent oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for three hours and were then treated with GBC or co-cultured with human NSCs (hNSCs). Microglial polarization phenotype and TLR4/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway proteins were detected by immunofluorescence staining. Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups (control, GBC, and hNSCs, N = 8/group). After 8 min of asphyxial CA, GBC was injected intraperitoneally or hNSCs were administered intranasally in the treatment groups. Neurological-deficit scores (NDSs) were assessed at 24, 48, and 72 h after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Immunofluorescence was used to track hNSCs and quantitatively evaluate microglial activation subtype and polarization. The expression of TLR4/NLRP3 pathway-related proteins was quantified via Western blot. The in vitro studies showed the highest proportion of activated BV2 cells with an increased expression of TLR4/NLRP3 signaling proteins were found in the OGD group compared to OGD + GBC and OGD + hNSCs groups. NDS showed significant improvement after CA in hNSC and GBC groups compared to controls, and hNSC treatment was superior to GBC treatment. The hNSC group had more inactive morphology and anti-inflammatory phenotype of microglia. The quantified expression of TLR4/NLRP3 pathway-related proteins was significantly suppressed by both treatments, and the suppression was more significant in the hNSC group compared to the GBC group. hNSC and GBC therapy regulate microglial activation and the neuroinflammatory response in the brain after CA through TLR4/NLRP3 signaling and exert multiple neuroprotective effects, including improved neurological function and shortened time of severe neurological deficit. In addition, hNSCs displayed superior inflammatory regulation over GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Brittany Bolduc Lachance
- Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Songyu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Brian M Polster
- Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Rocchi D, González JF, Martín-Cámara O, Perrone MG, Miciaccia M, Scilimati A, Decouty-Pérez C, Parada E, Egea J, Menéndez JC. m-Terphenylamines, Acting as Selective COX-1 Inhibitors, Block Microglia Inflammatory Response and Exert Neuroprotective Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:5374. [PMID: 37513247 PMCID: PMC10384011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been extensively studied as an approach to reduce proinflammatory markers in acute brain diseases, but the anti-neuroinflammatory role of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibition has been rather neglected. We report that m-terphenylamine derivatives are selective COX-1 inhibitors, able to block microglia inflammatory response and elicit a neuroprotective effect. These compounds were synthesized via a three-component reaction of chalcones, β-ketoesters, and primary amines, followed by hydrolysis/decarboxylation of the ester group. Together with their synthetic intermediates and some urea derivatives, they were studied as inhibitors of COX-1 and COX-2. The m-terphenylamine derivatives, which were selective COX-1 inhibitors, were also analyzed for their ability to block microglia inflammatory and oxidative response. Compound 3b presented an interesting anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective profile by reducing nitrite release, ROS overproduction, and cell death in organotypic hippocampal cultures subjected to LPS. We thus show that COX-1 inhibition is a promising approach to provide enhanced neuroprotection against acute inflammatory processes, which are crucial in the development of a plethora of acute neurodegenerative injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Rocchi
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F González
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olmo Martín-Cámara
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Morena Miciaccia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Celine Decouty-Pérez
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Parada
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Nguyen JN, Chauhan A. Bystanders or not? Microglia and lymphocytes in aging and stroke. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1397-1403. [PMID: 36571333 PMCID: PMC10075112 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As the average age of the world population increases, more people will face debilitating aging-associated conditions, including dementia and stroke. Not only does the incidence of these conditions increase with age, but the recovery afterward is often worse in older patients. Researchers and health professionals must unveil and understand the factors behind age-associated diseases to develop a therapy for older patients. Aging causes profound changes in the immune system including the activation of microglia in the brain. Activated microglia promote T lymphocyte transmigration leading to an increase in neuroinflammation, white matter damage, and cognitive impairment in both older humans and rodents. The presence of T and B lymphocytes is observed in the aged brain and correlates with worse stroke outcomes. Preclinical strategies in stroke target either microglia or the lymphocytes or the communications between them to promote functional recovery in aged subjects. In this review, we examine the role of the microglia and T and B lymphocytes in aging and how they contribute to cognitive impairment. Additionally, we provide an important update on the contribution of these cells and their interactions in preclinical aged stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Nguyen
- University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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21
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Pak ME, Kim YJ, Kim H, Shin CS, Yoon JW, Jeon SM, Song YH, Kim K. Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of the Human Milk Oligosaccharide, 2'-Fucosyllactose, Exerted via Modulation of M2 Microglial Activation in a Mouse Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1281. [PMID: 37372011 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a human milk oligosaccharide, exerts anti-inflammatory effects and plays a protective role in arterial thrombosis; however, its role in ischemic stroke remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of 2'-FL and its potential mechanisms in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Neurological score and behavior tests revealed that 2'-FL promoted the recovery of neurological deficits and motor function in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice, and that 2'FL led to a reduction in the size of cerebral infarct. Biochemical studies showed that administration of 2'-FL led to a reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related products in the brain of MCAO mice. 2'-FL upregulated IL-10 and downregulated TNF-α level. In addition, 2'-FL enhanced M2-type microglial polarization and upregulated CD206 expression at 7 days after MCAO. At 3 days after MCAO, 2'-FL increased IL-4 levels and activated STAT6. Our data show that 2'-FL reduced the neurological symptoms of ischemic stroke and ROS accumulation in the brain through IL-4/STAT6-dependent M2-type microglial polarization in MCAO mice. These results demonstrate that 2'-FL is a potentially effective therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malk Eun Pak
- Korean Medicine-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Kim
- Korean Medicine-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhae Kim
- Korean Medicine-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soo Shin
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Yoon
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Min Jeon
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ha Song
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Kim
- Korean Medicine-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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22
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Jing K, Chen F, Shi X, Guo J, Liu X. Dual effect of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 on ischemic stroke: More harm than benefit? Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175857. [PMID: 37321471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke involves a series of complex pathological mechanisms, of which neuroinflammation is currently the most widely recognized. C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) has recently been shown to be upregulated after cerebral ischemia. Notably, CCR5 is not only involved in neuroinflammation, but also in the blood-brain barrier, neural structures, and connections. Accumulating experimental studies indicate that CCR5 has a dual effect on ischemic stroke. In the acute phase after cerebral ischemia, the pro-inflammatory and disruptive effect of CCR5 on the blood-brain barrier predominates. However, in the chronic phase, the effect of CCR5 on the repair of neural structures and connections is thought to be cell-type dependent. Interestingly, clinical evidence has shown that CCR5 might be harmful rather than beneficial. CCR5-Δ32 mutation or CCR5 antagonist exerts a neuroprotective effect in patients with ischemic stroke. Considering CCR5 as an attractive potential target, we introduce the current research progress of the entangled relationships between CCR5 and ischemic stroke. Clinical data are still needed to determine the efficacy of activating or inactivating CCR5 in the treatment of ischemic stroke, especially for potential phase- or cell type-dependent treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinmin Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, 960th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Shandong, Jinan, China.
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Fang Z, Xu X, Zhao M, Xu T. Long non-coding RNAs in intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1119275. [PMID: 37377769 PMCID: PMC10292654 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1119275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a subtype of stroke, can lead to long-term disability and is one of the leading causes of death. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of pharmacological therapy for ICH is still uncertain. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) was defined as an RNA molecule that consists of more than 200 nt without translational activity. As a vital class of diverse molecules, lncRNAs are involved in developmental and pathological processes and have been attractive for decades. LncRNAs have also become potential targets for therapies, as they were massively identified and profiled. In particular, emerging evidence has revealed the critical role of lncRNAs in ICH while attempts were made to treat ICH via regulating lncRNAs. But the latest evidence remains to be summarized. Thus, in this review, we will summarize the recent advances in lncRNA in ICH, highlighting the regulatory role of lncRNAs and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenwei Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Zbesko JC, Stokes J, Becktel DA, Doyle KP. Targeting foam cell formation to improve recovery from ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106130. [PMID: 37068641 PMCID: PMC10993857 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial part of the healing process after an ischemic stroke and is required to restore tissue homeostasis. However, the inflammatory response to stroke also worsens neurodegeneration and creates a tissue environment that is unfavorable to regeneration for several months, thereby postponing recovery. In animal models, inflammation can also contribute to the development of delayed cognitive deficits. Myeloid cells that take on a foamy appearance are one of the most prominent immune cell types within chronic stroke infarcts. Emerging evidence indicates that they form as a result of mechanisms of myelin lipid clearance becoming overwhelmed, and that they are a key driver of the chronic inflammatory response to stroke. Therefore, targeting lipid accumulation in foam cells may be a promising strategy for improving recovery. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding inflammation and foam cell formation in the brain in the weeks and months following ischemic stroke and identify targets that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Zbesko
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Jessica Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, United States
| | | | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, United States; Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychology, Arizona Center on Aging, and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, United States.
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25
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Crocker CE, Sharmeen R, Tran TT, Khan AM, Li W, Alcorn JL. Surfactant protein a attenuates generalized and localized neuroinflammation in neonatal mice. Brain Res 2023; 1807:148308. [PMID: 36871846 PMCID: PMC10065943 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) has important roles in innate immunity and modulation of pulmonary and extrapulmonary inflammation. Given SP-A has been detected in rat and human brain, we sought to determine if SP-A has a role in modulating inflammation in the neonatal mouse brain. Neonatal wildtype (WT) and SP-A-deficient (SP-A-/-) mice were subjected to three models of brain inflammation: systemic sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Following each intervention, RNA was isolated from brain tissue and expression of cytokine and SP-A mRNA was determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis. In the sepsis model, expression of most cytokine mRNAs was significantly increased in brains of WT and SP-A-/- mice with significantly greater expression of all cytokine mRNA levels in SP-A-/- mice compared to WT. In the IVH model, expression of all cytokine mRNAs was significantly increased in WT and SP-A-/- mice and levels of most cytokine mRNAs were significantly increased in SP-A-/- mice compared to WT. In the HIE model, only TNF-α mRNA levels were significantly increased in WT brain tissue while all pro-inflammtory cytokine mRNAs were significantly increased in SP-A-/- mice, and all pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels were significantly higher in SP-A-/- mice compared to WT. SP-A mRNA was not detectable in brain tissue of adult WT mice nor in WT neonates subjected to these models. These results suggest that SP-A-/- neonatal mice subjected to models of neuroinflammation are more susceptible to both generalized and localized neuroinflammation compared to WT mice, thus supporting the hypothesis that SP-A attenuates inflammation in neonatal mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Crocker
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thu T Tran
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amir M Khan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design Component, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph L Alcorn
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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26
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Gao B, Wang S, Li J, Han N, Ge H, Zhang G, Chang M. HMGB1, angel or devil, in ischemic stroke. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2987. [PMID: 37062906 PMCID: PMC10176004 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is extensively involved in causing ischemic stroke, pathological damage of ischemic brain injury, and neural tissue repair after ischemic brain injury. However, the precise role of HMGB1 in ischemic stroke remains to be elucidated. METHODS Comprehensive literature search and narrative review to summarize the current field of HMGB1 in cerebral ischemic based on the basic structure, structural modification, and functional roles of HMGB1 described in the literature. RESULTS Studies have exhibited the crucial roles of HMGB1 in cell death, immunity and inflammation, thrombosis, and remodeling and repair. HMGB1 released after cerebral infarction is extensively involved in the pathological injury process in the early stage of cerebral infarction, whereas it is involved in the promotion of brain tissue repair and remodeling in the late stage of cerebral infarction. HMGB1 plays a neurotrophic role in acute white matter stroke, whereas it causes sustained activation of inflammation and plays a damaging role in chronic white matter ischemia. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 plays a complex role in cerebral infarction, which is related to not only the modification of HMGB1 and bound receptors but also different stages and subtypes of cerebral infarction. future studies on HMGB1 should investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of HMGB1 after cerebral infarction. Moreover, future studies on HMGB1 should attempt to integrate different stages and infarct subtypes of cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
| | - Shuwen Wang
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Hospital of Yu'linYu'linShaanxiChina
| | - Nannan Han
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
| | - Hanming Ge
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
| | - Gejuan Zhang
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
| | - Mingze Chang
- Department of NeurologyXi'an No. 3 Hospitalthe Affiliated Hospital of Northest UniversityXi'anShaanxiP.R. China
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27
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Almarghalani DA, Sha X, Mrak RE, Shah ZA. Spatiotemporal Cofilin Signaling, Microglial Activation, Neuroinflammation, and Cognitive Impairment Following Hemorrhagic Brain Injury. Cells 2023; 12:1153. [PMID: 37190062 PMCID: PMC10137307 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant health concern associated with high mortality. Cofilin plays a crucial role in stress conditions, but its signaling following ICH in a longitudinal study is yet to be ascertained. In the present study, we examined the cofilin expression in human ICH autopsy brains. Then, the spatiotemporal cofilin signaling, microglia activation, and neurobehavioral outcomes were investigated in a mouse model of ICH. Human autopsy brain sections from ICH patients showed increased intracellular cofilin localization within microglia in the perihematomal area, possibly associated with microglial activation and morphological changes. Various cohorts of mice were subjected to intrastriatal collagenase injection and sacrificed at time points of 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Mice suffered from severe neurobehavioral deficits after ICH, lasting for 7 days, followed by a gradual improvement. Mice suffered post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) both acutely and in the chronic phase. Hematoma volume increased from day 1 to 3, whereas ventricle size increased from day 21 to 28. Cofilin protein expression increased in the ipsilateral striatum on days 1 and 3 and then decreased from days 7 to 28. An increase in activated microglia was observed around the hematoma on days 1 to 7, followed by a gradual reduction up to day 28. Around the hematoma, activated microglia showed morphological changes from ramified to amoeboid. mRNA levels of inflammatory [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory markers [interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β TGF-β, and arginase I (Arg1)] increased during the acute phase and decreased in the chronic phase. Blood cofilin levels increased on day 3 and matched the increase in chemokine levels. slingshot protein phosphatase 1 (SSH1) protein, which activates cofilin, was increased from day 1 to 7. These results suggest that microglial activation might be the sequel of cofilin overactivation following ICH, leading to widespread neuroinflammation and consequent PSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyah A. Almarghalani
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xiaojin Sha
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Robert E. Mrak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zahoor A. Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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28
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Kuo PC, Weng WT, Scofield BA, Paraiso HC, Bojrab P, Kimes B, Yu ICI, Yen JHJ. Interferon-β modulates microglial polarization to ameliorate delayed tPA-exacerbated brain injury in ischemic stroke. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148069. [PMID: 37063896 PMCID: PMC10104603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Delayed tPA administration is associated with increased risks of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and hemorrhagic transformation. Studies have shown that interferon beta (IFNβ) or type I IFN receptor (IFNAR1) signaling confers protection against ischemic stroke in preclinical models. In addition, we have previously demonstrated that IFNβ can be co-administered with tPA to alleviate delayed tPA-induced adverse effects in ischemic stroke. In this study, we investigated the time limit of IFNβ treatment on the extension of tPA therapeutic window and assessed the effect of IFNβ on modulating microglia (MG) phenotypes in ischemic stroke with delayed tPA treatment. Mice were subjected to 40 minutes transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by delayed tPA treatment in the presence or absence of IFNβ at 3h, 4.5h or 6h post-reperfusion. In addition, mice with MG-specific IFNAR1 knockdown were generated to validate the effects of IFNβ on modulating MG phenotypes, ameliorating brain injury, and lessening BBB disruption in delayed tPA-treated MCAO mice. Our results showed that IFNβ extended tPA therapeutic window to 4.5h post-reperfusion in MCAO mice, and that was accompanied with attenuated brain injury and lessened BBB disruption. Mechanistically, our findings revealed that IFNβ modulated MG polarization, leading to the suppression of inflammatory MG and the promotion of anti-inflammatory MG, in delayed tPA-treated MCAO mice. Notably, these effects were abolished in MG-specific IFNAR1 knockdown MCAO mice. Furthermore, the protective effect of IFNβ on the amelioration of delayed tPA-exacerbated ischemic brain injury was also abolished in these mice. Finally, we identified that IFNβ-mediated modulation of MG phenotypes played a role in maintaining BBB integrity, because the knockdown of IFNAR1 in MG partly reversed the protective effect of IFNβ on lessening BBB disruption in delayed tPA-treated MCAO mice. In summary, our study reveals a novel function of IFNβ in modulating MG phenotypes, and that may subsequently confer protection against delayed tPA-exacerbated brain injury in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chang Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Wen-Tsan Weng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Barbara A. Scofield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Hallel C. Paraiso
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Paul Bojrab
- Doctor of Medicine Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Brandon Kimes
- Doctor of Medicine Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - I-Chen Ivorine Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Jui-Hung Jimmy Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Jui-Hung Jimmy Yen,
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29
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Chi X, Wang L, Liu H, Zhang Y, Shen W. Post-stroke cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity: A review about the mechanisms and Chinese herbal drugs strategies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1123817. [PMID: 36937659 PMCID: PMC10014821 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1123817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment, is a major complication of stroke, characterized by cognitive dysfunction, which directly affects the quality of life. Post-stroke cognitive impairment highlights the causal relationship between stroke and cognitive impairment. The pathological damage of stroke, including the increased release of excitatory amino acids, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, changed neurotrophic factor levels and gene expression, influence synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity refers to the activity-dependent changes in the strength of synaptic connections and efficiency of synaptic transmission at pre-existing synapses and can be divided into structural synaptic plasticity and functional synaptic plasticity. Changes in synaptic plasticity have been proven to play important roles in the occurrence and treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment. Evidence has indicated that Chinese herbal drugs have effect of treating post-stroke cognitive impairment. In this review, we overview the influence of pathological damage of stroke on synaptic plasticity, analyze the changes of synaptic plasticity in post-stroke cognitive impairment, and summarize the commonly used Chinese herbal drugs whose active ingredient or extracts can regulate synaptic plasticity. This review will summarize the relationship between post-stroke cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity, provide new ideas for future exploration of the mechanism of post-stroke cognitive impairment, compile evidence of applying Chinese herbal drugs to treat post-stroke cognitive impairment and lay a foundation for the development of novel formulas for treating post-stroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansu Chi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liuding Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxi Liu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Li Y, Song R, Shen G, Huang L, Xiao D, Ma Q, Zhang L. MicroRNA-210 Downregulates TET2 (Ten-Eleven Translocation Methylcytosine Dioxygenase 2) and Contributes to Neuroinflammation in Ischemic Stroke of Adult Mice. Stroke 2023; 54:857-867. [PMID: 36734233 PMCID: PMC10151037 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.041651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Neuroinflammation plays a key role in acute brain injury of ischemic stroke. MicroRNA-210 (miR210) is the master hypoxamir and regulates microglial activation and inflammation in a variety of diseases. In this study, we uncovered the mechanism of miR210 in orchestrating ischemic stroke-induced neuroinflammation through repression of TET2 (ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 2) in the adult mouse brain. METHODS Ischemic stroke was induced in adult WT (wild type) or miR210 KO (miR210 deficient) mice by transient intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Injection of TET2 silencing RNA or miR210 complementary locked nucleic acid oligonucleotides, or miR210 KO mice were used to validate miR210-TET2 axis and its role in ischemic brain injury. Furthermore, the effect of TET2 overexpression on miR210-stimulated proinflammatory cytokines was examined in BV2 microglia. Post assays included magnetic resonance imaging scan for brain infarct size; neurobehavioral tests, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot for miR210; and TET2 levels, flow cytometry, and ELISA for neuroinflammation in the brain after stroke or microglia in vitro. RESULTS miR210 injection significantly reduced TET2 protein abundance in the brain, while miR210 complementary locked nucleic acid oligonucleotides or miR210 KO preserved TET2 regardless of ischemic brain injury. TET2 knockdown reversed the protective effects of miR210 inhibition or miR210 KO on ischemic stroke-induced brain infarct size and neurobehavioral deficits. Moreover, flow cytometry and ELISA assays showed that TET2 knockdown also significantly dampened the anti-inflammatory effect of miR210 inhibition on microglial activation and IL (interleukin)-6 release after stroke. In addition, overexpression of TET2 in BV2 microglia counteracted miR210-induced increase in cytokines. CONCLUSIONS miR210 inhibition reduced ischemic stroke-induced neuroinflammatory response via repression of TET2 in the adult mouse brain, suggesting that miR210 is a potential treatment target for acute brain injury after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Rui Song
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Guofang Shen
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - DaLiao Xiao
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Qingyi Ma
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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31
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Thapa K, Shivam K, Khan H, Kaur A, Dua K, Singh S, Singh TG. Emerging Targets for Modulation of Immune Response and Inflammation in Stroke. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1663-1690. [PMID: 36763312 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory and immunological responses play a significant role after stroke. The innate immune activation stimulated by microglia during stroke results in the migration of macrophages and lymphocytes into the brain and are responsible for tissue damage. The immune response and inflammation following stroke have no defined targets, and the intricacies of the immunological and inflammatory processes are only partially understood. Innate immune cells enter the brain and meninges during the acute phase, which can cause ischemia damage. Activation of systemic immunity is caused by danger signals sent into the bloodstream by injured brain cells, which is followed by a significant immunodepression that encourages life-threatening infections. Neuropsychiatric sequelae, a major source of post-stroke morbidity, may be induced by an adaptive immune response that is initiated by antigen presentation during the chronic period and is directed against the brain. Thus, the current review discusses the role of immune response and inflammation in stroke pathogenesis, their role in the progression of injury during the stroke, and the emerging targets for the modulation of the mechanism of immune response and inflammation that may have possible therapeutic benefits against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Thapa
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.,School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Kumar Shivam
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Sachin Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar - Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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32
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Guignet M, Schmuck M, Harvey DJ, Nguyen D, Bruun D, Echeverri A, Gurkoff G, Lein PJ. Novel image analysis tool for rapid screening of cell morphology in preclinical animal models of disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13449. [PMID: 36873154 PMCID: PMC9975095 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of cell biology has seen major advances in both cellular imaging modalities and the development of automated image analysis platforms that increase rigor, reproducibility, and throughput for large imaging data sets. However, there remains a need for tools that provide accurate morphometric analysis of single cells with complex, dynamic cytoarchitecture in a high-throughput and unbiased manner. We developed a fully automated image-analysis algorithm to rapidly detect and quantify changes in cellular morphology using microglia cells, an innate immune cell within the central nervous system, as representative of cells that exhibit dynamic and complex cytoarchitectural changes. We used two preclinical animal models that exhibit robust changes in microglia morphology: (1) a rat model of acute organophosphate intoxication, which was used to generate fluorescently labeled images for algorithm development; and (2) a rat model of traumatic brain injury, which was used to validate the algorithm using cells labeled using chromogenic detection methods. All ex vivo brain sections were immunolabeled for IBA-1 using fluorescence or diaminobenzidine (DAB) labeling, images were acquired using a high content imaging system and analyzed using a custom-built algorithm. The exploratory data set revealed eight statistically significant and quantitative morphometric parameters that distinguished between phenotypically distinct groups of microglia. Manual validation of single-cell morphology was strongly correlated with the automated analysis and was further supported by a comparison with traditional stereology methods. Existing image analysis pipelines rely on high-resolution images of individual cells, which limits sample size and is subject to selection bias. However, our fully automated method integrates quantification of morphology and fluorescent/chromogenic signals in images from multiple brain regions acquired using high-content imaging. In summary, our free, customizable image analysis tool provides a high-throughput, unbiased method for accurately detecting and quantifying morphological changes in cells with complex morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Guignet
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Martin Schmuck
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Danielle J. Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Danh Nguyen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, 100 Theory, Suite 120, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Donald Bruun
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Angela Echeverri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4800 Y Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Gene Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4800 Y Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California-Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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33
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Liang C, Liu L, Bao S, Yao Z, Bai Q, Fu P, Liu X, Zhang JH, Wang G. Neuroprotection by Nrf2 via modulating microglial phenotype and phagocytosis after intracerebral hemorrhage. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13777. [PMID: 36852060 PMCID: PMC9957781 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia are divided into pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functional states. In anti-inflammatory state, activated microglia contribute to phagocytosis, neural repair and anti-inflammation. Nrf2 as a major endogenous regulator in hematoma clearance after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has received much attention. This study aims to investigate the mechanism underlying Nrf2-mediated regulation of microglial phenotype and phagocytosis in hematoma clearance after ICH. In vitro experiments, BV-2 cells were assigned to normal group and administration group (Nrf2-siRNA, Nrf2 agonists Monascin and Xuezhikang). In vivo experiments, mice were divided into 5 groups: sham, ICH + vehicle, ICH + Nrf2-/-, ICH + Monascin and ICH + Xuezhikang. In vitro and in vivo, 72 h after administration of Monascin and Xuezhikang, the expression of Nrf2, inflammatory-associated factors such as Trem1, TNF-α and CD80, anti-inflammatory, neural repair and phagocytic associated factors such as Trem2, CD206 and BDNF were analyzed by the Western blot method. In vitro, fluorescent latex beads or erythrocytes were uptaken by BV-2 cells in order to study microglial phagocytic ability. In vivo, hemoglobin levels reflect the hematoma volume. In this study, Nrf2 agonists (Monascin and Xuezhikang) upregulated the expression of Trem2, CD206 and BDNF while decreased the expression of Trem1, TNF-α and CD80 both in vivo and in vitro. At the same time, after Monascin and Xuezhikang treatment, the phagocytic capacity of microglia increased in vitro, neurological deficits improved and hematoma volume lessened in vivo. These results were reversed in the Nrf2-siRNA or the Nrf2-/- mice. All these results indicated that Nrf2 enhanced hematoma clearance and neural repair, improved neurological outcomes through enhancing microglial phagocytosis and alleviating neuroinflammation.
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Key Words
- BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CNS, Central nervous system
- DAMPs, Danger-associated molecular patterns
- HO-1,Heme oxygenase-1, Hp,Haptoglobin
- Hematoma clearance
- ICH, Intracerebral hemorrhage
- IFNγ,Interferon-gamma, IL-1β,Interleukin 1β
- Intracerebral hemorrhage
- MMP, Matrix metalloproteasesNF-κB,Nuclear factor-kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells
- Microglial phenotype
- NO, Nitric oxide
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PPAR-ɤ, Peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- Phagocytosis
- TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4
- TNFα, Tumor necrosis factor-α
- Trem1, Triggering receptors I expressed on myeloid cells
- Trem2, Triggering receptors II expressed on myeloid cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntian Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Lirong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China.,People's Hospital of Yaodu District, Linfen 041000, China
| | - Shuangjin Bao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Zhenjia Yao
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Qinqin Bai
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Pengcheng Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gaiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China.,Department of Neurology, Sanya Central Hospital (Haian Third People's Hospital), Hainan Medical University, Sanya 572000, China
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34
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Jadhav P, Karande M, Sarkar A, Sahu S, Sarmah D, Datta A, Chaudhary A, Kalia K, Sharma A, Wang X, Bhattacharya P. Glial Cells Response in Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:99-113. [PMID: 35066715 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As the second-leading cause of death, stroke faces several challenges in terms of treatment because of the limited therapeutic interventions available. Previous studies primarily focused on metabolic and blood flow properties as a target for treating stroke, including recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and mechanical thrombectomy, which are the only USFDA approved therapies. These interventions have the limitation of a narrow therapeutic time window, the possibility of hemorrhagic complications, and the expertise required for performing these interventions. Thus, it is important to identify the contributing factors that exacerbate the ischemic outcome and to develop therapies targeting them for regulating cellular homeostasis, mainly neuronal survival and regeneration. Glial cells, primarily microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, have been shown to have a crucial role in the prognosis of ischemic brain injury, contributing to inflammatory responses. They play a dual role in both the onset as well as resolution of the inflammatory responses. Understanding the different mechanisms driving these effects can aid in the development of therapeutic targets and further mitigate the damage caused. In this review, we summarize the functions of various glial cells and their contribution to stroke pathology. The review highlights the therapeutic options currently being explored and developed that primarily target glial cells and can be used as neuroprotective agents for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Mayuri Karande
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Abhishek Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Shubhrakanta Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Antra Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Arvind Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Zydus Hospital, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.
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35
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Lam PY. Longitudinal in vivo imaging of adult Danionella cerebrum using standard confocal microscopy. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:283162. [PMID: 36398624 PMCID: PMC9844135 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Danionella cerebrum is a new vertebrate model that offers an exciting opportunity to visualize dynamic biological processes in intact adult animals. Key advantages of this model include its small size, life-long optical transparency, genetic amenability and short generation time. Establishing a reliable method for longitudinal in vivo imaging of adult D. cerebrum while maintaining viability will allow in-depth image-based studies of various processes involved in development, disease onset and progression, wound healing, and aging in an intact live animal. Here, a method for both prolonged and longitudinal confocal live imaging of adult D. cerebrum using custom-designed and 3D-printed imaging chambers is described. Two transgenic D. cerebrum lines were created to test the imaging system, i.e. Tg(mpeg1:dendra2) and Tg(kdrl:mCherry-caax). The first line was used to visualize macrophages and microglia, and the second for spatial registration. By using this approach, differences in immune cell morphology and behavior during homeostasis as well as in response to a stab wound or two-photon-induced brain injury were observed in intact adult fish over the course of several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Ying Lam
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 53226 Milwaukee, WI, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 53226 Milwaukee, WI, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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36
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McCrary MR, Jiang MQ, Jesson K, Gu X, Logun MT, Wu A, Gonsalves N, Karumbaiah L, Yu SP, Wei L. Glycosaminoglycan scaffolding and neural progenitor cell transplantation promotes regenerative immunomodulation in the mouse ischemic brain. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114177. [PMID: 35868359 PMCID: PMC10066865 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with limited treatments that can facilitate brain regeneration. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) hold promise for replacing tissue lost to stroke, and biomaterial approaches may improve their efficacy to overcome hurdles in clinical translation. The immune response and its role in stroke pathogenesis and regeneration may interplay with critical mechanisms of stem cell and biomaterial therapies. Cellular therapy can modulate the immune response to reduce toxic neuroinflammation early after ischemia. However, few studies have attempted to harness the regenerative effects of neuroinflammation to augment recovery. Our previous studies demonstrated that intracerebrally transplanted NPCs encapsulated in a chondroitin sulfate-A hydrogel (CS-A + NPCs) can improve vascular regeneration after stroke. In this paper, we found that CS-A + NPCs affect the microglia/macrophage response to promote a regenerative phenotype following stroke in mice. Following transplantation, PPARγ-expressing microglia/macrophages, and MCP-1 and IL-10 protein levels are enhanced. Secreted immunomodulatory factor expression of other factors was altered compared to NPC transplantation alone. Post-stroke depression-like behavior was reduced following cellular and material transplantation. Furthermore, we showed in cultures that microglia/macrophages encapsulated in CS-A had increased expression of angiogenic and arteriogenic mediators. Neutralization with anti-IL-10 antibody negated these effects in vitro. Cumulatively, this work provides a framework for understanding the mechanisms by which immunomodulatory biomaterials can enhance the regenerative effects of cellular therapy for ischemic stroke and other brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R McCrary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Q Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Kaleena Jesson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Meghan T Logun
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anika Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nathan Gonsalves
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Activation of Nrf2 to Optimise Immune Responses to Intracerebral Haemorrhage. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101438. [PMID: 36291647 PMCID: PMC9599325 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhage into the brain parenchyma can be devastating. This manifests as spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) after head trauma, and in the context of vascular dementia. Randomised controlled trials have not reliably shown that haemostatic treatments aimed at limiting ICH haematoma expansion and surgical approaches to reducing haematoma volume are effective. Consequently, treatments to modulate the pathophysiological responses to ICH, which may cause secondary brain injury, are appealing. Following ICH, microglia and monocyte derived cells are recruited to the peri-haematomal environment where they phagocytose haematoma breakdown products and secrete inflammatory cytokines, which may trigger both protective and harmful responses. The transcription factor Nrf2, is activated by oxidative stress, is highly expressed by central nervous system microglia and macroglia. When active, Nrf2 induces a transcriptional programme characterised by increased expression of antioxidant, haem and heavy metal detoxification and proteostasis genes, as well as suppression of proinflammatory factors. Therefore, Nrf2 activation may facilitate adaptive-protective immune cell responses to ICH by boosting resistance to oxidative stress and heavy metal toxicity, whilst limiting harmful inflammatory signalling, which can contribute to further blood brain barrier dysfunction and cerebral oedema. In this review, we consider the responses of immune cells to ICH and how these might be modulated by Nrf2 activation. Finally, we propose potential therapeutic strategies to harness Nrf2 to improve the outcomes of patients with ICH.
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Remodeling of the Neurovascular Unit Following Cerebral Ischemia and Hemorrhage. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182823. [PMID: 36139398 PMCID: PMC9496956 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulated as a group effort of the stroke community, the transforming concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU) depicts the structural and functional relationship between brain cells and the vascular structure. Composed of both neural and vascular elements, the NVU forms the blood-brain barrier that regulates cerebral blood flow to meet the oxygen demand of the brain in normal physiology and maintain brain homeostasis. Conversely, the dysregulation and dysfunction of the NVU is an essential pathological feature that underlies neurological disorders spanning from chronic neurodegeneration to acute cerebrovascular events such as ischemic stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, which were the focus of this review. We also discussed how common vascular risk factors of stroke predispose the NVU to pathological changes. We synthesized existing literature and first provided an overview of the basic structure and function of NVU, followed by knowledge of how these components remodel in response to ischemic stroke and brain hemorrhage. A greater understanding of the NVU dysfunction and remodeling will enable the design of targeted therapies and provide a valuable foundation for relevant research in this area.
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Gu L, Sun M, Li R, Tao Y, Luo X, Zhang X, Yuan Y, Xie Z. Microglial pyroptosis: Therapeutic target in secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:971469. [PMID: 36159393 PMCID: PMC9507402 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.971469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major cerebrovascular illness that causes substantial neurological sequelae and dysfunction caused by secondary brain injury (SBI), and there are no effective therapies to mitigate the disability. Microglia, the brain-resident macrophage, participates in the primary inflammatory response, and activation of microglia to an M1-like phenotype largely takes place in the acute phase following ICH. A growing body of research suggests that the pathophysiology of SBI after ICH is mediated by an inflammatory response mediated by microglial-pyroptotic inflammasomes, while inhibiting the activation of microglial pyroptosis could suppress the inflammatory cascade reaction, thus attenuating the brain injury after ICH. Pyroptosis is characterized by rapid plasma membrane disruption, followed by the release of cellular contents and pro-inflammatory mediators. In this review, we outline the molecular mechanism of microglial pyroptosis and summarize the up-to-date evidence of its involvement in the pathological process of ICH, and highlight microglial pyroptosis-targeted strategies that have the potential to cure intracerebral hemorrhage. This review contributes to a better understanding of the function of microglial pyroptosis in ICH and assesses it as a possible therapeutic target.
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40
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Mechanisms and Biomarker Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Stroke. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081231. [PMID: 36009857 PMCID: PMC9405035 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary A stroke occurs when there is a lack of blood flow to the brain. Stroke injures the brain and can have devastating outcomes depending on the size and location of the brain tissue affected. Currently, there are only a limited number of treatment options for stroke. Extracellular vesicles are small vesicles secreted by cells. Importantly, extracellular vesicles have specific markers indicating the cell they were released from and can pass from the brain into the blood. For these reasons, assessing extracellular vesicles in the blood may create a window into changes occurring in the brain. Assessing changes in extracellular vesicles in the blood during stroke may produce new insight into the cellular changes in the brain causing injury during stroke. This in turn may generate potential targets for the development of future treatments. We summarize what is known about changes in brain-cell-specific extracellular vesicles during stroke and stress the importance of continuing to study these changes. Abstract Stoke is a prevalent and devastating neurologic condition with limited options for therapeutic management. Since brain tissue is rarely accessible clinically, peripheral biomarkers for the central nervous system’s (CNS’s) cellular response to stroke may prove critical for increasing our understanding of stroke pathology and elucidating novel therapeutic targets. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived, membrane-enclosed vesicles secreted by all cell types within the CNS that can freely pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and contain unique markers and content linked to their cell of origin. These unique qualities make brain-derived EVs novel candidates for non-invasive blood-based biomarkers of both cell specificity and cell physiological state during the progression of stroke and recovery. While studies are continuously emerging that are assessing the therapeutic potential of EVs and profiling EV cargo, a vast minority of these studies link EV content to specific cell types. A better understanding of cell-specific EV release during the acute, subacute, and chronic stages of stroke is needed to further elucidate the cellular processes responsible for stroke pathophysiology. Herein, we outline what is known about EV release from distinct cell types of the CNS during stroke and the potential of these EVs as peripheral biomarkers for cellular function in the CNS during stroke.
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Yao M, Fang J, Li J, Ng ACK, Liu J, Leung GKK, Song F, Zhang J, Chang C. Modulation of the proteoglycan receptor PTPσ promotes white matter integrity and functional recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage stroke in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:207. [PMID: 35982473 PMCID: PMC9387079 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. However, extant investigations have mainly focused on gray matter injury within the primary injury site after ICH rather than on white matter (WM) injury in the brain and spinal cord. This focus partly accounts for the diminished therapeutic discovery. Recent evidence suggests that chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPG), which can bind to the neural transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase-sigma (PTPσ), may facilitate axonal regrowth and remyelination by ameliorating neuroinflammation. Methods A clinically relevant ICH model was established using adult C57BL/6 mice. The mice were then treated systemically with intracellular sigma peptide (ISP), which specifically targets PTPσ. Sensorimotor function was assessed by various behavioral tests and electrophysiological assessment. Western blot was used to verify the expression levels of Iba-1 and different inflammatory cytokines. The morphology of white matter tracts of brain and spinal cord was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/9 injection was used to assess the ipsilateral axonal compensation after injury. Parallel in vitro studies on the effects of CSPG interference on oligodendrocyte–DRG neuron co-culture explored the molecular mechanism through which ISP treatment promoted myelination capability. Results ISP, by targeting PTPσ, improved WM integrity and sensorimotor recovery via immunomodulation. In addition, ISP administration significantly decreased WM injury in the peri-hematomal region as well as cervical spinal cord, enhanced axonal myelination and facilitated neurological restoration, including electrophysiologically assessed sensorimotor functions. Parallel in vitro studies showed that inhibition of PTPσ by ISP fosters myelination by modulating the Erk/CREB signaling pathway. Conclusions Our findings revealed for the first time that manipulation of PTPσ signaling by ISP can promote prolonged neurological recovery by restoration of the integrity of neural circuits in the CNS through modulation of Erk/CREB signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02561-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Fang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiewei Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Anson Cho Kiu Ng
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gilberto Ka Kit Leung
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fanglai Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Chunqi Chang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Xu Y, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke in aged mice: a translational study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6047-6065. [PMID: 35963621 PMCID: PMC9417226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous neurochemical changes occur with aging and stroke mainly affects the elderly. Our previous study has found interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and 4 (IRF4) regulate neuroinflammation in young stroke mice. However, whether the IRF5-IRF4 regulatory axis has the same effect in aged brains is not known. In this study, aged (18-20-month-old), microglial IRF5 or IRF4 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were subjected to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Stroke outcomes were quantified at 3d after MCAO. Flow cytometry and ELISA were performed to evaluate microglial activation and immune responses. We found aged microglia express higher levels of IRF5 and lower levels of IRF4 than young microglia after stroke. IRF5 CKO aged mice had improved stroke outcomes; whereas worse outcomes were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. their flox controls. IRF5 CKO aged microglia had significantly lower levels of IL-1β and CD68 than controls; whereas significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. control microglia. Plasma levels of TNF-α and MIP-1α were decreased in IRF5 CKO vs. flox aged mice, and IL-1β/IL-6 levels were increased in IRF4 CKO vs. controls. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4/IL-10) levels were higher in IRF5 CKO, and lower in IRF4 CKO aged mice vs. their flox controls. IRF5 and IRF4 signaling drives microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory response respectively; microglial IRF5 is detrimental and IRF4 beneficial for aged mice in stroke. IRF5-IRF4 axis is a promising target for developing new, effective therapeutic strategies for the cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wanrooy BJ, Wen SW, Shim R, Wilson JL, Prame Kumar K, Wong CHY. Brain‐associated innate leukocytes display diverse inflammatory states following experimental stroke. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:482-496. [PMID: 35706327 PMCID: PMC9541155 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies investigating innate leukocyte recruitment into the brain after cerebral ischemia have shown conflicting results. Using distinct cell surface and intracellular markers, the current study evaluated the contributions of innate immune cells to the poststroke brain following 1‐h middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or permanent MCAO (pMCAO), and assessed whether these cells ascribed to an inflammatory state. Moreover, we examined whether there is evidence for leukocyte infiltration into the contralateral (CL) hemisphere despite the absence of stroke infarct. We observed the recruitment of peripheral neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages into the hemisphere ipsilateral (IL) to the ischemic brain infarct at 24 and 96 h following both tMCAO and pMCAO. In addition, we found evidence of increased leukocyte recruitment to the CL hemisphere but to a lesser extent than the IL hemisphere after stroke. Robust production of intracellular cytokines in the innate immune cell types examined was most evident at 24 h after pMCAO. Specifically, brain‐associated neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages demonstrated stroke‐induced production of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐1β, while only monocytes and macrophages exhibit a significant expression of arginase 1 (Arg1) after stroke. At 96 h after stroke, brain‐resident microglia demonstrated production of TNF‐α and IL‐1β following both tMCAO and pMCAO. At this later timepoint, neutrophils displayed TNF‐α production and brain‐associated macrophages exhibited elevation of IL‐1β and Arg1 after tMCAO. Further, pMCAO induced significant expression of Arg1 and IL‐1β in monocytes and macrophages at 96 h, respectively. These results revealed that brain‐associated innate immune cells display various stroke‐induced inflammatory states that are dependent on the experimental stroke setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke J Wanrooy
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Shu Wen Wen
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Raymond Shim
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Jenny L Wilson
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Kathryn Prame Kumar
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Connie HY Wong
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
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González-Manteiga A, Navarro-González C, Sebestyén VE, Saborit-Torres JM, Talhada D, Vayá MDLI, Ruscher K, Fazzari P. A Novel In Vivo Model for Multiplexed Analysis of Callosal Connections upon Cortical Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158224. [PMID: 35897791 PMCID: PMC9368090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain damage is the major cause of permanent disability and it is particularly relevant in the elderly. While most studies focused on the immediate phase of neuronal loss upon injury, much less is known about the process of axonal regeneration after damage. The development of new refined preclinical models to investigate neuronal regeneration and the recovery of brain tissue upon injury is a major unmet challenge. Here, we present a novel experimental paradigm in mice that entails the (i) tracing of cortico-callosal connections, (ii) a mechanical lesion of the motor cortex, (iii) the stereological and histological analysis of the damaged tissue, and (iv) the functional characterization of motor deficits. By combining conventional microscopy with semi-automated 3D reconstruction, this approach allows the analysis of fine subcellular structures, such as axonal terminals, with the tridimensional overview of the connectivity and tissue integrity around the lesioned area. Since this 3D reconstruction is performed in serial sections, multiple labeling can be performed by combining diverse histological markers. We provide an example of how this methodology can be used to study cellular interactions. Namely, we show the correlation between active microglial cells and the perineuronal nets that envelop parvalbumin interneurons. In conclusion, this novel experimental paradigm will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular and cellular interactions underpinning the process of cortical regeneration upon brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana González-Manteiga
- Laboratory of Cortical Circuits in Health and Disease, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.N.-G.); (V.E.S.)
| | - Carmen Navarro-González
- Laboratory of Cortical Circuits in Health and Disease, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.N.-G.); (V.E.S.)
| | - Valentina Evita Sebestyén
- Laboratory of Cortical Circuits in Health and Disease, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.N.-G.); (V.E.S.)
| | - Jose Manuel Saborit-Torres
- Laboratory of Medical Imaging, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (J.M.S.-T.); (M.d.l.I.V.)
| | - Daniela Talhada
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, 2184 Lund, Sweden; (D.T.); (K.R.)
| | - María de la Iglesia Vayá
- Laboratory of Medical Imaging, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (J.M.S.-T.); (M.d.l.I.V.)
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, 2184 Lund, Sweden; (D.T.); (K.R.)
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pietro Fazzari
- Laboratory of Cortical Circuits in Health and Disease, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.N.-G.); (V.E.S.)
- Correspondence:
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A previous hemorrhagic stroke protects against a subsequent stroke via microglia alternative polarization. Commun Biol 2022; 5:654. [PMID: 35780249 PMCID: PMC9250506 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia in hemorrhagic stroke contribute to both acute-phase exacerbation and late-phase attenuation of injury. Here, by using the mouse model, we reported that the shift in polarization of microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype could be altered by a past ‘mini’ stroke, resulting in better neurological function recovery, faster attenuation of lesion volume, and better survival. In mice with a previous stroke, M2 predominance appeared markedly in advance compared to mice without a previous stroke. Mechanistically, the RBC-mediated M2 polarization of microglia was synergistically enhanced by T cells: microglia cocultured with RBCs alone resulted in mild alterations to M2 markers, whereas in the presence of T cells, they expressed an early and sustained M2 response. These results suggest that by harnessing the microglia-mediated M2 polarization response, we could help mitigate devastating sequelae before a prospective hemorrhagic stroke even happens. Microglia shift in polarization from an M1 to a M2 phenotype following a past “mini” stroke, resulting in better neurological function recovery, faster attenuation of lesion volume, and better survival.
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Microglia Phenotypes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132091. [PMID: 35805174 PMCID: PMC9266143 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which function as first-line immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), are the central drivers of neuroinflammation. Numerous human postmortem studies and in vivo imaging analyses have shown chronically activated microglia in patients with various acute and chronic neuropathological diseases. While microglial activation is a common feature of many NDs, the exact role of microglia in various pathological states is complex and often contradictory. However, there is a consensus that microglia play a biphasic role in pathological conditions, with detrimental and protective phenotypes, and the overall response of microglia and the activation of different phenotypes depends on the nature and duration of the inflammatory insult, as well as the stage of disease development. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current research on the various microglia phenotypes and inflammatory responses in health, aging, and NDs, with a special emphasis on the heterogeneous phenotypic response of microglia in acute and chronic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke (HS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The primary focus is translational research in preclinical animal models and bulk/single-cell transcriptome studies in human postmortem samples. Additionally, this review covers key microglial receptors and signaling pathways that are potential therapeutic targets to regulate microglial inflammatory responses during aging and in NDs. Additionally, age-, sex-, and species-specific microglial differences will be briefly reviewed.
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Wicks EE, Ran KR, Kim JE, Xu R, Lee RP, Jackson CM. The Translational Potential of Microglia and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:897022. [PMID: 35795678 PMCID: PMC9251541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response to ischemic stroke is an area of study that is at the forefront of stroke research and presents promising new avenues for treatment development. Upon cerebral vessel occlusion, the innate immune system is activated by danger-associated molecular signals from stressed and dying neurons. Microglia, an immune cell population within the central nervous system which phagocytose cell debris and modulate the immune response via cytokine signaling, are the first cell population to become activated. Soon after, monocytes arrive from the peripheral immune system, differentiate into macrophages, and further aid in the immune response. Upon activation, both microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages are capable of polarizing into phenotypes which can either promote or attenuate the inflammatory response. Phenotypes which promote the inflammatory response are hypothesized to increase neuronal damage and impair recovery of neuronal function during the later phases of ischemic stroke. Therefore, modulating neuroimmune cells to adopt an anti-inflammatory response post ischemic stroke is an area of current research interest and potential treatment development. In this review, we outline the biology of microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages, further explain their roles in the acute, subacute, and chronic stages of ischemic stroke, and highlight current treatment development efforts which target these cells in the context of ischemic stroke.
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Zhao Y, Gan L, Ren L, Lin Y, Ma C, Lin X. Factors influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain Res 2022; 1788:147937. [PMID: 35568085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic structure that protects the brain from harmful blood-borne, endogenous and exogenous substances and maintains the homeostatic microenvironment. All constituent cell types play indispensable roles in the BBB's integrity, and other structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, adherens junctions, and junctional proteins, can control the barrier permeability. Regarding the need to exchange nutrients and toxic materials, solute carriers, ATP-binding case families, and ion transporter, as well as transcytosis regulate the influx and efflux transport, while the difference in localisation and expression can contribute to functional differences in transport properties. Numerous chemical mediators and other factors such as non-physicochemical factors have been identified to alter BBB permeability by mediating the structural components and barrier function, because of the close relationship with inflammation. In this review, we highlight recently gained mechanistic insights into the maintenance and disruption of the BBB. A better understanding of the factors influencing BBB permeability could contribute to supporting promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and the delivery of central nervous system drugs via BBB permeability interventions under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Gan
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ren
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Ma
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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Hinwood M, Nyberg J, Leigh L, Gustavsson S, Attia J, Oldmeadow C, Ilicic M, Linden T, Åberg ND, Levi C, Spratt N, Carey LM, Pollack M, Johnson SJ, Kuhn GH, Walker FR, Nilsson M. Do P2Y12 receptor inhibitors prescribed poststroke modify the risk of cognitive disorder or dementia? Protocol for a target trial using multiple national Swedish registries. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058244. [PMID: 35534077 PMCID: PMC9086614 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The target of a class of antiplatelet medicines, P2Y12R inhibitors, exists both on platelets and on brain immune cells (microglia). This protocol aims to describe a causal (based on a counterfactual model) approach for analysing whether P2Y12R inhibitors prescribed for secondary prevention poststroke may increase the risk of cognitive disorder or dementia via their actions on microglia, using real-world evidence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This will be a cohort study nested within the Swedish National Health and Medical Registers, including all people with incident stroke from 2006 to 2016. We developed directed acyclic graphs to operationalise the causal research question considering potential time-independent and time-dependent confounding, using input from several experts. We developed a study protocol following the components of the target trial approach described by Hernan et al and describe the data structure that would be required in order to make a causal inference. We also describe the statistical approach required to derive the causal estimand associated with this important clinical question; that is, a time-to-event analysis for the development of cognitive disorder or dementia at 1, 2 and 5-year follow-up, based on approaches for competing events to account for the risk of all-cause mortality. Causal effect estimates and the precision in these estimates will be quantified. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Gothenburg and Confidentiality Clearance at Statistics Sweden with Dnr 937-18, and an approved addendum with Dnr 2019-0157. The analysis and interpretation of the results will be heavily reliant on the structure, quality and potential for bias of the databases used. When we implement the protocol, we will consider and document any biases specific to the dataset and conduct appropriate sensitivity analyses. Findings will be disseminated to local stakeholders via conferences, and published in appropriate scientific journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Hinwood
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny Nyberg
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Lucy Leigh
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sara Gustavsson
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Forensic Toxicology National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marina Ilicic
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Linden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - N David Åberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Acute Medicine and Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - Chris Levi
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil Spratt
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Leeanne M Carey
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University - Melbourne Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Pollack
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Human and Health Sciences, Centre for Rehab Innovations, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georg Hans Kuhn
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Institute for Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederick R Walker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Human and Health Sciences, Centre for Rehab Innovations, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Center for Human and Health Sciences, Centre for Rehab Innovations, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Zhang Y, Lian L, Fu R, Liu J, Shan X, Jin Y, Xu S. Microglia: The Hub of Intercellular Communication in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:889442. [PMID: 35518646 PMCID: PMC9062186 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.889442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between microglia and other cells has recently been at the forefront of research in central nervous system (CNS) disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the neuroinflammation mediated by microglia, highlight recent studies of crosstalk between microglia and CNS resident and infiltrating cells in the context of ischemic stroke (IS), and discuss how these interactions affect the course of IS. The in-depth exploration of microglia-intercellular communication will be beneficial for therapeutic tools development and clinical translation for stroke control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Lian
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jueling Liu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Jin
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
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