Role of Catalase in Oxidative Stress- and Age-Associated Degenerative Diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:9613090. [PMID: 31827713 PMCID: PMC6885225 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9613090]

Chronic exposure to palm oil mill effluent induces oxidative stress and histopathological changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Several studies have revealed that Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) adversely affects fish health systems in various ways. However, further studies on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in fish tissues exposed to POME are essential so that a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of its toxicity is attained. Subsequently, this study investigated oxidative stress indicators, including malondialdehyde (MDA) content and activities of antioxidant enzymes, as well as histological changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) tissues after chronic exposure to POME. The results showed a significant increase in MDA content by up to 122 % in gills and 351 % in liver, while catalase (CAT) activity rose by 70 % in gills and 170 % in liver. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly reduced by 50 % in both tissues, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased by 162 % in the liver, yet showed no significant change in gills. Histological analysis revealed mild to severe alterations in gills (e.g., hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hemorrhage, and necrosis) and liver (e.g., hepatocyte shrinkage, congestion, hydropic degeneration, and necrosis) at higher POME concentrations and longer exposure durations. These findings suggest that oxidative stress markers and histopathological changes potentially serve as early warning indicators for: firstly, assessing POME contamination in aquatic environments; and secondly, evaluating the effectiveness of wastewater treatment systems.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oxidative stress biomarkers in fish: a meta-analytic review

Drug residues have been detected in aquatic environments around the world and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most used classes. Therefore, it is important to verify the physiological effects of these products on exposed non-target organisms such as fish. Through a meta-analytic review, we evaluated the effects of NSAIDs on oxidative stress biomarkers in fish. Overall, Diclofenac was the most frequently tested drug in the systematically selected studies while acute and hydric exposure types were the most prevalent among these studies. The meta-analysis revealed that (1) chronic and subchronic exposures to NSAIDs decreased catalase (CAT) activity, and acute exposure increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity; (2) hydric exposure increased GPx activity; (3) exposure to low concentrations of NSAIDs increased GPx and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; (4) Paracetamol exposure increased GPx and SOD activity and lipid peroxidation levels, but reduced glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity; (5) Diclofenac exposure increased GPx activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that fish are sensitive to NSAIDs exposure presenting significant alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers, especially in the GPx enzyme. This enzyme exhibits strong potential as a biomarker of NSAIDs exposure in fish. Paracetamol stood out as the NSAID that altered the largest number of oxidative stress biomarkers, drawing attention to its risk to fish. In contrast, ibuprofen did not change the biomarkers evaluated. These data demonstrate the important impact of emerging contaminants such as NSAIDs on aquatic organisms and the need for strategies to mitigate these effects.

Protective effects of crocin against gentamicin-induced damage in rat testicular tissue: Modulating the levels of NF-κB/TLR-4 and Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 signaling pathways

This study investigated the protective effects of crocin (CRO) on gentamicin (GM)-induced testicular toxicity in adult rats, focusing on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory pathways such as Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB)/Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Caspase-3. Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups: saline only, 25 mg/kg CRO, 50 mg/kg CRO, 80 mg/kg GM, 80 mg/kg GM + 25 mg/kg CRO, 80 mg/kg GM + 50 mg/kg CRO. Treatments were administered intraperitoneally for 8 days. GM increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels and reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in testicular tissue, indicating oxidative stress. Histopathology showed testicular degeneration. It also elevated Bax, Caspase-3, NF-κB, and TLR-4 expression while decreasing Bcl-2 levels, promoting apoptosis and inflammation. CRO treatment counteracted these effects by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, restoring GSH levels, and reducing MDA. Furthermore, CRO exhibited antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties by modulating Bax/Bcl-2 and Caspase-3, and downregulating NF-κB/TLR-4 pathways. This study underscores crocin's protective effects against gentamicin-induced testicular toxicity through the modulation of key signaling pathways, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for aminoglycoside-induced reproductive damage.

Synergistic Cardiotoxic Effects of Captagon and Azithromycin in Rat via Oxidative stress, Apoptosis and Upregulation of the PI3K/AKT/NF-kB pathway

Fenethylline (Captagon) is a blend of amphetamine and theophylline that functions as a stimulant, while azithromycin (AZ) is a commonly prescribed macrolide antibiotic. The co-usage of illicit substances and therapeutic drugs can result in substantial health risk especially cardiotoxicity. This study aimed to assess cardiotoxicity effects of Captagon (Capta) and Azithromycin/Captagon interaction in adult male rats. Forty-two animals were assigned into 6 groups: Group I (Control) and group II (AZ (30mg/kg/day) starting from the 14th day of the experiment and for 2 weeks. Group III (Capta10 mg/kg/day), group IV (Capta20 mg/kg/day), group V (AZ+Capta10) and group VI (AZ+Capta20) daily 28 days. Electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac enzymes, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory genes expression, histopathological and immunohistochemical changes were assessed. Administration of AZ and Capta alone or in combination cause cardiotoxicity. This was indicated by elevated LDH and CTNI levels, ECG changes as increased HR, prolonged QT interval and elevated ST segment accompanied by cardiac histopathological changes. There was a significant reduction in antioxidants SOD, GSH, TAC, and catalase, alongside a significant rise in oxidative stress MDA and NO. Significant rise of ERK, TNF-α, NF-ҡB, PI3K/AKT, Il-1β and IL-6, in both the Capta20 and AZ+Capta groups in dose dependent manner. The Coadministration of AZ and Capta20 produced intense immunoexpression of caspase-3 and BAX and wide areas of negative reactivity for Bcl-2. Coadministration of AZ and Capta induced cardiotoxicity through oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis pathways. It is important to educate healthcare providers and patients about the potential harmful interactions.

Molecular mechanisms of MAPK9, BAX, and TFEB proteins: Genetic correlations between oxidative stress and autophagy pathways in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease whose pathological mechanisms involve dysregulation of oxidative stress and autophagy pathways. MAPK9, BAX and TFEB were used as key proteins. Wayne analysis was used to identify genes associated with autophagy and oxidative stress, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to study the associations between key genes. The key genes were mined by machine learning algorithm and prognostic marker models were constructed. The immune characteristics of AD were investigated by gene collection enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immunoresponse pathway enrichment analysis, and the clinical application potential was evaluated by drug prediction and molecular docking analysis. Finally, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to verify the causal relationship between key genes and AD. The results showed that we successfully identified several genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, including MAPK9, BAX, and TFEB. GSEA analysis showed their active involvement in the immune response, indicating the importance of immune function in AD. Drug prediction models reveal potential therapeutic targets for these key genes.

Developmental and organ toxicity of fenpropimorph in zebrafish: Involvement of apoptosis and inflammation

Pesticides are increasingly the focus as a prominent factor in environmental pollution. Fenpropimorph, a widely utilized morpholine fungicide, is a significant water pollutant. Because of its extensive usage, fenpropimorph is readily detected in diverse aquatic ecosystems. Despite its well-known toxicity to aquatic organisms, its toxicity to zebrafish development and accompanying mechanics remain unexplored. To assess fenpropimorph's toxicity and potential mechanism, we employed the zebrafish model, a representative tool in toxicological studies. Our results showed that exposure to fenpropimorph reduced embryonic viability during the early stages of development and reduced head and body size. Moreover, fenpropimorph triggered apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and inflammation. Aberrations in the vascular network were observed in the fli1:eGFP transgenic zebrafish model. Additionally, neurotoxic impacts were further assessed using transgenic olig2:dsRed zebrafish, accompanied by a reduction of liver size and fluorescence intensity of fabp10a:dsRed zebrafish. mRNA expression analysis related to corresponding organ development further supported our data. Overall, our research suggests that fenpropimorph may cause aberrations in aquatic organisms.

Linezolid administration to lactating Wistar rats affects the health of their offspring

Lactational exposure to antibacterial medications may affect the normal development of newborns during this crucial stage and later in adult life. Linezolid (LNZ) is an oxazolidinone antibacterial drug that is effective against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although it is relatively toxic, there is insufficient data about LNZ use during lactation. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of linezolid administration during lactation on Wistar rats' offspring. Eighteen lactating Wistar female rats were separated into three groups (n = 6): control, therapeutic, and low dose groups. The therapeutic dose group received 61.66 mg/kg of LNZ (equivalent to the human dose), while the low dose group received 15.41 mg/kg of LNZ (1/4 of the human therapeutic dose) by gavage twice daily. All lactating dams and their offspring died four days after receiving a therapeutic dose. In the low dose group, LNZ significantly reduced the body weight of lactating females and their pups. The liver tissue of the pups showed a considerable increase in malondialdehyde levels, along with a decrease in the catalase, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase activities accompanied by moderate histological alterations like congestion, and infiltration, and DNA fragmentation as indicated by comet assay. Microscopic examination of renal tissue revealed glomeruli deterioration, cellular infiltration, and intratubular protein deposits. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential risks linezolid may pose to infants during postpartum. Therefore, there is a need for preweaning monitoring and caution should be taken during breastfeeding.

The effects of melatonin on differentiated C2C12 myotubes in the absence of pathology: An oxygen-sparing action and enhancement of pro-survival signalling pathways

Previous research has demonstrated that melatonin protects against muscle damage while also improving the performance of injured muscle. However, its impact on healthy skeletal muscle remains largely unexplored. We exposed differentiated C2C12 myotubes to two melatonin concentrations (10 nM or 50 nM). The 10 nM concentration did not affect any of the mitochondrial respiration parameters. Whereas 50 nM concentration reduced mitochondrial complex II-linked oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), electron transfer system (ETS) capacity, the contribution of complex II to ETS, and residual oxygen consumption (ROX). Neither concentration influenced the mitochondrial coupling control ratios, nor the coupling control efficiency ratios. Furthermore, neither concentration affected ATP production but reduced superoxide dismutase activity. The 50 nM increased catalase activity without affecting autophagy or citrate synthase activity. Moreover, 50 nM reduced activated JAK2 and STAT3 protein expression, while 10 nM reduced JAK2 without affecting STAT3. Th 50 nM increased activated AKT and ERK1/2 expression with no effect on p38 or PGC1-α expression. Our data suggests that melatonin (50 nM) triggers an oxygen-sparing effect on mitochondrial respiration, which is mediated via its antioxidant actions and its ability to enhance pro-survival pathways. Therefore, melatonin intake may have ergogenic effects on healthy muscles, in the absence of pathology, e.g., consumption before sporting events or physical exercise may aid in the reduction of oxidative stress often associated with such activities. However, this is an in vitro study, and therefore, the clinical relevance of the data should be considered with caution.

In Vivo Acute Toxicity and Therapeutic Potential of a Synthetic Peptide, DP1 in a Staphylococcus aureus Infected Murine Wound Excision Model

Bacterial infections at the surgical sites are one of the most prevalent skin infections that impair the healing mechanism. They account for about 20% of all types of infections and lead to approximately 75% of surgical-site infection-associated mortality. Several antibiotics, such as cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, quinolones, penicillin, sulfonamides, etc., that are used to treat such wound infections not only counter infections but also disrupt the normal flora. Moreover, antibiotics, when used for a prolonged duration, may impair the formation of new blood vessels, delay collagen production, or inhibit the migration of certain cells involved in wound repair, leading to an impaired healing process. Therefore, there is a dire need for alternate therapeutic approaches against such infections. Antimicrobial peptides have gained considerable attention as a promising strategy to counter these pathogens and prevent the spread of infection. Recently, we have reported a designed peptide, DP1, and its broad-spectrum in vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the present study, in vivo acute toxicity of DP1 was evaluated and even at a high dose (20 mg/kg body weight) of DP1, a 100% survival of mice was observed. Subsequently, a Staphylococcus aureus-infected murine wound excision model was established to assess the wound healing efficacy of DP1. The study revealed significant wound healing vis-a-vis attenuated S. aureus bioburden at the wound site and also controlled the oxidative stress depicting anti-oxidant activity as well. Healing of the infected wounds was also verified by histopathological examination. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that DP1 improves wound resolution despite infections and promotes the healing mechanism. Hence, DP1 holds compelling potential as a novel antimicrobial drug that requires further explorations in clinical platforms.

Fluoroquinolone and sulfonamide antibiotics (single and mixtures) impair the motor function of zebrafish larvae at environmentally relevant concentrations

The occurrence of antibiotics in freshwater is a global concern, with evidence pointing to potential neurotoxic effects after prolonged exposure. However, data on their impact on behavior, particularly at environmentally relevant concentrations, remain limited. This study examined the motor function of zebrafish larvae exposed to single and mixture of antibiotics from the sulfonamide and fluoroquinolone classes. Ten antibiotics were assessed, namely, fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), pefloxacin (PEF), ofloxacin (OFL), and enrofloxacin (ENR) and sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), and sulfadimethoxine (SDM). After 24 h of exposure, single exposures revealed that all antibiotics disrupted at least one typical larval behavior at environmentally relevant concentrations. Larvae showed similarities in the escape response provoked by a vibrating acoustic stimulus (startle) according to the antibiotic class, despite the significantly more severe effects of SDM on startle and SMX on habituation to repetitive acoustic stimulation. Exposures to sulfonamide mixtures caused a non-monotonic effect on the startle response and significantly increased the distance traveled over the visual motor response. On the other hand, fluoroquinolone mixtures at 0.1 and 10 μg L-1 reduced the habituation of zebrafish larvae. Biochemical markers suggest sulfonamide mixtures can potentially decrease catalase activity, whereas reduced glutathione levels are increased in fluoroquinolone mixtures at 10 μg L-1. Such findings support recent discussions on the potential of antibiotics to impair motor function in aquatic species, whether in isolated or combined forms. Regulatory mechanisms focused on discharging those substances into freshwater are pivotal to preventing adverse effects and ensuring biota safety.

Nano Spirulina platensis countered cisplatin-induced repro-toxicity by reversing the expression of altered steroid hormones and downregulation of the StAR gene

Cisplatin is a commonly utilized chemotherapy medication for treating different sarcomas and carcinomas. Its ability interferes with cancer cells' DNA repair pathways and postpones unfavorable outcomes in cancer patients. The current investigation's goal was to ascertain if nano Spirulina platensis (NSP) might shield rat testicles from cisplatin damage by assessing the expression of the StAR and SOD genes, sex hormones, 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(17ß-HSD), sperm profile picture, oxidative condition of testes, testicular histology, and DNA damage. Four equal and random groups of 28 adult male Wistar rats were created; the control group was given saline for 8 weeks. An extraction of NSP at a concentration of 2500 mg/kg body weight was administered orally for 8 weeks to the NSP group. For the first 4 weeks, the cisplatin group was intraperitoneally injected with 2 mg/kg/body weight of cisplatin, and for the next 4 weeks, they were given a dosage of 4 mg/kg/body weight. The cisplatin + NSP group was given both NSP and cisplatin. The results of the experiment showed that intake of NSP and cisplatin improved sperm profile; re-established the balance of oxidizing agents and antioxidant state; enhanced testicular histology; promoted the histometric parameters of seminiferous tubules including epithelial height, their diameter, and Johnsen's score, decreasing DNA breakage in testicular tissue; increased testosterone level; decreased 17ß-HSD concentration; and upregulated both the StAR and SOD gene expression in testicles compared to rats exposed to cisplatin alone. These results demonstrate that NSP is a promising agent for improving cisplatin-induced testicular injury and infertility.

Chanoclavine synthase operates by an NADPH-independent superoxide mechanism

More than ten ergot alkaloids comprising both natural and semi-synthetic products are used to treat various diseases1,2. The central C ring forms the core pharmacophore for ergot alkaloids, giving them structural similarity to neurotransmitters, thus enabling their modulation of neurotransmitter receptors3. The haem catalase chanoclavine synthase (EasC) catalyses the construction of this ring through complex radical oxidative cyclization4. Unlike canonical catalases, which catalyse H2O2 disproportionation5,6, EasC and its homologues represent a broader class of catalases that catalyse O2-dependent radical reactions4,7. We have elucidated the structure of EasC by cryo-electron microscopy, revealing a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) (NADPH)-binding pocket and a haem pocket common to all haem catalases, with a unique homodimeric architecture that is, to our knowledge, previously unobserved. The substrate prechanoclavine unprecedentedly binds in the NADPH-binding pocket, instead of the previously suspected haem-binding pocket, and two pockets were connected by a slender tunnel. Contrary to the established mechanisms, EasC uses superoxide rather than the more generally used transient haem iron-oxygen complexes (such as compounds I, II and III)8,9, to mediate substrate transformation through superoxide-mediated cooperative catalysis of the two distant pockets. We propose that this reactive oxygen species mechanism could be widespread in metalloenzyme-catalysed reactions.

The A53T Mutation in α-Synuclein Enhances Proinflammatory Activation in Human Microglia Upon Inflammatory Stimulus

BACKGROUND

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, following Alzheimer's. It is characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein into Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brain. Microglia-driven neuroinflammation may contribute to neuronal death in PD; however, the exact role of microglia remains unclear and has been understudied. The A53T mutation in the gene coding for α-synuclein has been linked to early-onset PD, and exposure to A53T mutant human α-synuclein increases the potential for inflammation of murine microglia. To date, its effect has not been studied in human microglia.

METHODS

Here, we used 2-dimensional cultures of human pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia and transplantation of these cells into the mouse brain to assess the cell autonomous effects of the A53T mutation on human microglia.

RESULTS

We found that A53T mutant human microglia had an intrinsically increased propensity toward proinflammatory activation upon inflammatory stimulus. Additionally, transplanted A53T mutant microglia showed a strong decrease in catalase expression in noninflammatory conditions and increased oxidative stress.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that A53T mutant human microglia display cell autonomous phenotypes that may worsen neuronal damage in early-onset PD.

Hydrogel-based microneedles for the delivery of catalase protein

Transdermal microneedles (MNs) have emerged as a powerful new technique for medicine and drug delivery. MNs are highly bioavailable, biocompatible, and non-invasive drug delivery systems. Catalase is one of the antioxidant enzymes that decomposes hydrogen peroxide to overcome oxidative damage. Enzymatic proteins such as catalase have a great therapeutic potential; however, their application in vivo is limited until now. For example, when they are administered orally, therapeutic proteins are easily degraded by proteases such as pepsin. In general, MNs can create micron-size channels, overcome the stratum corneum barrier, and deliver therapeutic proteins efficiently. Here, we designed hydrogel-based MNs to deliver catalase protein efficiently. For the fabrication of hydrogel-based MNs, the first step was to produce a MN master mold by using a 3D printer. The second step was to generate a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold by the reverse micro-molding technique. Next, a hydrogel solution with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan was optimized to produce casted hydrogel MN embraced with good mechanical properties. Among the ratio of PVA to chitosan used in the MN fabrication, the 2:1 ratio (w/w) of PVA:chitosan was the optimized composition for attaining ideal morphology and mechanical strength. Catalase was subsequently loaded onto the hydrogel MNs, and it was successfully delivered into the pig ear through passive diffusion. A longer residence time until 1 h improved the delivery of catalase that kept enzymatic activity after the delivery. Protein delivery using MNs was also strongly enhanced by external stimulations such as ethanol or ultrasound, which was known to disrupt the stratum corneum. The global market for MNs as a drug delivery system is ready to expand, and numerous applications of hydrogel-based MNs are anticipated to deliver therapeutic proteins.

Strain-Induced Photochemical Opening of Ferrocene[6]cycloparaphenylene: Uncaging of Fe2+ with Green Light

We present the synthesis, structural analysis, and remarkable reactivity of the first carbon nanohoop that fully incorporates ferrocene in the macrocyclic backbone. The high strain imposed on the ferrocene by the curved nanohoop structure enables unprecedented photochemical reactivity of this otherwise photochemically inert metallocene complex. Visible light activation triggers a ring-opening of the nanohoop structure, fully dissociating the Fe-cyclopentadienyl bonds in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline. This process uncages Fe2+ ions captured in the form of [Fe(phen)3]2+ complex in high chemical yield and can operate efficiently in a water-rich solvent with green light excitation. The measured quantum yields of [Fe(phen)3]2+ formation show that embedding ferrocene into a strained nanohoop boosts its photoreactivity by 3 orders of magnitude compared to an unstrained ferrocene macrocycle or ferrocene itself. Our data suggest that the dissociation occurs by intercepting the photoexcited triplet state of the nanohoop by a nucleophilic solvent or external ligand. The strategy portrayed in this work proposes that new, tunable reactivity of analogous metallamacrocycles can be achieved with spatial and temporal control, which will aid and abet the development of responsive materials for metal ion delivery and supramolecular, organometallic, or polymer chemistry.

Transcription of genes involved in bleaching of a coral reef species Acropora downingi (Wallace, 1999) in response to high temperature

Anthropogenic-induced global warming poses a significant threat to coral reef ecosystems worldwide. However, certain species within the Persian Gulf exhibit remarkable resilience to elevated temperatures compared to their counterparts in other reef systems. To understand the thermal tolerance in Persian Gulf corals and their molecular responses to extreme warm temperatures, Acropora downingi specimens collected from Larak Island were subjected to a heat shock of 34 ± 1 °C. We evaluated coral coloration, bleaching, and mRNA expression of biomarkers related to heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as Hsp70 and Hsp90, oxidative stress markers like Catalase and manganese superoxide dismutase (Cat and Mn-Sod), anti-apoptotic factors exemplified by B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and calcification-related genes including galaxin (Gal) after 24 h and 48 h of thermal shock exposure. Exposure of A. downingi to a 48-h heat shock at 34 °C resulted in noticeable fading of coral coloration compared to the control group. Despite this, the corals demonstrated resilience and did not undergo complete bleaching. Our findings also revealed significant increase of Hsp70, Hsp90, Cat, Mn-Sod, Bcl-2, and Gal mRNA expression after 24 h of thermal stress. However, after 48 h, transcripts for Hsp90, Cat, and Gal were observed to be decreased. These results suggest the pivotal roles played by genes involved in HSP signaling pathways, oxidative stress responses, anti-apoptosis processes, and calcification processes in the Persian Gulf coral's adaptation to thermal stress and its resistance to bleaching.

Gel@CAT-L hydrogel mediates mitochondrial unfolded protein response to regulate reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial homeostasis in osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the role of Gelatin-Catalase (Gel@CAT)-L hydrogel in mediating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis through SIRT3-mediated unfolded protein response (UPRmt), while exploring its involvement in the molecular mechanism of osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS

Self-assembled Gel@CAT-L hydrogels were fabricated and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, mechanical testing, external release property evaluation, and oxygen production measurement. Biocompatibility was assessed via live/dead cell staining and CCK8 assays. An OA mouse model was established using destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery. X-ray and micro-CT imaging were employed to evaluate the structural integrity of the mouse knee joints, while histological staining was used to assess cartilage degeneration. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the expression of proteins including Col2a1, Aggrecan, MMP13, ADAMTS5, SIRT3, PINK1, and Parkin. Multi-omics analyses-encompassing high-throughput sequencing, proteomics, and metabolomics-were conducted to identify key genes and metabolic pathways targeted by Gel@CAT-L hydrogel intervention in OA. Immunofluorescence techniques were utilized to measure ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expression of SIRT3, PINK1, Parkin, LYSO, LC3B, Col2a1, and MMP13 in primary mouse chondrocytes and mouse knee joints. Flow cytometry was applied to quantify ROS-positive cells. RT-qPCR analysis was conducted to determine mRNA levels of Aggrecan, Col2a1, ADAMTS5, MMP13, SIRT3, mtDNA, HSP60, LONP1, CLPP, and Atf5 in primary mouse chondrocytes, mouse knee joints, and human knee joints. Western blotting was performed to measure protein expression levels of SIRT3, HSP60, LONP1, CLPP, and Atf5 in both primary mouse chondrocytes and mouse knee joints. Additionally, 20 samples each from the control (CON) and OA groups were collected for analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to evaluate cartilage degeneration in human knee joints. The Mankin histological scoring system quantified the degree of cartilage degradation, while immunofluorescence analyzed SIRT3 protein expression in human knee joints.

RESULTS

In vitro experiments demonstrated that self-assembled Gel@CAT-L hydrogels exhibited excellent biodegradability and oxygen-releasing capabilities, providing a stable three-dimensional environment conducive to cell viability and proliferation while reducing ROS levels. Multi-omics analysis identified SIRT3 as a key regulatory gene in mitigating OA and revealed its central role in the UPRmt pathway. Furthermore, Gel@CAT-L was confirmed to regulate mitochondrial homeostasis. Both in vitro experiments and in vivo mouse model studies confirmed that Gel@CAT-L significantly reduced ROS levels and regulated mitochondrial autophagy by activating the SIRT3-mediated UPRmt pathway, thereby improving the pathological state of OA. Clinical trials indicated downregulation of SIRT3 and UPRmt-related proteins in OA patients.

CONCLUSION

Gel@CAT-L hydrogel activates SIRT3-mediated UPRmt to regulate ROS and mitochondrial homeostasis, providing potential therapeutic benefits for OA.

The Balance of MFN2 and OPA1 in Mitochondrial Dynamics, Cellular Homeostasis, and Disease

Mitochondrial dynamics, governed by fusion and fission, are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, energy production, and stress adaptation. MFN2 and OPA1, key regulators of mitochondrial fusion, play essential roles beyond their structural functions, influencing bioenergetics, intracellular signaling, and quality control mechanisms such as mitophagy. Disruptions in these processes, often caused by MFN2 or OPA1 mutations, are linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A) and autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA). This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial fusion, the impact of MFN2 and OPA1 dysfunction on oxidative phosphorylation and autophagy, and their role in disease progression. Additionally, we discuss the divergent cellular responses to MFN2 and OPA1 mutations, particularly in terms of proliferation, senescence, and metabolic signaling. Finally, we highlight emerging therapeutic strategies to restore mitochondrial integrity, including mTOR modulation and autophagy-targeted approaches, with potential implications for neurodegenerative disorders.

Imidacloprid and amitraz differentially alter antioxidant enzymes in honeybee (Apis mellifera) hemocytes when exposed to microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are increasingly exposed to pesticides and microbial stressors, yet their combined effects on immune defenses remain unclear. Exposure to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and the acaricide amitraz, alone and in combination, alters antioxidant enzyme activity in hemocytes when challenged with bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan or the fungal-derived molecule zymosan A. The combination of pesticides with zymosan A synergistically suppresses superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activity, while catalase activity remains unchanged. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide counteracts pesticide-induced oxidative stress, suggesting immune-pathway-specific modulation. The heightened vulnerability of honeybees to fungal-associated immune challenges in pesticide-contaminated environments compromises their ability to detoxify harmful substances and respond to infections. Such approaches that include comparison of different microbial interactions, pesticide cocktails, and immunity are needed. Understanding these interactions is essential for improving pesticide regulations and pollinator conservation efforts in the face of increasing environmental stressors.

Characteristics of different scuticociliates from an infected olive flounder (Pararlichthys olivaceus) farm in South Korea

Parasitic diseases are considered to be a major problem in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) farms in South Korea, with scuticociliate infections being especially problematic due to their year-round occurrence and difficulty in control. In this study, we collected scuticociliates from flounder showing typical symptoms of scuticociliasis, such as ulcers, hemorrhages, and necrosis, at farms in Busan and Jeju, South Korea. Four species of scuticociliates were identified: Mesanophrys carcini, Miamiensis avidus, Paralembus digitiformis, and Pseudocohnilembus persalinus, the M. carcini and P. digitiformis being recorded for the first time in this study. Pathogenicity tests on healthy and wounded fish revealed that M. avidus was highly lethal, while the other species had minimal effects on healthy fish. However, P. digitiformis and P. persalinus impeded wound healing and showed high infection rates in wounded fish without causing high mortality. These two species also triggered early up-regulation of stress-related genes, such as complement C3, followed by a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the olive flounder. These findings emphasize the varied pathogenicity depending on scuticociliate species and suggest that, in addition to the known scuticociliates such as M. avidus, other potential parasites may pose significant risks to olive flounder farms in South Korea.

Liquid Crystal Biosensors: An Overview of Techniques to Monitor Enzyme Activity

Liquid crystals (LCs) have transformed the world of optoelectronic displays and are now recognized as useful soft materials for a broad range of biomedical applications. Combination of smart sensors with label-free imaging offers intriguing prospects for point-of-care diagnostics. Here, we outline a sophisticated collage of the most important discoveries that show how LC biosensors can be used to monitor different enzymatic activities for the diagnosis of specific disease biomarkers or infections in body fluids, cellular milieu, and clinical samples. In living organisms, enzymes have a primary regulatory role in both accelerating and controlling metabolic reactions. We mention the ubiquitous techniques that are used to fabricate LC-based enzyme biosensors in attaining specific strategies along with greater sensitivity for the detection of clinically important biomolecules.

Nicotinamide riboside alleviates sweeteners-induced brain and cognitive impairments in immature mice

The consumption of sweeteners is high around the world. Sweet beverages are one of the most important and popular sources of sweeteners. Previous studies have reported that excessive sweeteners might cause health hazards, including cognitive impairment. Nicotinamide riboside (NR), a precursor of NAD+, has been found to alleviate several cognitive impairments. However, the protective effects of NR against sweetener-induced cognitive impairment remain unclear. Hence, we evaluated the effects of sweeteners and NR (400 mg kg-1 d-1) on the brain and cognition of mice by simulating an extreme lifestyle of completely replacing water with sugar-sweetened beverage (simulated with 10% sucrose solution) or sugar-free sweet beverage (simulated with 0.05% aspartame solution) from weaning to adulthood. The results revealed that continuous exposure to sucrose or aspartame for eight weeks did not significantly cause differences in body weight but significantly induced cognitive impairments, including anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours, impairments in learning, memory and sociability. Moreover, sucrose or aspartame exposure induced neuronal injury, reduction of Nissl bodies, overactivation of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 pathway and increased downstream inflammatory cytokines in mouse hippocampus, and also induced an imbalance of oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy, large consumptions of intracellular antioxidant factors, and overactivation of the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways in mouse brain. NR treatment increased NAD+ in the brain, and prevented and alleviated these impairments effectively. In summary, we found that NR supplementation protected against cognitive impairment caused by sucrose or aspartame in immature mice, which might be related to increased brain NAD+ level, relieved neuroinflammation and pyroptosis in the hippocampus, and maintained a balance of oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy in the brain.

Harnessing natural saponins: Advancements in mitochondrial dysfunction and therapeutic applications

BACKGROUND

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the development of a variety of diseases, notably neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Natural saponins, which are intricate glycosides characterized by steroidal or triterpenoid structures, have attracted interest due to their diverse pharmacological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-aging effects.

PURPOSE

This review synthesizes recent advancements in understanding mitochondrial dysfunction and explores how saponins can modulate mitochondrial function. It focuses on their potential applications in neuroprotection, cardiovascular health, and oncology.

STUDY DESIGN

The review incorporates a comprehensive literature analysis, highlighting the interplay between saponins and mitochondrial signaling pathways. Specific attention is given to the effects of saponins like ginsenoside Rg2 and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol on mitophagy and their neuroprotective, anti-aging, and synergistic therapeutic effects when combined.

METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive review of current research and clinical trials using PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciFinder databases. The search focused on saponins' role in mitochondrial function and their therapeutic effects, including "saponins", "mitochondria" and "mitochondrial function". The analysis primarily focused on articles published between 2011 and 2024.

RESULTS

The findings indicate that certain saponins can enhance mitophagy and modulate mitochondrial signaling pathways, showing promise in neuroprotection and anti-aging. Additionally, combinations of saponins have demonstrated synergistic effects in myocardial protection and cancer therapy, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Although saponins exhibit significant potential in modulating mitochondrial functions and developing innovative therapeutic strategies, their clinical applications are constrained by low bioavailability. Rigorous clinical trials are essential to translate these findings into effective clinical therapies, ultimately improving patient outcomes through a deeper understanding of saponins' impact on mitochondrial function.

Effects of lipopolysaccharide administration on thymus damage, antioxidant capacity and immune function in weaned piglets

Introduction

Piglets are vulnerable to stress during weaning because of changes in the feeding environment, nutrients, and other growth-impacting conditions. In this study, stress injury was modelled by continuous intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and was used to investigate the dynamics of antioxidant indices and immunoinflammatory factors in the piglet thymus.

Material and Methods

Forty-eight weaned piglets were divided into an LPS group and a control group. One group was injected with LPS solution (100 μg/kg) and the other with sterile saline daily. The experiment ran over 13 days, and six piglets from each group were euthanised for necropsy on days 1, 5, 9 and 13. Thymic tissues were collected, and the antioxidant indices and mRNA expression levels of related genes were measured by enzyme activity assay and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR.

Results

In the LPS group, catalase activities were significantly increased on days 1 and 5, that of superoxide dismutase was significantly higher on day 9 and glutathione activity was elevated throughout. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, interleukin (IL) 6, and IL-2 increased in the thymus on day 1. By day 5, the mRNA expression of the TLR pathway, the janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, the kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, tumour necrosis factor α, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-2 were decreased. On day 13, the mRNA expression levels of the TLR4 and Keap1/Nrf2 pathways, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-6 increased again.

Conclusion

Continuous LPS induction led to high activation of the thymic immune system in piglets during the prophase. However, this activation was accompanied by atrophy and immunosuppression mid-experiment. Nevertheless, the immune function gradually recovered in the later stages.

Molecular regulation of cardiomyocyte functions by exogenous hydrogen sulphide in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is known to regulate various physiological processes, but its role in fish cardiac function, especially at the molecular level, is poorly understood. This study examined the molecular functions of exogenous H2S, using sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS) as a donor, on Atlantic salmon cardiomyocytes. NaHS concentrations of 10 to 160 μM showed limited cytotoxicity and no impact on cell proliferation, though higher doses increased ATP activity. Menadione and NaHS administered separately or sequentially differentially regulated the expression of antioxidant response and sulphide detoxification genes. Transcriptomic analysis over 24, 48, 72, and 120 h revealed differential gene expression related to metabolic recovery. Enriched Gene Ontology terms at 24 h included processes like cell signalling and lipid metabolism, shifting to lipid metabolism and ribosomal processes by 48 h. By 120 h, xenobiotic metabolism and RNA synthesis were prominent. The study highlights NaHS-induced metabolic adjustments, particularly in lipid metabolism, in Atlantic salmon cardiomyocytes.

Transdermal delivery of resveratrol loaded solid lipid nanoparticle as a microneedle patch: a novel approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD), affecting millions of people worldwide and expected to impact 10 million by 2030, manifests a spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms linked to the decline of dopaminergic neurons. Current therapies manage PD symptoms but lack efficacy in slowing disease progression, emphasizing the urgency for more effective treatments. Resveratrol (RSV), recognized for its neuroprotective and antioxidative properties, encounters challenges in clinical use for PD due to limited bioavailability. Researchers have investigated lipid-based nanoformulations, specifically solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), to enhance RSV stability. Oral drug delivery via SLNs faces obstacles, prompting exploration into transdermal delivery using SLNs integrated with microneedles (MNs) for improved patient compliance. In this study, an RSV-loaded SLNs (RSV -SLNs) incorporated into the MN patch was developed for transdermal RSV delivery to improve its stability and patient compliance. Characterization studies demonstrated favorable physical properties of SLNs with a sustained drug release profile of 78.36 ± 0.74%. The developed MNs exhibited mechanical robustness and skin penetration capabilities. Ex vivo permeation studies displayed substantial drug permeation of 68.39 ± 1.4% through the skin. In an in vivo pharmacokinetic study, the RSV-SLNs delivered through MNs exhibited a significant increase in Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0 - t values, alongside a reduced elimination rate in blood plasma in contrast to the administration of pure RSV via MNs. Moreover, an in vivo study showcased enhanced behavioral functioning and increased brain antioxidant levels in the treated animals. In-vivo skin irritation study revealed no signs of irritation till 24 h which permits long-term MNs application. Histopathological analysis showed notable changes in the brain regions of the rat, specifically the striatum and substantia nigra, after the completion of the treatment. Based on these findings, the development of an RSV-SLN loaded MNs (RSVSNLMP) patch presents a novel approach, with the potential to enhance the drug's efficiency, patient compliance, and therapeutic outcomes for PD, offering a promising avenue for advanced PD therapy.

Aqueous Leaf Extract of Azadirachta indica Protects Against Gentamicin-Induced Kidney Injury via Decreases in Renal Function, Inflammation, and Apoptosis Markers

The effect of the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica (AAI) on gentamicin (GEN)-induced kidney injury was investigated. The study involves 20 adult male Wistar rats (housed in four separate plastic cages) such that graded dosages of AAI were administered to the experimental group for 14 days per oral (PO) before exposure to GEN toxicity (100 mg/kg) for 1 week. At the end of the study, comparisons of some markers of renal functions, antioxidant status, and inflammatory and apoptotic markers were made between the control, GEN, and AAI-pretreated groups at P < .05. The result showed that GEN treatment caused a significant increase (P < .05) in body weight, kidney weight, urea, bilirubin, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM 1), cystatin C, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-2), caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X (BAX) as well as a significant decrease (P < .05) in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and B-cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 level. Pre-treatment with graded doses of AAI caused a significant increase in urea, CAT, and GPx as well as a significant decrease (P < .05) in kidney weight, bilirubin, KIM 1, cystatin C, MDA, GSH, SOD, TNF-α, IL-2, caspase-3, BAX, and BCL-2. There was an appreciable difference in the kidney histology of the AAI pre-treated groups compared with the GEN. Hence, the extract has prophylactic potential in managing GEN-induced nephrotoxicity by decreasing the markers of renal function and inflammation and downregulating the markers of apoptosis.

Nitroxidative Stress, Cell-Signaling Pathways, and Manganese Porphyrins: Therapeutic Potential in Neuropathic Pain

Neuropathic pain, a debilitating condition arising from somatosensory system damage, significantly impacts quality of life, leading to anxiety, self-mutilation, and depression. Oxidative and nitrosative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and antioxidant defenses, plays a crucial role in its pathophysiology. While reactive species are essential for physiological functions, excessive levels can cause cellular component damage, leading to neuronal dysfunction and pain. This review highlights the complex interactions between reactive species, antioxidant systems, cell signaling, and neuropathic pain. We discuss the physiological roles of ROS/RNS and the detrimental effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress. Furthermore, we explore the potential of manganese porphyrins, compounds with antioxidant properties, as promising therapeutic agents to mitigate oxidative stress and alleviate neuropathic pain by targeting key cellular pathways involved in pain. Further research is needed to fully understand their therapeutic potential in managing neuropathic pain in human and non-human animals.

Alginate nanoparticles loaded with enriched polyphenols of Desmodium gangeticum alleviates diabetes induced oxidative and inflammatory stress in Rin-5F cells via GLUT2/IRS-1/NF-κB pathway

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of enriched polyphenols-loaded alginate nanoparticles (EP-loaded AlgNP) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Rin-5F cells. The alginate nanoparticles of enriched polyphenols from Desmodium gangeticum leaves were synthesised by ionic-gelation process using sodium alginate as biopolymer. The nanoparticles were characterized in terms of their size, morphology using HR-TEM, FESEM, Zeta potential, and FTIR. Our findings showed that the formulated EP-loaded AlgNP exhibited spherical particles (<100 nm) with a zeta potential of -48.8 mV. The total polyphenol content (TPC) and the biological activities of EP-loaded AlgNP showed significant stability throughout 12-months compared to EP (p < 0.05). The EP-loaded AlgNP at pH 7.4 showed optimal TPC release and followed Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The bio-accessibility of EP-loaded AlgNP was also enhanced under simulated gastrointestinal condition. In vitro experiments revealed that EP-loaded AlgNP enhanced insulin secretion impaired by STZ and improved the cell viability. Further, it mitigated oxidative stress by suppressing activation of NF-κB and upregulated mRNA expression of insulin signaling molecules like IR, IRS-1, and GLUT 2 in STZ-induced RIN-5F cells (p < 0.0001). Overall, the synthesis of EP-loaded AlgNP could be a promising approach and might be an effective therapeutic option for treating diabetes.

Comparative effects of selenium-enriched lactobacilli and selenium-enriched yeast on performance, egg selenium enrichment, antioxidant capacity, and ileal microbiota in laying hens

BACKGROUND

Organic selenium (Se) has gained recognition in poultry nutrition as a feed additive to boost production and Se deposition in eggs and tissues, owing to its high bioavailability, efficient tissue accumulation and minimal toxicity. Selenium-enriched yeast (SeY) is a well-established source, while selenium-enriched lactobacilli (SeL), a newer alternative, offers the added benefits of probiotics. This study examined the effects of SeY and SeL on egg quality, antioxidant capacity, Se deposition, and gut health in laying hens. After a two-week pre-treatment with a Se-deficient diet (SeD), 450 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (30-week-old) were assigned into five dietary groups with six replicates of 15 hens each. The groups included a SeD, SeD supplemented with 1.5 mg Se/kg from SeY (SeY15), or 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mg Se/kg from SeL (SeL15, SeL30, SeL60). The feeding trial lasted for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

SeY15 and SeL15 improved the feed-to-egg ratio (P < 0.05) in the latter stages. Haugh units were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the SeY15 and SeL30 groups, while darker yolk color (P < 0.05) was observed in the SeY15, SeL15, and SeL60 groups. All Se-supplemented diets increased Se content in whole eggs, albumen, and yolk (P < 0.05), while SeL groups showed a dose-dependent effect. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased, and MDA content decreased in the serum (P < 0.05), with SeY15 showing the highest GSH-Px levels (P < 0.05). SeL60 increased serum alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase, and distorted the liver architecture (P < 0.05). Se-diets reduced concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ileum and liver (P < 0.05). SeL15 improved the ileal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05). SeY15 and/or SeL15 up-regulated TXNRD1 and SEPHS1 mRNA while down-regulating SCLY expression in the liver. SeY15 altered ileal microbiota by increasing both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria, whereas SeL15 predominantly boosted beneficial bacteria.

CONCLUSION

SeL integrates the antioxidant properties of organic Se with the probiotic benefits on gut health, resulting in a performance-enhancing effect comparable to that of SeY. However, high SeL level (6.0 mg Se/kg) compromised productivity and metabolic functions while enhancing Se deposition.

Flavonolignans silybin, silychristin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin showed differential cytoprotective, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects on splenocytes from Balb/c mice

Silymarin is an extract obtained from the seeds of milk thistle (Sylibum marianum L., Asteraceae) and contains several structurally related flavonolignans and a small family of flavonoids. Mouse spleen cells represent highly sensitive primary cells suitable for studying the pharmacological potential and biofunctional properties of natural substances. Cultivation of splenocytes for 24 h under standard culture conditions (humidity, 37 °C, 5% CO2, atmospheric oxygen) resulted in decreased viability of splenocytes compared to intact cells. A cytoprotective effect of silybin (SB), silychristin (SCH) and 2,3-dehydrosilybin (DHSB) was observed at concentrations as low as 5 µmol/ml. At 50 µmol/ml, these substances restored and/or stimulated viability and mitochondrial membrane potential and had anti-apoptotic effect in the order SB > DHSB > SCH. The substances demonstrated a concentration-dependent activity in restoring the redox balance based on the changes in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide. This was in the order DHSB > SCH > SB, which correlated with the suppressed expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), catalase and glutathione peroxidase. The strong stimulation of the superoxide dismutase 1 gene converting ROS to H2O2 points to its dominant role in the maintaining redox homeostasis in splenocytes, which was disrupted by oxidative stress due to non-physiological culture conditions. Our study showed significant differences in the cytoprotective, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities of SB, SCH, and DHSB on splenocytes exposed to mild and AAPH-induced oxidative stress.

Construction and in vitro activity evaluation of protein transduction domain-transactivator of transcription and Candida antarctica lipase B fusion proteins

Protein transduction domain (PTD)- transactivator of transcription (Tat) and the alkaline cold-active lipase Candida antarctica lipase B (calB) were used to construct a calB-Tat recombinant protein and examine its membrane-penetrating ability. The calB gene was fused with a PTD-Tat-encoding fragment to create the in-frame calB-Tat. After digestion with Nco I and Xho I, the calB-Tat fragment was subcloned and inserted into the expression vector pET28a. The recombinant plasmid pET28a-calB-Tat was subsequently transferred into E.coli Rosetta (DE3) cells to express the labeled protein calB-Tat. Protein concentrations were measured using a commercial BCA kit, and the transmembrane activity of the proteins in SH-SY5Y cells was observed under a fluorescence-inverted microscope. MTT and Western blotting assays were conducted to examine toxicity. The fusion protein exhibited low toxicity. As the concentration of the fusion protein decreased, the effect on cell viability decreased. Additionally, the fusion protein penetrated the cell membrane penetration was stable and was specifically expressed in cells. Taken together, the pET28a-calB-Tat prokaryotic vector was generated, yielding a significant amount of the calB-Tat protein. This increased the cell membrane and perhaps reveals a new way of delivering weight-loss drugs and protein-based medications.

Potential Mechanisms of Lactate Dehydrogenase and Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins as Antioxidants: A Mixed Experimental-Computational Study

Proteins have shown varying degrees of antioxidant activity. This study examined the potential mechanisms of interactions between proteins and radicals using chemical kinetics and computational methods. The study quantified the antioxidant activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) through Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. BSA was about seven times and LDH 12 times more potent as antioxidants for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS•-) than they were for peroxyl radicals. According to the evaluation of Trolox equivalents (TE) of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, tryptophan (with a TE value of 101 μmol TE/μmol) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity for ABTS•-, followed by tyrosine (38.7 μmol TE/μmol) and cysteine (30.5 μmol TE/μmol), lysine (0.193 μmol TE/μmol), arginine (0.0325 μmol TE/μmol), valine (0.0280 μmol TE/μmol), histidine (0.00689 μmol TE/μmol), and leucine (0.00560 μmol TE/μmol). The EC50 showed a similar order with a swap between valine and histidine. The antioxidant activity of the amino acids and proteins was temperature dependent. The rate laws, activation energy, and pre-exponential factor A of these reactions provided information on the reaction mechanisms, i.e., a biomolecular elementary step for the reaction of ABTS•- with amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, cysteine, or protein LDH, and a more complicated mechanism for BSA. The presence of -NH- or hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings enhanced the antioxidant ability of tryptophan and tyrosine. LDH's antioxidant activity did not affect its enzymatic activity, indicating that the radical reaction likely happened on the protein's surface without significantly altering its conformation. The molecular modeling and visualization showed potential reaction sites on the proteins' accessible tryptophan and tyrosine residues. However, the mere surface exposure of tryptophan and tyrosine does not guarantee their antioxidant activities.

Tangeretin offers neuroprotection against colchicine-induced memory impairment in Wistar rats by modulating the antioxidant milieu, inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress in the brain tissue

BACKGROUND

Tangeretin, a flavone compound (O-polymethoxylated) naturally present in tangerine and other citrus peels has demonstrated effectiveness as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent in several disease model. This study evaluated the impact of tangeretin in mitigating cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by colchicine in rats, comparing its efficacy with donepezil hydrochloride.

METHODS

Cognitive dysfunction was induced by administering colchicine (15 µg/rat) intracerebroventricularly (ICV) via a stereotaxic apparatus in male Wistar rats. Colchicine resulted in poor memory retention in acquiring and retaining a spatial navigation task, passive avoidance apparatus, and Morris water maze paradigms. Chronic treatment with tangeretin (at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o. once daily) and donepezil hydrochloride (at a dose of 10 mg/kg, p.o. daily) for 28 days, starting seven days before colchicine injection, significantly ameliorated colchicine-induced cognitive impairment.

RESULTS

The biochemical analysis showed that chronic administration of tangeretin effectively reversed the colchicine-induced increase in the level/activity of lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrite, reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, and caspase-3. Tangeretin also reversed the colchicine-induced reduction in the level/activity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), amma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-Transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total thiol (T-SH) in rat brains. However, donepezil hydrochloride did not prevent oxidative stress.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that chronic administration of tangeretin at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o. once daily, was protective in mitigating colchicine-induced cognitive impairment and associated oxidative stress. At the same time, donepezil hydrochloride did not demonstrate similar effects.

A Reproducibility Focused Meta-Analysis Method for Single-Cell Transcriptomic Case-Control Studies Uncovers Robust Differentially Expressed Genes

We assessed the reproducibility of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in previously published Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Schizophrenia (SCZ), and COVID-19 scRNA-seq studies. While transcriptional scores from DEGs of individual PD and COVID-19 datasets had moderate predictive power for case-control status of other datasets (AUC=0.77 and 0.75), genes from individual AD and SCZ datasets had poor predictive power (AUC=0.68 and 0.55). We developed a non-parametric meta-analysis method, SumRank, based on reproducibility of relative differential expression ranks across datasets, and found DEGs with improved predictive power (AUC=0.88, 0.91, 0.78, and 0.62). By multiple other metrics, specificity and sensitivity of these genes were substantially higher than those discovered by dataset merging and inverse variance weighted p-value aggregation methods. The DEGs revealed known and novel biological pathways, and we validate BCAT1 as down-regulated in AD mouse oligodendrocytes. Lastly, we evaluate factors influencing reproducibility of individual studies as a prospective guide for experimental design.

Estrogen hindrance escalates inflammation and neurodegeneration in the hippocampal regions of collagen-induced arthritis female Sprague-Dawley rats

This study aims to investigate the effect of estrogen hindrance, i.e., menopause in women for instance with rheumatoid arthritis on the brain hippocampal region by using collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) female rat model (RA). CIA was induced in female rats by injecting bovine type II collagen and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Estrogen receptor antagonist, fulvestrant (Ful), was given to RA rats to create estrogen hindrance. Control (C) and RA rats were injected with saline and DMSO, respectively, while RA + Ful rats received a 7-day fulvestrant injection. Following experiment completion, rats were sacrificed, and brains were harvested. Brains were stained with H&E and cresyl violet staining and morphological changes in the hippocampus were identified. Additionally, oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptosis markers' levels in the hippocampus were analyzed by qPCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry techniques. RA + Ful rats showed neuronal atrophy and reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampal regions. NOX4, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IKK-β, and Bax protein expression levels in the hippocampus were increased, whereas hippocampal Bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-9, and IGF-1R protein expression levels were decreased. Furthermore, RA + Ful rats had lower levels of antioxidants PON-1 and catalase in the hippocampal regions. The changes in these molecular markers were statistically significant when compared to RA rats without Ful treatment (p < 0.05). Estrogen hindrance exaggerated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis which resulted in neuronal degeneration in the hippocampal regions in rheumatoid arthritis.

Getting to the Heart of the Matter: Exploring the Intersection of Cardiovascular Disease, Sex and Race and How Exercise, and Gut Microbiota Influence these Relationships

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, with physical inactivity being a known contributor to the global rates of CVD incidence. CVD incidence, however, is not uniform with recognized sex differences as well and racial and ethnic differences. Furthermore, gut microbiota have been associated with CVD, sex, and race/ethnicity. Researchers have begun to examine the interplay of these complicated yet interrelated topics. This review will present evidence that CVD (risk and development), and gut microbiota are distinct between the sexes and racial/ethnic groups, which appear to be influenced by acculturation, discrimination, stress, and lifestyle factors like exercise. Furthermore, this review will address the beneficial impacts of exercise on the cardiovascular system and will provide recommendations for future research in the field.

Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides induce Poecilia reticulata to maintain redox equilibrium during and after coexposure to iron oxide nanoparticles (y-Fe2O3)

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are being increasingly recognized as viable materials for environmental remediation due to their capacity to adsorb contaminants such as glyphosate (GLY) on their surfaces. Nevertheless, the ecotoxicological implications of IONPs associated with GLY necessitate thorough evaluation to ascertain the safety of such remediation strategies. In this context, the present investigation was conducted to examine hepatic biomarkers pertinent to the redox system, as well as ultrastructural hepatic alterations in Poecilia reticulata, following a 21-day exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of IONPs, iron ions (Fe), and glyphosate in its pure form (GLY) as well as a commercial glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH). After this exposure, the fish underwent a 21-day recovery in uncontaminated water. The results indicated an increase in the activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and in the concentration of glutathione (GSH) in the animals subjected to IONP+GBH and IONP+GLY treatments. This biochemical response persisted for the duration of both the exposure and recovery phases. Concurrently, hepatocytes displayed mitochondria with increased electron density, augmented lipid droplet accumulation, and expanded necrotic areas within the hepatic tissue. In contrast, fish exposed solely to IONPs exhibited sustained redox homeostasis throughout the investigative timeline. These findings suggest that the coexposure toxicity of IONP+GLY and IONP+GBH is attributable to the agent adsorbed onto the IONPs and that P. reticulata could maintain an active antioxidant defense mechanism throughout the entire study period.

Review on ginseng and its potential active substance G-Rg2 against age-related diseases: Traditional efficacy and mechanism

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

According to the Shen Nong Herbal Classic, Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is documented to possess life-prolonging effects and is extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as qi deficiency, temper deficiency, insomnia, and forgetfulness. Ginseng is commonly employed for replenishing qi and nourishing blood, fortifying the body and augmenting immunity; it has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating fatigue, enhancing memory, and retarding aging. Furthermore, it exhibits a notable ameliorative impact on age-related conditions including cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. One of its active constituents - ginsenoside Rg2 (G-Rg2) - exhibits potential therapeutic efficacy in addressing these ailments.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

The aim of this review is to explore the traditional efficacy of ginseng in anti-aging diseases and the modern pharmacological mechanism of its potential active substance G-Rg2, in order to provide strong theoretical support for further elucidating the mechanism of its anti-aging effect.

METHODS

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the traditional efficacy of ginseng and the potential mechanisms underlying the anti-age-related disease properties of G-Rg2, based on an extensive literature review up to March 12, 2024, from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases. Potential anti-aging mechanisms of G-Rg2 were predicted using network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis techniques.

RESULTS

In traditional Chinese medicine theory, ginseng has been shown to improve aging-related diseases with a variety of effects, including tonifying qi, strengthening the spleen and stomach, nourishing yin, regulating yin and yang, as well as calming the mind. Its potential active ingredient G-Rg2 has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in age-related diseases, especially central nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. G-Rg2 exhibited a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Meanwhile, the network pharmacological analyses and molecular docking results were consistent with the existing literature review, further validating the potential efficacy of G-Rg2 as an anti-aging agent.

CONCLUSION

The review firstly explores the ameliorative effects of ginseng on a wide range of age-related diseases based on TCM theories. Secondly, the article focuses on the remarkable significance and value demonstrated by G-Rg2 in age-related cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, G-Rg2 has broad prospects for development in intervening in aging and treating age-related health problems.

Myocardial DYRK1B Expression Is Increased in Patients with Impaired Cardiac Contractility and Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Heart failure and cardiovascular disease represent a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Recent evidence associates an increased expression of the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1B (DYRK1B) with an impaired cardiac function in mice. However, there remains a paucity of data on myocardial DYRK1B expression in patients with cardiovascular disease in the context of other comorbidities. In our study, we examined DYRK1B mRNA expression in human right atrial appendage biopsies from 159 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery. Each patient was tested for sleep-disordered breathing the night prior to surgery. In this large representative study cohort with cardiovascular high-risk patients, we found that an impaired cardiac function as well as sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), including various oxidative stress parameters, were associated with an increased myocardial DYRK1B expression. A multivariate regression analysis revealed left ventricular ejection fraction and the presence of SDB as significant predictors of the myocardial DYRK1B expression independent of other clinical covariates. Based on these findings, DYRK1B represents a promising molecular target in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction as well in patients with sleep-disordered breathing.

Glycyrrhizic Acid-Loaded Poloxamer and HPMC-Based In Situ Forming Gel of Acacia Honey for Improved Wound Dressing: Formulation Optimization and Characterization for Wound Treatment

The present study aims to formulate a stimuli-responsive in situ hydrogel system to codeliver acacia honey and glycyrrhizic acid for topical application that will aid in absorbing wound exudates, control microbial infestation, and produce angiogenic and antioxidant effects to accelerate wound healing. Therefore, both the natural active constituents were incorporated within an in situ hydrogel composed of poloxamer and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), where the concentrations of the polymers were optimized using Design-Expert software considering optimum values of the dependent variables, gelation temperature (34-37 °C), gelation time (<10 min), and the viscosity (2000-3500 cPs). The optimized formulation showed improved physicochemical properties such as mucoadhesiveness, porosity, swelling, and spreadability, which makes it suitable for wound application. Additionally, the in situ hydrogel exhibited potent in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant effects, in vitro antimicrobial activities, and ex ovo angiogenic effects. Furthermore, the optimized formulation was found to be nontoxic while tested in the HaCaT cell line and acute dermal irritation and corrosion study. The findings of the in vivo wound-healing studies in experimental animal models showed complete wound closure within 15 days of treatment and accelerated development of the extracellular matrix. In addition, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, angiogenic, and wound-healing properties of acacia honey and glycyrrhizic acid coloaded in situ hydrogel were also found to be promising when compared to the standard treatments. Overall, it can be concluded that the optimized stimuli-responsive in situ hydrogel containing two natural compounds could be an alternative to existing topical formulations for acute wounds.

Neuroprotective Potential of Origanum majorana L. Essential Oil Against Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits and Oxidative Stress in a Zebrafish Model

Origanum majorana L., also known as sweet marjoram, is a plant with multiple uses, both in the culinary field and traditional medicine, because of its major antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and digestive properties. In this research, we focused on the effects of O. majorana essential oil (OmEO, at concentrations of 25, 150, and 300 μL/L), evaluating chemical structure as well as its impact on cognitive performance and oxidative stress, in both naive zebrafish (Danio rerio), as well as in a scopolamine-induced amnesic model (SCOP, 100 μM). The fish behavior was analyzed in a novel tank-diving test (NTT), a Y-maze test, and a novel object recognition (NOR) test. We also investigated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the brain's oxidative stress status. In parallel, we performed in silico predictions (research conducted using computational models) of the pharmacokinetic properties of the main compounds identified in OmEO, using platforms such as SwissADME, pKCSM, ADMETlab 2.0, and ProTox-II. The results revealed that the major compounds were trans-sabinene hydrate (36.11%), terpinen-4-ol (17.97%), linalyl acetate (9.18%), caryophyllene oxide (8.25%), and α-terpineol (6.17%). OmEO can enhance memory through AChE inhibition, reduce SCOP-induced anxiety by increasing the time spent in the top zone in the NTT, and significantly reduce oxidative stress markers. These findings underscore the potential of using O. majorana to improve memory impairment and reduce oxidative stress associated with cognitive disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Dietary exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate for 6 months alters markers of female reproductive aging in mice†

The female reproductive system ages before any other physiological system, making it a sensitive indicator of aging. Early reproductive aging is associated with the early onset of infertility and an increased risk of several diseases. During aging, systemic and reproductive oxidative stress and inflammation levels increase through inflammasome activation, leading to ovarian follicle loss. Other markers of reproductive aging include increased fibrosis and shortening of telomeres in ovarian cells. The factors that accelerate reproductive aging are unclear, but likely involve exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as phthalates. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used phthalate and humans are exposed to it daily. Several studies show that DEHP induces reproductive toxicity by affecting estrous cyclicity, follicle numbers, and hormone levels. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying DEHP-induced early onset of reproductive aging. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that dietary exposure to DEHP induces early reproductive aging by affecting inflammation, fibrosis, and the expression of telomere regulators and antioxidant enzymes. Adult CD-1 female mice were exposed to vehicle (corn oil) or DEHP (0.5, 1.5, or 1500 ppm) via the chow for 6 months. Exposure to DEHP increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes and Caspase 3, increased expression of telomere-associated genes, and increased fibrosis levels in the ovary. In addition, DEHP exposure for 6 months altered ovarian and systemic inflammatory status. Collectively, our novel data suggest that 6-month dietary exposure to DEHP may accelerate reproductive aging by affecting several reproductive aging markers in female mice.

Unraveling the AMPK-SIRT1-FOXO Pathway: The In-Depth Analysis and Breakthrough Prospects of Oxidative Stress-Induced Diseases

Oxidative stress (OS) refers to the production of a substantial amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cellular and organ damage. This imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant activity contributes to various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions. The body's antioxidant system, mediated by various signaling pathways, includes the AMPK-SIRT1-FOXO pathway. In oxidative stress conditions, AMPK, an energy sensor, activates SIRT1, which in turn stimulates the FOXO transcription factor. This cascade enhances mitochondrial function, reduces mitochondrial damage, and mitigates OS-induced cellular injury. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the biological roles, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of the AMPK-SIRT1-FOXO pathway in diseases influenced by OS, offering new insights and methods for understanding OS pathogenesis and its therapeutic approaches.

Chrysoeriol: a natural RANKL inhibitor targeting osteoclastogenesis and ROS regulation for osteoporosis therapy

Chrysoeriol (CHE) is a naturally occurring compound with established anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. This study examines its potential role in regulating osteoclast differentiation and activity, both of which are crucial for bone remodeling. Computational docking revealed high binding affinity between CHE and RANKL, specifically at the Lys-181 residue of RANKL, suggesting potential inhibitory interactions on osteoclastogenesis. In vitro assays confirmed CHE's non-toxic profile at concentrations below 20 μM and demonstrated a dose-dependent suppression of osteoclast differentiation. Notably, CHE treatment significantly reduced TRAP activity and bone resorption capacity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, CHE markedly decreased ROS production by NOX-1 expression and modulated the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway to enhance ROS clearance. The compound also showed inhibitory effects on the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, which are crucial for osteoclast activation. In an ovariectomized mouse model, administration of CHE mitigated bone loss, indicating its therapeutic potential in osteoporosis. Collectively, these findings establish CHE as a promising natural therapeutic agent for treating bone disorders characterized by excessive bone resorption, underscoring the need for further clinical investigation.

Rutin attenuates complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain in rats

Objectives

Rutin is a bioflavonoid compound renowned for its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive properties. The present study aims to assess its therapeutic efficacy on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)induced inflammatory pain.

Materials and Methods

Arthritis was induced in Wistar rats via subcutaneous administration of CFA into the right hind paw. Rutin (15 and 30 mg/kg) and indomethacin (5 mg/kg, orally) were given once daily for three weeks. Parameters observed included alterations in paw swelling perimeter, arthritis scores, and body weight. Additionally, antinociceptive activity was measured through thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia responses. The Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level in the serum was measured. Malondialdehyde (MDA), thiol levels, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were also evaluated as serum oxidative stress markers.

Results

Rutin and indomethacin significantly suppressed alterations in paw edema, pain responses, and arthritis scores and reduced the loss of body weight in contrast to disease-control rats. Furthermore, in contrast to disease control rats, rutin and indomethacin treatment exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect through a marked reduction in TNF-α levels in the serum. Rutin and indomethacin demonstrated a significant increase in catalase and SOD activities, a total thiol level, and a decrease in MDA level compared to the disease-control rats.

Conclusion

These results suggest that rutin's antiarthritic effect is mediated by its antinociceptive, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Essential Oils of Tunisian Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.: Chemical and Biological Insights

Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. is native to the Mediterranean area and belongs to Cupressaceae family. The aim of this study were: i) to determine the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) of T. articulata obtained from its stems, leaves, and cones using GC coupled to GC/MS; II) to evaluate their antioxidant activity using non enzymatic (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP) and enzymatic methods (catalase activity); III) to evaluated their anti-enzymatic activity on enzyme involved in metabolism and Central Nervous System using spectrophotometric assays. α-Pinene, limonene, and bornyl acetate were the main components of the three EOs. Moreover, the EO from cones showed the best antioxidant activity and was also to increase of catalase activity. All EOs were active against α-amylase in similar way; the EO leaves was more active against α-glucosidase and the EO from cones was more active against cholinesterase. The EOs demonstrated significant inhibition of the mature biofilm of Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. This highlight the potential uses of T. articulata EOs in the fields of health and agriculture.

The ameliorative effect of methanol extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) leaves on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats

Plants are a rich source of antioxidants that are produced naturally. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of the plant Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) in the attenuation of paracetamol (PCM) hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty-four male albino Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were divided into four groups, with six rats each. Group 1 served as the control group, receiving just distilled water. Groups 2 and 3 received orally 250 mg/kg bwt/day PCM and 300 mg/kg bwt/day methanol extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) leaves for two weeks, respectively. For group 4, the Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) leaf extract was pre-administered for 1 week before receiving 300 mg/kg bwt/day Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) leaves extract and 250 mg/kg bwt/day PCM for 2 weeks. As a marker of liver damage, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured. Liver tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase activities were utilized to determine antioxidant state, while malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was employed as a lipid peroxidation indicator. When compared to the control group, the activities of serum AST, ALT, SOD, and MDA levels were considerably (p < 0.05) higher in the PCM group, although GSH level and GST and catalase activities were significantly lower. In comparison to the PCM group, co-administration of PCM with Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) extract decreased serum AST and ALT activities. This study shows that the leaf extracts of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) protects Wistar rats' livers from PCM-induced oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes.

Demystifying the management of cancer through smart nano-biomedicine via regulation of reactive oxygen species

Advancements in therapeutic strategies and combinatorial approaches for cancer management have led to the majority of cancers in the initial stages to be regarded as treatable and curable. However, certain high-grade cancers in the initial stages are still regarded as chronic and difficult to manage, requiring novel therapeutic strategies. In this era of targeted and precision therapy, novel strategies for targeted delivery of drug and synergistic therapies, integrating nanotherapeutics, polymeric materials, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment are being developed. One such strategy is the study and utilization of smart-nano biomedicine, which refers to stimuli-responsive polymeric materials integrated with the anti-cancer drug that can modulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tumor microenvironment or can be ROS responsive for the mitigation as well as management of various cancers. The article explores in detail the ROS, its types, and sources; the antioxidant system, including scavengers and their role in cancer; the ROS-responsive targeted polymeric materials, including synergistic therapies for the treatment of cancer via modulating the ROS in the tumor microenvironment, involving therapeutic strategies promoting cancer cell death; and the current landscape and future prospects.

Current advances in nanozyme-based nanodynamic therapies for cancer

Nanozymes are nano-catalysis materials with enzyme-like activities, which can repair the defects of natural enzyme such as harsh catalytic conditions, and harness their strengths to treat tumor. The emerging nanodynamic therapies improved drug selectivity and decreased drug tolerance, while causing efficient cell apoptosis through the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nanodynamic therapies based on nanozymes can improve the complicated tumor microenvironment (TME) to reduce the defect rate of nanodynamic therapies, and provide more options for tumor treatment. This review summarized the characteristics and applications of nanozymes with different activities and the factors influencing the activity of nanozymes. We also focused on the application of nanozymes in nanodynamic therapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Moreover, we discussed the strategies for optimizing nanodynamic therapies based on nanozymes for tumor treatment in detail, and provided a systematic review of tactics for synergies with other tumor therapies. Ultimately, we analyzed the shortcomings of nanodynamic therapies based on nanozymes and the relevant research prospect, which would provide sufficient evidence and lay a foundation for further research. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 1. The novelty and significance of the work with respect to the existing literatures. (1) Recent advances in nanozyme-based nanodynamic therapies are comprehensively and systematically reviewed, and strategies to address the limitations and challenges of current therapies based on nanozymes are discussed firstly. (2) The mechanism of nanozymes in nanodynamic therapies is described for the first time. The synergistic therapies, prospects, and challenges of nanozyme-based nanodynamic therapies are innovatively discussed. 2. The scientific impact and interest to our readership. This review focuses on the recent progress of nanozyme-based nanodynamic therapies. This review indicates the way forward for the combined treatment of nanozymes and nanodynamic therapies, and lays a foundation for facilitating theoretical development in clinic.