1
|
Lv W, Li M, Mao Y, Huang W, Yuan Q, Li M, Zhou Q, Yang H, Zhou W. Effects of dietary melatonin supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of rice field eel (Monopterus albus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 52:101273. [PMID: 38870552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The objective was to assess the impact of melatonin supplementation on the growth performance and intestinal health of rice field eel, Monopterus albus. Three hundred and sixty fish (28.46 ± 0.24 g) were fed five diets supplemented with melatonin of 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg for 70 days. The study found that the variables FBW, WGR, SGR, and FCR exhibited a statistically significant quadratic relationship (P < 0.05) with the dietary melatonin concentrations, and the highest FBW, WGR and SGR as well as lowest FCR were observed in the 120 mg/kg melatonin group, digestive enzymes activities (such as amylase, trypsin, and lipase) also had significant quadratic relationship (P < 0.05), and the highest intestinal villus height and goblet cells were found in the 120 mg/kg diet (P < 0.01), melatonin in diets significantly increased SOD and CAT activities in serum, up-regulated the expression of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10) and tight junction protein (ZO-1), and down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-15, and TNF-α) in the gut, dietary melatonin improved the intestinal microflora compositions, in the group that supplementation a dosage of 120 mg/kg, there was a noticeable rise in the abundance of Firmicutes and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota, compared with control group (P < 0.1). Conclusively, dietary supplementation of melatonin promoted growth performance, enhanced intestinal immune capacity and serum antioxidant level, and improved intestinal morphology properties and intestinal flora composition in M. albus. In conclusion, based on quadratic broken-line regression analysis of WGR and FCR, the optimal concentration of melatonin to be supplied is predicted to be 146-148 mg/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Lv
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Muyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yifan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Weiwei Huang
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Mingyou Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qiubai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Wenzong Zhou
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou D, Zhu X, Xiao Y. Advances in research on factors affecting chimeric antigen receptor T-cell efficacy. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7375. [PMID: 38864474 PMCID: PMC11167615 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is becoming an effective technique for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies. After analyzing patients with tumor progression and sustained remission after CAR-T cell therapy, many factors were found to be associated with the efficacy of CAR-T therapy. This paper reviews the factors affecting the effect of CAR-T such as tumor characteristics, tumor microenvironment and immune function of patients, CAR-T cell structure, construction method and in vivo expansion values, lymphodepletion chemotherapy, and previous treatment, and provides a preliminary outlook on the corresponding therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delian Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Verner JM, Arbuthnott HF, Ramachandran R, Bharadwaj M, Chaudhury N, Jou E. Emerging roles of type 1 innate lymphoid cells in tumour pathogenesis and cancer immunotherapy. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:296-315. [PMID: 38745765 PMCID: PMC11090689 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the most recently discovered class of innate immune cells found to have prominent roles in various human immune-related pathologies such as infection and autoimmune diseases. However, their role in cancer was largely unclear until recently, where several emerging studies over the past few years unanimously demonstrate ILCs to be critical players in tumour immunity. Being the innate counterpart of T cells, ILCs are potent cytokine producers through which they orchestrate the overall immune response upstream of adaptive immunity thereby modulating T cell function. Out of the major ILC subsets, ILC1s have gained significant traction as potential immunotherapeutic candidates due to their central involvement with the anti-tumour type 1 immune response. ILC1s are potent producers of the well-established anti-tumour cytokine interferon γ (IFNγ), and exert direct cytotoxicity against cancer cells in response to the cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15). However, in advanced diseases, ILC1s are found to demonstrate an exhausted phenotype in the tumour microenvironment (TME) with impaired effector functions, characterised by decreased responsiveness to cytokines and reduced IFNγ production. Tumour cells produce immunomodulatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and IL-23, and through these suppress ILC1 anti-tumour actfivities and converts ILC1s to pro-tumoural ILC3s respectively, resulting in disease progression. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ILC1s in tumour immunity, and discusses the exciting prospects of harnessing ILC1s for cancer immunotherapy, either alone or in combination with cytokine-based treatment. The exciting prospects of targeting the upstream innate immune system through ILC1s may surmount the limitations associated with adaptive immune T cell-based strategies used in the clinic currently, and overcome cancer immunotherapeutic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raghavskandhan Ramachandran
- Medical Sciences Division, Oxford University Hospitals, OX3 9DU Oxford, United Kingdom
- Balliol College, University of Oxford, OX1 3BJ Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manini Bharadwaj
- Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, SL2 4HL Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Chaudhury
- Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, SL2 4HL Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Jou
- Medical Sciences Division, Oxford University Hospitals, OX3 9DU Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, SL2 4HL Slough, United Kingdom
- Kellogg College, University of Oxford, OX2 6PN Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu S, Meng K, Wang T, Qu R, Wang B, Xi Y, Yu T, Yuan Z, Cai Z, Tian Y, Zeng C, Wang X, Zou W, Fu X, Li L. Lung cancer cell-intrinsic IL-15 promotes cell migration and sensitizes murine lung tumors to anti-PD-L1 therapy. Biomark Res 2024; 12:40. [PMID: 38637902 PMCID: PMC11027539 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-15 plays a vital role in enhancing NK cell- and T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses; however, the direct effect of IL-15 on tumor cells has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated the effect of IL-15 on lung adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS Silencing and overexpression techniques were used to modify endogenous IL-15 expression in tumor cells. Transwell assays were used to assess tumor cell migration and invasion; a live-cell analysis system was used to evaluate cell motility; cellular morphological changes were quantified by confocal fluorescence microscopy; the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of IL-15 on tumor cells were analyzed by western blotting; and RhoA and Cdc42 activities were evaluated by a pulldown assay. NCG and C57BL/6 mouse models were used to evaluate the functions of IL-15 in vivo. RESULTS Cancer cell-intrinsic IL-15 promoted cell motility and migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo via activation of the AKT-mTORC1 pathway; however, exogenous IL-15 inhibited cell motility and migration via suppression of the RhoA-MLC2 axis. Mechanistic analysis revealed that both the intracellular and extracellular IL-15-mediated effects required the expression of IL-15Rα by tumor cells. Detailed analyses revealed that the IL-2/IL-15Rβ and IL-2Rγ chains were undetected in the complex formed by intracellular IL-15 and IL-15Rα. However, when exogenous IL-15 engaged tumor cells, a complex containing the IL-15Rα, IL-2/IL-15Rβ, and IL-2Rγ chains was formed, indicating that the differential actions of intracellular and extracellular IL-15 on tumor cells might be caused by their distinctive modes of IL-15 receptor engagement. Using a Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) metastasis model, we showed that although IL-15 overexpression facilitated the lung metastasis of LLC cells, IL-15-overexpressing LLC tumors were more sensitive to anti-PD-L1 therapy than were IL-15-wild-type LLC tumors via an enhanced antitumor immune response, as evidenced by their increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration compared to that of their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Cancer cell-intrinsic IL-15 and exogenous IL-15 differentially regulate cell motility and migration. Thus, cancer cell-intrinsic IL-15 acts as a double-edged sword in tumor progression. Additionally, high levels of IL-15 expressed by tumor cells might improve the responsiveness of tumors to immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Hu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kelin Meng
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tianlai Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rirong Qu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Boyu Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Xi
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Taiyan Yu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiwei Yuan
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zihao Cai
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yitao Tian
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chenxi Zeng
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenbin Zou
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangning Fu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Lequn Li
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmadi N, Zareinejad M, Ameri M, Mahmoudi Maymand E, Nooreddin Faraji S, Ghaderi A, Ramezani A. Enhancing cancer immunotherapy with Anti-NKG2D/IL-15(N72D)/Sushi fusion protein: Targeting cytotoxic immune cells and boosting IL-15 efficacy. Cytokine 2024; 176:156505. [PMID: 38301357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a number of distinct challenges and complexities associated with administering IL-15 for cancer immunotherapy that must be taken into consideration. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to design a fusion protein for targeting cytotoxic immune cells and enhance IL-15 efficiency. METHODS A fusokine that contains IL-15(N72D), a Sushi domain, and anti-NKG2D scFv was designed. The fusion protein was in-silico modeled using the Swiss model server, followed by docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The in-vitro purified fusokine was evaluated using dot blot and Western blot. Then, flow cytometry was employed to evaluate biological properties such as proliferation, cytotoxicity, and degranulation. RESULTS Fusokine and IL-15(N72D)/Sushi, which had molecular weights of about 52 kDa and 26 kDa, respectively, were expressed in CHO-K1 cells. The fusokine binds 69.6 % of the CHO-NKG2D+ cells that express 83.1 % NKG2D. Both the fusokine and the IL-15(N72D)/Sushi significantly stimulate the proliferation of lymphocytes. After 14 days of growth, the vitality of untreated cells decreased to about 17.5 %, but 82.2 % and 56.6 % of cells were still alive when fusokine and IL-15(N72D)/Sushi were present. Furthermore, administration of fusokine was associated with the highest rates of target tumor cell cytotoxicity. Additionally, although it was not statistically significant, fusokine increased the expression of CD107a and granzyme B by 1.25 times and 2.4 times, respectively. CONCLUSION The fusokine possesses the capability to stimulate the survival and multiplication of lymphocytes, as well as their ability to eliminate tumors. These characteristics have led to its consideration as a potential treatment for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammadrasul Zareinejad
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Ameri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Mahmoudi Maymand
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Nooreddin Faraji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Ramezani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ullah F, Markouli M, Orland M, Ogbue O, Dima D, Omar N, Mustafa Ali MK. Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia: Clinical Features, Molecular Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1307. [PMID: 38610985 PMCID: PMC11011145 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by persistent clonal expansion of mature T- or natural killer cells in the blood via chronic antigenic stimulation. LGL leukemia is associated with specific immunophenotypic and molecular features, particularly STAT3 and STAT5 mutations and activation of the JAK-STAT3, Fas/Fas-L and NF-κB signaling pathways. Disease-related deaths are mainly due to recurrent infections linked to severe neutropenia. The current treatment is based on immunosuppressive therapies, which frequently produce unsatisfactory long-term responses, and for this reason, personalized approaches and targeted therapies are needed. Here, we discuss molecular pathogenesis, clinical presentation, associated autoimmune disorders, and the available treatment options, including emerging therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia Ullah
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA; (M.O.); (O.O.); (D.D.); (N.O.); (M.K.M.A.)
| | - Mariam Markouli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mark Orland
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA; (M.O.); (O.O.); (D.D.); (N.O.); (M.K.M.A.)
| | - Olisaemeka Ogbue
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA; (M.O.); (O.O.); (D.D.); (N.O.); (M.K.M.A.)
| | - Danai Dima
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA; (M.O.); (O.O.); (D.D.); (N.O.); (M.K.M.A.)
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA
| | - Najiullah Omar
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA; (M.O.); (O.O.); (D.D.); (N.O.); (M.K.M.A.)
| | - Moaath K. Mustafa Ali
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA; (M.O.); (O.O.); (D.D.); (N.O.); (M.K.M.A.)
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44915, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Skariah N, James OJ, Swamy M. Signalling mechanisms driving homeostatic and inflammatory effects of interleukin-15 on tissue lymphocytes. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 3:kyae002. [PMID: 38405398 PMCID: PMC10883678 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
There is an intriguing dichotomy in the function of cytokine interleukin-15-at low levels, it is required for the homeostasis of the immune system, yet when it is upregulated in response to pathogenic infections or in autoimmunity, IL-15 drives inflammation. IL-15 associates with the IL-15Rα within both myeloid and non-haematopoietic cells, where IL-15Rα trans-presents IL-15 in a membrane-bound form to neighboring cells. Alongside homeostatic maintenance of select lymphocyte populations such as NK cells and tissue-resident T cells, when upregulated, IL-15 also promotes inflammatory outcomes by driving effector function and cytotoxicity in NK cells and T cells. As chronic over-expression of IL-15 can lead to autoimmunity, IL-15 expression is tightly regulated. Thus, blocking dysregulated IL-15 and its downstream signalling pathways are avenues for immunotherapy. In this review we discuss the molecular pathways involved in IL-15 signalling and how these pathways contribute to both homeostatic and inflammatory functions in IL-15-dependent mature lymphoid populations, focusing on innate, and innate-like lymphocytes in tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neema Skariah
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Olivia J James
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mahima Swamy
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gellert J, Jäkel A, Danielczyk A, Goletz C, Lischke T, Flechner A, Dix L, Günzl A, Kehler P. GT-00AxIL15, a Novel Tumor-Targeted IL-15-Based Immunocytokine for the Treatment of TA-MUC1-Positive Solid Tumors: Preclinical In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacodynamics and Biodistribution Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1406. [PMID: 38338686 PMCID: PMC10855649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
GT-00AxIL15 is a novel interleukin-15-based immunocytokine targeting a tumor-specific, glycosylated epitope of MUC1 (TA-MUC1). We characterized mode of action, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties and investigated the relevance of TA-MUC1 binding for the concept of delivering IL-15 to solid tumors. In vitro pharmacology was analyzed in binding and cell-based assays. The in vivo PK profile and IL-15-mediated PD effects of GT-00AxIL15 were investigated in tumor-free mice. Tumor accumulation, immune infiltration and anti-tumor activity were assessed in TA-MUC1+ syngeneic and xenogeneic murine tumor models. GT-00AxIL15 was shown to specifically bind TA-MUC1 on tumor cells via its mAb moiety, to IL-15 receptors on immune cells via its IL-15 fusion modules and to FcγRs via its functional Fc-part. In vitro, NK, NKT and CD8+ T cells were activated and proliferated, leading to anti-tumor cytotoxicity and synergism with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating mAbs. In vivo, GT-00AxIL15 exhibited favorable PK characteristics with a serum half-life of 13 days and specifically accumulated in TA-MUC1+ tumors. In the tumor microenvironment, GT-00AxIL15 induced robust immune activation and expansion and mediated anti-metastatic and anti-tumor effects in syngeneic and xenograft tumor models. These results support the rationale to improve PK and anti-tumor efficacy of IL-15 by increasing local concentrations at the tumor site via conjugation to a TA-MUC1 binding mAb. The tumor-selective expression pattern of TA-MUC1, powerful immune activation and anti-tumor cytotoxicity, long serum half-life and tumor targeting properties, render GT-00AxIL15 a promising candidate for treatment of solid tumors with high medical need, e.g., ovarian, lung and breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Gellert
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Anika Jäkel
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Antje Danielczyk
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Christoph Goletz
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Timo Lischke
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Anke Flechner
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Laura Dix
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| | | | - Patrik Kehler
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin, Germany (A.D.); (T.L.); (P.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khalafi M, Maleki AH, Symonds ME, Sakhaei MH, Rosenkranz SK, Ehsanifar M, Korivi M, Liu Y. Interleukin-15 responses to acute and chronic exercise in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1288537. [PMID: 38235143 PMCID: PMC10791876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1288537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Interlukin-15 (IL-15) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays a vital role in immunology and obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether exercise promotes circulating IL-15 concentrations in adults. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to May, 2023 and identified original studies that investigated the effectiveness of acute and/or chronic exercise on serum/plasma IL-15 levels in adults. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random effect models. Subgroup analyses were performed based on type of exercise, and training status, health status and body mass indexes (BMI) of participants. Results Fifteen studies involving 411 participants and 12 studies involving 899 participants were included in the acute and chronic exercise analyses, respectively. Our findings showed that acute exercise increased circulating IL-15 concentrations immediately after exercise compared with baseline [SMD=0.90 (95% CI: 0.47 to 1.32), p=0.001], regardless of exercise type and participants' training status. Similarly, acute exercise was also associated with increased IL-15 concentrations even one-hour after exercise [SMD=0.50 (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.99), p=0.04]. Nevertheless, chronic exercise did not have a significant effect on IL-15 concentrations [SMD=0.40 (95% CI: -0.08 to 0.88), p=0.10]. Conclusion Our results confirm that acute exercise is effective in increasing the IL-15 concentrations immediately and one-hour after exercise intervention, and thereby playing a potential role in improving metabolism in adults. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=445634, identifier CRD42023445634.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Aref Habibi Maleki
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Michael E. Symonds
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sakhaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
| | - Sara K. Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Mahsa Ehsanifar
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song K. Current Development Status of Cytokines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:13-24. [PMID: 38148550 PMCID: PMC10762268 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines influence the overall cancer immune cycle by triggering tumor antigen expression, antigen presenting, immune cell priming and activation, effector immune cell recruitment and infiltration to cancer, and cancer killing in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, cytokines have been considered potential anti-cancer immunotherapy, and cytokine-based anti-cancer therapies continue to be an active area of research and development in the field of cancer immunotherapy, with ongoing clinical trials exploring new strategies to improve efficacy and safety. In this review, we examine past and present clinical developments for major anticancer cytokines, including interleukins (IL-2, IL-15, IL-12, IL-21), interferons, TGF-beta, and GM-CSF. We identify the current status and changes in the technology platform being applied to cytokine-based immune anti-cancer therapeutics. Through this, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of cytokine-based immune anti-cancer treatments in the current immunotherapy market and suggest development directions to enhance the clinical use of cytokines as immuno-anticancer drugs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Song
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hahn S, Kim G, Jin SM, Kim JH. Protective effects of metformin in the pro-inflammatory cytokine induced intestinal organoids injury model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 690:149291. [PMID: 38006803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) accompanies disrupted intestinal tight junctions. However, many approaches of therapeutics for IBD are focused only on anti-inflammatory effects and most cellular experiments are based on two-dimensional cell lines which have insufficient circumstances of intestine. Thus, here, we used three-dimensional structure intestinal organoids to investigate effects of metformin in the in vitro IBD condition. In this study, we focused on both tight junctions and the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Metformin enhances the intestinal barrier in injured intestine via upregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase, dysfunction of which contributes to the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases. We aim to investigate the effects of metformin on cytokine-induced injured intestinal organoids. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was used to induce intestinal injury in an organoid model, and the effects of metformin were assessed. Cell viability and levels of inflammatory cytokines were quantified in addition to tight junction markers. Furthermore, 4 kDa FITC-dextran was used to assess intestinal permeability. The upregulation of inflammatory cytokine levels was alleviated by metformin, which also restored the intestinal epithelium permeability in TNF-α-treated injury organoids. We confirmed that claudin-2 and claudin-7, representative tight junction markers, were also protected by metformin treatment. This study confirms the protective effects of metformin, which could be used as a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Hahn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, South Korea; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, South Korea.
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, South Korea.
| | - Sang-Man Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, South Korea.
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, South Korea; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06355, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mogawer RM, Youssef R, Helmy K, Emad N, Shaker O, Orabi S. Estimation of serum and tissue level of interleukin-15 (IL-15) and IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) in mycosis fungoides before and after phototherapy: An interventional cohort study. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2024; 40:e12938. [PMID: 38157308 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a chronic, highly recurrent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, whose pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Interleukin-15 was previously highlighted as a viability factor for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with previous studies shedding light on its role in pathogenesis of MF and its plausibility as a potential therapeutic target. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate serum and tissue expression of IL-15 and IL-15Rα in early cases of MF (IA, IB, IIA) at baseline and following phototherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen early MF cases were recruited. Samples were withdrawn prior to starting phototherapy treatment and following near complete clearance of the biopsied lesion or after a maximum of 36 sessions of phototherapy. Samples were assessed for change in expression of IL-15 and IL-15 Rα levels following treatment, whose levels were compared to healthy controls. RESULTS Serum and tissue levels of IL-15 and IL-15Rα in early MF cases were significantly higher at baseline than their levels following phototherapy treatment and higher than healthy controls. However, they dropped significantly following treatment with no statistical difference between treated cases and controls, apart from serum IL-15Rα that remained significantly elevated than controls. CONCLUSION Interleukin-15 and its receptor alpha appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of MF, being significantly elevated than healthy controls, which were normalized following phototherapy treatment, apart from serum IL-15Rα, which remained elevated. Controlling IL-15/IL-15Rα expression is a newly proposed mechanism of action of phototherapy in MF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania M Mogawer
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Randa Youssef
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kholoud Helmy
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Emad
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat Shaker
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarah Orabi
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Zhao L, Wu A, Lin P, Fan J, Chen J, Wang X, Zeng X. Abnormal M1 polarization of placental macrophage induced by IL-15/STAT5 activation in VVC may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105232. [PMID: 37802467 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) may experience adverse pregnancy outcomes such as premature delivery, intrauterine infection, abortion, and neonatal infection. Therefore, finding new treatments for VVC in pregnancy is a public health priority. We aimed to study the adverse consequences of Candida albicans (C. albicans) vaginal infection in pregnant mice and explore the mechanisms by which C. albicans affects macrophages. Our findings contribute to the development of new approaches to treat VVC during pregnancy. We established an animal model of vaginal infection by C. albicans in pregnant mice and observed adverse pregnancy outcomes such as decreased body weight, reduced implantation number, and increased abortion rates. Additionally, we infected mouse macrophage line RAW264.7 cells with C. albicans and established a cell model. We employed RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining to verify the changes in the IL-15/STAT5 signaling pathway and the role it played on the M1 polarization of C. albicans-infected macrophages at both the gene and protein levels. Our results indicate that the adverse pregnancy outcomes in VVC may be linked to changes in the IL-15/STAT5 pathway induced by C. albicans, which could impact macrophage M1 polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Aiwen Wu
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Pingping Lin
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jianing Fan
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Xin Zeng
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo M, Gong W, Zhang Y, Li H, Ma D, Wu K, Gao Q, Fang Y. New insights into the stemness of adoptively transferred T cells by γc family cytokines. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:347. [PMID: 38049832 PMCID: PMC10694921 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell-based adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has exhibited excellent antitumoral efficacy exemplified by the clinical breakthrough of chimeric antigen receptor therapy (CAR-T) in hematologic malignancies. It relies on the pool of functional T cells to retain the developmental potential to serially kill targeted cells. However, failure in the continuous supply and persistence of functional T cells has been recognized as a critical barrier to sustainable responses. Conferring stemness on infused T cells, yielding stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCM) characterized by constant self-renewal and multilineage differentiation similar to pluripotent stem cells, is indeed necessary and promising for enhancing T cell function and sustaining antitumor immunity. Therefore, it is crucial to identify TSCM cell induction regulators and acquire more TSCM cells as resource cells during production and after infusion to improve antitumoral efficacy. Recently, four common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc) family cytokines, encompassing interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21, have been widely used in the development of long-lived adoptively transferred TSCM in vitro. However, challenges, including their non-specific toxicities and off-target effects, have led to substantial efforts for the development of engineered versions to unleash their full potential in the induction and maintenance of T cell stemness in ACT. In this review, we summarize the roles of the four γc family cytokines in the orchestration of adoptively transferred T cell stemness, introduce their engineered versions that modulate TSCM cell formation and demonstrate the potential of their various combinations. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Luo
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjian Gong
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuewen Zhang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huayi Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu Y, Lu S, Jin H, Zhu H, Wei X, Zhou T, Zhao M. RNA N6-methyladenosine methylation and skin diseases. Autoimmunity 2023; 56:2167983. [PMID: 36708146 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2023.2167983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Skin diseases are global health issues caused by multiple pathogenic factors, in which epigenetics plays an invaluable role. Post-transcriptional RNA modifications are important epigenetic mechanism that regulate gene expression at the genome-wide level. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modification that occurs in the messenger RNAs (mRNA) of most eukaryotes, which is installed by methyltransferases called "writers", removed by demethylases called "erasers", and recognised by RNA-binding proteins called "readers". To date, m6A is emerging to play essential part in both physiological processes and pathological progression, including skin diseases. However, a systematic summary of m6A in skin disease has not yet been reported. This review starts by illustrating each m6A-related modifier specifically and their roles in RNA processing, and then focus on the existing research advances of m6A in immune homeostasis and skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Huan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xingyu Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center of Major Skin Diseases and Skin Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fantini M, Arlen PM, Tsang KY. Potentiation of natural killer cells to overcome cancer resistance to NK cell-based therapy and to enhance antibody-based immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275904. [PMID: 38077389 PMCID: PMC10704476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cellular components of the innate immune system that can recognize and suppress the proliferation of cancer cells. NK cells can eliminate cancer cells through direct lysis, by secreting perforin and granzymes, or through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC involves the binding of the Fc gamma receptor IIIa (CD16), present on NK cells, to the constant region of an antibody already bound to cancer cells. Cancer cells use several mechanisms to evade antitumor activity of NK cells, including the accumulation of inhibitory cytokines, recruitment and expansion of immune suppressor cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), modulation of ligands for NK cells receptors. Several strategies have been developed to enhance the antitumor activity of NK cells with the goal of overcoming cancer cells resistance to NK cells. The three main strategies to engineer and boost NK cells cytotoxicity include boosting NK cells with modulatory cytokines, adoptive NK cell therapy, and the employment of engineered NK cells to enhance antibody-based immunotherapy. Although the first two strategies improved the efficacy of NK cell-based therapy, there are still some limitations, including immune-related adverse events, induction of immune-suppressive cells and further cancer resistance to NK cell killing. One strategy to overcome these issues is the combination of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that mediate ADCC and engineered NK cells with potentiated anti-cancer activity. The advantage of using mAbs with ADCC activity is that they can activate NK cells, but also favor the accumulation of immune effector cells to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Several clinical trials reported that combining engineered NK cells with mAbs with ADCC activity can result in a superior clinical response compared to mAbs alone. Next generation of clinical trials, employing engineered NK cells with mAbs with higher affinity for CD16 expressed on NK cells, will provide more effective and higher-quality treatments to cancer patients.
Collapse
|
17
|
Richardson PJ, Smith DP, de Giorgio A, Snetkov X, Almond-Thynne J, Cronin S, Mead RJ, McDermott CJ, Shaw PJ. Janus kinase inhibitors are potential therapeutics for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:47. [PMID: 37828541 PMCID: PMC10568794 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a poorly treated multifactorial neurodegenerative disease associated with multiple cell types and subcellular organelles. As with other multifactorial diseases, it is likely that drugs will need to target multiple disease processes and cell types to be effective. We review here the role of Janus kinase (JAK)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling in ALS, confirm the association of this signalling with fundamental ALS disease processes using the BenevolentAI Knowledge Graph, and demonstrate that inhibitors of this pathway could reduce the ALS pathophysiology in neurons, glia, muscle fibres, and blood cells. Specifically, we suggest that inhibition of the JAK enzymes by approved inhibitors known as Jakinibs could reduce STAT3 activation and modify the progress of this disease. Analysis of the Jakinibs highlights baricitinib as a suitable candidate due to its ability to penetrate the central nervous system and exert beneficial effects on the immune system. Therefore, we recommend that this drug be tested in appropriately designed clinical trials for ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara Cronin
- BenevolentAI, 15 MetroTech Centre, 8th FL, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Richard J Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christopher J McDermott
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brammer JE, Ballen K, Sokol L, Querfeld C, Nakamura R, Mishra A, McLaughlin EM, Feith D, Azimi N, Waldmann TA, Tagaya Y, Loughran T. Effective treatment with the selective cytokine inhibitor BNZ-1 reveals the cytokine dependency of T-LGL leukemia. Blood 2023; 142:1271-1280. [PMID: 37352612 PMCID: PMC10613725 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGLL) is a clonal proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes that can result in severe neutropenia, anemia, and bone marrow failure. Strong evidence from patients and mouse models demonstrate the critical role of interleukin-15 (IL-15) in T-LGLL pathogenesis. BNZ-1 is a pegylated peptide that selectively inhibits the binding of IL-15 and other γc cytokines to their cellular receptor complex, which has demonstrated efficacy in ex vivo T-LGLL cells and transgenic mice in preclinical studies. We conducted a phase 1/2 trial of BNZ-1 in patients with T-LGLL who had hematocytopenias (anemia or neutropenia) and required therapy. Clinical responses were assessed using hematologic parameters (improvement in hematocytopenias) based on response criteria from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 5998 T-LGLL trial. BNZ-1 demonstrated clinical partial responses in 20% of patients with T-LGLL with minimal toxicity and the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Furthermore, T-LGL leukemic cells showed significantly increased apoptosis in response to BNZ-1 treatment as early as day 2, including in clinical nonresponders, with changes that remained statistically different from baseline throughout treatment (P < .005). We report first-in-human proof that T-LGL leukemic cells are dependent on IL-15 and that intervention with IL-15 inhibition with BNZ-1 in patients with T-LGLL shows therapeutic effects, which carries important implications for the understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03239392.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Brammer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Karen Ballen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Lubomir Sokol
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa Bay, FL
| | | | | | - Anjali Mishra
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Cancer Biology, Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric M. McLaughlin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - David Feith
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Thomas A. Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Institute for Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Thomas Loughran
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang T, Wei L, Meng S, Song W, Chen Y, Li H, Zhao Q, Jiang Z, Liu D, Ren H, Hong X. Coordinated Priming of NKG2D Pathway by IL-15 Enhanced Functional Properties of Cytotoxic CD4 +CD28 - T Cells Expanded in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Inflammation 2023; 46:1587-1601. [PMID: 37415045 PMCID: PMC10567942 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disorder, and numerous aberrations of T cell responses have been reported and were implicated in its pathophysiology. Recently, CD4-positive T cells with cytotoxic potential were shown to be involved in autoimmune disease progression and tissue damage. However, the effector functions of this cell type and their potential molecular mechanisms in SLE patients remain to be elucidated. In this study, we find that cytotoxic CD4+CD28- T cells are expanded in SLE patients with flow cytometry analysis, and the percentage of CD4+CD28- T cells positively correlates with the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ACR Damage Index (SDI). Furthermore, our study suggests that interleukin-15 (IL-15) promotes the expansion, proliferation, and cytotoxic function of CD4+CD28- T cells in SLE patients through activation of the Janus kinase3-STAT5 pathway. Further study indicates that IL-15 not only mediates the upregulation of NKG2D, but also cooperates with the NKG2D pathway to regulate the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway. Together, our study demonstrated that proinflammatory and cytolytic CD4+CD28- T cells expand in SLE patients. The pathogenic potential of these CD4+CD28- T cells is driven by the coupling of the IL-15/IL-15R signaling pathway and the NKG2D/DAP10 signaling pathway, which may open new avenues for therapeutic intervention to prevent SLE progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Laiyou Wei
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Shuhui Meng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Wencong Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenyou Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medicine and Public Hygiene, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Huan Ren
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xiaoping Hong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China.
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gao J, Ren S, Choonoo G, Chen G, Frleta D, Zhong J, Gupta N, Sharma P, Oyejide A, Atwal GS, Macdonald L, Murphy A, Kuhnert F. Microenvironment-dependent growth of Sezary cells in humanized IL-15 mice. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050190. [PMID: 37718909 PMCID: PMC10581384 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sezary syndrome (SS) is a rare, aggressive leukemic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) that lacks adequate therapeutic options and representative small-animal models. Here, we demonstrate that IL-15 is a critical CTCL growth factor. Importantly, an immunodeficient knock-in mouse model genetically engineered to express human IL-15 uniquely supported the growth of SS patient samples relative to conventional immunodeficient mouse strains. SS patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models recapacitated key pathological features of the human disease, including skin infiltration and spread of leukemic cells to the periphery, and maintained the dependence on human IL-15 upon serial in vivo passaging. Detailed molecular characterization of the engrafted cells by single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed congruent neoplastic gene expression signatures but distinct clonal engraftment patterns. Overall, we document an important dependence of Sezary cell survival and proliferation on IL-15 signaling and the utility of immunodeficient humanized IL-15 mice as hosts for SS - and potentially other T and NK cell-derived hematologic malignancies - PDX model generation. Furthermore, these studies advocate the thorough molecular understanding of the resultant PDX models to maximize their translational impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Shumei Ren
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Guoying Chen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Davor Frleta
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jun Zhong
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Namita Gupta
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Prachi Sharma
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | - Lynn Macdonald
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Andrew Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Frank Kuhnert
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Muhie S, Gautam A, Misganaw B, Yang R, Mellon SH, Hoke A, Flory J, Daigle B, Swift K, Hood L, Doyle FJ, Wolkowitz OM, Marmar CR, Ressler K, Yehuda R, Hammamieh R, Jett M. Integrated analysis of proteomics, epigenomics and metabolomics data revealed divergent pathway activation patterns in the recent versus chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 113:303-316. [PMID: 37516387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics, proteomics and DNA methylome assays, when done in tandem from the same blood sample and analyzed together, offer an opportunity to evaluate the molecular basis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) course and pathogenesis. We performed separate metabolomics, proteomics, and DNA methylome assays on blood samples from two well-characterized cohorts of 159 active duty male participants with relatively recent onset PTSD (<1.5 years) and 300 male veterans with chronic PTSD (>7 years). Analyses of the multi-omics datasets from these two independent cohorts were used to identify convergent and distinct molecular profiles that might constitute potential signatures of severity and progression of PTSD and its comorbid conditions. Molecular signatures indicative of homeostatic processes such as signaling and metabolic pathways involved in cellular remodeling, neurogenesis, molecular safeguards against oxidative stress, metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, regulation of normal immune response, post-transcriptional regulation, cellular maintenance and markers of longevity were significantly activated in the active duty participants with recent PTSD. In contrast, we observed significantly altered multimodal molecular signatures associated with chronic inflammation, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, and cellular attritions in the veterans with chronic PTSD. Activation status of signaling and metabolic pathways at the early and late timepoints of PTSD demonstrated the differential molecular changes related to homeostatic processes at its recent and multi-system syndromes at its chronic phase. Molecular alterations in the recent PTSD seem to indicate some sort of recalibration or compensatory response, possibly directed in mitigating the pathological trajectory of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seid Muhie
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; The Geneva Foundation, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Burook Misganaw
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Vysnova Inc. Landover, MD 20785, USA
| | - Ruoting Yang
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Synthia H Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Allison Hoke
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Janine Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Bernie Daigle
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Computer Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Kevin Swift
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Francis J Doyle
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02134, USA
| | - Owen M Wolkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Charles R Marmar
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kerry Ressler
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Marti Jett
- US Army Medical Research and Development Command, HQ, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Park SJ, Yoon JH, Joo I, Lee JM. Newly developed sarcopenia after liver transplantation, determined by a fully automated 3D muscle volume estimation on abdominal CT, can predict post-transplant diabetes mellitus and poor survival outcomes. Cancer Imaging 2023; 23:73. [PMID: 37528480 PMCID: PMC10394977 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-023-00593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of muscle mass is the most common complication of end-stage liver disease and negatively affects outcomes for liver transplantation (LT) recipients. We aimed to determine the prognostic value of a fully automated three-dimensional (3D) muscle volume estimation using deep learning algorithms on abdominal CT in patients who underwent liver transplantation (LT). METHODS This retrospective study included 107 patients who underwent LT from 2014 to 2015. Serial CT scans, including pre-LT and 1- and 2-year follow-ups were performed. From the CT scans, deep learning-based automated body composition segmentation software was used to calculate muscle volumes in 3D. Sarcopenia was calculated by dividing average skeletal muscle area by height squared. Newly developed-(ND) sarcopenia was defined as the onset of sarcopenia 1 or 2 years after LT in patients without a history of sarcopenia before LT. Patients' clinical characteristics, including post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) and Model for end-stage liver disease score, were compared according to the presence or absence of sarcopenia after LT. A subgroup analysis was performed in the post-LT sarcopenic group. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for overall survival (OS). RESULTS Patients with ND-sarcopenia had poorer OS than those who did not (P = 0.04, hazard ratio [HR], 3.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05 - 10.7). In the subgroup analysis for post-LT sarcopenia (n = 94), 34 patients (36.2%) had ND-sarcopenia. Patients with ND-sarcopenia had significantly worse OS (P = 0.002, HR 7.12; 95% CI 2.00 - 25.32) and higher PTDM occurrence rates (P = 0.02, HR 4.93; 95% CI 1.18 - 20.54) than those with sarcopenia prior to LT. CONCLUSION ND-sarcopenia determined by muscle volume on abdominal CT can predict poor survival outcomes and the occurrence of PTDM for LT recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Jin Park
- Department of Radiology, SMG - SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ijin Joo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wong P, Foltz JA, Chang L, Neal CC, Yao T, Cubitt CC, Tran J, Kersting-Schadek S, Palakurty S, Jaeger N, Russler-Germain DA, Marin ND, Gang M, Wagner JA, Zhou AY, Jacobs MT, Foster M, Schappe T, Marsala L, McClain E, Pence P, Becker-Hapak M, Fisk B, Petti AA, Griffith OL, Griffith M, Berrien-Elliott MM, Fehniger TA. T-BET and EOMES sustain mature human NK cell identity and antitumor function. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162530. [PMID: 37279078 PMCID: PMC10313375 DOI: 10.1172/jci162530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the T-box transcription factors (TFs) T-BET and EOMES are necessary for initiation of NK cell development, their ongoing requirement for mature NK cell homeostasis, function, and molecular programming remains unclear. To address this, T-BET and EOMES were deleted in unexpanded primary human NK cells using CRISPR/Cas9. Deleting these TFs compromised in vivo antitumor response of human NK cells. Mechanistically, T-BET and EOMES were required for normal NK cell proliferation and persistence in vivo. NK cells lacking T-BET and EOMES also exhibited defective responses to cytokine stimulation. Single-cell RNA-Seq revealed a specific T-box transcriptional program in human NK cells, which was rapidly lost following T-BET and EOMES deletion. Further, T-BET- and EOMES-deleted CD56bright NK cells acquired an innate lymphoid cell precursor-like (ILCP-like) profile with increased expression of the ILC-3-associated TFs RORC and AHR, revealing a role for T-box TFs in maintaining mature NK cell phenotypes and an unexpected role of suppressing alternative ILC lineages. Our study reveals the critical importance of sustained EOMES and T-BET expression to orchestrate mature NK cell function and identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Wong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | | | - Lily Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | | | - Tony Yao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Foster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bryan Fisk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology
| | | | | | | | | | - Todd A. Fehniger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lui G, Minnar CM, Soon-Shiong P, Schlom J, Gameiro SR. Exploiting an Interleukin-15 Heterodimeric Agonist (N803) for Effective Immunotherapy of Solid Malignancies. Cells 2023; 12:1611. [PMID: 37371081 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying effective immunotherapies for solid tumors remains challenging despite the significant clinical responses observed in subsets of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a promising cytokine for the treatment of cancer as it stimulates NK and CD8+ lymphocytes. However, unfavorable pharmacokinetics and safety concerns render recombinant IL-15 (rIL-15) a less attractive modality. These shortcomings were addressed by the clinical development of heterodimeric IL-15 agonists, including N803. In preclinical tumor models, N803 elicited significant Th1 immune activation and tumor suppressive effects, primarily mediated by NK and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In addition, multiple clinical studies have demonstrated N803 to be safe for the treatment of cancer patients. The combination of N803 with the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab demonstrated encouraging clinical responses in nivolumab-naïve and nivolumab-refractory patients with non-small cell lung cancer. In a recent Phase II/III clinical study, most Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-refractory bladder cancer patients treated with N803 plus BCG experienced durable complete responses. Currently, N803 is being evaluated preclinically and clinically in combination with various agents, including chemotherapeutics, immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, and other immuno-oncology agents. This report will review the mechanism(s) of action of N803 and how it relates to the preclinical and clinical studies of N803.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Lui
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christine M Minnar
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Farley MJ, Bartlett DB, Skinner TL, Schaumberg MA, Jenkins DG. Immunomodulatory Function of Interleukin-15 and Its Role in Exercise, Immunotherapy, and Cancer Outcomes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:558-568. [PMID: 36730979 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has been shown to improve physical and psychosocial outcomes for people across the cancer care continuum. A proposed mechanism underpinning the relationship between exercise and cancer outcomes is exercise-induced immunomodulation via secretion of anti-inflammatory myokines from skeletal muscle tissue. Myokines have the potential to impair cancer growth through modulation of natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells while improving the effectiveness of cancer therapies. Interleukin-15 (IL-15), one of the most abundant myokines found in skeletal muscle, has a key immunoregulatory role in supporting the proliferation and maturation of T cells and NK cells, which have a key role in the host's immune response to cancer. Furthermore, IL-15 is being explored clinically as an immunotherapy agent with doses similar to the IL-15 concentrations released by skeletal muscle during exercise. Here we review the role of IL-15 within the immune system, examine how IL-15 is produced as a myokine during exercise, and how it may improve outcomes for people with cancer, specifically as an adjuvant or neoadjuvant to immunotherapy. We summarize the available evidence showing changes in IL-15 in response to both acute exercise and training, and the results are inconsistent; higher quality research is needed to advance the understanding of how exercise-mediated increases in IL-15 potentially benefit those who are being treated for, or who have had, cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J Farley
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AUSTRALIA
| | - David B Bartlett
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AUSTRALIA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sun X, Xu X, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Liu X, Wang G, Teng L, Chen X, Wang D, Li Y. Acid-switchable nanoparticles induce self-adaptive aggregation for enhancing antitumor immunity of natural killer cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023. [PMID: 37521862 PMCID: PMC10373095 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of natural killer (NK) cells shows a significant impact on tumor progression and failure of immunotherapy. It is highly desirable to boost NK cell immunity by upregulating active receptors and relieving the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Unfortunately, mobilization of NK cells is hampered by poor accumulation and short retention of drugs in tumors, thus declining antitumor efficiency. Herein, we develop an acid-switchable nanoparticle with self-adaptive aggregation property for co-delivering galunisertib and interleukin 15 (IL-15). The nanoparticles induce morphology switch by a decomposition-metal coordination cascade reaction, which provides a new methodology to trigger aggregation. It shows self-adaptive size-enlargement upon acidity, thus improving drug retention in tumor to over 120 h. The diameter of agglomerates is increased and drug release is effectively promoted following reduced pH values. The nanoparticles activate both NK cell and CD8+ T cell immunity in vivo. It significantly suppresses CT26 tumor in immune-deficient BALB/c mice, and the efficiency is further improved in immunocompetent mice, indicating that the nanoparticles can not only boost innate NK cell immunity but also adaptive T cell immunity. The approach reported here provides an innovative strategy to improve drug retention in tumors, which will enhance cancer immunotherapy by boosting NK cells.
Collapse
|
27
|
Gonzalez C, Williamson S, Gammon ST, Glazer S, Rhee JH, Piwnica-Worms D. TLR5 agonists enhance anti-tumor immunity and overcome resistance to immune checkpoint therapy. Commun Biol 2023; 6:31. [PMID: 36635337 PMCID: PMC9837180 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary and adaptive resistance to immune checkpoint therapies (ICT) represent a considerable obstacle to achieving enhanced overall survival. Innate immune activators have been actively pursued for their antitumor potential. Herein we report that a syngeneic 4T1 mammary carcinoma murine model for established highly-refractory triple negative breast cancer showed enhanced survival when treated intra-tumorally with either the TLR5 agonist flagellin or CBLB502, a flagellin derivative, in combination with antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1. Long-term survivor mice showed immunologic memory upon tumor re-challenge and a distinctive immune activating cytokine profile that engaged both innate and adaptive immunity. Low serum levels of G-CSF and CXCL5 (as well as high IL-15) were candidate predictive biomarkers correlating with enhanced survival. CBLB502-induced enhancement of ICT was also observed in poorly immunogenic B16-F10 melanoma tumors. Combination immune checkpoint therapy plus TLR5 agonists may offer a new therapeutic strategy to treat ICT-refractory solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Gonzalez
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Sarah Williamson
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Seth T. Gammon
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Sarah Glazer
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- grid.14005.300000 0001 0356 9399Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Improving NK cell function in multiple myeloma with NKTR-255, a novel polymer-conjugated human IL-15. Blood Adv 2023; 7:9-19. [PMID: 35882498 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by an immunosuppressive microenvironment that enables tumor development. One of the mechanisms of immune evasion used by MM cells is the inhibition of natural killer (NK) cell effector functions; thus, the restoration of NK cell antitumor activity represents a key goal to increase tumor cell recognition, avoid tumor escape and potentially enhancing the effect of other drugs. In this study, we evaluated the ability of the investigational medicine NKTR-255, an IL-15 receptor agonist, to engage the IL-15 pathway and stimulate NK cells against MM cells. We observed that incubation with NKTR-255 was able to tilt the balance toward an activated phenotype in NK cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with MM, with increased expression of activating receptors on the surface of treated NK cells. This resulted in an enhanced degranulation, cytokine release, and anti-tumor cytotoxicity when the NK cells were exposed to both MM cell lines and primary MM cells. We further evaluated the in vivo effect of NKTR-255 in fully humanized immunocompetent mice subcutaneously engrafted with H929 MM cells. Compared with placebo, weekly injection of the mice with NKTR-255 increased the number of circulating NK cells in peripheral blood and delayed tumor growth. Finally, we observed that combination of NKTR-255 with the anti-CD38 antibody, daratumumab, was effective against MM cells in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest a significant impact of NKTR-255 in inducing NK cell function against MM cells with important translational implications.
Collapse
|
29
|
Establishment of Epithelial Inflammatory Injury Model Using Intestinal Organoid Cultures. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:3328655. [PMID: 36926182 PMCID: PMC10014157 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3328655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial dysfunction is critical in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, most cellular experiments related to epithelial barrier studies in IBD have been based on tumor cell line that lack a variety of intestinal epithelial cell types. Thus, intestinal organoids can present the three-dimensional structure and better simulate the physiological structure and function of the intestinal epithelium in vitro. Here, the crypts were isolated from the small intestine of mice; with the participation of major cytokines (EGF, Noggin, and R-Spondin 1 included), the intestinal organoids were established at a density of 100 crypts per well, containing intestinal stem cells (ISC), Paneth cells, goblet cells, and intestinal endocrine cells. We found that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) could induce the inflammatory response of intestinal organoids, and a dose of 10 ng/mL could maintain stable passaging of organoids for dynamic observation. After stimulation with TNF-α, the intestinal organoid cultures showed lower expression of the cell proliferation-related protein identified by monoclonal antibody Ki 67 (Ki67), the ISC marker leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), and the intestinal tight junction proteins occludin (Ocln) and claudin-1 (Cldn1) while higher expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin- (IL-) 15 and the chemokines C-X-C motif ligand 2 (Cxcl2) and Cxcl10 significantly. In this study, we successfully established an epithelial inflammatory injury model of intestinal organoids, which provides an effective in vitro model for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD.
Collapse
|
30
|
The Cytokine Network in Colorectal Cancer: Implications for New Treatment Strategies. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010138. [PMID: 36611932 PMCID: PMC9818504 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent tumor entities worldwide with only limited therapeutic options. CRC is not only a genetic disease with several mutations in specific oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes such as APC, KRAS, PIC3CA, BRAF, SMAD4 or TP53 but also a multifactorial disease including environmental factors. Cancer cells communicate with their environment mostly via soluble factors such as cytokines, chemokines or growth factors to generate a favorable tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME, a heterogeneous population of differentiated and progenitor cells, plays a critical role in regulating tumor development, growth, invasion, metastasis and therapy resistance. In this context, cytokines from cancer cells and cells of the TME influence each other, eliciting an inflammatory milieu that can either enhance or suppress tumor growth and metastasis. Additionally, several lines of evidence exist that the composition of the microbiota regulates inflammatory processes, controlled by cytokine secretion, that play a role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In this review, we discuss the cytokine networks between cancer cells and the TME and microbiome in colorectal cancer and the related treatment strategies, with the goal to discuss cytokine-mediated strategies that could overcome the common therapeutic resistance of CRC tumors.
Collapse
|
31
|
Covino DA, Desimio MG, Doria M. Impact of IL-15 and latency reversing agent combinations in the reactivation and NK cell-mediated suppression of the HIV reservoir. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18567. [PMID: 36329160 PMCID: PMC9633760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACis) are major latency reversing agent (LRA) candidates in 'shock and kill' strategies to eradicate the HIV reservoir in infected patients. The poor achievements of initial HDACi-based trials and subsequent studies have highlighted the need for more efficient approaches such as combinatory and immunostimulating therapies. Here we studied combinations of IL-15 with pan-HDACi (Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat) or class I selective-HDACi (Entinostat) with or without a PKC agonist (Prostratin) for their impact on in vitro reactivation and NK cell-mediated suppression of latent HIV. Results showed that pan-HDACis but not Entinostat reduced NK cell viability and function; yet, combined IL-15 reverted the negative effects of pan-HDACis except for Panobinostat. All HDACis were ineffective at reactivating HIV in a CD4+ T cell model of latency, with pan-HDACis suppressing spontaneous and IL-15- or Prostratin-induced HIV release, while IL-15 + Prostratin combination showed maximal activity. Moreover, Panobinostat impaired STAT5 and NF-κB activation by IL-15 and Prostratin, respectively. Finally, by using effectors (NK) and targets (latently infected CD4+ T cells) equally exposed to drug combinations, we found that IL-15-mediated suppression of HIV reactivation by NK cells was inhibited by Panobinostat. Our data raise concerns and encouragements for therapeutic application of IL-15/LRA combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Angela Covino
- grid.414603.4Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Desimio
- grid.414603.4Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- grid.414603.4Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Waldmann TA, Waldmann R, Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The implications of IL-15 trans-presentation on the immune response. Adv Immunol 2022; 156:103-132. [PMID: 36410873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine type I four alpha-helical bundle cytokine that along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21 shares the common cytokine receptor γ chain, γc. IL-15 is vital for the development, survival, and expansion of natural killer cells and for the development of CD8+ memory T cells. Whereas other family γc cytokines signal by directly binding to their target cells, IL-15 is distinctive in that it binds to IL-15Rα, a sushi domain containing binding protein that is expressed on a number of cell types, including monocytes and dendritic cells as well as T cells, and then is trans-presented to responding cells that express IL-2Rβ and γc. This distinctive mechanism for IL-15 relates to its role in signaling in the context of cell-cell interactions and signaling synapses. The actions of IL-15 and ways of manipulating its actions to potential therapeutic benefit are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ma S, Caligiuri MA, Yu J. Harnessing IL-15 signaling to potentiate NK cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:833-847. [PMID: 36058806 PMCID: PMC9612852 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, a crucial component of the innate immune system, have long been of clinical interest for their antitumor properties. Almost every aspect of NK cell immunity is regulated by interleukin-15 (IL-15), a cytokine in the common γ-chain family. Several current clinical trials are using IL-15 or its analogs to treat various cancers. Moreover, NK cells are being genetically modified to produce membrane-bound or secretory IL-15. Here, we discuss the key role of IL-15 signaling in NK cell immunity and provide an up-to-date overview of IL-15 in NK cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoubao Ma
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA; Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Los Angeles, CA 91010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lensing M, Jabbari A. An overview of JAK/STAT pathways and JAK inhibition in alopecia areata. Front Immunol 2022; 13:955035. [PMID: 36110853 PMCID: PMC9470217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia Areata (AA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by non-scarring hair loss ranging from patches on the scalp to complete hair loss involving the entire body. Disease onset is hypothesized to follow the collapse of immune privilege of the hair follicle, which results in an increase in self-peptide/MHC expression along the follicular epithelium. Hair loss is associated with infiltration of the hair follicle with putatively self-reactive T cells. This process is thought to skew the hair follicle microenvironment away from a typically homeostatic immune state towards one of active inflammation. This imbalance is mediated in part by the dominating presence of specific cytokines. While interferon-γ (IFNγ) has been identified as the key player in AA pathogenesis, many other cytokines have also been shown to play pivotal roles. Mechanistic studies in animal models have highlighted the contribution of common gamma chain (γc) cytokines such as IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 in augmenting disease. IFNγ and γc cytokines signal through pathways involving receptor activation of Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). Based on these findings, JAK/STAT pathways have been targeted for the purposes of therapeutic intervention in the clinical setting. Case reports and series have described use of small molecule JAK inhibitors leading to hair regrowth among AA patients. Furthermore, emerging clinical trial results show great promise and position JAK inhibitors as a treatment strategy for patients with severe or recalcitrant disease. Demonstrated efficacy from large-scale clinical trials of the JAK inhibitor baricitinib led to the first-in-disease FDA-approved treatment for AA in June of 2022. This review aims to highlight the JAK/STAT signaling pathways of various cytokines involved in AA and how targeting those pathways may impact disease outcomes in both laboratory and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddison Lensing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ali Jabbari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ali Jabbari,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Warner K, Ghaedi M, Chung DC, Jacquelot N, Ohashi PS. Innate lymphoid cells in early tumor development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948358. [PMID: 36032129 PMCID: PMC9411809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune cells monitor, recognize, and eliminate transformed cells. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate counterparts of T cells that play a key role in many facets of the immune response and have a profound impact on disease states, including cancer. ILCs regulate immune responses by responding and integrating a wide range of signals within the local microenvironment. As primarily tissue-resident cells, ILCs are ideally suited to sense malignant transformation and initiate anti-tumor immunity. However, as ILCs have been associated with anti-tumor and pro-tumor activities in established tumors, they could potentially have dual functions during carcinogenesis by promoting or suppressing the malignant outgrowth of premalignant lesions. Here we discuss emerging evidence that shows that ILCs can impact early tumor development by regulating immune responses against transformed cells, as well as the environmental cues that potentially induce ILC activation in premalignant lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Warner
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maryam Ghaedi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas C. Chung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolas Jacquelot
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Pamela S. Ohashi,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
MacMullan MA, Wang P, Graham NA. Phospho-proteomics reveals that RSK signaling is required for proliferation of natural killer cells stimulated with IL-2 or IL-15. Cytokine 2022; 157:155958. [PMID: 35841827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a critical role in the innate immune system. Although cytokine signaling is crucial for the development, expansion, and cytotoxicity of NK cells, the signaling pathways stimulated by cytokines are not well understood. Here, we sought to compare the early signaling dynamics induced by the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based phospho-proteomics. Following stimulation of the immortalized NK cell line NK-92 with IL-2 or IL-15 for 5, 10, 15, or 30 min, we identified 8,692 phospho-peptides from 3,023 proteins. Comparing the kinetic profiles of 3,619 fully quantified phospho-peptides, we found that IL-2 and IL-15 induced highly similar signaling in NK-92 cells. Among the IL-2/IL-15-regulated phospho-peptides were both well-known signaling events like the JAK/STAT pathway and novel signaling events with potential functional significance including LCP1 pSer5, STMN1 pSer25, CHEK1 pSer286, STIM1 pSer608, and VDAC1 pSer104. Using bioinformatic approaches, we sought to identify kinases regulated by IL-2/IL-15 stimulation and found that the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) family was activated by both cytokines. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we then discovered that RSK signaling is required for IL-2 and IL-15-induced proliferation in NK-92 cells. Taken together, our analysis represents the first phospho-proteomic characterization of cytokine signaling in NK cells and increases our understanding of how cytokine signaling regulates NK cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A MacMullan
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Nicholas A Graham
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Molecular Signature of Neuroinflammation Induced in Cytokine-Stimulated Human Cortical Spheroids. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051025. [PMID: 35625761 PMCID: PMC9138619 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is the process of neuroinflammation that is often linked to the pro-inflammatory cytokines Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β). Human cortical spheroids (hCSs) constitute a valuable tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological diseases in a complex three-dimensional context. We recently designed a protocol to generate hCSs comprising all major brain cell types. Here we stimulate these hCSs for three time periods with TNFα and with IL-1β. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that the main process induced in the TNFα- as well as in the IL-1β-stimulated hCSs is neuroinflammation. Central in the neuroinflammatory response are endothelial cells, microglia and astrocytes, and dysregulated genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and their receptors, and downstream NFκB- and STAT-pathway components. Furthermore, we observe sets of neuroinflammation-related genes that are specifically modulated in the TNFα-stimulated and in the IL-1β-stimulated hCSs. Together, our results help to molecularly understand human neuroinflammation and thus a key mechanism of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
38
|
Cubitt CC, McClain E, Becker-Hapak M, Foltz JA, Wong P, Wagner JA, Neal CC, Marin ND, Marsala L, Foster M, Schappe T, Soon-Shiong P, Lee J, Berrien-Elliott MM, Fehniger TA. A novel fusion protein scaffold 18/12/TxM activates the IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 receptors to induce human memory-like natural killer cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:585-596. [PMID: 35284622 PMCID: PMC8889352 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells that are emerging as a cellular immunotherapy for various malignancies. NK cells are particularly dependent on interleukin (IL)-15 for their survival, proliferation, and cytotoxic function. NK cells differentiate into memory-like cells with enhanced effector function after a brief activation with IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18. N-803 is an IL-15 superagonist composed of an IL-15 mutant (IL-15N72D) bound to the sushi domain of IL-15Rα fused to the Fc region of IgG1, which results in physiological trans-presentation of IL-15. Here, we describe the creation of a novel triple-cytokine fusion molecule, 18/12/TxM, using the N-803 scaffold fused to IL-18 via the IL-15N72D domain and linked to a heteromeric single-chain IL-12 p70 by the sushi domain of the IL-15Rα. This molecule displays trispecific cytokine activity through its binding and signaling through the individual cytokine receptors. Compared with activation with the individual cytokines, 18/12/TxM induces similar short-term activation and memory-like differentiation of NK cells on both the transcriptional and protein level and identical in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity. Thus, N-803 can be modified as a functional scaffold for the creation of cytokine immunotherapies with multiple receptor specificities to activate NK cells for adoptive cellular therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia C Cubitt
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ethan McClain
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michelle Becker-Hapak
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer A Foltz
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pamela Wong
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julia A Wagner
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carly C Neal
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nancy D Marin
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lynne Marsala
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark Foster
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy Schappe
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - John Lee
- ImmunityBio, Culver City, CA 90232, USA
| | - Melissa M Berrien-Elliott
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Washington University School of Medicine, 425 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8007, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Landolina N, Mariotti FR, Ingegnere T, Alicata C, Ricci B, Pelosi A, Veneziani I, Azzarone BG, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Moretta L, Maggi E. IL-1R8 silencing improves the anti-tumor function of freshly isolated human NK cells. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003858. [PMID: 35292515 PMCID: PMC8928329 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory receptor interleukin-1 receptor 8 (IL-1R8) has been recently recognized to be expressed also by human natural killer (NK) cells. This study was aimed to design and optimize IL-1R8 silencing conditions in human NK cells to precisely establish the activity of such receptor in these cells. Electroporation of freshly isolated or IL-2-cultured NK cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA), resulted in a marked, even though variable, IL-1R8-silencing. Although the expression profile revealed downregulation of most genes involved in several intracellular pathways, some genes related to proliferation, expression of some chemokine receptors, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and cytotoxic activity were upregulated in IL-1R8-silenced NK cells. Furthermore, upon IL-15 activation, the majority of genes involved in NK cell function were upregulated in IL-1R8-siRNA—compared with control—siRNA-transfected NK cells. More importantly, in agreement with these findings, the reduction of IL-1R8 gene expression levels resulted in enhanced expression of NK cell activation markers, production of cytokines and chemokines, and cytotoxic activity against several NK cell targets with different susceptibility to NK-mediated lysis. Similar results were obtained following stimulation with IL-18. All together these data, deeply impacting on the main effector functions of human NK cells, can lead to a better understanding of IL-1R8-mediated regulation on these cells and to the design of new strategies for improving NK cell-mediated anti-tumor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Landolina
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Tiziano Ingegnere
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Alicata
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Ricci
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pelosi
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Veneziani
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (Milan), Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (Milan), Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano (Milan), Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
PDGF-D-PDGFRβ signaling enhances IL-15-mediated human natural killer cell survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2114134119. [PMID: 35027451 PMCID: PMC8784126 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114134119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to a critical innate arm of host immunity against viral infection and malignancies. However, limited expansion and persistence of NK cells in vivo remain major challenges for NK cell-based therapy. Here, we show that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-D−PDGF receptor-beta signaling—a potent stimulator of cell growth and motility—activates NK cells in an autocrine manner and contributes to interleukin-15–mediated NK cell survival but not effector functions, the latter of which were previously shown to depend on the binding of PDGF-D to the NKp44 receptor. Therefore, selectively introducing PDGF signaling into NK cells should benefit NK cell expansion and persistence and/or enhance effector function in NK cell-based immunotherapies. The axis of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor-beta (PDGFRβ) plays prominent roles in cell growth and motility. In addition, PDGF-D enhances human natural killer (NK) cell effector functions when binding to the NKp44 receptor. Here, we report an additional but previously unknown role of PDGF-D, whereby it mediates interleukin-15 (IL-15)–induced human NK cell survival but not effector functions via its binding to PDGFRβ but independent of its binding to NKp44. Resting NK cells express no PDGFRβ and only a low level of PDGF-D, but both are significantly up-regulated by IL-15, via the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway, to promote cell survival in an autocrine manner. Both ectopic and IL-15–induced expression of PDGFRβ improves NK cell survival in response to treatment with PDGF-D. Our results suggest that the PDGF-D−PDGFRβ signaling pathway is a mechanism by which IL-15 selectively regulates the survival of human NK cells without modulating their effector functions.
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim TS, Rha MS, Shin EC. IFN-γ Induces IL-15 Trans-Presentation by Epithelial Cells via IRF1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:338-346. [PMID: 34893528 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 exhibits pleiotropic effects on NK and CD8+ T cells and contributes to host protection or immunopathology during infection. Although both type I IFNs and IFN-γ upregulate IL-15 expression, their effects on IL-15 upregulation and underlying mechanisms have not been compared comprehensively. In addition, little is known about trans-presentation of IL-15 by epithelial cells to lymphocytes. In this study, we analyzed the expression of IL-15 and IL-15Rα in the human hepatocyte-derived Huh-7 cell line after stimulation with IFN-α, IFN-β, or IFN-γ using RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. We also performed knockdown experiments to investigate the signaling pathway involved in IL-15 upregulation. IFN-γ more potently upregulated IL-15 expression in Huh-7 cells than IFN-α and IFN-β. Knockdown experiments revealed that IFN-γ- and IFN-β-induced IL-15 expression relied on IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), which is upregulated by STAT1 and IFN-stimulated gene factor 3, respectively. Inhibitor of κB kinase α/β was also involved in IFN-γ-induced upregulation of IL-15. Furthermore, human NK cells were activated by coculture with IFN-γ-treated Huh-7 cells, which was abrogated by knocking down IL-15Rα in IFN-γ-treated Huh-7 cells, indicating that IFN-γ-induced IL-15 on Huh-7 cells activates NK cells via trans-presentation. In summary, our data demonstrate that IFN-γ potently elicits IL-15 trans-presentation by epithelial cells via IRF1. These data also suggest that the IFN-γ-IRF1-IL-15 axis may be a regulatory target for the treatment of diseases with IL-15 dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Shin Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; .,The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lindeman I, Sollid LM. Single-cell approaches to dissect adaptive immune responses involved in autoimmunity: the case of celiac disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:51-63. [PMID: 34531547 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis is a powerful technology that has found widespread use in recent years. For diseases with involvement of adaptive immunity, single-cell analysis of antigen-specific T cells and B cells is particularly informative. In autoimmune diseases, the adaptive immune system is obviously at play, yet the ability to identify the culprit T and B cells recognizing disease-relevant antigen can be difficult. Celiac disease, a widespread disorder with autoimmune components, is unique in that disease-relevant antigens for both T cells and B cells are well defined. Furthermore, the celiac disease gut lesion is readily accessible allowing for sampling of tissue-resident cells. Thus, disease-relevant T cells and B cells from the gut and blood can be studied at the level of single cells. Here we review single-cell studies providing information on such adaptive immune cells and outline some future perspectives in the area of single-cell analysis in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Lindeman
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Czajka-Francuz P, Cisoń-Jurek S, Czajka A, Kozaczka M, Wojnar J, Chudek J, Francuz T. Systemic Interleukins' Profile in Early and Advanced Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:124. [PMID: 35008550 PMCID: PMC8745135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by mutual interactions of the tumor, stromal and immune cells. Early and advanced colorectal tumors differ in structure and present altered serum cytokine levels. Mutual crosstalk among TME infiltrating cells may shift the balance into immune suppressive or pro-inflammatory, antitumor response this way influencing patients' prognosis. Cancer-related inflammation affects all the body and this way, the systemic level of cytokines could reflect TME processes. Despite numerous studies, it is still not known how systemic cytokines levels change during colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor development. Better understanding tumor microenvironment processes could help in planning therapeutic interventions and more accurate patient prognosis. To contribute to the comprehension of these processes within TME, we reviewed cytokines levels from clinical trials in early and advanced colorectal cancer. Presented data were analyzed in the context of experimental studies and studies analyzing tumor infiltration with immune cells. The review summarizes clinical data of cytokines secreted by tumor microenvironment cells: lymphocytes T helper 1 (Th1), lymphocytes T helper 2 (Th2), lymphocytes T helper 17 (Th17), regulatory T cells (Treg cells), regulatory T cells (Breg cells), M1/M2 macrophages, N1/N2 neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), dendritic cells (DC), innate lymphoid cells (ILC) natural killer (NK) cells and tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Czajka-Francuz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (S.C.-J.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Sylwia Cisoń-Jurek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (S.C.-J.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Aleksander Czajka
- Department of General Surgery, Vascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Maciej Kozaczka
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Public Research Institute in Gliwice, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Wojnar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (S.C.-J.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Jerzy Chudek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (S.C.-J.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Tomasz Francuz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (S.C.-J.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (T.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rodríguez-Álvarez Y, Batista-Roche LG, Llopiz-Arzuaga A, Puente-Pérez P, Martínez-Castillo R, Castro-Velazco J, Santos-Savio A. Immunogenicity profile in African green monkeys of a vaccine candidate based on a mutated form of human Interleukin-15. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:79. [PMID: 34922462 PMCID: PMC8684083 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-15 is a proinflammatory T-cell growth factor overexpressed in several autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Our initial strategy to neutralize the increased levels of IL-15 consisted in a vaccine candidate based on the recombinant modified human IL-15 (mhIL-15) mixed with the alum adjuvant. A previous study in non-human primates Macaca fascicularis has shown that vaccination induces neutralizing antibodies against native IL-15, without affecting animal behavior, clinical status, or the percentage of IL-15-dependent cell populations. However, the mhIL-15 used as an antigen was active in the IL-2-dependent cytotoxic T-cell line CTLL-2, which could hinder its therapeutic application. The current article evaluated the immunogenicity in African green monkeys of a vaccine candidate based on IL-15 mutant D8SQ108S, an inactive form of human IL-15. RESULTS IL-15 D8SQ108S was inactive in the CTLL-2 bioassay but was able to competitively inhibit the biological activity of human IL-15. Immunization with 200 µg of IL-15 mutant combined with alum elicited anti-IL-15 IgG antibodies after the second and third immunizations. The median values of anti-IL-15 antibody titers were slightly higher than those generated in animals immunized with 200 µg of mhIL-15. The highest antibody titers were induced after the third immunization in monkeys vaccinated with 350 µg of IL-15 D8SQ108S. In addition, sera from immunized animals inhibited the biological activity of human IL-15 in CTLL-2 cells. The maximum neutralizing effect was observed after the third immunization in sera of monkeys vaccinated with the highest dose of the IL-15 mutant. These sera also inhibited the proliferative activity of simian IL-15 in the CTLL-2 bioassay and did not affect the IL-2-induced proliferation of the aforementioned T-cell line. Finally, it was observed that vaccination neither affects the animal behavior nor the general clinical parameters of immunized monkeys. CONCLUSION Immunization with inactive IL-15 D8SQ108S mixed with alum generated neutralizing antibodies specific for human IL-15 in African green monkeys. Based on this fact, the current vaccine candidate could be more effective than the one based on biologically active mhIL-15 for treating autoimmune disorders involving an uncontrolled overproduction of IL-15.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunier Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Pharmaceutical Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, 10 600, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Lino Gerardo Batista-Roche
- Pharmaceutical Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, 10 600, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alexey Llopiz-Arzuaga
- Chemistry and Physics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, 10 600, Havana, Cuba
| | - Pedro Puente-Pérez
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, 10 600, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rafael Martínez-Castillo
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, 10 600, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jorge Castro-Velazco
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, 10 600, Havana, Cuba
| | - Alicia Santos-Savio
- Pharmaceutical Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, 10 600, Havana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bou-Tayeh B, Laletin V, Salem N, Just-Landi S, Fares J, Leblanc R, Balzano M, Kerdiles YM, Bidaut G, Hérault O, Olive D, Aurrand-Lions M, Walzer T, Nunès JA, Fauriat C. Chronic IL-15 Stimulation and Impaired mTOR Signaling and Metabolism in Natural Killer Cells During Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730970. [PMID: 34975835 PMCID: PMC8718679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are potent anti-leukemic immune effectors. However, they display multiple defects in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients leading to reduced anti-tumor potential. Our limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying these defects hampers the development of strategies to restore NK cell potential. Here, we have used a mouse model of AML to gain insight into these mechanisms. We found that leukemia progression resulted in NK cell maturation defects and functional alterations. Next, we assessed NK cell cytokine signaling governing their behavior. We showed that NK cells from leukemic mice exhibit constitutive IL-15/mTOR signaling and type I IFN signaling. However, these cells failed to respond to IL-15 stimulation in vitro as illustrated by reduced activation of the mTOR pathway. Moreover, our data suggest that mTOR-mediated metabolic responses were reduced in NK cells from AML-bearing mice. Noteworthy, the reduction of mTOR-mediated activation of NK cells during AML development partially rescued NK cell metabolic and functional defects. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that NK cells from leukemic mice are metabolically and functionally exhausted as a result of a chronic cytokine activation, at least partially IL-15/mTOR signaling. NK cells from AML patients also displayed reduced IL-2/15Rβ expression and showed cues of reduced metabolic response to IL-15 stimulation in vitro, suggesting that a similar mechanism might occur in AML patients. Our study pinpoints the dysregulation of cytokine stimulation pathways as a new mechanism leading to NK cell defects in AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berna Bou-Tayeh
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Vladimir Laletin
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Nassim Salem
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Sylvaine Just-Landi
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- IBiSA Immunomonitoring Platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Joanna Fares
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Raphael Leblanc
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Marielle Balzano
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Yann M. Kerdiles
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Ghislain Bidaut
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- Cibi Technological Platform, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Hérault
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7292, LNOx Team, François Rabelais University, Tours, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- IBiSA Immunomonitoring Platform, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Michel Aurrand-Lions
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques A. Nunès
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Cyril Fauriat
- Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Inserm UMR1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Cyril Fauriat,
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kenesei Á, Volkó J, Szalóki N, Mocsár G, Jambrovics K, Balajthy Z, Bodnár A, Tóth K, Waldmann TA, Vámosi G. IL-15 Trans-Presentation Is an Autonomous, Antigen-Independent Process. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2489-2500. [PMID: 34654688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 plays a pivotal role in the long-term survival of T cells and immunological memory. Its receptor consists of three subunits (IL-15Rα, IL-2/15Rβ, and γc). IL-15 functions mainly via trans-presentation (TP), during which an APC expressing IL-15 bound to IL-15Rα presents the ligand to the βγc receptor-heterodimer on a neighboring T/NK cell. To date, no direct biophysical evidence for the intercellular assembly of the IL-15R heterotrimer exists. Ag presentation (AP), the initial step of T cell activation, is also based on APC-T cell interaction. We were compelled to ask whether AP has any effect on IL-15 TP or whether they are independent processes. In our human Raji B cell-Jurkat T cell model system, we monitored inter-/intracellular protein interactions upon formation of IL-15 TP and AP receptor complexes by Förster resonance energy transfer measurements. We detected enrichment of IL-15Rα and IL-2/15Rβ at the synapse and positive Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency if Raji cells were pretreated with IL-15, giving direct biophysical evidence for IL-15 TP. IL-15Rα and MHC class II interacted and translocated jointly to the immunological synapse when either ligand was present, whereas IL-2/15Rβ and CD3 moved independently of each other. IL-15 TP initiated STAT5 phosphorylation in Jurkat cells, which was not further enhanced by AP. Conversely, IL-15 treatment slightly attenuated Ag-induced phosphorylation of the CD3ζ chain. Our studies prove that in our model system, IL-15 TP and AP can occur independently, and although AP enhances IL-15R assembly, it has no significant effect on IL-15 signaling during TP. Thus, IL-15 TP can be considered an autonomous, Ag-independent process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Kenesei
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Julianna Volkó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Szalóki
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mocsár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Károly Jambrovics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Bodnár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Tóth
- Division of Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - György Vámosi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Huang J, Zhang L, Chen J, Wan D, Zhou L, Zheng S, Qiao Y. The Landscape of Immune Cells Indicates Prognosis and Applicability of Checkpoint Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:744951. [PMID: 34650926 PMCID: PMC8510566 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.744951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are important components of tumor microenvironment (TME), and their composition reflects the confrontation between host immune system and tumor cells. However, the relationship between the composition of infiltrating immune cells, prognosis, and the applicability of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) needs systematic examination. Methods Cell-Type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) was applied to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) cohort. Diagnostic and prognostic models were constructed based on immune cells, and the models were validated by two external cohorts. The relationship between immune cells and PD-L1 was evaluated by Spearman correlation, and the finding was validated in our in-house HCC sample. Result Patients in TCGA LIHC cohort were classified into six subtypes with different prognosis based on the proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells simulated via CIBERSORT. Among 22 types of immune cells, intratumoral PD-L1 mRNA level exhibited linear relationship with the fraction of five types of immune cells (M1 macrophages, plasma cells, CD8+ T cells, resting mast cells, and regulatory T cells), and M1 macrophages showed the strongest relevance (R = 0.26, p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry of our in-house HCC specimens verified this conclusion. Moreover, intratumoral mRNA levels of M1 macrophage-associated cytokines were positively correlated with PD-L1 level. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that the prognosis of HCC patients was associated with the pattern of infiltrating immune cells in TME, and macrophage-associated cytokines might be a potential non-invasive marker for predicting the PD-L1 level for HCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Huang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Center (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Center (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- Pharmacy Institute and Department of Hepatology, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine for Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dalong Wan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Center (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Center (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiting Qiao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Health Center (NHC) Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gordon SM. Interleukin-15 in Outcomes of Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11094. [PMID: 34681751 PMCID: PMC8541205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pleiotropic cytokine that classically acts to support the development, maintenance, and function of killer lymphocytes. IL-15 is abundant in the uterus prior to and during pregnancy, but it is subject to tight spatial and temporal regulation. Both mouse models and human studies suggest that homeostasis of IL-15 is essential for healthy pregnancy. Dysregulation of IL-15 is associated with adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Herein, we review producers of IL-15 and responders to IL-15, including non-traditional responders in the maternal uterus and fetal placenta. We also review regulation of IL-15 at the maternal-fetal interface and propose mechanisms of action of IL-15 to facilitate additional study of this critical cytokine in the context of pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Gordon
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tan S, Guo X, Li M, Wang T, Wang Z, Li C, Wu Z, Li N, Gao L, Liang X, Ma C. Transcription factor Zhx2 restricts NK cell maturation and suppresses their antitumor immunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210009. [PMID: 34279541 PMCID: PMC8292132 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The maturation and functional competence of natural killer (NK) cells is a tightly controlled process that relies on transcription factors (TFs). Here, we identify transcriptional repressor zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2 (Zhx2) as a novel regulator that restricts NK cell maturation and function. Mice with Zhx2 conditional deletion in NK cells (Zhx2Δ/Δ) showed accumulation of matured NK cells. Loss of Zhx2 enhanced NK cell survival and NK cell response to IL-15. Transcriptomic analysis revealed Zeb2, a key TF in NK cell terminal maturation, as a direct downstream target of Zhx2. Therapeutically, transfer of Zhx2-deficient NK cells resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in different murine models. Our findings collectively unmask a previously unrecognized role of Zhx2 as a novel negative regulator in NK cell maturation and highlight its therapeutic potential as a promising strategy to enhance NK cell-mediated tumor surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Tan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mengzhen Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tixiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhuanchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nailin Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Harwood O, O’Connor S. Therapeutic Potential of IL-15 and N-803 in HIV/SIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091750. [PMID: 34578331 PMCID: PMC8473246 DOI: 10.3390/v13091750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15, a proinflammatory cytokine critical for the generation, maintenance, and homeostasis of T cell responses, is produced naturally in response to HIV/SIV infection, but has also demonstrated therapeutic potential. IL-15 can boost CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and NK cell proliferation, activation, and function. However, IL-15 treatment may cause aberrant immune activation and accelerated disease progression in certain circumstances. Moreover, the relationship between the timing of IL-15 administration and disease progression remains unclear. The IL-15 superagonist N-803 was developed to expand the therapeutic potential of IL-15 by maximizing its tissue distribution and half-life. N-803 has garnered enthusiasm recently as a way to enhance the innate and cellular immune responses to HIV/SIV by improving CD8+ T cell recognition and killing of virus-infected cells and directing immune cells to mucosal sites and lymph nodes, the primary sites of virus replication. N-803 has also been evaluated in “shock and kill” strategies due to its potential to reverse latency (shock) and enhance antiviral immunity (kill). This review examines the current literature about the effects of IL-15 and N-803 on innate and cellular immunity, viral burden, and latency reversal in the context of HIV/SIV, and their therapeutic potential both alone and combined with additional interventions such as antiretroviral therapy (ART) and vaccination.
Collapse
|