1
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Zhou L, van Bree N, Boutin L, Ryu J, Moussaud S, Liu M, Otrocka M, Olsson M, Falk A, Wilhelm M. High-throughput neural stem cell-based drug screening identifies S6K1 inhibition as a selective vulnerability in sonic hedgehog-medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:1685-1699. [PMID: 38860311 PMCID: PMC11376459 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most common malignant brain tumors in children. Current treatments have increased overall survival but can lead to devastating side effects and late complications in survivors, emphasizing the need for new, improved targeted therapies that specifically eliminate tumor cells while sparing the normally developing brain. METHODS Here, we used a sonic hedgehog (SHH)-MB model based on a patient-derived neuroepithelial stem cell system for an unbiased high-throughput screen with a library of 172 compounds with known targets. Compounds were evaluated in both healthy neural stem cells (NSCs) and tumor cells derived from the same patient. Based on the difference of cell viability and drug sensitivity score between normal cells and tumor cells, hit compounds were selected and further validated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We identified PF4708671 (S6K1 inhibitor) as a potential agent that selectively targets SHH-driven MB tumor cells while sparing NSCs and differentiated neurons. Subsequent validation studies confirmed that PF4708671 inhibited the growth of SHH-MB tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo, and that knockdown of S6K1 resulted in reduced tumor formation. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that inhibition of S6K1 specifically affects tumor growth, whereas it has less effect on non-tumor cells. Our data also show that the NES cell platform can be used to identify potentially effective new therapies and targets for SHH-MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niek van Bree
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lola Boutin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jinhye Ryu
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Moussaud
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mingzhi Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Otrocka
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Olsson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margareta Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Clairmont CD, Gell JJ, Lau CC. Pediatric Tumors as Disorders of Development: The Case for In Vitro Modeling Based on Human Stem Cells. Cancer Control 2024; 31:10732748241270564. [PMID: 39118322 PMCID: PMC11311176 DOI: 10.1177/10732748241270564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in patient outcomes, pediatric cancer remains a leading cause of non-accidental death in children. Recent genetic analysis of patients with pediatric cancers indicates an important role for both germline genetic predisposition and cancer-specific somatic driver mutations. Increasingly, evidence demonstrates that the developmental timepoint at which the cancer cell-of-origin transforms is critical to tumor identity and therapeutic response. Therefore, future therapeutic development would be bolstered by the use of disease models that faithfully recapitulate the genetic context, cell-of-origin, and developmental window of vulnerability in pediatric cancers. Human stem cells have the potential to incorporate all of these characteristics into a pediatric cancer model, while serving as a platform for rapid genetic and pharmacological testing. In this review, we describe how human stem cells have been used to model pediatric cancers and how these models compare to other pediatric cancer model modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cullen D. Clairmont
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Joanna J. Gell
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Hartford, CT, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ching C. Lau
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Hartford, CT, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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3
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Wolin AR, Vincent MY, Hotz T, Purdy SC, Rosenbaum SR, Hughes CJ, Hsu JY, Oliphant MUJ, Armstrong B, Wessells V, Varella-Garcia M, Galbraith MD, Pierce A, Wang D, Venkataraman S, Danis E, Veo B, Serkova N, Espinosa JM, Gustafson DL, Vibhakar R, Ford HL. EYA2 tyrosine phosphatase inhibition reduces MYC and prevents medulloblastoma progression. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:2287-2301. [PMID: 37486991 PMCID: PMC10708924 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric brain malignancy. Patients with the Group 3 subtype of medulloblastoma (MB) often exhibit MYC amplification and/or overexpression and have the poorest prognosis. While Group 3 MB is known to be highly dependent on MYC, direct targeting of MYC remains elusive. METHODS Patient gene expression data were used to identify highly expressed EYA2 in Group 3 MB samples, assess the correlation between EYA2 and MYC, and examine patient survival. Genetic and pharmacological studies were performed on EYA2 in Group 3 derived MB cell models to assess MYC regulation and viability in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS EYA2 is more highly expressed in Group 3 MB than other MB subgroups and is essential for Group 3 MB growth in vitro and in vivo. EYA2 regulates MYC expression and protein stability in Group 3 MB, resulting in global alterations of MYC transcription. Inhibition of EYA2 tyrosine phosphatase activity, using a novel small molecule inhibitor (NCGC00249987, or 9987), significantly decreases Group 3 MB MYC expression in both flank and intracranial growth in vivo. Human MB RNA-seq data show that EYA2 and MYC are significantly positively correlated, high EYA2 expression is significantly associated with a MYC transcriptional signature, and patients with high EYA2 and MYC expression have worse prognoses than those that do not express both genes at high levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that EYA2 is a critical regulator of MYC in Group 3 MB and suggest a novel therapeutic avenue to target this highly lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Wolin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melanie Y Vincent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Taylor Hotz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephen C Purdy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sheera R Rosenbaum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Connor J Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jessica Y Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael U J Oliphant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Integrated Physiology Graduate Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brock Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Veronica Wessells
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marileila Varella-Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Angela Pierce
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sujatha Venkataraman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Etienne Danis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bethany Veo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Natalie Serkova
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Clinical Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Integrated Physiology Graduate Program, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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4
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Slika H, Alimonti P, Raj D, Caraway C, Alomari S, Jackson EM, Tyler B. The Neurodevelopmental and Molecular Landscape of Medulloblastoma Subgroups: Current Targets and the Potential for Combined Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3889. [PMID: 37568705 PMCID: PMC10417410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Despite the use of multiple therapeutic approaches consisting of surgical resection, craniospinal irradiation, and multiagent chemotherapy, the prognosis of many patients with medulloblastoma remains dismal. Additionally, the high doses of radiation and the chemotherapeutic agents used are associated with significant short- and long-term complications and adverse effects, most notably neurocognitive delay. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development and clinical integration of targeted treatment regimens with greater efficacy and superior safety profiles. Since the adoption of the molecular-based classification of medulloblastoma into wingless (WNT) activated, sonic hedgehog (SHH) activated, group 3, and group 4, research efforts have been directed towards unraveling the genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles of each subtype. This review aims to delineate the progress that has been made in characterizing the neurodevelopmental and molecular features of each medulloblastoma subtype. It further delves into the implications that these characteristics have on the development of subgroup-specific targeted therapeutic agents. Furthermore, it highlights potential future avenues for combining multiple agents or strategies in order to obtain augmented effects and evade the development of treatment resistance in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Slika
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Paolo Alimonti
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Divyaansh Raj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Chad Caraway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Safwan Alomari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Eric M. Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Betty Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
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5
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Penco-Campillo M, Pages G, Martial S. Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Medulloblastoma Development. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1028. [PMID: 37508458 PMCID: PMC10376362 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most prevalent brain tumor in children. Although the current cure rate stands at approximately 70%, the existing treatments that involve a combination of radio- and chemotherapy are highly detrimental to the patients' quality of life. These aggressive therapies often result in a significant reduction in the overall well-being of the patients. Moreover, the most aggressive forms of MB frequently relapse, leading to a fatal outcome in a majority of cases. However, MB is highly vascularized, and both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are believed to play crucial roles in tumor development and spread. In this context, our objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research progress in elucidating the functions of these two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Penco-Campillo
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U1081, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Gilles Pages
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U1081, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Sonia Martial
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284 and INSERM U1081, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
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6
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Zou H, Poore B, Brown EE, Qian J, Xie B, Asimakidou E, Razskazovskiy V, Ayrapetian D, Sharma V, Xia S, Liu F, Chen A, Guan Y, Li Z, Wanggou S, Saulnier O, Ly M, Fellows-Mayle W, Xi G, Tomita T, Resnick AC, Mack SC, Raabe EH, Eberhart CG, Sun D, Stronach BE, Agnihotri S, Kohanbash G, Lu S, Herrup K, Rich JN, Gittes GK, Broniscer A, Hu Z, Li X, Pollack IF, Friedlander RM, Hainer SJ, Taylor MD, Hu B. A neurodevelopmental epigenetic programme mediated by SMARCD3-DAB1-Reelin signalling is hijacked to promote medulloblastoma metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:493-507. [PMID: 36849558 PMCID: PMC10014585 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
How abnormal neurodevelopment relates to the tumour aggressiveness of medulloblastoma (MB), the most common type of embryonal tumour, remains elusive. Here we uncover a neurodevelopmental epigenomic programme that is hijacked to induce MB metastatic dissemination. Unsupervised analyses of integrated publicly available datasets with our newly generated data reveal that SMARCD3 (also known as BAF60C) regulates Disabled 1 (DAB1)-mediated Reelin signalling in Purkinje cell migration and MB metastasis by orchestrating cis-regulatory elements at the DAB1 locus. We further identify that a core set of transcription factors, enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) and nuclear factor I X (NFIX), coordinates with the cis-regulatory elements at the SMARCD3 locus to form a chromatin hub to control SMARCD3 expression in the developing cerebellum and in metastatic MB. Increased SMARCD3 expression activates Reelin-DAB1-mediated Src kinase signalling, which results in a MB response to Src inhibition. These data deepen our understanding of how neurodevelopmental programming influences disease progression and provide a potential therapeutic option for patients with MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zou
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bradley Poore
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily E Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jieqi Qian
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Evridiki Asimakidou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vladislav Razskazovskiy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Deanna Ayrapetian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vaibhav Sharma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shunjin Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Apeng Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yongchang Guan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Siyi Wanggou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Olivier Saulnier
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Ly
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Fellows-Mayle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guifa Xi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam C Resnick
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Beth E Stronach
- Office of Research, University of Pittsburgh Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Songjian Lu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karl Herrup
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alberto Broniscer
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhongliang Hu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Changsha, China
| | - Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert M Friedlander
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah J Hainer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Baoli Hu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- John G. Rangos Sr Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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7
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Duan J, Wang Y. Modeling nervous system tumors with human stem cells and organoids. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:4. [PMID: 36854987 PMCID: PMC9975125 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system cancers are the 10th leading cause of death worldwide, many of which are difficult to diagnose and exhibit varying degrees of treatment resistance. The limitations of existing cancer models, such as patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models, call for the development of novel preclinical cancer models to more faithfully mimic the patient's cancer and offer additional insights. Recent advances in human stem cell biology, organoid, and genome-editing techniques allow us to model nervous system tumors in three types of next-generation tumor models: cell-of-origin models, tumor organoids, and 3D multicellular coculture models. In this review, we introduced and compared different human stem cell/organoid-derived models, and comprehensively summarized and discussed the recently developed models for various primary tumors in the central and peripheral nervous systems, including glioblastoma (GBM), H3K27M-mutant Diffuse Midline Glioma (DMG) and H3G34R-mutant High-grade Glioma (HGG), Low-grade Glioma (LGG), Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1), Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2), Medulloblastoma (MB), Atypical Teratoid/rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT), and meningioma. We further compared these models with PDX and GEM models, and discussed the opportunities and challenges of precision nervous cancer modeling with human stem cells and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Duan
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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8
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Alva E, Rubens J, Chi S, Rosenberg T, Reddy A, Raabe EH, Margol A. Recent progress and novel approaches to treating atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor. Neoplasia 2023; 37:100880. [PMID: 36773516 PMCID: PMC9929860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors that occur mostly in young children and have historically carried a very poor prognosis. While recent clinical trial results show that this tumor is curable, outcomes are still poor compared to other central nervous system embryonal tumors. We here review prior AT/RT clinical trials and highlight promising pre-clinical results that may inform novel clinical approaches to this aggressive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Alva
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rubens
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan Chi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tom Rosenberg
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa Reddy
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ashley Margol
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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9
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Jonchere B, Williams J, Zindy F, Liu J, Robinson S, Farmer DM, Min J, Yang L, Stripay JL, Wang Y, Freeman BB, Yu J, Shelat AA, Rankovic Z, Roussel MF. Combination of Ribociclib with BET-Bromodomain and PI3K/mTOR Inhibitors for Medulloblastoma Treatment In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:37-51. [PMID: 36318650 PMCID: PMC9808370 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite improvement in the treatment of medulloblastoma over the last years, numerous patients with MYC- and MYCN-driven tumors still fail current therapies. Medulloblastomas have an intact retinoblastoma protein RB, suggesting that CDK4/6 inhibition might represent a therapeutic strategy for which drug combination remains understudied. We conducted high-throughput drug combination screens in a Group3 (G3) medulloblastoma line using the CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) ribociclib at IC20, referred to as an anchor, and 87 oncology drugs approved by FDA or in clinical trials. Bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors potentiated ribociclib inhibition of proliferation in an established cell line and freshly dissociated tumor cells from intracranial xenografts of G3 and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastomas in vitro. A reverse combination screen using the BET inhibitor JQ1 as anchor, revealed CDK4/6i as the most potentiating drugs. In vivo, ribociclib showed single-agent activity in medulloblastoma models whereas JQ1 failed to show efficacy due to high clearance and insufficient free brain concentration. Despite in vitro synergy, combination of ribociclib with the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor paxalisib did not significantly improve the survival of G3 and SHH medulloblastoma-bearing mice compared with ribociclib alone. Molecular analysis of ribociclib and paxalisib-treated tumors revealed that E2F targets and PI3K/AKT/MTORC1 signaling genes were depleted, as expected. Importantly, in one untreated G3MB model HD-MB03, the PI3K/AKT/MTORC1 gene set was enriched in vitro compared with in vivo suggesting that the pathway displayed increased activity in vitro. Our data illustrate the difficulty in translating in vitro findings in vivo. See related article in Mol Cancer Ther (2022) 21(8):1306-1317.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Jonchere
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Justin Williams
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Frederique Zindy
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dana M. Farmer
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jaeki Min
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology Chemical Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology Chemical Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer L. Stripay
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yingzhe Wang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology Preclinical PK Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Burgess B. Freeman
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology Preclinical PK Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jiyang Yu
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Anang A. Shelat
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology Chemical Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Zoran Rankovic
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology Chemical Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Martine F. Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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10
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Pribnow A, Jonchere B, Liu J, Smith KS, Campagne O, Xu K, Robinson S, Patel Y, Onar-Thomas A, Wu G, Stewart CF, Northcott PA, Yu J, Robinson GW, Roussel MF. Combination of Ribociclib and Gemcitabine for the Treatment of Medulloblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1306-1317. [PMID: 35709750 PMCID: PMC9578677 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Group3 (G3) medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the deadliest forms of the disease for which novel treatment is desperately needed. Here we evaluate ribociclib, a highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, with gemcitabine in mouse and human G3MBs. Ribociclib central nervous system (CNS) penetration was assessed by in vivo microdialysis and by IHC and gene expression studies and found to be CNS-penetrant. Tumors from mice treated with short term oral ribociclib displayed inhibited RB phosphorylation, downregulated E2F target genes, and decreased proliferation. Survival studies to determine the efficacy of ribociclib and gemcitabine combination were performed on mice intracranially implanted with luciferase-labeled mouse and human G3MBs. Treatment of mice with the combination of ribociclib and gemcitabine was well tolerated, slowed tumor progression and metastatic spread, and increased survival. Expression-based gene activity and cell state analysis investigated the effects of the combination after short- and long-term treatments. Molecular analysis of treated versus untreated tumors showed a significant decrease in the activity and expression of genes involved in cell-cycle progression and DNA damage response, and an increase in the activity and expression of genes implicated in neuronal identity and neuronal differentiation. Our findings in both mouse and human patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models suggest that ribociclib and gemcitabine combination therapy warrants further investigation as a treatment strategy for children with G3MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Pribnow
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Barbara Jonchere
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Kyle S. Smith
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Olivia Campagne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Yogesh Patel
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Arzu Onar-Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Clinton F. Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Paul A. Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Jiyang Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Giles W. Robinson
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105
| | - Martine F. Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105,Corresponding author: Martine F. Roussel, PhD. Department of Tumor Cell Biology, MS#350, 262, Danny thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, Phone: 901-595-3481; FAX: 901-595-2384; . Tel: 901-595-3481
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11
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Liu SJ, Aw NMY, Lim MJR, Tew Seow W, Low DCY, Kimpo MS, Ee Kar Tan E, Tsai Yeo T, Low SYY, Nga VDW. Paediatric brain tumours in Singapore: A 15-year epidemiological and outcome study. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 101:154-161. [PMID: 35597064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric brain tumours (PBTs) are the most common solid tumours in children. Previous publications reflect variations in incidence rates and frequency of histological types in different global populations. However, there are limited studies on the epidemiology of PBTs in Singapore. This study aims to summarise the epidemiology of paediatric brain tumours managed in Singapore. This is an ethics-approved retrospective study of all patients below 19 years old diagnosed with PBTs managed by Singapore's 2 tertiary paediatric neurosurgical centres, KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH) and the National University Hospital (NUH) over a 15-year period from 01 January 2002 to 31 December 2017. Data collected was analysed for age, gender, tumour characteristics, presenting complaints, location, treatment modalities, 1-year and 5-year overall survival (OS). A total of 396 patients were included. The mean age of diagnosis was 7.05 years (0.25-18; ± 4.83) and male-to-female ratio was 1.41:1. Top histological groups were astrocytic (30.6%), embryonal (26.0%), germ cell (11.1%), ependymoma (30, 7.58%) and craniopharyngioma (27, 6.82%). Outcomes included recurrence rate (31.2%), 1-year OS (89.5%) and 5-year OS (72.2%). Poorer 5-year OS were noted in embryonal tumours (47.0%; p < 0.001) and ependymoma (50.0%; p = 0.0074) patients. Of note, the following cohorts also had poorer OS at 5 years: supratentorial tumours (76.2%; p = 0.0426), radiotherapy (67.4%; p = 0.0467) and surgery (74.9%, HR; p < 0.001). Overall, our data reflects patient demographics, presenting complaints, treatment modalities and survival outcomes, that are comparable to other international paediatric neurosurgical centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry J Liu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Natalie M Y Aw
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr, 117597, Singapore
| | - Mervyn J R Lim
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Wan Tew Seow
- Neurosurgical Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore; Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; SingHealth Duke-NUS Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore
| | - David C Y Low
- Neurosurgical Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore; Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; SingHealth Duke-NUS Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore
| | - Miriam S Kimpo
- Division of Paediatric Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, 119074, Singapore
| | - Enrica Ee Kar Tan
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore
| | - Tseng Tsai Yeo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Sharon Y Y Low
- Neurosurgical Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore; Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; SingHealth Duke-NUS Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore.
| | - Vincent D W Nga
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
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12
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Uhlmann C, Nickel AC, Picard D, Rossi A, Li G, Hildebrandt B, Brockerhoff G, Bendt F, Hübenthal U, Hewera M, Steiger HJ, Wieczorek D, Perrakis A, Zhang W, Remke M, Koch K, Tigges J, Croner RS, Fritsche E, Kahlert UD. Progenitor cells derived from gene-engineered human induced pluripotent stem cells as synthetic cancer cell alternatives for in vitro pharmacology. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100693. [PMID: 35334498 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Limitations in genetic stability and recapitulating accurate physiological disease properties challenge the utility of patient-derived (PD) cancer models for reproducible and translational research. We have genetically engineered a portfolio of isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with different pan-cancer relevant oncoprotein signatures followed by differentiation into lineage-committed progenitor cells. Characterization on molecular and biological level validated successful stable genetic alterations in pluripotency state as well as upon differentiation to prove the functionality of our approach Meanwhile proposing core molecular networks possibly involved in early dysregulation of stem cell homeostasis, the application of our cell systems in comparative substance testing indicates the potential for cancer research such as identification of augmented therapy resistance of stem cells in response to activation of distinct oncogenic signatures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Uhlmann
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Nickel
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Picard
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Barbara Hildebrandt
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Farina Bendt
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hübenthal
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Hewera
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Jakob Steiger
- Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aristoteles Perrakis
- Molecular and Experimental Surgery, University Clinic for General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Magdeburg and Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Marc Remke
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Koch
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland S Croner
- Molecular and Experimental Surgery, University Clinic for General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Magdeburg and Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulf D Kahlert
- Molecular and Experimental Surgery, University Clinic for General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Magdeburg and Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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13
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Cao Y, Zhu H, Liu W, Wang L, Yin W, Tan J, Zhou Q, Xin Z, Huang H, Xie D, Zhao M, Jiang X, Peng J, Ren C. Multi-Omics Analysis Based on Genomic Instability for Prognostic Prediction in Lower-Grade Glioma. Front Genet 2022; 12:758596. [PMID: 35069679 PMCID: PMC8766732 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.758596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lower-grade gliomas (LGGs) are a heterogeneous set of gliomas. One of the primary sources of glioma heterogeneity is genomic instability, a novel characteristic of cancer. It has been reported that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an essential role in regulating genomic stability. However, the potential relationship between genomic instability and lncRNA in LGGs and its prognostic value is unclear. Methods: In this study, the LGG samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were divided into two clusters by integrating the lncRNA expression profile and somatic mutation data using hierarchical clustering. Then, with the differentially expressed lncRNAs between these two clusters, we identified genomic instability-related lncRNAs (GInLncRNAs) in the LGG samples and analyzed their potential function and pathway by co-expression network. Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses were conducted to establish a GInLncRNA prognostic signature (GInLncSig), which was assessed by internal and external verification, correlation analysis with somatic mutation, independent prognostic analysis, clinical stratification analysis, and model comparisons. We also established a nomogram to predict the prognosis more accurately. Finally, we performed multi-omics-based analyses to explore the relationship between risk scores and multi-omics data, including immune characteristics, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), stemness index, drug sensitivity, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Results: We identified 52 GInLncRNAs and screened five from them to construct the GInLncSig model (CRNDE, AC025171.5, AL390755.1, AL049749.1, and TGFB2-AS1), which could independently and accurately predict the outcome of patients with LGG. The GInLncSig model was significantly associated with somatic mutation and outperformed other published signatures. GSEA revealed that metabolic pathways, immune pathways, and cancer pathways were enriched in the high-risk group. Multi-omics-based analyses revealed that T-cell functions, m6A statuses, and stemness characteristics were significantly disparate between two risk subgroups, and immune checkpoints such as PD-L1, PDCD1LG2, and HAVCR2 were significantly highly expressed in the high-risk group. The expression of GInLncSig prognostic genes dramatically correlated with the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion: A novel signature composed of five GInLncRNAs can be utilized to predict prognosis and impact the immune status, m6A status, and stemness characteristics in LGG. Furthermore, these lncRNAs may be potential and alternative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hecheng Zhu
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Quanwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoqi Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hailong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongcheng Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiahui Peng
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
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14
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Ray S, Chaturvedi NK, Bhakat KK, Rizzino A, Mahapatra S. Subgroup-Specific Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Markers Influencing Pediatric Medulloblastoma Treatment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:diagnostics12010061. [PMID: 35054230 PMCID: PMC8774967 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant central nervous system tumor in pediatric patients. Mainstay of therapy remains surgical resection followed by craniospinal radiation and chemotherapy, although limitations to this therapy are applied in the youngest patients. Clinically, tumors are divided into average and high-risk status on the basis of age, metastasis at diagnosis, and extent of surgical resection. However, technological advances in high-throughput screening have facilitated the analysis of large transcriptomic datasets that have been used to generate the current classification system, dividing patients into four primary subgroups, i.e., WNT (wingless), SHH (sonic hedgehog), and the non-SHH/WNT subgroups 3 and 4. Each subgroup can further be subdivided on the basis of a combination of cytogenetic and epigenetic events, some in distinct signaling pathways, that activate specific phenotypes impacting patient prognosis. Here, we delve deeper into the genetic basis for each subgroup by reviewing the extent of cytogenetic events in key genes that trigger neoplastic transformation or that exhibit oncogenic properties. Each of these discussions is further centered on how these genetic aberrations can be exploited to generate novel targeted therapeutics for each subgroup along with a discussion on challenges that are currently faced in generating said therapies. Our future hope is that through better understanding of subgroup-specific cytogenetic events, the field may improve diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment to improve overall quality of life for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Ray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 601 S Saddle Creek Road, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (S.R.); (N.K.C.)
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (K.K.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Nagendra K. Chaturvedi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 601 S Saddle Creek Road, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (S.R.); (N.K.C.)
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (K.K.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Kishor K. Bhakat
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (K.K.B.); (A.R.)
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Angie Rizzino
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (K.K.B.); (A.R.)
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Disease, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sidharth Mahapatra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 601 S Saddle Creek Road, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (S.R.); (N.K.C.)
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (K.K.B.); (A.R.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(402)-599-7754
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15
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Banerjee S, Yoon H, Ting S, Tang CM, Yebra M, Wenzel AT, Yeerna H, Mesirov JP, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Tamayo P, Sicklick JK. KIT low Cells Mediate Imatinib Resistance in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2035-2048. [PMID: 34376580 PMCID: PMC8492542 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is commonly driven by oncogenic KIT mutations that are effectively targeted by imatinib (IM), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). However, IM does not cure GIST, and adjuvant therapy only delays recurrence in high-risk tumors. We hypothesized that GIST contains cells with primary IM resistance that may represent a reservoir for disease persistence. Here, we report a subpopulation of CD34+KITlow human GIST cells that have intrinsic IM resistance. These cells possess cancer stem cell-like expression profiles and behavior, including self-renewal and differentiation into CD34+KIThigh progeny that are sensitive to IM treatment. We also found that TKI treatment of GIST cell lines led to induction of stem cell-associated transcription factors (OCT4 and NANOG) and concomitant enrichment of the CD34+KITlow cell population. Using a data-driven approach, we constructed a transcriptomic-oncogenic map (Onco-GPS) based on the gene expression of 134 GIST samples to define pathway activation during GIST tumorigenesis. Tumors with low KIT expression had overexpression of cancer stem cell gene signatures consistent with our in vitro findings. Additionally, these tumors had activation of the Gas6/AXL pathway and NF-κB signaling gene signatures. We evaluated these targets in vitro and found that primary IM-resistant GIST cells were effectively targeted with either single-agent bemcentinib (AXL inhibitor) or bardoxolone (NF-κB inhibitor), as well as with either agent in combination with IM. Collectively, these findings suggest that CD34+KITlow cells represent a distinct, but targetable, subpopulation in human GIST that may represent a novel mechanism of primary TKI resistance, as well as a target for overcoming disease persistence following TKI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Hyunho Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, San Diego, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephanie Ting
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Chih-Min Tang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, San Diego, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Mayra Yebra
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, San Diego, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Alexander T Wenzel
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Huwate Yeerna
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California
| | | | - Pablo Tamayo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Diego, California
- UCSD Center for Novel Therapeutics, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason K Sicklick
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, San Diego, California.
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
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16
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Schwinn S, Mokhtari Z, Thusek S, Schneider T, Sirén AL, Tiemeyer N, Caruana I, Miele E, Schlegel PG, Beilhack A, Wölfl M. Cytotoxic effects and tolerability of gemcitabine and axitinib in a xenograft model for c-myc amplified medulloblastoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14062. [PMID: 34234256 PMCID: PMC8263612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common high-grade brain tumor in childhood. Medulloblastomas with c-myc amplification, classified as group 3, are the most aggressive among the four disease subtypes resulting in a 5-year overall survival of just above 50%. Despite current intensive therapy regimens, patients suffering from group 3 medulloblastoma urgently require new therapeutic options. Using a recently established c-myc amplified human medulloblastoma cell line, we performed an in-vitro-drug screen with single and combinatorial drugs that are either already clinically approved or agents in the advanced stage of clinical development. Candidate drugs were identified in vitro and then evaluated in vivo. Tumor growth was closely monitored by BLI. Vessel development was assessed by 3D light-sheet-fluorescence-microscopy. We identified the combination of gemcitabine and axitinib to be highly cytotoxic, requiring only low picomolar concentrations when used in combination. In the orthotopic model, gemcitabine and axitinib showed efficacy in terms of tumor control and survival. In both models, gemcitabine and axitinib were better tolerated than the standard regimen comprising of cisplatin and etoposide phosphate. 3D light-sheet-fluorescence-microscopy of intact tumors revealed thinning and rarefication of tumor vessels, providing one explanation for reduced tumor growth. Thus, the combination of the two drugs gemcitabine and axitinib has favorable effects on preventing tumor progression in an orthotopic group 3 medulloblastoma xenograft model while exhibiting a favorable toxicity profile. The combination merits further exploration as a new approach to treat high-risk group 3 medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schwinn
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg University Hospital, 31, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, II, Würzburg University Hospital, Zinklesweg 10, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zeinab Mokhtari
- Department of Medicine, II, Würzburg University Hospital, Zinklesweg 10, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sina Thusek
- Department of Medicine, II, Würzburg University Hospital, Zinklesweg 10, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Schneider
- Department of Medicine, II, Würzburg University Hospital, Zinklesweg 10, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Leena Sirén
- Department of Neurosurgery, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Tiemeyer
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg University Hospital, 31, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ignazio Caruana
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg University Hospital, 31, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Evelina Miele
- Department of Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul G Schlegel
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg University Hospital, 31, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Main-Franken, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Medicine, II, Würzburg University Hospital, Zinklesweg 10, 97078, Würzburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Main-Franken, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Wölfl
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Würzburg University Hospital, 31, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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17
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Genovesi LA, Millar A, Tolson E, Singleton M, Hassall E, Kojic M, Brighi C, Girard E, Andradas C, Kuchibhotla M, Bhuva DD, Endersby R, Gottardo NG, Bernard A, Adolphe C, Olson JM, Taylor MD, Davis MJ, Wainwright BJ. Systems pharmacogenomics identifies novel targets and clinically actionable therapeutics for medulloblastoma. Genome Med 2021; 13:103. [PMID: 34154646 PMCID: PMC8215804 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity. Existing treatment protocols are aggressive in nature resulting in significant neurological, intellectual and physical disabilities for the children undergoing treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need for improved, targeted therapies that minimize these harmful side effects. METHODS We identified candidate drugs for MB using a network-based systems-pharmacogenomics approach: based on results from a functional genomics screen, we identified a network of interactions implicated in human MB growth regulation. We then integrated drugs and their known mechanisms of action, along with gene expression data from a large collection of medulloblastoma patients to identify drugs with potential to treat MB. RESULTS Our analyses identified drugs targeting CDK4, CDK6 and AURKA as strong candidates for MB; all of these genes are well validated as drug targets in other tumour types. We also identified non-WNT MB as a novel indication for drugs targeting TUBB, CAD, SNRPA, SLC1A5, PTPRS, P4HB and CHEK2. Based upon these analyses, we subsequently demonstrated that one of these drugs, the new microtubule stabilizing agent, ixabepilone, blocked tumour growth in vivo in mice bearing patient-derived xenograft tumours of the Sonic Hedgehog and Group 3 subtype, providing the first demonstration of its efficacy in MB. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm that this data-driven systems pharmacogenomics strategy is a powerful approach for the discovery and validation of novel therapeutic candidates relevant to MB treatment, and along with data validating ixabepilone in PDX models of the two most aggressive subtypes of medulloblastoma, we present the network analysis framework as a resource for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Genovesi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Elissa Tolson
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Matthew Singleton
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Emily Hassall
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Marija Kojic
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Caterina Brighi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Emily Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Clara Andradas
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mani Kuchibhotla
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Dharmesh D Bhuva
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Gottardo
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Anne Bernard
- QFAB Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christelle Adolphe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Programme in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, MSG 1X8, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, MSG 1X8, Canada
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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18
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Paul MR, Zage PE. Overview and recent advances in the targeting of medulloblastoma cancer stem cells. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:957-974. [PMID: 34047251 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1932472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Medulloblastoma, an embryonal small round blue cell tumor primarily arising in the posterior fossa, is the most common malignancy of the central nervous system in children and requires intensive multi-modality therapy for cure. Overall 5-year survival is approximately 75% in children with primary disease, but outcomes for relapsed disease are very poor. Recent advances have identified molecular subgroups with excellent prognosis, with 5-year overall survival rates >90%, and subgroups with very poor prognosis with overall survival rates <50%. Molecular subtyping has allowed for more sophisticated risk stratification of patients, but new treatments for the highest risk patients have not yet improved outcomes. Targeting cancer stem cells may improve outcomes, and several candidate targets and novel drugs are under investigation.Areas covered: We discuss medulloblastoma epidemiology, biology, treatment modalities, risk stratification, and molecular subgroup analysis, links between subgroup and developmental biology, cancer stem cell biology in medulloblastoma including previously described cancer stem cell markers and proposed targeted treatments in the current literature.Expert opinion: The understanding of cancer stem cells in medulloblastoma will advance therapies targeting the most treatment-resistant cells within the tumor and therefore reduce the incidence of treatment refractory and relapsed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rose Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (M.R.P., P.E.Z.); Peckham Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Peter E Zage
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (M.R.P., P.E.Z.); Peckham Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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19
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Arnold A, Yuan M, Price A, Harris L, Eberhart CG, Raabe EH. Synergistic activity of mTORC1/2 kinase and MEK inhibitors suppresses pediatric low-grade glioma tumorigenicity and vascularity. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:563-574. [PMID: 31841591 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric low-grade glioma (pLGG) is the most common childhood brain tumor. Many patients with unresectable or recurrent/refractory tumors have significant lifelong disability. The majority of pLGG have mutations increasing the activity of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is also a hallmark of pLGG. We therefore hypothesized that the dual target of rapamycin complexes 1 and 2 (TORC1/2) kinase inhibitor TAK228 would synergize with the mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor trametinib in pLGG. METHODS We tested TAK228 and trametinib in patient-derived pLGG cell lines harboring drivers of pLGG including BRAFV600E and neurofibromatosis type 1 loss. We measured cell proliferation, pathway inhibition, cell death, and senescence. Synergy was analyzed via MTS assay using the Chou-Talalay method. In vivo, we tested for overall survival and pathway inhibition and performed immunohistochemistry for proliferation and vascularization. We performed a scratch assay and measured angiogenesis protein activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS TAK228 synergized with trametinib in pLGG at clinically relevant doses in all tested cell lines, suppressing proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and causing senescence in a cell line-dependent manner. Combination treatment increased median survival by 70% and reduced tumor volume compared with monotreatment and control cohorts. Vascularization of tumors decreased as measured by CD31 and CD34. Combination treatment blocked activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and sarcoma proto-oncogene non-receptor tyrosine kinase (SRC) in HUVEC cells and reduced HUVEC migration compared with each drug alone. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TAK228 and trametinib synergized to suppress the growth of pLGG. These agents synergized to reduce tumor vascularity and endothelial cell growth and migration by blocking activation of FAK and SRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Arnold
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ming Yuan
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antionette Price
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren Harris
- Johns Hopkins University Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Baltimore, Maryland.,Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Pham K, Maxwell MJ, Sweeney H, Alt J, Rais R, Eberhart CG, Slusher BS, Raabe EH. Novel Glutamine Antagonist JHU395 Suppresses MYC-Driven Medulloblastoma Growth and Induces Apoptosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:336-344. [PMID: 33712838 PMCID: PMC7985826 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Amplification of c-MYC is a hallmark of a subset of poor-prognosis medulloblastoma. MYC upregulates glutamine metabolism across many types of cancer. We modified the naturally occurring glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) by adding 2 promoeities to increase its lipophilicity and brain penetration creating the prodrug isopropyl 6-diazo-5-oxo-2-(((phenyl (pivaloyloxy) methoxy) - carbonyl) amino) hexanoate, termed JHU395. This prodrug was shown to have a 10-fold improved CSF-to-plasma ratio and brain-to-plasma ratio relative to DON. We hypothesized that JHU395 would have superior cell penetration compared with DON and would effectively and more potently kill MYC-expressing medulloblastoma. JHU395 treatment caused decreased growth and increased apoptosis in multiple human high-MYC medulloblastoma cell lines at lower concentrations than DON. Parenteral administration of JHU395 in Nu/Nu mice led to the accumulation of micromolar concentrations of DON in brain. Treatment of mice bearing orthotopic xenografts of human MYC-amplified medulloblastoma with JHU395 increased median survival from 26 to 45 days compared with vehicle control mice (p < 0.001 by log-rank test). These data provide preclinical justification for the ongoing development and testing of brain-targeted DON prodrugs for use in medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Pham
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Micah J Maxwell
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Sweeney
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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Xue Y, Fu Y, Zhao F, Gui G, Li Y, Rivero-Hinojosa S, Liu G, Li Y, Xia S, Eberhart CG, Ying M. Frondoside A Inhibits an MYC-Driven Medulloblastoma Model Derived from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1199-1209. [PMID: 33722850 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. MYC-driven MBs, commonly found in the group 3 MB, are aggressive and metastatic with the worst prognosis. Modeling MYC-driven MB is the foundation of therapeutic development. Here, we applied a synthetic mRNA-driven strategy to generate neuronal precursors from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These neuronal precursors were transformed by the MYC oncogene combined with p53 loss of function to establish an MYC-driven MB model recapitulating the histologic and transcriptomic hallmarks of group 3 MB. We further show that the marine compound Frondoside A (FA) effectively inhibits this MYC-driven MB model without affecting isogenic neuronal precursors with undetectable MYC expression. Consistent results from a panel of MB models support that MYC levels are positively correlated with FA's antitumor potency. Next, we show that FA suppresses MYC expression and its downstream gene targets in MB cells, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying FA's inhibitory effects on MYC-driven cancers. In orthotopic xenografts of MYC-driven MB, intratumoral FA administration potently induces cytotoxicity in tumor xenografts, significantly extends the survival of tumor-bearing animals, and enhances the recruitment of microglia/macrophages and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to tumors. Moreover, we show that MYC levels also predict FA potency in glioblastoma and non-small cell lung cancer cells. Taken together, this study provides an efficient human iPSC-based strategy for personalizable cancer modeling, widely applicable to mechanistic studies (e.g., genetic predisposition to cancer) and drug discovery. Our preclinical results justify the clinical translation of FA in treating MYC-driven MB and other human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Xue
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yi Fu
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fenghong Zhao
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gege Gui
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuguo Li
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel Rivero-Hinojosa
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Guanshu Liu
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yunqing Li
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shuli Xia
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mingyao Ying
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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22
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Buzzetti M, Morlando S, Solomos D, Mehmood A, Cox AWI, Chiesa M, D'Alessandra Y, Garofalo M, Topham CH, Di Leva G. Pre-therapeutic efficacy of the CDK inhibitor dinaciclib in medulloblastoma cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5374. [PMID: 33686114 PMCID: PMC7940474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common aggressive paediatric brain tumour and, despite the recent progress in the treatments of MB patients, there is still an urgent need of complementary or alternative therapeutic options for MB infants. Cyclin Dependent Kinase inhibitors (CDKi) are at the front-line of novel targeted treatments for multiple cancers and the CDK4/6 specific inhibitor palbociclib has been pre-clinically identified as an effective option for MB cells. Herein, we identified the pan-CDKi dinaciclib as a promising alternative to palbociclib for the suppression of MB cells proliferation. We present evidence supporting dinaciclib’s ability to inhibit MB cells in vitro proliferation at considerably lower doses than palbociclib. Sequencing data and pathway analysis suggested that dinaciclib is a potent cell death inducer in MB cells. We found that dinaciclib-triggered apoptosis is triggered by CDK9 inhibition and the resultant reduction in RNA pol II phosphorylation, which leads to the downregulation of the oncogenic marker MYC, and the anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1. Specifically, we demonstrated that MCL-1 is a key apoptotic mediator for MB cells and co-treatment of dinaciclib with BH3 mimetics boosts the therapeutic efficacy of dinaciclib. Together, these findings highlight the potential of multi-CDK inhibition by dinaciclib as an alternative option to CDK4/6 specific inhibition, frequently associated with drug resistance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Buzzetti
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, Biomedical Research Centre, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.,Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sonia Morlando
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, Biomedical Research Centre, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Dimitrios Solomos
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, Biomedical Research Centre, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Ammara Mehmood
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, Biomedical Research Centre, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander W I Cox
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, at Manchester and University College London, London, UK
| | - Mattia Chiesa
- Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence Facility, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuri D'Alessandra
- Immunology and Functional Genomics Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Garofalo
- Transcriptional Networks in Lung Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, at Manchester and University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline H Topham
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, Biomedical Research Centre, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Gianpiero Di Leva
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
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23
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Maynard RE, Poore B, Hanaford AR, Pham K, James M, Alt J, Park Y, Slusher BS, Tamayo P, Mesirov J, Archer TC, Pomeroy SL, Eberhart CG, Raabe EH. TORC1/2 kinase inhibition depletes glutathione and synergizes with carboplatin to suppress the growth of MYC-driven medulloblastoma. Cancer Lett 2021; 504:137-145. [PMID: 33571541 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Tumors having high levels of c-MYC have the worst clinical prognosis, with only a minority of patients surviving. To address this unmet clinical need, we generated a human neural stem cell model of medulloblastoma that recapitulated the most aggressive subtype phenotypically and by mRNA expression profiling. An in silico analysis of these cells identified mTOR inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. We hypothesized that the orally bioavailable TORC1/2 kinase inhibitor TAK228 would have activity against MYC-driven medulloblastoma. TAK228 inhibited mTORC1/2, decreased cell growth and caused apoptosis in high-MYC medulloblastoma cell lines. Comprehensive metabolic profiling of medulloblastoma orthotopic xenografts showed upregulation of glutathione compared to matched normal brain. TAK228 suppressed glutathione production. Because glutathione is required to detoxify platinum-containing chemotherapy, we hypothesized that TAK228 would cooperate with carboplatin in medulloblastoma. TAK228 synergized with carboplatin to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis and extended survival in orthotopic xenografts of high-MYC medulloblastoma. Brain-penetrant TORC1/2 inhibitors and carboplatin may be an effective combination therapy for high-risk medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brad Poore
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, USA; Pathobiology Graduate Program, USA
| | - Allison R Hanaford
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, USA; Pathobiology Graduate Program, USA
| | - Khoa Pham
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, USA
| | | | | | - Youngran Park
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, USA
| | | | - Pablo Tamayo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Novel Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jill Mesirov
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tenley C Archer
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott L Pomeroy
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Department of Oncology, USA; Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA.
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24
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Dhindsa RS, Zoghbi AW, Krizay DK, Vasavda C, Goldstein DB. A Transcriptome-Based Drug Discovery Paradigm for Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:199-211. [PMID: 33159466 PMCID: PMC8122510 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genetic discoveries have created substantial opportunities for precision medicine in neurodevelopmental disorders. Many of the genes implicated in these diseases encode proteins that regulate gene expression, such as chromatin-associated proteins, transcription factors, and RNA-binding proteins. The identification of targeted therapeutics for individuals carrying mutations in these genes remains a challenge, as the encoded proteins can theoretically regulate thousands of downstream targets in a considerable number of cell types. Here, we propose the application of a drug discovery approach originally developed for cancer called "transcriptome reversal" for these neurodevelopmental disorders. This approach attempts to identify compounds that reverse gene-expression signatures associated with disease states. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:199-211.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Dhindsa
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anthony W. Zoghbi
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | - Daniel K. Krizay
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Chirag Vasavda
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David B. Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
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25
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Different Calculation Strategies Are Congruent in Determining Chemotherapy Resistance of Brain Tumors In Vitro. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122689. [PMID: 33333810 PMCID: PMC7765228 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer pharmacology, a drug candidate’s therapeutic potential is typically expressed as its ability to suppress cell growth. Different methods in assessing the cell phenotype and calculating the drug effect have been established. However, inconsistencies in drug response outcomes have been reported, and it is still unclear whether and to what extent the choice of data post-processing methods is responsible for that. Studies that systematically examine these questions are rare. Here, we compare three established calculation methods on a collection of nine in vitro models of glioblastoma, exposed to a library of 231 clinical drugs. The therapeutic potential of the drugs is determined on the growth curves, using growth inhibition 50% (GI50) and point-of-departure (PoD) as the criteria. An effect is detected on 36% of the drugs when relying on GI50 and on 27% when using PoD. For the area under the curve (AUC), a threshold of 9.5 or 10 could be set to discriminate between the drugs with and without an effect. GI50, PoD, and AUC are highly correlated. The ranking of substances by different criteria varies somewhat, but the group of the top 20 substances according to one criterion typically includes 17–19 top candidates according to another. In addition to generating preclinical values with high clinical potential, we present off-target appreciation of top substance predictions by interrogating the drug response data of non-cancer cells in our calculation technology.
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26
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Rusert JM, Juarez EF, Brabetz S, Jensen J, Garancher A, Chau LQ, Tacheva-Grigorova SK, Wahab S, Udaka YT, Finlay D, Seker-Cin H, Reardon B, Gröbner S, Serrano J, Ecker J, Qi L, Kogiso M, Du Y, Baxter PA, Henderson JJ, Berens ME, Vuori K, Milde T, Cho YJ, Li XN, Olson JM, Reyes I, Snuderl M, Wong TC, Dimmock DP, Nahas SA, Malicki D, Crawford JR, Levy ML, Van Allen EM, Pfister SM, Tamayo P, Kool M, Mesirov JP, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Functional Precision Medicine Identifies New Therapeutic Candidates for Medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5393-5407. [PMID: 33046443 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is among the most common malignant brain tumors in children. Recent studies have identified at least four subgroups of the disease that differ in terms of molecular characteristics and patient outcomes. Despite this heterogeneity, most patients with medulloblastoma receive similar therapies, including surgery, radiation, and intensive chemotherapy. Although these treatments prolong survival, many patients still die from the disease and survivors suffer severe long-term side effects from therapy. We hypothesize that each patient with medulloblastoma is sensitive to different therapies and that tailoring therapy based on the molecular and cellular characteristics of patients' tumors will improve outcomes. To test this, we assembled a panel of orthotopic patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and subjected them to DNA sequencing, gene expression profiling, and high-throughput drug screening. Analysis of DNA sequencing revealed that most medulloblastomas do not have actionable mutations that point to effective therapies. In contrast, gene expression and drug response data provided valuable information about potential therapies for every tumor. For example, drug screening demonstrated that actinomycin D, which is used for treatment of sarcoma but rarely for medulloblastoma, was active against PDXs representing Group 3 medulloblastoma, the most aggressive form of the disease. Functional analysis of tumor cells was successfully used in a clinical setting to identify more treatment options than sequencing alone. These studies suggest that it should be possible to move away from a one-size-fits-all approach and begin to treat each patient with therapies that are effective against their specific tumor. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that high-throughput drug screening identifies therapies for medulloblastoma that cannot be predicted by genomic or transcriptomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rusert
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Edwin F Juarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sebastian Brabetz
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James Jensen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexandra Garancher
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Lianne Q Chau
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Silvia K Tacheva-Grigorova
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Sameerah Wahab
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Yoko T Udaka
- Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Darren Finlay
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Huriye Seker-Cin
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brendan Reardon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Susanne Gröbner
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Ecker
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- CCU Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lin Qi
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mari Kogiso
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuchen Du
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Program of Precision Medicine PDOX Modeling of Pediatric Tumors, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Patricia A Baxter
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Program of Precision Medicine PDOX Modeling of Pediatric Tumors, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob J Henderson
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael E Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Till Milde
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- CCU Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Program of Precision Medicine PDOX Modeling of Pediatric Tumors, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - James M Olson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Iris Reyes
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Terence C Wong
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - David P Dimmock
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Shareef A Nahas
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Denise Malicki
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John R Crawford
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael L Levy
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California.
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Molecular subtyping in medulloblastoma (MB) has diagnostic and prognostic values which impact therapy. This paper provides guidance for the clinician caring for pediatric and adult patients with medulloblastoma in the modern era. RECENT FINDINGS Medulloblastoma comprises four molecularly distinct subgroups: wingless activated (WNT), sonic hedgehog activated (SHH), group 3, and group 4. Risk stratification before and after the discovery of molecular subgroups aims at minimizing toxicity by reducing radiation and chemotherapy doses in low-risk patients while maintaining favorable overall survival (OS). The mainstay of newly diagnosed medulloblastoma treatment is surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, except for children under 6 years of age, where high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue is used to avoid or delay radiotherapy, preventing neurocognitive sequelae. Management of recurrent/refractory medulloblastoma remains a challenge with immunotherapy and small-molecule inhibitors forming the backbone of novel strategies. Recent innovations in medulloblastoma research allow us to better understand pathogenesis and molecular characteristics resulting in advanced risk stratification models, new therapeutic approaches, and overall improved survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Szalontay
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yasmin Khakoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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28
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Wijaya J, Gose T, Schuetz JD. Using Pharmacology to Squeeze the Life Out of Childhood Leukemia, and Potential Strategies to Achieve Breakthroughs in Medulloblastoma Treatment. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:668-691. [PMID: 32571983 PMCID: PMC7312347 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.016824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliminating cancer was once thought of as a war. This analogy is still apt today; however, we now realize that cancer is a much more formidable enemy than scientists originally perceived, and in some cases, it harbors a profound ability to thwart our best efforts to defeat it. However, before we were aware of the complexity of cancer, chemotherapy against childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was successful because it applied the principles of pharmacology. Herein, we provide a historic perspective of the experience at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. In 1962, when the hospital opened, fewer than 3% of patients experienced durable cure. Through judicious application of pharmacologic principles (e.g., combination therapy with agents using different mechanisms of action) plus appropriate drug scheduling, dosing, and pharmacodynamics, the survival of patients with ALL now exceeds 90%. We contrast this approach to treating ALL with the contemporary approach to treating medulloblastoma, in which genetics and molecular signatures are being used to guide the development of more-efficacious treatment strategies with minimal toxicity. Finally, we highlight the emerging technologies that can sustain and propel the collaborative efforts to squeeze the life out of these cancers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Up until the early 1960s, chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia was mostly ineffective. This changed with the knowledge and implementation of rational approaches to combination therapy. Although the therapeutics of brain cancers such as medulloblastoma are not as refined (in part because of the blood-brain barrier obstacle), recent extraordinary advances in knowledge of medulloblastoma pathobiology has led to innovations in disease classification accompanied with strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. Undoubtedly, additional novel approaches, such as immunological therapeutics, will open new avenues to further the goal of taming cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwina Wijaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tomoka Gose
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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29
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Poore B, Yuan M, Arnold A, Price A, Alt J, Rubens JA, Slusher BS, Eberhart CG, Raabe EH. Inhibition of mTORC1 in pediatric low-grade glioma depletes glutathione and therapeutically synergizes with carboplatin. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:252-263. [PMID: 30239952 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric low-grade glioma (pLGG) often initially responds to front-line therapies such as carboplatin, but more than 50% of treated tumors eventually progress and require additional therapy. With the discovery that pLGG often contains mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, new treatment modalities and combinations are now possible for patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if carboplatin is synergistic with the mTOR complex 1 inhibitor everolimus in pLGG. METHODS We treated 4 pLGG cell lines and 1 patient-derived xenograft line representing various pLGG genotypes, including neurofibromatosis type 1 loss, proto-oncogene B-Raf (BRAF)-KIAA1549 fusion, and BRAFV600E mutation, with carboplatin and/or everolimus and performed assays for growth, cell proliferation, and cell death. Immunohistochemistry as well as in vivo and in vitro metabolomics studies were also performed. RESULTS Carboplatin synergized with everolimus in all of our 4 pLGG cell lines (combination index <1 at Fa 0.5). Combination therapy was superior at inhibiting tumor growth in vivo. Combination treatment increased levels of apoptosis as well as gamma-H2AX phosphorylation compared with either agent alone. Everolimus treatment suppressed the conversion of glutamine and glutamate into glutathione both in vitro and in vivo. Exogenous glutathione reversed the effects of carboplatin and everolimus. CONCLUSIONS The combination of carboplatin and everolimus was effective at inducing cell death and slowing tumor growth in pLGG models. Everolimus decreased the amount of available glutathione inside the cell, preventing the detoxification of carboplatin and inducing increased DNA damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Poore
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ming Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antje Arnold
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antoinette Price
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey A Rubens
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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30
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Čančer M, Hutter S, Holmberg KO, Rosén G, Sundström A, Tailor J, Bergström T, Garancher A, Essand M, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Falk A, Weishaupt H, Swartling FJ. Humanized Stem Cell Models of Pediatric Medulloblastoma Reveal an Oct4/mTOR Axis that Promotes Malignancy. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:855-870.e11. [PMID: 31786016 PMCID: PMC6900751 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), the most frequent malignant childhood brain tumor, can arise from cellular malfunctions during hindbrain development. Here we generate humanized models for Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-subgroup MB via MYCN overexpression in primary human hindbrain-derived neuroepithelial stem (hbNES) cells or iPSC-derived NES cells, which display a range of aggressive phenotypes upon xenografting. iPSC-derived NES tumors develop quickly with leptomeningeal dissemination, whereas hbNES-derived cells exhibit delayed tumor formation with less dissemination. Methylation and expression profiling show that tumors from both origins recapitulate hallmarks of infant SHH MB and reveal that mTOR activation, as a result of increased Oct4, promotes aggressiveness of human SHH tumors. Targeting mTOR decreases cell viability and prolongs survival, showing the utility of these varied models for dissecting mechanisms mediating tumor aggression and demonstrating the value of humanized models for a better understanding of pediatric cancers. Human iPSC-derived or primary neuroepithelial stem cells can be transformed by MYCN MYCN drives infant SHH medulloblastoma with clinically relevant features Epigenetically regulated Oct4 promotes mTOR hyperactivation in infant SHH tumors mTOR inhibition efficiently targets metastatic SHH medulloblastoma models and PDXs
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Affiliation(s)
- Matko Čančer
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sonja Hutter
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl O Holmberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Rosén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Sundström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Tobias Bergström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Garancher
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 92037 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 92037 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holger Weishaupt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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31
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Hanaford AR, Alt J, Rais R, Wang SZ, Kaur H, Thorek DLJ, Eberhart CG, Slusher BS, Martin AM, Raabe EH. Orally bioavailable glutamine antagonist prodrug JHU-083 penetrates mouse brain and suppresses the growth of MYC-driven medulloblastoma. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1314-1322. [PMID: 31340195 PMCID: PMC6657308 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of poor-prognosis medulloblastoma has genomic amplification of MYC. MYC regulates glutamine metabolism in multiple cellular contexts. We modified the glutamine analog 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) to mask its carboxylate and amine functionalities, creating a prodrug termed JHU-083 with increased oral bioavailability. We hypothesized that this prodrug would kill MYC-expressing medulloblastoma. JHU-083 treatment caused decreased growth and increased apoptosis in human MYC-expressing medulloblastoma cell lines. We generated a mouse MYC-driven medulloblastoma model by transforming C57BL/6 mouse cerebellar stem and progenitor cells. When implanted into the brains of C57BL/6 mice, these cells formed large cell/anaplastic tumors that resembled aggressive medulloblastoma. A cell line derived from this model was sensitive to JHU-083 in vitro. Oral administration of JHU-038 led to the accumulation of micromolar concentrations of DON in the mouse brain. JHU-083 treatment significantly increased the survival of immune-competent animals bearing orthotopic tumors formed by the mouse cerebellar stem cell model as well as immune-deficient animals bearing orthotopic tumors formed by a human MYC-amplified medulloblastoma cell line. These data provide pre-clinical justification for the ongoing development and testing of orally bioavailable DON prodrugs for use in medulloblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Hanaford
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Sabrina Z Wang
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Allison M Martin
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287.
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287.
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32
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Wang SZ, Poore B, Alt J, Price A, Allen SJ, Hanaford AR, Kaur H, Orr BA, Slusher BS, Eberhart CG, Raabe EH, Rubens JA. Unbiased Metabolic Profiling Predicts Sensitivity of High MYC-Expressing Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors to Glutamine Inhibition with 6-Diazo-5-Oxo-L-Norleucine. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5925-5936. [PMID: 31300448 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are aggressive infantile brain tumors with poor survival. Recent advancements have highlighted significant molecular heterogeneity in AT/RT with an aggressive subgroup featuring overexpression of the MYC proto-oncogene. We perform the first comprehensive metabolic profiling of patient-derived AT/RT cell lines to identify therapeutic susceptibilities in high MYC-expressing AT/RT. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Metabolites were extracted from AT/RT cell lines and separated in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Glutamine metabolic inhibition with 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) was tested with growth and cell death assays and survival studies in orthotopic mouse models of AT/RT. Metabolic flux analysis was completed to identify combination therapies to act synergistically to improve survival in high MYC AT/RT. RESULTS Unbiased metabolic profiling of AT/RT cell models identified a unique dependence of high MYC AT/RT on glutamine for survival. The glutamine analogue, DON, selectively targeted high MYC cell lines, slowing cell growth, inducing apoptosis, and extending survival in orthotopic mouse models of AT/RT. Metabolic flux experiments with isotopically labeled glutamine revealed DON inhibition of glutathione (GSH) synthesis. DON combined with carboplatin further slowed cell growth, induced apoptosis, and extended survival in orthotopic mouse models of high MYC AT/RT. CONCLUSIONS Unbiased metabolic profiling of AT/RT identified susceptibility of high MYC AT/RT to glutamine metabolic inhibition with DON therapy. DON inhibited glutamine-dependent synthesis of GSH and synergized with carboplatin to extend survival in high MYC AT/RT. These findings can rapidly translate into new clinical trials to improve survival in high MYC AT/RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Z Wang
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brad Poore
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antoinette Price
- Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sariah J Allen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Allison R Hanaford
- Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brent A Orr
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey A Rubens
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Bandopadhayay P, Piccioni F, O'Rourke R, Ho P, Gonzalez EM, Buchan G, Qian K, Gionet G, Girard E, Coxon M, Rees MG, Brenan L, Dubois F, Shapira O, Greenwald NF, Pages M, Balboni Iniguez A, Paolella BR, Meng A, Sinai C, Roti G, Dharia NV, Creech A, Tanenbaum B, Khadka P, Tracy A, Tiv HL, Hong AL, Coy S, Rashid R, Lin JR, Cowley GS, Lam FC, Goodale A, Lee Y, Schoolcraft K, Vazquez F, Hahn WC, Tsherniak A, Bradner JE, Yaffe MB, Milde T, Pfister SM, Qi J, Schenone M, Carr SA, Ligon KL, Kieran MW, Santagata S, Olson JM, Gokhale PC, Jaffe JD, Root DE, Stegmaier K, Johannessen CM, Beroukhim R. Neuronal differentiation and cell-cycle programs mediate response to BET-bromodomain inhibition in MYC-driven medulloblastoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2400. [PMID: 31160565 PMCID: PMC6546744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BET-bromodomain inhibition (BETi) has shown pre-clinical promise for MYC-amplified medulloblastoma. However, the mechanisms for its action, and ultimately for resistance, have not been fully defined. Here, using a combination of expression profiling, genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss of function and ORF/cDNA driven rescue screens, and cell-based models of spontaneous resistance, we identify bHLH/homeobox transcription factors and cell-cycle regulators as key genes mediating BETi's response and resistance. Cells that acquire drug tolerance exhibit a more neuronally differentiated cell-state and expression of lineage-specific bHLH/homeobox transcription factors. However, they do not terminally differentiate, maintain expression of CCND2, and continue to cycle through S-phase. Moreover, CDK4/CDK6 inhibition delays acquisition of resistance. Therefore, our data provide insights about the mechanisms underlying BETi effects and the appearance of resistance and support the therapeutic use of combined cell-cycle inhibitors with BETi in MYC-amplified medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Ryan O'Rourke
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Patricia Ho
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Gonzalez
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Graham Buchan
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Kenin Qian
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Gabrielle Gionet
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Emily Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Margo Coxon
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Lisa Brenan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Frank Dubois
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Division of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Ofer Shapira
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Division of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Noah F Greenwald
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Division of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Melanie Pages
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Amanda Balboni Iniguez
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Brenton R Paolella
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Division of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Alice Meng
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Claire Sinai
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Giovanni Roti
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Hematology and BMT, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Neekesh V Dharia
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - Prasidda Khadka
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Adam Tracy
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Hong L Tiv
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Boston, USA
| | - Andrew L Hong
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Shannon Coy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Rumana Rashid
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jia-Ren Lin
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Glenn S Cowley
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Discovery Science, Janssen Research and Development (Johnson & Johnson), Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Fred C Lam
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Amy Goodale
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Yenarae Lee
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | | - William C Hahn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - James E Bradner
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Till Milde
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- CCU Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jun Qi
- Division of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - Keith L Ligon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Prafulla C Gokhale
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Boston, USA
| | | | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA.
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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34
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Thomas A, Noël G. Medulloblastoma: optimizing care with a multidisciplinary approach. J Multidiscip Healthc 2019; 12:335-347. [PMID: 31118657 PMCID: PMC6498429 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s167808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a malignant tumor of the cerebellum and the most frequent malignant brain tumor in children. The standard of care consists of maximal resection surgery, followed by craniospinal irradiation and chemotherapy. Such treatment allows long-term survival rates of nearly 70%; however, there are wide disparities among patient outcomes, and in any case, major long-term morbidity is observed with conventional treatment. In the last two decades, the molecular understanding of medulloblastoma has improved drastically, allowing us to revolutionize our understanding of medulloblastoma pathophysiological mechanisms. These advances led to an international consensus in 2010 that defined four prognostic molecular subgroups named after their affected signaling pathways, that is, WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4. The molecular understanding of medulloblastoma is starting to translate through to clinical settings due to the development of targeted therapies. Moreover, recent improvements in radiotherapy modalities and the reconsideration of craniospinal irradiation according to the molecular status hold promise for survival preservation and the reduction of radiation-induced morbidity. This review is an overview of the current knowledge of medulloblastoma through a molecular approach, and therapeutic prospects currently being developed in surgery, radiotherapy and targeted therapies to optimize the treatment of medulloblastoma with a multidisciplinary approach will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Thomas
- Radiotherapy Department, Centre Paul Strauss, UNICANCER, F-67065 Strasbourg, France,
| | - Georges Noël
- Radiotherapy Department, Centre Paul Strauss, UNICANCER, F-67065 Strasbourg, France, .,Radiobiology Lab, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Centre Paul Strauss, UNICANCER, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,
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35
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Menyhárt O, Giangaspero F, Győrffy B. Molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets in non-WNT/non-SHH (group 3 and group 4) medulloblastomas. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:29. [PMID: 30876441 PMCID: PMC6420757 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood medulloblastomas (MB) are heterogeneous and are divided into four molecular subgroups. The provisional non-wingless-activated (WNT)/non-sonic hedgehog-activated (SHH) category combining group 3 and group 4 represents over two thirds of all MBs, coupled with the highest rates of metastases and least understood pathology. The molecular era expanded our knowledge about molecular aberrations involved in MB tumorigenesis, and here, we review processes leading to non-WNT/non-SHH MB formations. The heterogeneous group 3 and group 4 MBs frequently harbor rare individual genetic alterations, yet the emerging profiles suggest that infrequent events converge on common, potentially targetable signaling pathways. A mutual theme is the altered epigenetic regulation, and in vitro approaches targeting epigenetic machinery are promising. Growing evidence indicates the presence of an intermediate, mixed signature group along group 3 and group 4, and future clarifications are imperative for concordant classification, as misidentifying patient samples has serious implications for therapy and clinical trials. To subdue the high MB mortality, we need to discern mechanisms of disease spread and recurrence. Current preclinical models do not represent the full scale of group 3 and group 4 heterogeneity: all of existing group 3 cell lines are MYC-amplified and most mouse models resemble MYC-activated MBs. Clinical samples provide a wealth of information about the genetic divergence between primary tumors and metastatic clones, but recurrent MBs are rarely resected. Molecularly stratified treatment options are limited, and targeted therapies are still in preclinical development. Attacking these aggressive tumors at multiple frontiers will be needed to improve stagnant survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otília Menyhárt
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 7-9, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary.,MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological, and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), Italy
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 7-9, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary. .,MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
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36
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) comprises a biologically heterogeneous group of embryonal tumours of the cerebellum. Four subgroups of MB have been described (WNT, sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3 and Group 4), each of which is associated with different genetic alterations, age at onset and prognosis. These subgroups have broadly been incorporated into the WHO classification of central nervous system tumours but still need to be accounted for to appropriately tailor disease risk to therapy intensity and to target therapy to disease biology. In this Primer, the epidemiology (including MB predisposition), molecular pathogenesis and integrative diagnosis taking histomorphology, molecular genetics and imaging into account are reviewed. In addition, management strategies, which encompass surgical resection of the tumour, cranio-spinal irradiation and chemotherapy, are discussed, together with the possibility of focusing more on disease biology and robust molecularly driven patient stratification in future clinical trials.
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37
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Natsumeda M, Liu Y, Nakata S, Miyahara H, Hanaford A, Ahsan S, Stearns D, Skuli N, Kahlert UD, Raabe EH, Rodriguez FJ, Eberhart CG. Inhibition of enhancer of zest homologue 2 is a potential therapeutic target for high-MYC medulloblastoma. Neuropathology 2019; 39:71-77. [PMID: 30632221 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MYC amplification is common in Group 3 medulloblastoma and is associated with poor survival. Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastomas are also known to have elevated levels of histone H3-lysine 27-tri-methylation (H3K27me3), at least in part due to high expression of the H3K27 methyltransferase enhancer of zest homologue 2 (EZH2), which can be regulated by MYC. We therefore examined whether MYC expression is associated with elevated EZH2 and H3K27me3 in medulloblastoma, and if high-MYC medulloblastomas are particularly sensitive to pharmacological EZH2 blockade. Western blot analysis of low (DAOY, UW228, CB SV40) and high (DAOY-MYC, UW228-MYC, CB-MYC, D425) MYC cell lines showed that higher levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3 were associated with elevated MYC. In fixed medulloblastoma samples examined using immunohistochemistry, most MYC positive tumors also had high H3K27me3, but many MYC negative ones did as well, and the correlation was not statistically significant. All high MYC lines tested were sensitive to the EZH2 inhibitor EPZ6438. Many low MYC lines also grew more slowly in the presence of EPZ6438, although DAOY-MYC cells responded more strongly than parent DAOY cultures with lower MYC levels. We find that higher MYC levels are associated with increased EZH2, and pharmacological blockade of EZH2 is a potential therapeutic strategy for aggressive medulloblastoma with elevated MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Natsumeda
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiroaki Miyahara
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Allison Hanaford
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sama Ahsan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Duncan Stearns
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ulf D Kahlert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fausto J Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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38
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Rees MG, Seashore-Ludlow B, Clemons PA. Computational Analyses Connect Small-Molecule Sensitivity to Cellular Features Using Large Panels of Cancer Cell Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1888:233-254. [PMID: 30519951 PMCID: PMC6563933 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8891-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently pioneered several analyses of small-molecule sensitivity data collected from large-scale perturbation of hundreds of cancer cell lines with hundreds of small molecules, with cell viability measured as a readout of compound sensitivity. We performed these studies using cancer cell lines previously annotated with cellular, genomic, and basal gene-expression features. By combining small-molecule sensitivity data with these other datasets, we identified new candidate biomarkers of sensitivity, gained insights into small-molecule mechanisms of action, and proposed candidate hypotheses for cancer dependencies (including candidate combination therapies). Nevertheless, given the size of these datasets, we expect that many connections between cellular features and small-molecule sensitivity remain underexplored. In this chapter, we provide a step-by-step account of foundational data-analysis methods underlying our published studies, including working MATLAB code applied to our own public datasets. These procedures will allow others to repeat analyses of our data with new parameters, in additional contexts, and to adapt our procedures to their own datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Rees
- Cancer Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Paul A Clemons
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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39
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Archer TC, Ehrenberger T, Mundt F, Gold MP, Krug K, Mah CK, Mahoney EL, Daniel CJ, LeNail A, Ramamoorthy D, Mertins P, Mani DR, Zhang H, Gillette MA, Clauser K, Noble M, Tang LC, Pierre-François J, Silterra J, Jensen J, Tamayo P, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Kool M, Northcott PA, Sears RC, Lipton JO, Carr SA, Mesirov JP, Pomeroy SL, Fraenkel E. Proteomics, Post-translational Modifications, and Integrative Analyses Reveal Molecular Heterogeneity within Medulloblastoma Subgroups. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:396-410.e8. [PMID: 30205044 PMCID: PMC6372116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to identify therapeutic targets in tumors with low mutation rates such as the malignant pediatric brain tumor medulloblastoma. To address this challenge, we quantitatively profiled global proteomes and phospho-proteomes of 45 medulloblastoma samples. Integrated analyses revealed that tumors with similar RNA expression vary extensively at the post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. We identified distinct pathways associated with two subsets of SHH tumors, and found post-translational modifications of MYC that are associated with poor outcomes in group 3 tumors. We found kinases associated with subtypes and showed that inhibiting PRKDC sensitizes MYC-driven cells to radiation. Our study shows that proteomics enables a more comprehensive, functional readout, providing a foundation for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenley C Archer
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Ehrenberger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Filip Mundt
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maxwell P Gold
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karsten Krug
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clarence K Mah
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Mahoney
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colin J Daniel
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alexander LeNail
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Divya Ramamoorthy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D R Mani
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hailei Zhang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Gillette
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karl Clauser
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Noble
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lauren C Tang
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Pierre-François
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob Silterra
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Jensen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- CCU Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan O Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Scott L Pomeroy
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Integrated genomics has significantly advanced our understanding of medulloblastoma heterogeneity. It is now clear that it actually comprises at least four distinct molecular subgroups termed Wnt/Wingless (WNT), Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Group 3, and Group 4 with stark clinical and biological differences. Areas covered: This paper reviews advances in the classification and risk stratification of medulloblastoma, specifically integrating subgroup with clinical and cytogenetic risk factors, with a summary of the potential to lead to more precise therapies. Moreover, the current state of preclinical modeling is summarized with respect to their utility in generating new treatments and correlation with genomic discoveries. Opportunities and challenges in developing new treatment paradigms are summarized and discussed, specifically new therapies for very high-risk metastatic/MYC-amplified Group 3 and TP53-mutant SHH and reductions in therapy for lower risk groups. Expert commentary: Survival across medulloblastoma has been stagnant for over 30 years, and new treatment paradigms are urgently required. Current therapy significantly over treats a high proportion of patients leaving them with lifelong side effects; while many patients still succumb to their disease. Applying biological advances could improve quality of life for a significant proportion of patients while offering new upfront approaches to the highest risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Nör
- a Programme in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology , Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , ON , Canada.,b Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre , Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- b Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre , Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , ON , Canada.,c Division of Haematology/Oncology , Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , ON , Canada
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41
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Wang J, Garancher A, Ramaswamy V, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Medulloblastoma: From Molecular Subgroups to Molecular Targeted Therapies. Annu Rev Neurosci 2018; 41:207-232. [PMID: 29641939 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-013838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children, and medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Advances in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have improved the survival of MB patients. But despite these advances, 25-30% of patients still die from the disease, and survivors suffer severe long-term side effects from the aggressive therapies they receive. Although MB is often considered a single disease, molecular profiling has revealed a significant degree of heterogeneity, and there is a growing consensus that MB consists of multiple subgroups with distinct driver mutations, cells of origin, and prognosis. Here, we review recent progress in MB research, with a focus on the genes and pathways that drive tumorigenesis, the animal models that have been developed to study tumor biology, and the advances in conventional and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Alexandra Garancher
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Haematology/Oncology and Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
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42
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Martin AM, Nirschl CJ, Polanczyk MJ, Bell WR, Nirschl TR, Harris-Bookman S, Phallen J, Hicks J, Martinez D, Ogurtsova A, Xu H, Sullivan LM, Meeker AK, Raabe EH, Cohen KJ, Eberhart CG, Burger PC, Santi M, Taube JM, Pardoll DM, Drake CG, Lim M. PD-L1 expression in medulloblastoma: an evaluation by subgroup. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19177-19191. [PMID: 29721192 PMCID: PMC5922386 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the expression of PD-L1 and markers of immune mediated resistance in human medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Results Overall levels of PD-L1 in human MB were low; however, some cases demonstrated robust focal expression associated with increased immune infiltrates. The case with highest PD-L1 expression was a sonic hedgehog (SHH) MB. In cell lines, SHH MB, which are low-MYC expressing, demonstrated both constitutive and inducible expression of PD-L1 while those in Group 3/4 that expressed high levels of MYC had only inducible expression. In vitro, IFN-γ robustly stimulated the expression of PD-L1 in all cell lines while radiation induced variable expression. Forced high MYC expression did not significantly alter PD-L1. Methods Human MB tumor samples were evaluated for expression of PD-L1 and immune cell markers in relation to molecular subgroup assignment. PD-L1 expression was functionally analyzed under conditions of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), radiation, and MYC overexpression. Conclusions MB expresses low levels of PD-L1 facilitating immune escape. Importantly, TH1 cytokine stimulation appears to be the most potent inducer of PD-L1 expression in vitro suggesting that an inflamed tumor microenvironment is necessary for PD-1 pathway activation in this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Martin
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Nirschl
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Magda J Polanczyk
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Robert Bell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas R Nirschl
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Harris-Bookman
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jillian Phallen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Biology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Hicks
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Kidney and Urologic Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aleksandra Ogurtsova
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatologic Pathology and Oral Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haiying Xu
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatologic Pathology and Oral Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Alan K Meeker
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Kidney and Urologic Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth J Cohen
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C Burger
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mariarita Santi
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janis M Taube
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatologic Pathology and Oral Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles G Drake
- Columbia University Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
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43
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El Nagar S, Zindy F, Moens C, Martin L, Plassard D, Roussel MF, Lamonerie T, Billon N. A new genetically engineered mouse model of choroid plexus carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:568-574. [PMID: 29339161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Choroid plexus carcinomas (CPCs) are highly malignant brain tumours predominantly found in children and associated to poor prognosis. Improved therapy for these cancers would benefit from the generation of animal models. Here we have created a novel mouse CPC model by expressing a stabilised form of c-Myc (MycT58A) and inactivating Trp53 in the choroid plexus of newborn mice. This induced aberrant proliferation of choroid plexus epithelial cells, leading to aggressive tumour development and death within 150 days. Choroid plexus tumours occurred with a complete penetrance in all brain ventricles, with prevalence in the lateral and fourth ventricles. Histological and cellular analysis indicated that these tumours were CPCs resembling their human counterparts. Comparison of gene expression profiles of CPCs and non-neoplastic tissues revealed profound alterations in cell cycle regulation and DNA damage responses, suggesting that dysregulation of cell division and DNA checkpoint pathways may represent key vulnerabilities. This novel animal model of CPC provides an invaluable tool to elucidate the mechanism of CPC formation and to develop successful therapies against this devastating paediatric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederique Zindy
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charlotte Moens
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France; Present address: Institut des sciences de la vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium
| | - Luc Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | | | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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44
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Geeleher P, Zhang Z, Wang F, Gruener RF, Nath A, Morrison G, Bhutra S, Grossman RL, Huang RS. Discovering novel pharmacogenomic biomarkers by imputing drug response in cancer patients from large genomics studies. Genome Res 2017; 27:1743-1751. [PMID: 28847918 PMCID: PMC5630037 DOI: 10.1101/gr.221077.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining accurate drug response data in large cohorts of cancer patients is very challenging; thus, most cancer pharmacogenomics discovery is conducted in preclinical studies, typically using cell lines and mouse models. However, these platforms suffer from serious limitations, including small sample sizes. Here, we have developed a novel computational method that allows us to impute drug response in very large clinical cancer genomics data sets, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The approach works by creating statistical models relating gene expression to drug response in large panels of cancer cell lines and applying these models to tumor gene expression data in the clinical data sets (e.g., TCGA). This yields an imputed drug response for every drug in each patient. These imputed drug response data are then associated with somatic genetic variants measured in the clinical cohort, such as copy number changes or mutations in protein coding genes. These analyses recapitulated drug associations for known clinically actionable somatic genetic alterations and identified new predictive biomarkers for existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Geeleher
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Center for Data Intensive Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Robert F Gruener
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Aritro Nath
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Gladys Morrison
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Steven Bhutra
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Robert L Grossman
- Center for Data Intensive Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - R Stephanie Huang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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45
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Sharifnia T, Hong AL, Painter CA, Boehm JS. Emerging Opportunities for Target Discovery in Rare Cancers. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1075-1091. [PMID: 28938087 PMCID: PMC5857178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rare cancers pose unique challenges to research due to their low incidence. Barriers include a scarcity of tissue and experimental models to enable basic research and insufficient patient accrual for clinical studies. Consequently, an understanding of the genetic and cellular features of many rare cancer types and their associated vulnerabilities has been lacking. However, new opportunities are emerging to facilitate discovery of therapeutic targets in rare cancers. Online platforms are allowing patients with rare cancers to organize on an unprecedented scale, tumor genome sequencing is now routinely performed in research and clinical settings, and the efficiency of patient-derived model generation has improved. New CRISPR/Cas9 and small-molecule libraries permit cancer dependency discovery in a rapid and systematic fashion. In parallel, large-scale studies of common cancers now provide reference datasets to help interpret rare cancer profiling data. Together, these advances motivate consideration of new research frameworks to accelerate rare cancer target discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaz Sharifnia
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andrew L Hong
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Jesse S Boehm
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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46
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Kawauchi D, Ogg RJ, Liu L, Shih DJH, Finkelstein D, Murphy BL, Rehg JE, Korshunov A, Calabrese C, Zindy F, Phoenix T, Kawaguchi Y, Gronych J, Gilbertson RJ, Lichter P, Gajjar A, Kool M, Northcott PA, Pfister SM, Roussel MF. Novel MYC-driven medulloblastoma models from multiple embryonic cerebellar cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:5231-5242. [PMID: 28504719 PMCID: PMC5605674 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Group3 medulloblastoma (MBG3) that predominantly occur in young children are usually associated with MYC amplification and/or overexpression, frequent metastasis and a dismal prognosis. Physiologically relevant MBG3 models are currently lacking, making inferences related to their cellular origin thus far limited. Using in utero electroporation, we here report that MBG3 mouse models can be developed in situ from different multipotent embryonic cerebellar progenitor cells via conditional expression of Myc and loss of Trp53 function in several Cre driver mouse lines. The Blbp-Cre driver that targets embryonic neural progenitors induced tumors exhibiting a large-cell/anaplastic histopathology adjacent to the fourth ventricle, recapitulating human MBG3. Enforced co-expression of luciferase together with Myc and a dominant-negative form of Trp53 revealed that GABAergic neuronal progenitors as well as cerebellar granule cells give rise to MBG3 with their distinct growth kinetics. Cross-species gene expression analysis revealed that these novel MBG3 models shared molecular characteristics with human MBG3, irrespective of their cellular origin. We here developed MBG3 mouse models in their physiological environment and we show that oncogenic insults drive this MB subgroup in different cerebellar lineages rather than in a specific cell of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kawauchi
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R J Ogg
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - L Liu
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - D J H Shih
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - B L Murphy
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - J E Rehg
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Core, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - A Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Calabrese
- Department of Small Animal Imaging Core, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - F Zindy
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - T Phoenix
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Y Kawaguchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - J Gronych
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R J Gilbertson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - P Lichter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - M Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), Memphis, TN, USA
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47
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Levin VA, Abrey LE, Heffron TP, Tonge PJ, Dar AC, Weiss WA, Gallo JM. CNS Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development: 2016 conference insights. CNS Oncol 2017; 6:167-177. [PMID: 28718326 PMCID: PMC6009211 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CNS Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development, 16-17 November 2016, Scottsdale, AZ, USA The 2016 second CNS Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development Conference addressed diverse viewpoints about why new drug discovery/development focused on CNS cancers has been sorely lacking. Despite more than 70,000 individuals in the USA being diagnosed with a primary brain malignancy and 151,669-286,486 suffering from metastatic CNS cancer, in 1999, temozolomide was the last drug approved by the US FDA as an anticancer agent for high-grade gliomas. Among the topics discussed were economic factors and pharmaceutical risk assessments, regulatory constraints and perceptions and the need for improved imaging surrogates of drug activity. Included were modeling tumor growth and drug effects in a medical environment in which direct tumor sampling for biological effects can be problematic, potential new drugs under investigation and targets for drug discovery and development. The long trajectory and diverse impediments to novel drug discovery, and expectation that more than one drug will be needed to adequately inhibit critical intracellular tumor pathways were viewed as major disincentives for most pharmaceutical/biotechnology companies. While there were a few unanimities, one consensus is the need for continued and focused discussion among academic and industry scientists and clinicians to address tumor targets, new drug chemistry, and more time- and cost-efficient clinical trials based on surrogate end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Levin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Peter J Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Arvin C Dar
- Oncological & Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 949143, USA (W.A.W.), CA, USA
| | - James M Gallo
- Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA (J.M.G.)
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48
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Abstract
Current therapies for medulloblastoma were introduced primarily in the 1980s and consist of predominantly cytotoxic, nontargeted approaches. Mortality from medulloblastoma remains significant. In addition, many survivors suffer from severe treatment-related effects of radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Further intensification of nonspecific therapy is unlikely to offer additional benefits, because survival rates have reached a plateau. Recent publications in medulloblastoma have revolved largely around the recognition that medulloblastoma per se does not exist, but rather, that there are a group of histologically similar but clinically and molecularly distinct entities that have been grouped under that rubric. Distinguishing the four molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma-wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), group 3, and group 4-in the daily treatment of patients, as well in the setting of clinical trials, is an important challenge in the near term for the pediatric neuro-oncology community. The preponderance of morbidity in treating patients with medulloblastoma is secondary to the treatment or prophylaxis of leptomeningeal metastases, and the cause of most deaths is leptomeningeal metastases. Recurrence of medulloblastoma is a nearly universally fatal event, with no significant salvage rate. The extent of spatial and temporal intratumoral heterogeneity as medulloblastoma metastasizes to leptomeninges and as it evolves in the face of radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy is just beginning to be understood as a major barrier to therapeutic success. Pediatric neuro-oncology clinicians and scientists must now determine how best to incorporate rapid changes in our biologic understanding of medulloblastoma into the next generation of upfront clinical trials, with the goal of both improving survival for the highest-risk patients and improving quality of life for survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Ramaswamy
- All authors: Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- All authors: Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Cook Sangar ML, Genovesi LA, Nakamoto MW, Davis MJ, Knobluagh SE, Ji P, Millar A, Wainwright BJ, Olson JM. Inhibition of CDK4/6 by Palbociclib Significantly Extends Survival in Medulloblastoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Models. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 28637687 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Bioinformatics analysis followed by in vivo studies in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were used to identify and validate CDK 4/6 inhibition as an effective therapeutic strategy for medulloblastoma, particularly group 3 MYC-amplified tumors that have the worst clinical prognosis.Experimental Design: A protein interaction network derived from a Sleeping Beauty mutagenesis model of medulloblastoma was used to identify potential novel therapeutic targets. The top hit from this analysis was validated in vivo using PDX models of medulloblastoma implanted subcutaneously in the flank and orthotopically in the cerebellum of mice.Results: Informatics analysis identified the CDK4/6/CYCLIN D/RB pathway as a novel "druggable" pathway for multiple subgroups of medulloblastoma. Palbociclib, a highly specific inhibitor of CDK4/6, was found to inhibit RB phosphorylation and cause G1 arrest in PDX models of medulloblastoma. The drug caused rapid regression of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and MYC-amplified group 3 medulloblastoma subcutaneous tumors and provided a highly significant survival advantage to mice bearing MYC-amplified intracranial tumors.Conclusions: Inhibition of CDK4/6 is potentially a highly effective strategy for the treatment of SHH and MYC-amplified group 3 medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(19); 5802-13. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura A Genovesi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Madison W Nakamoto
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue E Knobluagh
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Pengxiang Ji
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
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50
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Archer TC, Mahoney EL, Pomeroy SL. Medulloblastoma: Molecular Classification-Based Personal Therapeutics. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:265-273. [PMID: 28386677 PMCID: PMC5398996 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer genomics have revealed 4 distinct subgroups of medulloblastomas, each with unique transcription profiles, DNA alterations and clinical outcome. Molecular classification of medulloblastomas improves predictions of clinical outcome, allowing more accurate matching of intensity of conventional treatments with chemotherapy and radiation to overall prognosis and setting the stage for the introduction of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenley C Archer
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Scott L Pomeroy
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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