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Mahrooz A. Pleiotropic functions and clinical importance of circulating HDL-PON1 complex. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:132-171. [PMID: 38797541 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) functions are mostly mediated through a complex proteome, particularly its enzymes. HDL can provide a scaffold for the assembly of several proteins that affect each other's function. HDL particles, particularly small, dense HDL3, are rich in paraoxonase 1 (PON1), which is an important enzyme in the functionality of HDL, so the antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties of HDL are largely attributed to this enzyme. There is an increasing need to represent a valid, reproducible, and reliable method to assay HDL function in routine clinical laboratories. In this context, HDL-associated proteins may be key players; notably PON1 activity (its arylesterase activity) may be a proper candidate because its decreased activity can be considered an important risk factor for HDL dysfunctionality. Of note, automated methods have been developed for the measurement of serum PON1 activity that facilitates its assay in large sample numbers. Arylesterase activity is proposed as a preferred activity among the different activities of PON1 for its assay in epidemiological studies. The binding of PON1 to HDL is critical for the maintenance of its activity and it appears apolipoprotein A-I plays an important role in HDL-PON1 interaction as well as in the biochemical and enzymatic properties of PON1. The interrelationships between HDL, PON1, and HDL's other components are complex and incompletely understood. The purpose of this review is to discuss biochemical and clinical evidence considering the interactions of PON1 with HDL and the role of this enzyme as an appropriate biomarker for HDL function as well as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkarim Mahrooz
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Morresi C, Luccarini A, Marcheggiani F, Ferretti G, Damiani E, Bacchetti T. Modulation of paraoxonase-2 in human dermal fibroblasts by UVA-induced oxidative stress: A new potential marker of skin photodamage. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110702. [PMID: 37717644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) is an intracellular protein, that exerts a protective role against cell oxidative stress and apoptosis. Genetic and environmental factors (i.e. dietary factors, cigarette smoke, drugs) are able to modulate cellular PON2 levels. The effect of ultraviolet A radiation (UVA), the oxidizing component of sunlight, on PON2 in human dermal fibroblasts (HuDe) has not been previously explored. Excessive UVA radiation is known to cause direct and indirect skin damage by influencing intracellular signalling pathways through oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that modulate the expression of downstream genes involved in different processes, e.g. skin photoaging and cancer. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the modulation of PON2 in terms of protein expression and enzyme activity in HuDe exposed to UVA (270 kJ/m2). Our results show that PON2 is up-regulated immediately after UVA exposure and that its levels and activity decrease in the post-exposure phase, in a time-dependent manner (2-24 h). The trend in PON2 levels mirror the time-course study of UVA-induced ROS. To confirm this, experiments were also performed in the presence of a SPF30 sunscreen used as shielding agent to revert modulation of PON2 at 0 and 2 h post-UVA exposure where other markers of photo-oxidative stress were also examined (NF-KB, γH2AX, advanced glycation end products). Overall, our results show that the upregulation of PON2 might be related to the increase in intracellular ROS and may play an important role in mitigation of UVA-mediated damage and in the prevention of the consequences of UV exposure, thus representing a new marker of early-response to UVA-induced damage in skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Morresi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Alessia Luccarini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
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Sreekumar PG, Su F, Spee C, Hong E, Komirisetty R, Araujo E, Nusinowitz S, Reddy ST, Kannan R. Paraoxonase 2 Deficiency Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells and Retinal Degeneration in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1820. [PMID: 37891899 PMCID: PMC10604559 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although AMD is a complex disease, oxidative stress is a crucial contributor to its development, especially in view of the higher oxygen demand of the retina. Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is a ubiquitously and constitutively expressed antioxidant protein that is found intracellularly associated with mitochondrial membranes and modulates mitochondrial ROS production and function. The contribution of PON2 to AMD has not been studied to date. In this study, we examined the role of PON2 in AMD utilizing both in vitro and in vivo models of AMD with emphasis on mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial localization and regulation of PON2 following oxidative stress were determined in human primary cultured retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells. PON2 was knocked down in RPE cells using siRNA and mitochondrial bioenergetics were measured. To investigate the function of PON2 in the retina, WT and PON2-deficient mice were administered NaIO3 (20 mg/kg) intravenously; fundus imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT), electroretinography (ERG) were conducted; and retinal thickness and cell death were measured and quantified. In hRPE, mitochondrial localization of PON2 increased markedly with stress. Moreover, a time-dependent regulation of PON2 was observed following oxidative stress, with an initial significant increase in expression followed by a significant decrease. Mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters (basal respiration, ATP production, spare respiratory capacity, and maximal respiration) showed a significant decrease with oxidative stress, which was further exacerbated in the absence of PON2. NaIO3 treatment caused significant retinal degeneration, retinal thinning, and reduced rod and cone function in PON2-deficient mice when compared to WT mice. The apoptotic cells and active caspase 3 significantly increased in PON2-deficient mice treated with NaIO3, when compared to WT mice. Our investigation demonstrates that deficiency of PON2 results in RPE mitochondrial dysfunction and a decline in retinal function. These findings imply that PON2 may have a beneficial role in retinal pathophysiology and is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feng Su
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Christine Spee
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA; (P.G.S.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Elise Hong
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA; (P.G.S.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
| | - Ravikiran Komirisetty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Eduardo Araujo
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (E.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Steven Nusinowitz
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (E.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ram Kannan
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA; (P.G.S.); (C.S.); (E.H.)
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (E.A.); (S.N.)
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Yigittürk O, Turgay F, Kızıldağ S, Özsoylu D, Balcı GA. Do PON1-Q192R and PON1-L55M polymorphisms modify the effects of hypoxic training on paraoxonase and arylesterase activity? JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:266-274. [PMID: 33188964 PMCID: PMC10105056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of antioxidant paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme activity, PON1-Q192R polymorphism (a glutamine (Q) to arginine (R) substitution at position 192), PON1-L55M polymorphism (a leucine (L) to methionine (M) substitution at position 55), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are risk factors for coronary heart disease. Aerobic exercise improves PON1 activity, but the effects of hypoxic exercise are yet unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hypoxic underwater rugby training on PON1 activity and oxLDL levels and the role of the mentioned polymorphisms. METHODS Serum PON1 and arylesterase activities (ARE), PON1, PON3, and oxLDL protein levels (by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) were determined in an athletic group (42 trained male underwater rugby players; age = 21.7 ± 4.2 years, mean ± SD) and a control group (43 sedentary men; age = 23.9 ± 3.2 years). The polymorphisms were determined from genomic DNA samples. RESULTS PON1 activity (25.1%, p = 0.052), PON3 (p < 0.001), and oxLDL (p < 0.001) of the athletic group, including most genotype groups, were higher than those of the control group. In comparison to the controls, PON1 activity levels (p = 0.005) of the PON1-Q192R homozygote QQ genotype group and PON1 activity levels (30%, p = 0.116) of the PON1-L55M homozygote LL genotype group were higher, whereas ARE activity values of athletic R allele carrier (Rc = QR + RR) (p = 0.005) and LL group (p = 0.002) were lower than the control genotype groups related to their polymorphisms. CONCLUSION Hypoxic training can cause (1) significant oxidative stress, including oxLDL, and an antioxidant response (increase in PON1 activity and PON3), (2) differences in the activity of PON1 and ARE, which are modified by PON1-Q192R and PON1-L55M polymorphisms, respectively, and (3) improvements in PON1 activity of QQ and LL groups. However, hypoxic training can cause a disadvantage of LL and Rc groups for ARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Yigittürk
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Faruk Turgay
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey.
| | - Servet Kızıldağ
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Vocational School of Health Services, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Dua Özsoylu
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Görkem Aybars Balcı
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey
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Hagmann H, Khayyat NH, Oezel C, Papadakis A, Kuczkowski A, Benzing T, Gulbins E, Dryer S, Brinkkoetter PT. Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) Deficiency Reproduces Lipid Alterations of Diabetic and Inflammatory Glomerular Disease and Affects TRPC6 Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223625. [PMID: 36429053 PMCID: PMC9688324 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and inflammatory diseases are associated with an altered cellular lipid composition due to lipid peroxidation. The pathogenic potential of these lipid alterations in glomerular kidney diseases remains largely obscure as suitable cell culture and animal models are lacking. In glomerular disease, a loss of terminally differentiated glomerular epithelial cells called podocytes refers to irreversible damage. Podocytes are characterized by a complex ramified cellular architecture and highly active transmembrane signaling. Alterations in lipid composition in states of disease have been described in podocytes but the pathophysiologic mechanisms mediating podocyte damage are unclear. In this study, we employ a genetic deletion of the anti-oxidative, lipid-modifying paraoxonase 2 enzyme (PON2) as a model to study altered cellular lipid composition and its effects on cellular signaling in glomerular disease. PON2 deficiency reproduces features of an altered lipid composition of glomerular disease, characterized by an increase in ceramides and cholesterol. PON2 knockout mice are more susceptible to glomerular damage in models of aggravated oxidative stress such as adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Voltage clamp experiments in cultured podocytes reveal a largely increased TRPC6 conductance after a membrane stretch in PON2 deficiency. Correspondingly, a concomitant knockout of TRPC6 and PON2 partially rescues the aggravated glomerular phenotype of a PON2 knockout in the adriamycin model. This study establishes PON2 deficiency as a model to investigate the pathophysiologic mechanisms of podocyte dysfunction related to alterations in the lipid composition, as seen in diabetic and inflammatory glomerular disease. Expanding the knowledge on these routes and options of intervention could lead to novel treatment strategies for glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Hagmann
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Cem Oezel
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Antonios Papadakis
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuczkowski
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Stuart Dryer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Paul T. Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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4-Methylguaiacol alleviated alcoholic liver injury by increasing antioxidant capacity and enhancing autophagy through the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Bacchetti T, Campagna R, Sartini D, Cecati M, Morresi C, Bellachioma L, Martinelli E, Rocchetti G, Lucini L, Ferretti G, Emanuelli M. C. spinosa L. subsp. rupestris Phytochemical Profile and Effect on Oxidative Stress in Normal and Cancer Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196488. [PMID: 36235028 PMCID: PMC9573631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Spices, widely used to improve the sensory characteristics of food, contain several bioactive compounds as well, including polyphenols, carotenoids, and glucosynolates. Acting through multiple pathways, these bioactive molecules affect a wide variety of cellular processes involved in molecular mechanisms important in the onset and progress of human diseases. Capparis spinosa L. is an aromatic plant characteristic of the Mediterranean diet. Previous studies have reported that different parts (aerial parts, roots, and seeds) of C. spinosa exert various pharmacological activities. Flower buds of C. spinosa contain several bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and glucosinolates. Two different subspecies of C. spinosa L., namely, C. spinosa L. subsp. spinosa, and C. spinosa L. subsp. rupestris, have been reported. Few studies have been carried out in C. spinosa L. subsp. rupestris. The aim of our study was to investigate the phytochemical profile of floral buds of the less investigated species C. spinosa subsp. rupestris. Moreover, we investigated the effect of the extract from buds of C. spinosa subsp. rupestris (CSE) on cell proliferation, intracellular ROS levels, and expression of the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic enzyme paraoxonase-2 (PON2) in normal and cancer cells. T24 cells and Caco-2 cells were selected as models of advanced-stage human bladder cancer and human colorectal adenocarcinoma, respectively. The immortalized human urothelial cell line (UROtsa) and human dermal fibroblast (HuDe) were chosen as normal cell models. Through an untargeted metabolomic approach based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS), our results demonstrate that C. spinosa subsp. rupestris flower buds contain polyphenols and glucosinolates able to exert a higher cytotoxic effect and higher intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cancer cells compared to normal cells. Moreover, upregulation of the expression of the enzyme PON2 was observed in cancer cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that normal and cancer cells are differentially sensitive to CSE, which has different effects on PON2 gene expression as well. The overexpression of PON2 in T24 cells treated with CSE could represent a mechanism by which tumor cells protect themselves from the apoptotic process induced by glucosinolates and polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Monia Cecati
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Camilla Morresi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luisa Bellachioma
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Garcia C, Blesso CN. Antioxidant properties of anthocyanins and their mechanism of action in atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:152-166. [PMID: 34087429 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis develops due to lipid accumulation in the arterial wall and sclerosis as result of increased hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, lipid oxidation, and protein oxidation. However, improving antioxidant status through diet may prevent the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It is believed that polyphenol-rich plants contribute to the inverse relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease. Anthocyanins are flavonoid polyphenols with antioxidant properties that have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. The consumption of anthocyanins increases total antioxidant capacity, antioxidant defense enzymes, and HDL antioxidant properties by several measures in preclinical and clinical populations. Anthocyanins appear to impart antioxidant actions via direct antioxidant properties, as well as indirectly via inducing intracellular Nrf2 activation and antioxidant gene expression. These actions counter oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling in cells present in atherosclerotic plaques, including macrophages and endothelial cells. Overall, anthocyanins may protect against atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease through their effects on cellular antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and inflammation; however, their underlying mechanisms of action appear to be complex and require further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Garcia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States
| | - Christopher N Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States.
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Oxidative Stress and Alterations of Paraoxonases in Atopic Dermatitis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050697. [PMID: 33925093 PMCID: PMC8144960 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: previous studies reported the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in children affected by atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease. Methods: levels of lipid hydroperoxides, total antioxidant capacity, and activities of the enzymes myeloperoxidase (MPO), PON1, and PON2/3 were investigated in 56 atopic pediatric patients, and compared with 48 sex-/age-matched healthy controls. Results: significantly higher levels of lipid hydroperoxides and lower values of total antioxidant potential were observed in the serum of AD children compared to that of the controls. Significant lower PON1 activities, and a significant increase in levels of MPO were observed in serum of patients, with a higher serum MPO level/PON1 paraoxonase activity ratio in patients compared to that in the controls. Significantly lower lactonase activity of PON enzymes was observed in polymorphonuclear cells isolated from AD patients. Statistically negative correlation was established between the activity of intracellular PON2/3 activity and ROS levels. Conclusions: our data confirmed that AD is associated with higher oxidative damage and a decrease in antioxidant defense. Moreover, alterations of extracellular and intracellular PON activity can promote lipoprotein dysfunction in AD patients.
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Human Paraoxonase-2 (PON2): Protein Functions and Modulation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020256. [PMID: 33562328 PMCID: PMC7915308 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PON1, PON2, and PON3 belong to a family of lactone hydrolyzing enzymes endowed with various substrate specificities. Among PONs, PON2 shows the highest hydrolytic activity toward many acyl-homoserine lactones (acyl-HL) involved in bacterial quorum-sensing signaling. Accordingly, defense against pathogens, such as Brevundimonas aeruginosa (B. aeruginosa), was postulated to be the principal function of PON2. However, recent findings have highlighted the importance of PON2 in oxidative stress control, inhibition of apoptosis, and the progression of various types of malignancies. This review focuses on all of these aspects of PON2.
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11
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Taler-Verčič A, Goličnik M, Bavec A. The Structure and Function of Paraoxonase-1 and Its Comparison to Paraoxonase-2 and -3. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245980. [PMID: 33348669 PMCID: PMC7766523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is the most studied member of the group of paraoxonases (PONs). This enzyme possesses three enzymatic activities: lactonase, arylesterase, and paraoxonase activity. PON1 and its isoforms play an important role in drug metabolism as well as in the prevention of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Although all three members of the PON family have the same origin and very similar amino acid sequences, they have different functions and are found in different locations. PONs exhibit substrate promiscuity, and their true physiological substrates are still not known. However, possible substrates include homocysteine thiolactone, an analogue of natural quorum-sensing molecules, and the recently discovered derivatives of arachidonic acid—bioactive δ-lactones. Directed evolution, site-directed mutagenesis, and kinetic studies provide comprehensive insights into the active site and catalytic mechanism of PON1. However, there is still a whole world of mystery waiting to be discovered, which would elucidate the substrate promiscuity of a group of enzymes that are so similar in their evolution and sequence yet so distinct in their function.
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12
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Carusone TM, Cardiero G, Cerreta M, Mandrich L, Moran O, Porzio E, Catara G, Lacerra G, Manco G. WTAP and BIRC3 are involved in the posttranscriptional mechanisms that impact on the expression and activity of the human lactonase PON2. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:324. [PMID: 32382056 PMCID: PMC7206036 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The activity of human paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is rapidly reduced in cells incubated with the bacterial quorormone 3-Oxo-dodecanoyl Homoserine Lactone (3OC12HSL), an observation that led to hypothesize a fast PON2 post-translational modification (PTM). Recently, we detected a 3OC12HSL-induced PTM in a cell-free system in which a crude extract from 3OC12HSL-treated HeLa cells was able to inactivate and ubiquitinate at position 144 a recombinant PON2. Here we show the occurrence of this and new PTMs on PON2 in HeLa cells. PTMs were found to gather nearby the two SNPs, A148G, and S311C, that are related to type-2 diabetes and its complications. Furthermore, we detected a PTM nearby a 12 amino acids region that is deleted in PON2 Isoform 2. An in vitro mutation analysis showed that the SNPs and the deletion are involved in PON2 activity and suggested a role of PTMs on its modulation, while a SAXS analysis pointed to Isoform 2 as being largely unstructured, compared to the wild type. Besides, we discovered a control of PON2 expression via a putative mRNA operon involving the Wilms tumor 1 associated protein (WTAP) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3UbL) baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 3 (BIRC3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Maria Carusone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cardiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", (IGB-ABT, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Cerreta
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Mandrich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Oscar Moran
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF, CNR), National Research Council, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Porzio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Catara
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Lacerra
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", (IGB-ABT, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC, CNR), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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13
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Pirzadeh M, Caporaso N, Rauf A, Shariati MA, Yessimbekov Z, Khan MU, Imran M, Mubarak MS. Pomegranate as a source of bioactive constituents: a review on their characterization, properties and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:982-999. [PMID: 32314615 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1749825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing awareness about the use of compounds obtained from natural sources exerting health-beneficial properties, including antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, led to increased number of research papers focusing on the study of functional properties of target compounds to be used as functional foods or in preventive medicine. Pomegranate has shown positive health properties due to the presence of bioactive constituents such as polyphenols, tannins, and anthocyanins. Punicalagin is the major antioxidant, abundantly found in pomegranate's peel. Research has shown that pomegranate polyphenols not only have a strong antioxidant capacity but they also inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria like V. cholera, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and S. virulence factor, and inhibits fungi such as A. Ochraceus, and P. citrinum. Compounds of natural origin inhibit the growth of various pathogens by extending the shelf life of foodstuffs and assuring their safety. Therefore, the need to find compounds to be used in combination with antibiotics or as new antimicrobial sources, such as plant extracts. On the basis of the above discussion, this review focuses on the health benefits of pomegranate, by summarizing the current body of research focusing on pomegranate bioactive constituents and their therapeutic potential against some pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pirzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sarvestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarvestan, Iran
| | - Nicola Caporaso
- Department of Food Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Laboratory of Biocontrol and Antimicrobial Resistance, Orel State, University Named After I.S. Turgenev, Orel, Russia.,Department of Technology of Food Products, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation.,Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry (Semey Branch), Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanibek Yessimbekov
- Food Engineering Department, Shakarim State University of Semey, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Muhammad Usman Khan
- Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory (BSEL), Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA.,Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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14
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Paraoxonase 3: Structure and Its Role in Pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120817. [PMID: 31816846 PMCID: PMC6995636 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spanning three decades in research, Paraoxonases (PON1) carried potential of dealing with neurotoxicity of organophosphates entering the circulation and preventing cholinergic crisis. In the past few years, the Paraoxonase multigene family (PON1, PON2, PON3) has been shown to play an important role in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders including coronary artery disease (CAD). The PON genes are clustered in tandem on the long arm of human chromosome 7 (q21, 22). All of them have been shown to act as antioxidants. Of them, PON3 is the least studied member as its exact physiological substrate is still not clear. This has further led to limitation in our understanding of its role in pathogenesis of CAD and development of the potential therapeutic agents which might modulate its activity, expression in circulation and tissues. In the present review, we discuss the structure and activity of human PON3 enzyme and its Single nucleotide variants that could potentially lead to new clinical strategies in prevention and treatment of CAD.
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15
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Baig A, Ata-Ur-Rehman, Zarina S. Association of PON2 and PON3 polymorphism with risk of developing cataract. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2019; 33:153-158. [PMID: 31384158 PMCID: PMC6664307 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Paraoxonases (PON) are calcium bound enzymes offering protection against oxidative stress by working as endogenous free-radical scavenging molecules. Oxidative stress has been implicated in pathophysiology of many diseases including cataract. Lens opacity is an age related disorder which is a principal cause of blindness in Pakistani population. Relationship of PON2 and PON3 polymorphism with genetic predisposition for incidence of cataract has not been investigated till date. Objective of the current study was to explore possible association between PON2 and PON3 polymorphism with incidence of cataract in local population. Methods Our study design comprised of fifty-one cataractous and fifty-nine healthy individuals. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at positions (C311S and G148A) for PON2 and C133A for PON3 was conducted using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results Statistical analysis revealed significant association of PON2 G148 allele with incidence of cataract. GG allele was found to be higher in cataract patients as compared to control (p < 0.001) suggesting distribution of PON2 G148A genotype and allele frequency is linked with cataractogenesis. There was no noticeable association between PON2 C311S and PON3 C133A. Significant difference was observed in distribution of 311CS/148A combined genotype with highest frequency in control individuals (88.89%), while 311S/148G combined genotypes showed the highest frequencies among the cataract patients (71.42%). Conclusion Our data suggests mutation at G148A might be related with incidence of cataract in studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amena Baig
- National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ata-Ur-Rehman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shamshad Zarina
- National Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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16
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Levy D, Reichert CO, Bydlowski SP. Paraoxonases Activities and Polymorphisms in Elderly and Old-Age Diseases: An Overview. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050118. [PMID: 31052559 PMCID: PMC6562914 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is defined as the accumulation of progressive organ dysfunction. There is much evidence linking the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of aging. With increasing age, susceptibility to the development of diseases related to lipid peroxidation and tissue injury increases, due to chronic inflammatory processes, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals. The paraoxonase (PON) gene family is composed of three members (PON1, PON2, PON3) that share considerable structural homology and are located adjacently on chromosome 7 in humans. The most studied member product is PON1, a protein associated with high-density lipoprotein with paraoxonase/esterase activity. Nevertheless, all the three proteins prevent oxidative stress. The major aim of this review is to highlight the importance of the role of PON enzymes in the aging process, and in the development of the main diseases present in the elderly: cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Levy
- Genetic and Molecular Hematology Laboratory (LIM31), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05419-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cadiele Oliana Reichert
- Genetic and Molecular Hematology Laboratory (LIM31), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05419-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Genetic and Molecular Hematology Laboratory (LIM31), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05419-000, SP, Brazil.
- Center of Innovation and Translacional Medicine (CIMTRA), Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05419-000, SP, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa (INCT-Regenera), CNPq, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
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17
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Golzari MH, Javanbakht MH, Ghaedi E, Mohammadi H, Djalali M. Effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Supplementation on Paraoxonase 2 Gene Expression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial. Clin Nutr Res 2019; 8:17-27. [PMID: 30746344 PMCID: PMC6355950 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2019.8.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is recognized as one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases, and it is mostly associated with oxidative stress, atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) due to its antioxidant properties may play a role in the atherosclerosis development. Although long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, the exact mechanism of action is still unknown. Our goal in this study was to determine the effect of EPA administration on gene expression of PON2 in patients with T2DM. Present study was a randomized, controlled double-blind trial. Thirty-six patients with T2DM were randomly allocated to receive 2 g/day EPA (n = 18) or placebo (n = 18) for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences between 2 groups concerning demographic or biochemical variables, and dietary intakes as well (p > 0.05). However, patients received EPA showed a significant increase in the gene expression of PON2 compared with placebo group (p = 0.027). In addition, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased and fasting blood sugar decreased significantly after EPA supplementation compared with control group. Taken together, supplementation with 2 g/day EPA could be atheroprotective via the upregulation of PON2 in patients with T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03258840.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Golzari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Javanbakht
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Djalali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6446, Iran
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18
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Huang D, Wang Y, He Y, Wang G, Wang W, Han X, Sun Y, Lin L, Shan B, Shen G, Cheng M, Bian G, Fang X, Hu S, Pan Y. Paraoxonase 3 is involved in the multi-drug resistance of esophageal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:168. [PMID: 30386177 PMCID: PMC6198441 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug resistance prevents the effective treatment of cancers. DNA methylation has been found to participate in the development of cancer drug resistance. Methods We performed the wound-healing and invasion assays to test the effect of the paraoxonase gene PON3 on esophageal cancer (EC) cells. In addition, in vivo EC-derived tumor xenografts in nude mice were generated to test the effect of PON3 on the chemoresistance of EC cells. Results We found that PON3 is hypermethylated in drug-resistant EC cell line K150, which in-return down-regulates its expression. The following experiments by the forced changes of PON3 level in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that the PON3 expression negatively correlates with drug resistance in EC cells. Further wound-healing and invasion assays showed that PON3 suppresses the migration and invasion of EC cells. Conclusion Our data established that PON3 is associated with the EC drug resistance, which may serve as a biomarker for the potential therapeutic treatment of EC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0657-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabing Huang
- 1Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,3Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- 1Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Yifu He
- 1Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- 1Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- 1Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Han
- 1Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Yubei Sun
- 1Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- 1Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Benjie Shan
- 1Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Shen
- 2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,3Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cheng
- 2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,3Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Bian
- 2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,3Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Fang
- 2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,3Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Shilian Hu
- 2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,3Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyin Pan
- 1Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 Anhui People's Republic of China
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19
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Solmaz Avcıkurt A, Korkut O. Effect of certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the paraoxonase 2 (PON2) in human monocytic cell line U937. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:378-382. [PMID: 29199478 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1411371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase gene family in humans consists of three members as PON1, PON2 and PON3. PON2 can be expressed in several tissues; however, it is not released from the cells in those tissues. PON2 is also expressed in macrophages. Firstly, the commonly used NSAIDs diclofenac sodium and tenoxicam were applied on U937 cell line, the in vitro human monocyte cell line. Than PON2 specific Lactonase activity and paraoxonase family specific arylesterase were determined. Use of Diclofenac sodium in 0.845 mM dose during 6-12 h of incubation and Tenoxicam in 0.74 mM dose during 6 h of incubation resulted in a significant decline in the lactonase activity. Diclofenac sodium didn't make any change in the arylesterase activity. On the other hand, tenoxicam decreased arylesterase activity during the use of 12 h, in 0.74 mM and 1.48 mM dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Solmaz Avcıkurt
- a Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine , Balıkesir University , Balikesir , Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Korkut
- b Department of Medical Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir University , Balikesir , Turkey
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20
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Broadgate S, Kiire C, Halford S, Chong V. Diabetic macular oedema: under-represented in the genetic analysis of diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96 Suppl A111:1-51. [PMID: 29682912 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy, a complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, is a complex disease and is one of the leading causes of blindness in adults worldwide. It can be divided into distinct subclasses, one of which is diabetic macular oedema. Diabetic macular oedema can occur at any time in diabetic retinopathy and is the most common cause of vision loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the large number of genetic association studies that have been performed in cohorts of patients with type 2 diabetes and published in English-language journals up to February 2017. Many of these studies have produced positive associations with gene polymorphisms and diabetic retinopathy. However, this review highlights that within this large body of work, studies specifically addressing a genetic association with diabetic macular oedema, although present, are vastly under-represented. We also highlight that many of the studies have small patient numbers and that meta-analyses often inappropriately combine patient data sets. We conclude that there will continue to be conflicting results and no meaningful findings will be achieved if the historical approach of combining all diabetic retinopathy disease states within patient cohorts continues in future studies. This review also identifies several genes that would be interesting to analyse in large, well-defined cohorts of patients with diabetic macular oedema in future candidate gene association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Broadgate
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Christine Kiire
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital; John Radcliffe Hospital; Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK
| | - Stephanie Halford
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Victor Chong
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
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21
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Bacchetti T, Ferretti G, Sahebkar A. The role of paraoxonase in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 56:72-86. [PMID: 29170064 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene family includes three proteins, PON1, PON2 and PON3. PON1 and PON3 are both associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PON2 and PON3 are intracellular enzymes which modulate mitochondrial superoxide anion production and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. The pleiotropic roles exerted by PONs have been mainly investigated in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, overexpression of PON2 and PON3 has been observed in cancer cells and it has been proposed that both enzymes could be involved in tumor survival and stress resistance. Moreover, a lower activity of serum PON1 has been reported in cancer patients. This review summarizes literature data on the role of PONs in human cancers and their potential role as a target for antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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22
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Costa LG, Cole TB, Garrick JM, Marsillach J, Furlong CE. Metals and Paraoxonases. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 18:85-111. [PMID: 28889264 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonases (PONs) are a three-gene family which includes PON1, PON2, and PON3. PON1 and PON3 are synthesized primarily in the liver and a portion is secreted in the plasma, where they are associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), while PON2 is an intracellular enzyme, expressed in most tissues and organs, including the brain. PON1 received its name from its ability to hydrolyze paraoxon, the active metabolite of the organophosphorus (OP) insecticide parathion, and also more efficiently hydrolyzes the active metabolites of several other OPs. PON2 and PON3 do not have OP-esterase activity, but all PONs are lactonases and are capable of hydrolyzing a variety of lactones, including certain drugs, endogenous compounds, and quorum-sensing signals of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, all PONs exert potent antioxidant effects. PONs play important roles in cardiovascular diseases and other oxidative stress-related diseases, modulate susceptibility to infection, and may provide neuroprotection (PON2). Hence, significant attention has been devoted to their modulation by a variety of dietary, pharmacological, lifestyle, or environmental factors. A number of metals have been shown in in vitro, animal, and human studies to mostly negatively modulate expression of PONs, particularly PON1, the most studied in this regard. In addition, different levels of expression of PONs may affect susceptibility to toxicity and neurotoxicity of metals due to their aforementioned antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA. .,Department of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Toby B Cole
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.,Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Garrick
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Judit Marsillach
- Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics), University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Clement E Furlong
- Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics), University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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Zhu L, Shen Y, Sun W. Paraoxonase 3 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis by PI3K/Akt in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:712-717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Rosenblat M, Rom O, Volkova N, Aviram M. Nitro-Oleic Acid Reduces J774A.1 Macrophage Oxidative Status and Triglyceride Mass: Involvement of Paraoxonase2 and Triglyceride Metabolizing Enzymes. Lipids 2016; 51:941-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Rosenblat
- ; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; 1 Efron St., Bat-Galim Haifa 31096 Israel
| | - Oren Rom
- ; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; 1 Efron St., Bat-Galim Haifa 31096 Israel
| | - Nina Volkova
- ; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; 1 Efron St., Bat-Galim Haifa 31096 Israel
| | - Michael Aviram
- ; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; 1 Efron St., Bat-Galim Haifa 31096 Israel
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Furlong CE, Marsillach J, Jarvik GP, Costa LG. Paraoxonases-1, -2 and -3: What are their functions? Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:51-62. [PMID: 27238723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), an esterase/lactonase primarily associated with plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL), was the first member of this family of enzymes to be characterized. Its name was derived from its ability to hydrolyze paraoxon, the toxic metabolite of the insecticide parathion. Related enzymes PON2 and PON3 were named from their evolutionary relationship with PON1. Mice with each PON gene knocked out were generated at UCLA and have been key for elucidating their roles in organophosphorus (OP) metabolism, cardiovascular disease, innate immunity, obesity, and cancer. PON1 status, determined with two-substrate analyses, reveals an individual's functional Q192R genotype and activity levels. The three-dimensional structure for a chimeric PON1 has been useful for understanding the structural properties of PON1 and for engineering PON1 as a catalytic scavenger of OP compounds. All three PONs hydrolyze microbial N-acyl homoserine lactone quorum sensing factors, quenching Pseudomonas aeruginosa's pathogenesis. All three PONs modulate oxidative stress and inflammation. PON2 is localized in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. PON2 has potent antioxidant properties and is found at 3- to 4-fold higher levels in females than males, providing increased protection against oxidative stress, as observed in primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes from female mice compared with male mice. The higher levels of PON2 in females may explain the lower frequency of neurological and cardiovascular diseases in females and the ability to identify males but not females with Parkinson's disease using a special PON1 status assay. Less is known about PON3; however, recent experiments with PON3 knockout mice show them to be susceptible to obesity, gallstone formation and atherosclerosis. Like PONs 1 and 2, PON3 also appears to modulate oxidative stress. It is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and on HDL. Both PON2 and PON3 are upregulated in cancer, favoring tumor progression through mitochondrial protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement E Furlong
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Judit Marsillach
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Paraoxsonase2 (PON2) and oxidative stress involvement in pomegranate juice protection against cigarette smoke-induced macrophage cholesterol accumulation. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:394-400. [PMID: 27163848 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) promotes various stages of atherosclerosis development. Macrophages are the predominant cells in early atherogenesis, and the polyphenolic-rich pomegranate juice (PJ) is known for its protective role against macrophage atherogenicity. The aim of the current study was to examine the atherogenic effects of CS on macrophages, and to evaluate the protective effects of PJ against CS-induced macrophage atherogenicity. Murine J774A.1 macrophages were treated with CS-exposed medium in the absence or presence of PJ. Parameters of lipid peroxidation in CS-exposed medium were measured by the lipid peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. Atherogenicity of macrophages incubated with increasing concentrations of CS-exposed medium was assessed by cytotoxicity, oxidative stress determined by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using DCFH-DA, activity of the cellular anti-oxidant paraoxonase2 (PON2), macrophage accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as through high density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated cholesterol efflux from the cells. CS exposure resulted in significant and dose-dependent increases in lipid peroxides and TBARS medium levels (up to 3 and 8-fold, respectively). Incubation of macrophages with CS-exposed medium resulted in dose-dependent increases in macrophage damage/injury (up to 6-fold), intracellular ROS levels (up to 31%), PON2 activity (up to 2-fold), and macrophage cholesterol content (up to 24%). The latter might be explained by reduced HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux from CS-exposed macrophages (by 21%). PJ protected macrophages from CS-induced increases in intracellular ROS levels and cholesterol accumulation, as well as the attenuated efflux of cholesterol. These data indicate that CS stimulates macrophage oxidation and activates PON2 as a possible compensatory response to the oxidative burden. CS impairs HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages leading to cellular accumulation of cholesterol. The atherogenic and oxidative effects of CS are attenuated by PJ, a polyphenolic-rich anti-oxidant.
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Aqueous or lipid components of atherosclerotic lesion increase macrophage oxidation and lipid accumulation. Life Sci 2016; 154:1-14. [PMID: 27114099 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Understanding the interactions among atherosclerotic plaque components and arterial macrophages, is essential for elucidating the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis. We assessed the effects of lesion extracts on macrophages. METHODS Mouse peritoneal macrophages from atherosclerotic normoglycemic or hyperglycemic apoE(-/-) mice were incubated with aortic aqueous or with aortic lipidic extracts (mAAE or mALE) derived from these mice. In parallel, J774A.1 cultured macrophages were incubated with increasing concentrations of extracts prepared from human carotid lesions: polar lesion aqueous extract (hLAE), nonpolar lesion lipid extract (hLLE), or with their combination. In all the above systems we performed analyses of macrophage oxidative status, cholesterol, and triglyceride metabolism. RESULTS Aqueous or lipid extracts from either mice aorta or from human carotid lesions significantly increased macrophage oxidative stress as determined by reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis. In parallel, a compensatory increase in the cellular antioxidant paraoxonase2 (PON2) activity and in macrophage glutathione content were observed following incubation with all extracts. Macrophage triglyceride mass and triglyceride biosynthesis rate were both significantly increased following treatment with the lipid extracts, secondary to upregulation of DGAT1. All extracts decreased cholesterol biosynthesis rate, through downregulation of HMGCR, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. The combination of the human lesion extracts had the most significant effects. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that atherosclerotic plaque constituents enhance macrophage cellular oxidative stress, and accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides, as shown in both in vivo and in vitro model systems.
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Loizides-Mangold U, Koren-Gluzer M, Skarupelova S, Makhlouf AM, Hayek T, Aviram M, Dibner C. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and pomegranate influence circadian gene expression and period length. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:453-61. [PMID: 27010443 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2016.1154067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The circadian timing system regulates key aspects of mammalian physiology. Here, we analyzed the effect of the endogenous antioxidant paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a high-density lipoprotein-associated lipolactonase that hydrolyses lipid peroxides and attenuates atherogenesis, on circadian gene expression in C57BL/6J and PON1KO mice fed a normal chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD). Expression levels of core-clock transcripts Nr1d1, Per2, Cry2 and Bmal1 were altered in skeletal muscle in PON1-deficient mice in response to HFD. These findings were supported by circadian bioluminescence reporter assessments in mouse C2C12 and human primary myotubes, synchronized in vitro, where administration of PON1 or pomegranate juice modulated circadian period length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Loizides-Mangold
- a Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Marie Koren-Gluzer
- b The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine , the Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center , Haifa , Israel
| | - Svetlana Skarupelova
- a Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Anne-Marie Makhlouf
- a Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Tony Hayek
- b The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine , the Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center , Haifa , Israel
| | - Michael Aviram
- b The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine , the Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center , Haifa , Israel
| | - Charna Dibner
- a Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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Chernyavskiy I, Veeranki S, Sen U, Tyagi SC. Atherogenesis: hyperhomocysteinemia interactions with LDL, macrophage function, paraoxonase 1, and exercise. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1363:138-54. [PMID: 26849408 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite great strides in understanding the atherogenesis process, the mechanisms are not entirely known. In addition to diet, cigarette smoking, genetic predisposition, and hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), an accumulation of the noncoding sulfur-containing amino acid homocysteine (Hcy), is a significant contributor to atherogenesis. Although exercise decreases HHcy and increases longevity, the complete mechanism is unclear. In light of recent evidence, in this review, we focus on the effects of HHcy on macrophage function, differentiation, and polarization. Though there is need for further evidence, it is most likely that HHcy-mediated alterations in macrophage function are important contributors to atherogenesis, and HHcy-countering strategies, such as nutrition and exercise, should be included in the combinatorial regimens for effective prevention and regression of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, we also included a discussion on the effects of exercise on the HHcy-mediated atherogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Chernyavskiy
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sudhakar Veeranki
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Mechanisms of Neuroprotection by Quercetin: Counteracting Oxidative Stress and More. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2986796. [PMID: 26904161 PMCID: PMC4745323 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2986796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing interest has recently focused on determining whether several natural compounds, collectively referred to as nutraceuticals, may exert neuroprotective actions in the developing, adult, and aging nervous system. Quercetin, a polyphenol widely present in nature, has received the most attention in this regard. Several studies in vitro, in experimental animals and in humans, have provided supportive evidence for neuroprotective effects of quercetin, either against neurotoxic chemicals or in various models of neuronal injury and neurodegenerative diseases. The exact mechanisms of such protective effects remain elusive, though many hypotheses have been formulated. In addition to a possible direct antioxidant effect, quercetin may also act by stimulating cellular defenses against oxidative stress. Two such pathways include the induction of Nrf2-ARE and induction of the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory enzyme paraoxonase 2 (PON2). In addition, quercetin has been shown to activate sirtuins (SIRT1), to induce autophagy, and to act as a phytoestrogen, all mechanisms by which quercetin may provide its neuroprotection.
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Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Aviram M. Selective oxidative stress and cholesterol metabolism in lipid-metabolizing cell classes: Distinct regulatory roles for pro-oxidants and antioxidants. Biofactors 2015; 41:273-88. [PMID: 26228307 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherogenesis is associated with macrophage cholesterol and oxidized lipids accumulation and foam cell formation. However, two other major lipid-metabolizing cell classes, namely intestinal and liver cells, are also associated with atherogenesis. This study demonstrates that manipulations of cellular oxidative stress (by fatty acids, glucose, low-density lipoprotein, angiotensin II, polyphenolic antioxidants, or the glutathione/paraoxonase 1 systems) have some similar, but also some different effects on cholesterol metabolism in macrophages (J774A.1) versus intestinal cells (HT-29) versus liver cells (HuH7). Cellular oxidative stress was ≈3.5-folds higher in both intestinal and liver cells versus macrophages. In intestinal cells or liver cells versus macrophages, the cholesterol biosynthesis rate was increased by 9- or 15-fold, respectively. In both macrophages and intestinal cells C-18:1 and C-18:2 but not C-18:0, fatty acids significantly increased oxidative stress, whereas in liver cells oxidative stress was significantly decreased by all three fatty acids. In liver cells, trans C-18:1 versus cis C-18:1, unlike intestinal cells or macrophages, significantly increased cellular oxidative stress and cellular cholesterol biosynthesis rate. Pomegranate juice (PJ), red wine, or their phenolics gallic acids or quercetin significantly reduced cellular oxidation mostly in macrophages. Recombinant PON1 significantly decreased macrophage (but not the other cells) oxidative stress by ≈30%. We conclude that cellular atherogenesis research should look at atherogenicity, not only in macrophages but also in intestinal and liver cells, to advance our understanding of the complicated mechanisms behind atherogenesis. © 2015 BioFactors, 41(4):273-288, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Rosenblat
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nina Volkova
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
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Milnerowicz H, Kowalska K, Socha E. Paraoxonase activity as a marker of exposure to xenobiotics in tobacco smoke. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:224-32. [PMID: 25953737 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815584624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) family is composed of 3 proteins (PON1, PON2, and PON3), each of which plays a crucial role in the body, displaying antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherosclerotic properties. The activities and properties of PON proteins can be modulated by a number of environmental factors, including cigarette smoke. In the present article, a review of existing literature is employed to analyze both the direct and the indirect impact of cigarette smoking on the activity of members of the PON family. Cigarette smoking leads to direct inhibition of the hydrolytic activity of PON enzymes by modification of thiol groups, by the reactions of free radicals, or by inhibiting enzyme-active regions with heavy metals. It has been shown that cigarette smoking correlates with a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration as well as with an increase in other components of the lipid profile (low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, and total cholesterol). By decreasing HDL levels, cigarette smoking likely acts indirectly to induce a decline in PON1 activity. Inhibition of PON1 activity by smoking is a reversible process after cessation of exposure to the xenobiotics in tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Milnerowicz
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kowalska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewelina Socha
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Shih DM, Yu JM, Vergnes L, Dali-Youcef N, Champion MD, Devarajan A, Zhang P, Castellani LW, Brindley DN, Jamey C, Auwerx J, Reddy ST, Ford DA, Reue K, Lusis AJ. PON3 knockout mice are susceptible to obesity, gallstone formation, and atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2015; 29:1185-97. [PMID: 25477283 PMCID: PMC4396607 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the engineering and characterization of paraoxonase-3 knockout mice (Pon3KO). The mice were generally healthy but exhibited quantitative alterations in bile acid metabolism and a 37% increased body weight compared to the wild-type mice on a high fat diet. PON3 was enriched in the mitochondria-associated membrane fraction of hepatocytes. PON3 deficiency resulted in impaired mitochondrial respiration, increased mitochondrial superoxide levels, and increased hepatic expression of inflammatory genes. PON3 deficiency did not influence atherosclerosis development on an apolipoprotein E null hyperlipidemic background, but it did lead to a significant 60% increase in atherosclerotic lesion size in Pon3KO mice on the C57BL/6J background when fed a cholate-cholesterol diet. On the diet, the Pon3KO had significantly increased plasma intermediate-density lipoprotein/LDL cholesterol and bile acid levels. They also exhibited significantly elevated levels of hepatotoxicity markers in circulation, a 58% increase in gallstone weight, a 40% increase in hepatic cholesterol level, and increased mortality. Furthermore, Pon3KO mice exhibited decreased hepatic bile acid synthesis and decreased bile acid levels in the small intestine compared with wild-type mice. Our study suggests a role for PON3 in the metabolism of lipid and bile acid as well as protection against atherosclerosis, gallstone disease, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Shih
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Janet M Yu
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nassim Dali-Youcef
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Champion
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Asokan Devarajan
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peixiang Zhang
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence W Castellani
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David N Brindley
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carole Jamey
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David A Ford
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karen Reue
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- *Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; IGBMC, Illkirch and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, and **Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Koren-Gluzer M, Rosenblat M, Hayek T. Paraoxonase 2 Induces a Phenotypic Switch in Macrophage Polarization Favoring an M2 Anti-Inflammatory State. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:915243. [PMID: 26779262 PMCID: PMC4686710 DOI: 10.1155/2015/915243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are involved in atherosclerosis development. Macrophages play a major role in the early atherogenesis, and they are present in the atherosclerotic lesion in two phenotypes: proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2). Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is expressed in macrophages, and it was shown to protect against atherosclerosis. Thus, the aim of our study was to analyze the direct effect of PON2 on macrophage inflammatory phenotypes. Ex vivo studies were performed with murine peritoneal macrophages (MPM) harvested from control C57BL/6 and PON2-deficient (PON2KO) mice. PON2KO MPM showed an enhanced proinflammatory phenotype compared to the control, both in the basal state and following M1 activation by IFNγ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In parallel, PON2KO MPM also showed reduced anti-inflammatory responses in the basal state and also following M2 activation by IL-4. Moreover, the PON2-null MPM demonstrated enhanced phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the basal state and following M1 activation. The direct effect of PON2 was shown by transfecting human PON2 (hPON2) into PON2KO MPM. PON2 transfection attenuated the macrophages' response to M1 activation and enhanced M2 response. These PON2 effects were associated with attenuation of macrophages' abilities to phagocyte and to generate ROS. We conclude that PON2 promotes an M1 to M2 switch in macrophage phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Koren-Gluzer
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Health Care Campus, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Mira Rosenblat
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Health Care Campus, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Tony Hayek
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Health Care Campus, 31096 Haifa, Israel
- Internal Medicine E Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, 31096 Haifa, Israel
- *Tony Hayek:
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35
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Petrick L, Rosenblat M, Aviram M. In vitro effects of exogenous carbon monoxide on oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in macrophages. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1318-23. [PMID: 25501254 DOI: 10.1177/0748233714558084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a major constituent of traffic-related air pollution and is also produced endogenously under conditions of oxygen-mediated stress. It has been shown to affect both oxidative stress and inflammation. However, its role in lipid metabolism has been neglected. Using short exposure times, the effect of CO on J774A.1 macrophage atherogenic functions was investigated up to 16 h after exposure. Exposure of macrophages was found to be pro-atherogenic as it significantly increased triglyceride mass, up to 60%, and decreased high-density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux, up to 27%. In contrast, paraoxonase 2 lactonase activity was increased, up to 65%, and cellular oxidative stress was attenuated by 29%, compared with the control cells. The above results on lipid metabolism may lead to arterial macrophage foam cell formation, the hallmark of early atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Petrick
- The Technion Center of Excellence in Exposure Science and Environmental Health (TCEEH), Technion, Israel The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Israel
| | - Mira Rosenblat
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Israel
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion, Israel
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36
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Parsanejad M, Bourquard N, Qu D, Zhang Y, Huang E, Rousseaux MWC, Aleyasin H, Irrcher I, Callaghan S, Vaillant DC, Kim RH, Slack RS, Mak TW, Reddy ST, Figeys D, Park DS. DJ-1 interacts with and regulates paraoxonase-2, an enzyme critical for neuronal survival in response to oxidative stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106601. [PMID: 25210784 PMCID: PMC4161380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in DJ-1 (PARK7) gene account for about 1% of all familial Parkinson's disease (PD). While its physiological function(s) are not completely clear, DJ-1 protects neurons against oxidative stress in both in vitro and in vivo models of PD. The molecular mechanism(s) through which DJ-1 alleviates oxidative stress-mediated damage remains elusive. In this study, we identified Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) as an interacting target of DJ-1. PON2 activity is elevated in response to oxidative stress and DJ-1 is crucial for this response. Importantly, we showed that PON2 deficiency hypersensitizes neurons to oxidative stress induced by MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium). Conversely, over-expression of PON2 protects neurons in this death paradigm. Interestingly, PON2 effectively rescues DJ-1 deficiency-mediated hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Taken together, our data suggest a model by which DJ-1 exerts its antioxidant activities, at least partly through regulation of PON2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Parsanejad
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noam Bourquard
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Univeristy of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dianbo Qu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - En Huang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maxime W. C. Rousseaux
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hossein Aleyasin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Isabella Irrcher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve Callaghan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominique C. Vaillant
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raymond H. Kim
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth S. Slack
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at Univeristy of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S. Park
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Aviram M. HDL3 stimulates paraoxonase 1 antiatherogenic catalytic and biological activities in a macrophage model system: in vivo and in vitro studies. Biofactors 2014; 40:536-45. [PMID: 25230879 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed in-vivo and in-vitro high density lipoprotein (HDL) effects on paraoxonase 1 (PON1) antiatherogenic properties in serum and in macrophages. Intraperitoneal injection to C57BL/6 mice of recombinant PON1 (rePON1) + HDL, in comparison to HDL or to rePON1 alone, significantly increased serum PON1 arylesterase activity (by 20%), and serum-mediated cholesterol efflux from J774A.1 macrophages (by 18%). Similarly, in peritoneal macrophages (MPM) harvested from mice injected with HDL + rePON1 versus rePON1 alone, we observed reduction in oxidative stress (by 11%), increase in cellular PON1 activity (by 14%) and in HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux (by 38%). Incubation of serum or HDL with rePON1, substantially increased PON1 arylesterase activity, two-fold more than the expected additive values. HDL2 and HDL3 increased PON1 activity by 199% or 274%, respectively. Macrophage (J774A.1) cholesterol efflux rate significantly increased by HDL3 + rePON1 versus HDL3 alone (by 19%), but not by HDL2 + rePON1 versus HDL2 alone. Oxidation of HDL3 reduced its ability to induce macrophage cholesterol efflux, and abolished HDL3 stimulatory effects on rePON1. Addition of exogenous polyphenol quercetin (60 µM), but not phosphatidylcholine or apolipoprotein A1, to HDL + rePON1 increased PON1 activity (by 404%), increased the ability to reduce oxidative stress in J774A.1 macrophages (by 53%) and to stimulate macrophage cholesterol efflux (by 14%). Upon adding the hypocholesterolemic drug simvastatin (15 µg/mL) to HDL + rePON1, PON1 activity and the ability to induce macrophage cholesterol efflux increased, in comparison to HDL + rePON1. We thus concluded that HDL (mostly HDL3), stimulates PON1 antiatherogenic activities in macrophages, and these PON1 activities were further stimulated by quercetin, or by simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Rosenblat
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, the Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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38
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Costa LG, de Laat R, Dao K, Pellacani C, Cole TB, Furlong CE. Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) in brain and its potential role in neuroprotection. Neurotoxicology 2014; 43:3-9. [PMID: 24012887 PMCID: PMC3942372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is a member of a gene family which also includes the more studied PON1, as well as PON3. PON2 is unique among the three PONs, as it is expressed in brain tissue. PON2 is a lactonase and displays anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PON2 levels are highest in dopaminergic regions (e.g. striatum), are higher in astrocytes than in neurons, and are higher in brain and peripheral tissues of female mice than male mice. At the sub-cellular level, PON2 localizes primarily in mitochondria, where it scavenges superoxides. Lack of PON2 (as in PON2(-/-) mice), or lower levels of PON2 (as in male mice compared to females) increases susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced toxicity. Estradiol increases PON2 expression in vitro and in vivo, and provides neuroprotection against oxidative stress. Such neuroprotection is not present in CNS cells from PON2(-/-) mice. Similar results are also found with the polyphenol quercetin. PON2, given its cellular localization and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, may represent a relevant enzyme involved in neuroprotection, and may represent a novel target for neuroprotective strategies. Its differential expression in males and females may explain gender differences in the incidence of various diseases, including neurodevelopmental, neurological, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Italy.
| | - Rian de Laat
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Khoi Dao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Toby B Cole
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clement E Furlong
- Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Costa LG, Tait L, de Laat R, Dao K, Giordano G, Pellacani C, Cole TB, Furlong CE. Modulation of paraoxonase 2 (PON2) in mouse brain by the polyphenol quercetin: a mechanism of neuroprotection? Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1809-18. [PMID: 23743621 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a common flavonoid polyphenol which has been shown to exert neuroprotective actions in vitro and in vivo. Though quercetin has antioxidant properties, it has been suggested that neuroprotection may be ascribed to its ability of inducing the cell's own defense mechanisms. The present study investigated whether quercetin could increase the levels of paraoxonase 2 (PON2), a mitochondrial enzyme expressed in brain cells, which has been shown to have potent antioxidant properties. PON2 protein, mRNA, and lactonase activity were highest in mouse striatal astrocytes. Quercetin increased PON2 levels, possibly by activating the JNK/AP-1 pathway. The increased PON2 levels induced by quercetin resulted in decreased oxidative stress and ensuing toxicity induced by two oxidants. The neuroprotective effect of quercetin was significantly diminished in cells from PON2 knockout mice. These findings suggest that induction of PON2 by quercetin represents an important mechanism by which this polyphenol may exert its neuroprotective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Giordano G, Tait L, Furlong CE, Cole TB, Kavanagh TJ, Costa LG. Gender differences in brain susceptibility to oxidative stress are mediated by levels of paraoxonase-2 expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 58:98-108. [PMID: 23376469 PMCID: PMC3622778 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 2 (PON2), a member of a gene family that also includes PON1 and PON3, is expressed in most tissues, including the brain. In mouse brain, PON2 levels are highest in dopaminergic areas (e.g., striatum) and are higher in astrocytes than in neurons. PON2 is primarily located in mitochondria and exerts a potent antioxidant effect, protecting mouse CNS cells against oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to characterize PON2 expression and functions in the brains of male and female mice. Levels of PON2 (protein, mRNA, and lactonase activity) were higher in brain regions and cells of female mice. Astrocytes and neurons from male mice were significantly more sensitive (by 3- to 4-fold) to oxidative stress-induced toxicity than the same cells from female mice. Glutathione levels did not differ between genders. Importantly, no significant gender differences in susceptibility to the same oxidants were seen in cells from PON2(-/-) mice. Treatment with estradiol induced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the levels of PON2 protein and mRNA in male (4.5-fold) and female (1.8-fold) astrocytes, which was dependent on activation of estrogen receptor-α. In ovariectomized mice, PON2 protein and mRNA were decreased to male levels in brain regions and in liver. Estradiol protected astrocytes from wild-type mice against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity, but did not protect cells from PON2(-/-) mice. These results suggest that PON2 is a novel major intracellular factor that protects CNS cells against oxidative stress and confers gender-dependent susceptibility to such stress. The lower expression of PON2 in males may have broad ramifications for susceptibility to diseases involving oxidative stress, including neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Giordano
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, USA
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Abstract
Pomegranate is a source of some very potent antioxidants (tannins, anthocyanins) which are considered to be also potent anti-atherogenic agents. The combination of the above unique various types of pomegranate polyphenols provides a much wider spectrum of action against several types of free radicals. Indeed, pomegranate is superior in comparison to other antioxidants in protecting low-density lipoprotein (LDL, "the bad cholesterol") and high-density lipoprotein (HDL, "the good cholesterol") from oxidation, and as a result it attenuates atherosclerosis development and its consequent cardiovascular events. Pomegranate antioxidants are not free, but are attached to the pomegranate sugars, and hence were shown to be beneficial even in diabetic patients. Furthermore, pomegranate antioxidants are unique in their ability to increase the activity of the HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 (PON1), which breaks down harmful oxidized lipids in lipoproteins, in macrophages, and in atherosclerotic plaques. Finally, unique pomegranate antioxidants beneficially decrease blood pressure. All the above beneficial characteristics make the pomegranate a uniquely healthy fruit.
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Pomegranate Protection against Cardiovascular Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:382763. [PMID: 23243442 PMCID: PMC3514854 DOI: 10.1155/2012/382763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The current paper summarizes the antioxidative and antiatherogenic effects of pomegranate polyphenols on serum lipoproteins and on arterial macrophages (two major components of the atherosclerotic lesion), using both in vitro and in vivo humans and mice models. Pomegranate juice and its by-products substantially reduced macrophage cholesterol and oxidized lipids accumulation, and foam cell formation (the hallmark of early atherogenesis), leading to attenuation of atherosclerosis development, and its consequent cardiovascular events.
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Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Paland N, Aviram M. Triglyceride accumulation in macrophages upregulates paraoxonase 2 (PON2) expression via ROS-mediated JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway activation. Biofactors 2012; 38:458-69. [PMID: 23047827 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect and mechanism of action of macrophage triglyceride accumulation on cellular PON2 expression. Incubation of J774A.1 (murine macrophages) with VLDL (0-75 μg protein/mL) significantly and dose-dependently increased cellular triglyceride mass, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, by up to 3.3- or 1.8-fold, respectively. PON2 expression (mRNA, protein, activity) in cells treated with VLDL (50 μg protein/mL) was higher by 2- to 3-fold, as compared with control cells. Similar effects were noted upon using THP-1 (human macrophages). Incubation of macrophages with synthetic triglyceride or triglyceride fraction from carotid lesion resulted in similar effects, as shown for VLDL. Upon using specific inhibitors of MEK1/2 (UO126, 10 μM), p38 (SB203580, 10 μM), or JNK (SP600125, 20 μM), we demonstrated that MEK, as well as JNK, but not p38, are involved in VLDL-induced macrophage PON2 upregulation. VLDL activated JNK (but not ERK), which resulted in c-Jun phosphorylation. This signaling pathway is probably activated by ROS, since the antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH), significantly decreased VLDL-induced macrophage ROS formation, c-Jun phosphorylation and PON2 overexpression. We conclude that macrophage triglyceride accumulation upregulates PON2 expression via MEK/ JNK/c-Jun pathway, and these effects could be related, at least in part, to cellular triglycerides-induced ROS formation. ©
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Rosenblat
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine, the Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Aviram M. Pomegranate phytosterol (β-sitosterol) and polyphenolic antioxidant (punicalagin) addition to statin, significantly protected against macrophage foam cells formation. Atherosclerosis 2012; 226:110-7. [PMID: 23141585 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the anti-atherogenic effects on macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis rate, and on cellular oxidative stress by the combination of simvastatin with a potent polyphenolic antioxidant (punicalagin), or with a phytosterol (β-sitosterol), or with pomegranate juice (POM, that contains both of them). METHODS AND RESULTS Simvastatin (15 μg/ml) decreased J774A.1 macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis rate by 42% as compared to control cells. The addition to the statin of either punicalagin (15 or 30 μM), or β-sitosterol (50 or 100 μM), increased the inhibitory effect of the statin up to 62% or 57%, respectively. Similarly, the combination of POM and simvastatin, resulted in an inhibitory effect up to 59%. While simvastatin inhibited the rate limiting enzyme HMGCoA-reductase, punicalagin, β-sitosterol or POM inhibited macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis downstream to mevalonate. Simvastatin (15 μg/ml) also modestly decreased macrophage reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation by 11%. In the presence of punicalagin (15 or 30 μM) however, a remarkable further inhibition was noted (by 61% or 79%, respectively). Although β-sitosterol alone showed some pro-oxidant activity, the combination of simvastatin, β-sitosterol and punicalagin, clearly demonstrated a remarkable 73% reduction in ROS production. Similarly, simvastatin + POM decreased the extent of ROS formation by up to 63%. These improved antioxidant effects of the combinations could be related to various anti-oxidative properties of the different compounds, including free radicals scavenging capacity, upregulation of paraoxonase 2, and stimulation of reduced glutathione. CONCLUSION The combination of simvastatin with potent antioxidant and phytosterol (such as present in pomegranate) could lead to attenuation of macrophage foam cell formation and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Rosenblat
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) enhances the gene modulation and activity of paraoxonase-2: in vitro and in vivo studies. Nutrition 2012; 28:1157-64. [PMID: 22964087 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paraoxonase-2 (PON-2) is an intracellular antioxidant enzyme that can be modulated by polyphenols. The aim of this study was to verify whether yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), a plant species rich in phenolic compounds, modulates gene expression and the activity of PON-2 in macrophages in vitro and in monocytes from peripheral blood and monocyte-derived macrophages obtained after the ingestion of green or roasted yerba mate infusions by healthy subjects. METHODS THP-1 macrophages were incubated with increasing amounts of yerba mate extracts or chlorogenic and caffeic acids (1-10 μmol/L). The in vivo effects of yerba mate or water (control) intakes were evaluated acutely (2 h after ingestion) and in the short term (after daily ingestion for 7 d) in 20 healthy women. RESULTS In general, there was no difference between the two kinds of yerba mate studied. Yerba mate extracts or chlorogenic acid at 1 and 3 μmol/L increased PON-2 relative gene expression in THP-1 macrophages (P < 0.05), whereas higher concentrations (5 and 10 μmol/L) increased the activity only. Caffeic acid induced PON-2 activity only. The acute ingestion of yerba mate infusions increased relative gene expression and PON-2 activity in monocytes (P < 0.05), whereas the consumption of yerba mate for 7 d increased PON-2 relative gene expression (P < 0.05) and had a tendency to increase PON-2 activity in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. CONCLUSION It is suggested that green or roasted yerba mate modulates positively the mRNA relative expression and activity of the PON-2 enzyme in monocytes and macrophages, which may prevent cellular oxidative stress.
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Farid AS, Horii Y. Modulation of paraoxonases during infectious diseases and its potential impact on atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:92. [PMID: 22824324 PMCID: PMC3457911 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene family includes three members, PON1, PON2 and PON3, aligned in tandem on chromosome 7 in humans and on chromosome 6 in mice. All PON proteins share considerable structural homology and have the capacity to protect cells from oxidative stress; therefore, they have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, particularly atherosclerosis. The major goal of this review is to highlight the modulation of each of the PONs by infective (bacterial, viral and parasitic) agents, which may shed a light on the interaction between infectious diseases and PONs activities in order to effectively reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Samir Farid
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-Kibanadai, Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Additional Common Polymorphisms in the PON Gene Cluster Predict PON1 Activity but Not Vascular Disease. J Lipids 2012; 2012:476316. [PMID: 22685667 PMCID: PMC3364586 DOI: 10.1155/2012/476316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzymatic activity has been consistently predictive of cardiovascular disease, while the genotypes at the four functional polymorphisms at PON1 have not. The goal of this study was to identify additional variation at the PON gene cluster that improved prediction of PON1 activity and determine if these variants predict carotid artery disease (CAAD). Methods. We considered 1,328 males in a CAAD cohort. 51 tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tag SNPs) across the PON cluster were evaluated to determine their effects on PON1 activity and CAAD status. Results. Six SNPs (four in PON1 and one each in PON2/3) predicted PON1 arylesterase (AREase) activity, in addition to the four previously known functional SNPs. In total, the 10 SNPs explained 30.1% of AREase activity, 5% of which was attributable to the six identified predictive SNPs. We replicate rs854567 prediction of 2.3% of AREase variance, the effects of rs3917510, and a PON3 haplotype that includes rs2375005. While AREase activity strongly predicted CAAD, none of the 10 SNPs predicting AREase predicted CAAD. Conclusions. This study identifies new genetic variants that predict additional PON1 AREase activity. Identification of SNPs associated with PON1 activity is required when evaluating the many phenotypes associated with genetic variation near PON1.
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Protectors or Traitors: The Roles of PON2 and PON3 in Atherosclerosis and Cancer. J Lipids 2012; 2012:342806. [PMID: 22666600 PMCID: PMC3361228 DOI: 10.1155/2012/342806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and atherosclerosis are major causes of death in western societies. Deregulated cell death is common to both diseases, with significant contribution of inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. These two form a vicious cycle and regulate cell death pathways in either direction. This raises interest in antioxidative systems. The human enzymes paraoxonase-2 (PON2) and PON3 are intracellular enzymes with established antioxidative effects and protective functions against atherosclerosis. Underlying molecular mechanisms, however, remained elusive until recently. Novel findings revealed that both enzymes locate to mitochondrial membranes where they interact with coenzyme Q10 and diminish oxidative stress. As a result, ROS-triggered mitochondrial apoptosis and cell death are reduced. From a cardiovascular standpoint, this is beneficial given that enhanced loss of vascular cells and macrophage death forms the basis for atherosclerotic plaque development. However, the same function has now been shown to raise chemotherapeutic resistance in several cancer cells. Intriguingly, PON2 as well as PON3 are frequently found upregulated in tumor samples. Here we review studies reporting PON2/PON3 deregulations in cancer, summarize most recent findings on their anti-oxidative and antiapoptotic mechanisms, and discuss how this could be used in putative future therapies to target atherosclerosis and cancer.
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PON3 is upregulated in cancer tissues and protects against mitochondrial superoxide-mediated cell death. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1549-60. [PMID: 22441669 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve malignancy, cancer cells convert numerous signaling pathways, with evasion from cell death being a characteristic hallmark. The cell death machinery represents an anti-cancer target demanding constant identification of tumor-specific signaling molecules. Control of mitochondrial radical formation, particularly superoxide interconnects cell death signals with appropriate mechanistic execution. Superoxide is potentially damaging, but also triggers mitochondrial cytochrome c release. While paraoxonase (PON) enzymes are known to protect against cardiovascular diseases, recent data revealed that PON2 attenuated mitochondrial radical formation and execution of cell death. Another family member, PON3, is poorly investigated. Using various cell culture systems and knockout mice, here we addressed its potential role in cancer. PON3 is found overexpressed in various human tumors and diminishes mitochondrial superoxide formation. It directly interacts with coenzyme Q10 and presumably acts by sequestering ubisemiquinone, leading to enhanced cell death resistance. Localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, PON3 abrogates apoptosis in response to DNA damage or intrinsic but not extrinsic stimulation. Moreover, PON3 impaired ER stress-induced apoptotic MAPK signaling and CHOP induction. Therefore, our study reveals the mechanism underlying PON3's anti-oxidative effect and demonstrates a previously unanticipated function in tumor cell development. We suggest PONs represent a novel class of enzymes crucially controlling mitochondrial radical generation and cell death.
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She ZG, Chen HZ, Yan Y, Li H, Liu DP. The human paraoxonase gene cluster as a target in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:597-632. [PMID: 21867409 PMCID: PMC3270057 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene cluster contains three adjacent gene members, PON1, PON2, and PON3. Originating from the same fungus lactonase precursor, all of the three PON genes share high sequence identity and a similar β propeller protein structure. PON1 and PON3 are primarily expressed in the liver and secreted into the serum upon expression, whereas PON2 is ubiquitously expressed and remains inside the cell. Each PON member has high catalytic activity toward corresponding artificial organophosphate, and all exhibit activities to lactones. Therefore, all three members of the family are regarded as lactonases. Under physiological conditions, they act to degrade metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids and homocysteine (Hcy) thiolactone, among other compounds. By detoxifying both oxidized low-density lipoprotein and Hcy thiolactone, PONs protect against atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases, as has been illustrated by many types of in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence. Clinical observations focusing on gene polymorphisms also indicate that PON1, PON2, and PON3 are protective against coronary artery disease. Many other conditions, such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and aging, have been shown to relate to PONs. The abundance and/or activity of PONs can be regulated by lipoproteins and their metabolites, biological macromolecules, pharmacological treatments, dietary factors, and lifestyle. In conclusion, both previous results and ongoing studies provide evidence, making the PON cluster a prospective target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang She
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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