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Chen Y, Cheng R, Lu W, Fan Y, Yu Y, Huang L, Wan Z, Zheng S. Metformin promotes the survival of random skin flaps via the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 401:111188. [PMID: 39121897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The random flap is one of the commonly used techniques for tissue defect repair in surgery and orthopaedics, however the risk of ischaemic necrosis at the distal end of the flap limits its size and clinical application. Metformin (Met) is a first-line medication in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, with additional effects such as anti-tumor, anti-aging, and neuroprotective properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological effects and potential mechanisms of Met in improving the survival of random skin flaps. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats and 12 male C57BL/6J mice underwent McFarlane flap surgery and divided into control (Ctrl) and Met groups (100 mg/kg). The survival rate of the flap were evaluated on day 7. Angiography, Laser doppler blood flow imaging, and H&E staining were used to assess blood flow supply and the levels of microvascular density. Then, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured by test kits. Immunohistochemistry analysis was conducted to evaluate the expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA), Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and CD31. Rats and mice in the Met group exhibited higher flap survival rate, microcirculatory flow, and higher expression levels of VEGFA and VE-cadherin compared with the Ctrl group. In addition, the level of oxidative stress was significantly lower in the met group. And then we demonstrated that the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with Met can alleviate tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-stimulated cellular dysfunction and oxidative stress injury. Mechanistically, Met markedly stimulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Silencing of Nrf2 partially abolished the antioxidant and therapeutic effects of Met. In summary, our data have confirmed that Met has a positive effect on flap survival and reduces necrosis. The mechanism of action involves the regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway to combat oxidative stress and reduce damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Biological Sample Resources of Major Diseases, The Hainan Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cancer & the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Ruxin Cheng
- Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Wenyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Biological Sample Resources of Major Diseases, The Hainan Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cancer & the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Yonghao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Biological Sample Resources of Major Diseases, The Hainan Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cancer & the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Ye Yu
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China; School of Hainan Provincial Drug Safety Evaluation Research Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Zhenling Wan
- Department of Pathology, Hainan Women and Children Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Biological Sample Resources of Major Diseases, The Hainan Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cancer & the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
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2
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Wimmer MI, Bartolomaeus H, Anandakumar H, Chen CY, Vecera V, Kedziora S, Kamboj S, Schumacher F, Pals S, Rauch A, Meisel J, Potapenko O, Yarritu A, Bartolomaeus TUP, Samaan M, Thiele A, Stürzbecher L, Geisberger SY, Kleuser B, Oefner PJ, Haase N, Löber U, Gronwald W, Forslund-Startceva SK, Müller DN, Wilck N. Metformin modulates microbiota and improves blood pressure and cardiac remodeling in a rat model of hypertension. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024:e14226. [PMID: 39253815 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Metformin has been attributed to cardiovascular protection even in the absence of diabetes. Recent observations suggest that metformin influences the gut microbiome. We aimed to investigate the influence of metformin on the gut microbiota and hypertensive target organ damage in hypertensive rats. METHODS Male double transgenic rats overexpressing the human renin and angiotensinogen genes (dTGR), a model of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension, were treated with metformin (300 mg/kg/day) or vehicle from 4 to 7 weeks of age. We assessed gut microbiome composition and function using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and measured blood pressure via radiotelemetry. Cardiac and renal organ damage and inflammation were evaluated by echocardiography, histology, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Metformin treatment increased the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) acetate and propionate in feces without altering microbial composition and diversity. It significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and improved cardiac function, as measured by end-diastolic volume, E/A, and stroke volume despite increased cardiac hypertrophy. Metformin reduced cardiac inflammation by lowering macrophage infiltration and shifting macrophage subpopulations towards a less inflammatory phenotype. The observed improvements in blood pressure, cardiac function, and inflammation correlated with fecal SCFA levels in dTGR. In vitro, acetate and propionate altered M1-like gene expression in macrophages, reinforcing anti-inflammatory effects. Metformin did not affect hypertensive renal damage or microvascular structure. CONCLUSION Metformin modulated the gut microbiome, increased SCFA production, and ameliorated blood pressure and cardiac remodeling in dTGR. Our findings confirm the protective effects of metformin in the absence of diabetes, highlighting SCFA as a potential mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz I Wimmer
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bartolomaeus
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Harithaa Anandakumar
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Chia-Yu Chen
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentin Vecera
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Kedziora
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sakshi Kamboj
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Sidney Pals
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ariana Rauch
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Meisel
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olena Potapenko
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex Yarritu
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Theda U P Bartolomaeus
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariam Samaan
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Thiele
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas Stürzbecher
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Y Geisberger
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Haase
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Löber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Gronwald
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sofia K Forslund-Startceva
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicola Wilck
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
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3
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Stroope C, Nettersheim FS, Coon B, Finney AC, Schwartz MA, Ley K, Rom O, Yurdagul A. Dysregulated cellular metabolism in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Metab 2024; 6:617-638. [PMID: 38532071 PMCID: PMC11055680 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence over the past decades has revealed an intricate relationship between dysregulation of cellular metabolism and the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, an integrated understanding of dysregulated cellular metabolism in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its potential value as a therapeutic target is missing. In this Review, we (1) summarize recent advances concerning the role of metabolic dysregulation during atherosclerosis progression in lesional cells, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages and T cells; (2) explore the complexity of metabolic cross-talk between these lesional cells; (3) highlight emerging technologies that promise to illuminate unknown aspects of metabolism in atherosclerosis; and (4) suggest strategies for targeting these underexplored metabolic alterations to mitigate atherosclerosis progression and stabilize rupture-prone atheromas with a potential new generation of cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Stroope
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Felix Sebastian Nettersheim
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brian Coon
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, OMRF, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alexandra C Finney
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Immunology Center of Georgia (IMMCG), Augusta University Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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4
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Tanriover C, Copur S, Mutlu A, Peltek IB, Galassi A, Ciceri P, Cozzolino M, Kanbay M. Early aging and premature vascular aging in chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1751-1765. [PMID: 37915901 PMCID: PMC10616490 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the progressive decline of body functions and a number of chronic conditions can lead to premature aging characterized by frailty, a diseased vasculature, osteoporosis, and muscle wasting. One of the major conditions associated with premature and accelerated aging is chronic kidney disease (CKD), which can also result in early vascular aging and the stiffening of the arteries. Premature vascular aging in CKD patients has been considered as a marker of prognosis of mortality and cardiovascular morbidity and therefore requires further attention. Oxidative stress, inflammation, advanced glycation end products, fructose, and an aberrant gut microbiota can contribute to the development of early aging in CKD patients. There are several key molecular pathways and molecules which play a role in aging and vascular aging including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and klotho. Potential therapeutic strategies can target these pathways. Future studies are needed to better understand the importance of premature aging and early vascular aging and to develop therapeutic alternatives for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Tanriover
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sidar Copur
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Andrea Galassi
- Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Ciceri
- Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Kang L, Yi J, Lau CW, He L, Chen Q, Xu S, Li J, Xia Y, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Wang L. AMPK-Dependent YAP Inhibition Mediates the Protective Effect of Metformin against Obesity-Associated Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1681. [PMID: 37759984 PMCID: PMC10525300 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a crucial risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Chronic inflammation is a central characteristic of obesity, leading to many of its complications. Recent studies have shown that high glucose activates Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) by suppressing AMPK activity in breast cancer cells. Metformin is a commonly prescribed anti-diabetic drug best known for its AMPK-activating effect. However, the role of YAP in the vasoprotective effect of metformin in diabetic endothelial cell dysfunction is still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate whether YAP activation plays a role in obesity-associated endothelial dysfunction and inflammation and examine whether the vasoprotective effect of metformin is related to YAP inhibition. Reanalysis of the clinical sequencing data revealed YAP signaling, and the YAP target genes CTGF and CYR61 were upregulated in aortic endothelial cells and retinal fibrovascular membranes from diabetic patients. YAP overexpression impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations (EDRs) in isolated mouse aortas and increased the expression of YAP target genes and inflammatory markers in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). High glucose-activated YAP in HUVECs and aortas was accompanied by increased production of oxygen-reactive species. AMPK inhibition was found to induce YAP activation, resulting in increased JNK activity. Metformin activated AMPK and promoted YAP phosphorylation, ultimately improving EDRs and suppressing the JNK activity. Targeting the AMPK-YAP-JNK axis could become a therapeutic strategy for alleviating vascular dysfunction in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (L.K.); (L.H.); (Q.C.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (C.-W.L.); (Y.X.)
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Juanjuan Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Chi-Wai Lau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (C.-W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lei He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (L.K.); (L.H.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qinghua Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (L.K.); (L.H.); (Q.C.)
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230027, China;
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.Y.); (J.L.)
| | - Yin Xia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (C.-W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yuanting Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (L.K.); (L.H.); (Q.C.)
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (L.K.); (L.H.); (Q.C.)
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6
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David SR, Lai PPN, Chellian J, Chakravarthi S, Rajabalaya R. Influence of rutin and its combination with metformin on vascular functions in type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12423. [PMID: 37528147 PMCID: PMC10394083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work examined the effect of oral administration of rutin and its combination with metformin, an antidiabetic drug on blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides level and vascular function in streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). Rutin and metformin were orally administered to diabetic rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively, for 4 weeks. Plasma analysis was conducted to determine changes in the plasma glucose and lipid levels. Rat aortic ring reactivity in response to endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine, ACh) and endothelium-independent (sodium nitroprusside, SNP) relaxants, and to the α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) were recorded. Histology of pancreas, liver and kidney were evaluated. In results, rutin and metformin alone and in combination has led to significant improvements in blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to diabetic group. Diabetic aortic rings showed significantly greater contraction in response to PE, and less relaxation in response to ACh and SNP. Treatment with rutin and metformin in combination significantly reduced PE-induced contraction and increased ACh-induced and SNP-induced relaxation in diabetes when compared to rutin or metformin alone. Significant histological improvements were seen with combination therapy. In conclusion, rutin and metformin combination therapy has the most potentiality for restoring blood glucose and lipid level as well as vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheba R David
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| | - Penny Pei Ni Lai
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jestin Chellian
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Srikumar Chakravarthi
- SEGi University and Colleges, No. 9, Jalan Teknologi, Taman Sains Selangor, 47810, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajan Rajabalaya
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
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7
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Kakoty V, Kc S, Yang CH, Dubey SK, Taliyan R. Exploring the Epigenetic Regulated Modulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Involvement in High-Fat Diet Associated Parkinson's Disease in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:725-740. [PMID: 36694924 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance in brain glucose metabolism and epigenetic modulation during the disease course of insulin resistance (IR) associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) risk remains a prime concern. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), the metabolic hormone, improves insulin sensitivity and elicits anti-diabetic properties. Chronic stress during brain IR may modulate the FGF21 expression and its dynamic release via epigenetic modifications. Metformin regulates and increases the expression of FGF21 which can be modulating in obesity, diabetes, and IR. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the FGF21 expression modulation via an epigenetic mechanism in PD and whether metformin (MF), an autophagy activator, and sodium butyrate (NaB), a pan histone deacetylase inhibitor, alone and in combination, exert any therapeutic benefit in PD pathology exacerbated by high-fat diet (HFD). Our results portray that the combination treatment with MF and NaB potentially attenuated the abnormal lipid profile and increased motor performance for the rats fed with HFD for 8 weeks followed by intrastriatal 6-hydroxy dopamine administration. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) estimations of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 beta and 6, and FGF21 exhibited extensive downregulation after treatment with the combination. Lastly, mRNA, western blot, histological, and cresyl violet staining depicted that the combination treatment can restore degenerated neuronal density and increase the protein level compared to the disease group. The findings from the study effectively conclude that the epigenetic mechanism involved in FGF21 mediated functional abnormalities in IR-linked PD pathology. Hence, combined treatment with MF and NaB may prove to be a novel combination in ameliorating IR-associated PD in rats, probably via the upregulation of FGF21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violina Kakoty
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.,Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Sarathlal Kc
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.,Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | | | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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Defeudis G, Mazzilli R, Di Tommaso AM, Zamponi V, Carlomagno F, Tuccinardi D, Watanabe M, Faggiano A, Gianfrilli D. Effects of diet and antihyperglycemic drugs on erectile dysfunction: A systematic review. Andrology 2023; 11:282-294. [PMID: 35485604 PMCID: PMC10084359 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erectile dysfunction is recognized as one of the complications of diabetes mellitus. To date, a wide gap of knowledge is present on the efficacy of pharmacological treatments of diabetes mellitus on erectile function, acting not only through metabolic control. Similarly, the effects of different diet regimens on erectile dysfunction are still debated. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the effects of diet and antihyperglycemic drugs, considering both old and novel therapeutic approaches, on erectile function. MATERIALS/METHODS We performed a systematic review, following the PRISMA guidelines. The research was conducted on studies reporting erectile dysfunction assessment in subjects with diabetes and the relationship with diet and antihyperglycemic drugs. RESULTS The Mediterranean diet was effective in most studies for the protection of erectile function. Furthermore, antihyperglycemic drugs seem to show an overall protective role on erectile function. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Although encouraging results are present for all classes of antihyperglycemic drugs, several studies are needed in humans, mainly on acarbose, pioglitazone, dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Defeudis
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Mazzilli
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Maria Di Tommaso
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Zamponi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Carlomagno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Mikiko Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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9
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de Alwis N, Binder NK, Mangwiro YTM, Pritchard N, Beard S, Kaitu'u-Lino TJ, Brownfoot F, Hannan NJ. The effect of metformin on cardiovascular markers in female mice consuming a high fat diet. Obes Res Clin Pract 2022; 16:524-532. [PMID: 36333189 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin, widely used to treat diabetes, is now considered a candidate therapeutic for treatment of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to assess whether metformin's non-glycaemic effects could mitigate cardiovascular disease indices in female mice consuming a high fat diet (HFD). METHODS Four-week old female Arc:Arc(S) mice were placed on a standard (std) chow diet or Western-style HFD (22% fat, 0.15% cholesterol). At ∼8 months, the mice were administered 150 mg/kg metformin or vehicle (control) via intraperitoneal injection for 11 days. Blood pressure was measured (tail cuff plethysmography) at Day 9 and 11 of treatment. On Day 11, mice were weighed and culled. The mesenteric arcade and kidneys were collected for assessment of vascular reactivity (wire myography), and assessment of expression of cardiometabolic markers (qPCR), respectively. RESULTS The HFD fed female mice were significantly heavier than those receiving the std diet at 1-12 weeks on diet, and at cull. Mice on a std diet with metformin treatment were significantly heavier at cull than the mice on a std diet administered the control treatment. Metformin treatment did not alter the weight of the mice receiving the HFD. Neither the HFD (compared to the std diet), nor metformin treatment (compared to control treatment) altered blood pressure, vascular reactivity, or expression of cardiometabolic markers in the kidney. CONCLUSION Consumption of a Western-style HFD (without high salt/sugar levels) did not alter the cardiovascular markers measured. Further studies are required to establish the non-glycaemic, cardio-protective effects of metformin in high-risk cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha de Alwis
- Therapeutics Discovery and Vascular Function in Pregnancy Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie K Binder
- Therapeutics Discovery and Vascular Function in Pregnancy Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yeukai T M Mangwiro
- Therapeutics Discovery and Vascular Function in Pregnancy Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natasha Pritchard
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia; Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally Beard
- Therapeutics Discovery and Vascular Function in Pregnancy Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tu'uhevaha J Kaitu'u-Lino
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia; Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Brownfoot
- Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia; Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie J Hannan
- Therapeutics Discovery and Vascular Function in Pregnancy Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia.
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10
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Metformin Reverses the Effects of Angiotensin 2 in Human Mammary Arteries by Modulating the Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthases. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2022-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Angiotensin 2 impairs vascular function by activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and development of endothelial dysfunction. Metformin, the first-line therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus, has vascular protective properties, beyond its glucose lowering effects. The aim of the present study was to in-vestigate the interaction between metformin and angiotensin 2 in human internal mammary arteries harvested from patients with coronary heart disease undergoing revascularization procedure, by evaluation of vascular function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the gene expression of nitric oxide (NO) synthases (endothelial – eNOS, neuronal – nNOS and inducible – iNOS). To this aim, vascular samples were incubated with angiotensin 2 (Ang2, 12 h) with/without metformin (Metf, 10 μM) and used for ROS measurement (FOX assay), vascular reactivity in organ bath (contractility to phenylephrine, relaxation to acetylcholine, con-tractility to NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester/L-NAME) and RT-PCT studies. Acute incubation of the vascular rings with Ang2 im-paired vascular reactivity (increase contractility, decrease relax-ation), increased ROS production, supressed eNOS/nNOS and in-creased iNOS mRNA expression. Ex vivo incubation with metfor-min at a clinically relevant concentration reversed all these ef-fects. These data suggest that Metformin might be useful in allevi-ating endothelial dysfunction by improving the endothelial-de-pendent relaxation and mitigating oxidative stress in clinical set-ting associated with cardiovascular disease regardless the pres-ence of impaired glucose metabolism.
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11
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Cohen KE, Katunaric B, Schulz ME, SenthilKumar G, Young MS, Mace JE, Freed JK. Role of Adiponectin Receptor 1 in Promoting Nitric Oxide-Mediated Flow-Induced Dilation in the Human Microvasculature. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:875900. [PMID: 35444544 PMCID: PMC9014203 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.875900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic administration of exogenous adiponectin restores nitric oxide (NO) as the mediator of flow-induced dilation (FID) in arterioles collected from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Here we hypothesize that this effect as well as NO signaling during flow during health relies on activation of Adiponectin Receptor 1 (AdipoR1). We further posit that osmotin, a plant-derived protein and AdipoR1 activator, is capable of eliciting similar effects as adiponectin. Human arterioles (80-200 μm) collected from discarded surgical adipose specimens were cannulated, pressurized, and pre-constricted with endothelin-1 (ET-1). Changes in vessel internal diameters were measured during flow using videomicroscopy. Immunofluorescence was utilized to compare expression of AdipoR1 during both health and disease. Administration of exogenous adiponectin failed to restore NO-mediated FID in CAD arterioles treated with siRNA against AdipoR1 (siAdipoR1), compared to vessels treated with negative control siRNA. Osmotin treatment of arterioles from patients with CAD resulted in a partial restoration of NO as the mediator of FID, which was inhibited in arterioles with decreased expression of AdipoR1. Together these data highlight the critical role of AdipoR1 in adiponectin-induced NO signaling during shear. Further, osmotin may serve as a potential therapy to prevent microvascular endothelial dysfunction as well as restore endothelial homeostasis in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E. Cohen
- Department of Medicine-Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Boran Katunaric
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Mary E. Schulz
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Gopika SenthilKumar
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Micaela S. Young
- Department of Medicine-Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - James E. Mace
- Department of Surgery-Division of Adult Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Julie K. Freed
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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12
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Metformin prevented high glucose-induced endothelial reactive oxygen species via OGG1 in an AMPKα-Lin-28 dependent pathway. Life Sci 2021; 268:119015. [PMID: 33412215 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.119015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Metformin improves vascular function in obese type 2 diabetic patients. 8-Oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) is a main DNA glycosylase that is involved in vascular complications in various diseases. However, whether metformin suppresses endothelial reactive species oxygen production via the OGG1 pathway is unclear. MAIN METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to HG (high glucose) with or without metformin. OGG1 and AMPKα levels were measured after metformin treatment, while HG-induced ROS were measured by a DHE probe. KEY FINDINGS Metformin reduced HG-induced endothelial ROS by upregulating OGG1. Additionally, OGG1 protein expression was dependent on its mRNA stability, which was reversed by genetic inhibition of AMPKα and Lin-28. Furthermore, the effect of OGG1 on HG-induced ROS was partially dependent on the AHR/Nrf2 pathway in HUVECs. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggested that metformin modulated HG-induced endothelial ROS via the AMPKα/Lin-28/OGG1 pathway.
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13
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Salvatore T, Pafundi PC, Galiero R, Rinaldi L, Caturano A, Vetrano E, Aprea C, Albanese G, Di Martino A, Ricozzi C, Imbriani S, Sasso FC. Can Metformin Exert as an Active Drug on Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Subjects? Biomedicines 2020; 9:biomedicines9010003. [PMID: 33375185 PMCID: PMC7822116 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular mortality is a major cause of death among in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a well-known important risk factor for the development of diabetes cardiovascular complications. Therefore, the prevention of diabetic macroangiopathies by preserving endothelial function represents a major therapeutic concern for all National Health Systems. Several complex mechanisms support ED in diabetic patients, frequently cross-talking each other: uncoupling of eNOS with impaired endothelium-dependent vascular response, increased ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of polyol pathway, generation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), activation of protein kinase C (PKC), endothelial inflammation, endothelial apoptosis and senescence, and dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs). Metformin is a milestone in T2DM treatment. To date, according to most recent EASD/ADA guidelines, it still represents the first-choice drug in these patients. Intriguingly, several extraglycemic effects of metformin have been recently observed, among which large preclinical and clinical evidence support metformin’s efficacy against ED in T2DM. Metformin seems effective thanks to its favorable action on all the aforementioned pathophysiological ED mechanisms. AMPK pharmacological activation plays a key role, with metformin inhibiting inflammation and improving ED. Therefore, aim of this review is to assess metformin’s beneficial effects on endothelial dysfunction in T2DM, which could preempt development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Salvatore
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via De Crecchio 7, I-80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Pia Clara Pafundi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.P.); (R.G.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (E.V.); (C.A.); (G.A.); (A.D.M.); (C.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Raffaele Galiero
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.P.); (R.G.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (E.V.); (C.A.); (G.A.); (A.D.M.); (C.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.P.); (R.G.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (E.V.); (C.A.); (G.A.); (A.D.M.); (C.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Alfredo Caturano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.P.); (R.G.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (E.V.); (C.A.); (G.A.); (A.D.M.); (C.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Erica Vetrano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.P.); (R.G.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (E.V.); (C.A.); (G.A.); (A.D.M.); (C.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Concetta Aprea
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.P.); (R.G.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (E.V.); (C.A.); (G.A.); (A.D.M.); (C.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Gaetana Albanese
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.P.); (R.G.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (E.V.); (C.A.); (G.A.); (A.D.M.); (C.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Anna Di Martino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.P.); (R.G.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (E.V.); (C.A.); (G.A.); (A.D.M.); (C.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Carmen Ricozzi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.P.); (R.G.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (E.V.); (C.A.); (G.A.); (A.D.M.); (C.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Simona Imbriani
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.P.); (R.G.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (E.V.); (C.A.); (G.A.); (A.D.M.); (C.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Ferdinando Carlo Sasso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, I-80138 Naples, Italy; (P.C.P.); (R.G.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (E.V.); (C.A.); (G.A.); (A.D.M.); (C.R.); (S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-566-5010
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Antidiabetic effects of novel ellagic acid nanoformulation: Insulin-secreting and anti-apoptosis effects. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:3474-3480. [PMID: 33304158 PMCID: PMC7715050 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are one of the effective treatment lines in managing type 2 diabetes (typ2diab) and its complications. Nanoformulations could help in ameliorating the oral bioavailability and biocompatibility properties. Ellagic acid (Ella) is a natural antioxidant compound commonly present in fruits. This study examined the effect Ella nanoparticles (Ella NPs) alone and combined with metformin, the standard antidiabetic drug, on controlling blood glucose in typ2diab. Forty-eight adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Except for the control group that was fed a regular pellet diet, all animals were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 weeks. For the last 4 weeks, rats were injected with streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). Then the rats were randomized into 8 groups: control, HFD, diabetic, Ella, Ella + metformin, Ella NPs, and Ella NPs + metformin. Data showed that Ella NPs improved blood glucose levels and the body weights of diabetic rats throughout all the weeks of the experiment whereas effects of the regular Ella were limited to the last two weeks of the treatment. Additionally, data demonstrated that the antidiabetic action of Ella NPs and its effective duration were similar to metformin. Ella NPs led to a lowering effect on lipid profile markers (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)), superior to the regular Ella, which reduced only TG and VLDL. Results of the pathological examination showed improved number and activity of beta islets in all treatment groups. The most enhanced islets were in the Ella NPs and metformin group. The different treatments decreased caspase 3 and increased insulin gene expression, and the effect was superior in the Ella NPs and metformin group. The results of this study confirmed that Ella could manage typ2diab by lowering glucose and lipid levels and improving body weight with the superiority of Ella NPs. The mechanisms behind these effects are inhibition of beta-cell apoptosis and stimulation of insulin production.
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15
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Hansen CS, Lundby-Christiansen L, Tarnow L, Gluud C, Hedetoft C, Thorsteinsson B, Hemmingsen B, Wiinberg N, Sneppen SB, Lund SS, Krarup T, Madsbad S, Almdal T, Carstensen B, Jørgensen ME. Metformin may adversely affect orthostatic blood pressure recovery in patients with type 2 diabetes: substudy from the placebo-controlled Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy (CIMT) trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:150. [PMID: 32979921 PMCID: PMC7520024 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metformin has been shown to have both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of metformin in combination with insulin on cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and distal peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods The study is a sub-study of the CIMT trial, a randomized placebo-controlled trial with a 2 × 3 factorial design, where 412 patients with T2DM were randomized to 18 months of metformin or placebo in addition to open-labelled insulin. Outcomes were measures of CAN: Changes in heart rate response to deep breathing (beat-to-beat), orthostatic blood pressure (OBP) and heart rate and vibration detection threshold (VDT) as a marker DPN. Serum levels of vitamin B12 and methyl malonic acid (MMA) were analysed. Results After 18 months early drop in OBP (30 s after standing) was increased in the metformin group compared to placebo: systolic blood pressure drop increased by 3.4 mmHg (95% CI 0.6; 6.2, p = 0.02) and diastolic blood pressure drop increased by 1.3 mmHg (95% CI 0.3; 2.6, p = 0.045) compared to placebo. Beat-to-beat variation decreased in the metformin group by 1.1 beats per minute (95% CI − 2.4; 0.2, p = 0.10). Metformin treatment did not affect VDT group difference − 0.33 V (95% CI − 1.99; 1.33, p = 0.39) or other outcomes. Changes in B12, MMA and HbA1c did not confound the associations. Conclusions Eighteen months of metformin treatment in combination with insulin compared with insulin alone increased early drop in OBP indicating an adverse effect of metformin on CAN independent of vitamin B12, MMA HbA1c. Trial registration The protocol was approved by the Regional Committee on Biomedical Research Ethics (H–D-2007-112), the Danish Medicines Agency and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00657943).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Lundby-Christiansen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 2-4, 2820, Gentofte, Denmark.,Dept of Paediatrics, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Tarnow
- Department of Clinical Research, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark.,Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Gluud
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Birger Thorsteinsson
- Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, Nordsjællands University Hospital - Hillerød, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Bianca Hemmingsen
- Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, Nordsjællands University Hospital - Hillerød, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Niels Wiinberg
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone B Sneppen
- Department of Medicine, Gentofte, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Søren S Lund
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 2-4, 2820, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Thomas Almdal
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Dept. of Endocrinology PE, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Bendix Carstensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 2-4, 2820, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, A/S, Niels Steensens Vej 2-4, 2820, Gentofte, Denmark.,National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Odense, Denmark
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Novel approaches to combat preeclampsia: from new drugs to innovative delivery. Placenta 2020; 102:10-16. [PMID: 32980138 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a complex disease affecting 2-8% of pregnancies worldwide. It poses significant risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Despite the rising research interest to discover new therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat preeclampsia, options remain limited. Identifying the important pathological stages in the progression of this disease allows us to evaluate effective candidate therapeutics. Three important stages in the pathophysiology are: 1) placental hypoxia and oxidative stress, 2) excess release of anti-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory factors, and 3) widespread systemic endothelial dysfunction and vasoconstriction. Repurposing drugs already safe for use in pregnancy is an attractive option for discovery of novel therapeutics. There are many drugs currently being assessed to treat preeclampsia, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), metformin, statins, sulfasalazine, sofalcone, resveratrol, melatonin, and sildenafil citrate. These drugs show positive effects in preclinical studies, targeting placental and endothelial dysfunction. However, using novel therapeutics can raise safety concerns for the developing fetus. Therefore, innovative targeted delivery systems are being developed to safely administer these therapeutics directly to the placenta and/or endothelium. These include nanoparticle delivery systems, developed and used by the oncology field, now being adapted for obstetrics. This technology is currently being assessed in animal models and shows promise for treating preeclampsia. Combining effective therapeutics with targeted drug delivery could be the future of preeclampsia treatment.
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Mohebbati R, Abbasnezhad A, Havakhah S, Mousavi M. The Effect of Nigella Sativa on Renal Oxidative Injury in Diabetic Rats. SAUDI JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES AND TRANSPLANTATION 2020; 31:775-786. [PMID: 32801238 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.292311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in the evolution of diabetes complications. The current study looked into the potential effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Nigella sativa on the oxidative injury of the rat kidneys in diabetic animals. The animals were placed into five study groups in a random manner as follows: (1) control, (2) diabetic, (3 and 4) treatment with two doses of N. sativa extract (200 and 400 mg/kg), and (5) treatment with metformin (300 mg/kg). The time course of administration was six weeks. The malondialdehyde (MD A) and total thiol groups, as well as the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, were also assessed in the renal tissue and lipid profile in serum. In the diabetic groups, the level of MDA significantly increased (P < 0.01) and antioxidant levels decreased compared to the control (P < 0.05). In treated rats with N. sativa, the antioxidant status of renal tissue was improved (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). The lipid profile also improved in the rats treated with the extract (P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that long-term administration of N. sativa in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin can improve the status of the oxidative stress in kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohebbati
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbasali Abbasnezhad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Havakhah
- Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Muñoz-Arenas G, Pulido G, Treviño S, Vázquez-Roque R, Flores G, Moran C, Handal-Silva A, Guevara J, Venegas B, Díaz A. Effects of metformin on recognition memory and hippocampal neuroplasticity in rats with metabolic syndrome. Synapse 2020; 74:e22153. [PMID: 32190918 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a health problem that is characterized by body fat accumulation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia; recently, it has been demonstrated that MS also damages memory processes. The first-line drug in the treatment of MS and type 2 diabetes mellitus is metformin, which is an antihyperglycemic agent. This drug has been shown to produce neuroprotection and to improve memory processes. However, the mechanism involved in this neuroprotection is unknown. A 90-day administration of metformin improved the cognitive processes of rats with MS as evaluated by the novel object recognition test, and this finding could be explained by an increase in the neuronal spine density and spine length. We also found that metformin increased the immunoreactivity of synaptophysin, sirtuin-1, AMP-activated protein kinase, and brain-derived neuronal factor, which are important plasticity markers. We conclude that metformin is an important therapeutic agent that increases neural plasticity and protects cognitive processes. The use of this drug is important in the minimization of the damage caused by MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Muñoz-Arenas
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Pulido
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Samuel Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rubén Vázquez-Roque
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatria, Instituto de Fisiologia, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatria, Instituto de Fisiologia, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Carolina Moran
- Laboratorio de Histologia, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Anabella Handal-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia y Toxicologia de la Reproduccion, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Berenice Venegas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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Cassano V, Leo A, Tallarico M, Nesci V, Cimellaro A, Fiorentino TV, Citraro R, Hribal ML, De Sarro G, Perticone F, Sesti G, Russo E, Sciacqua A. Metabolic and Cognitive Effects of Ranolazine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Data from an in vivo Model. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020382. [PMID: 32023991 PMCID: PMC7071286 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Ranolazine, an anti-ischemic drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, has been shown to possess hypoglycemic properties in pre-clinical and clinical studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ranolazine on glucose metabolism and cognitive function in a T2DM model of Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by a high fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ). The control group received a normal caloric diet (NCD) and sodium citrate buffer. Metformin, an effective hypoglycemic drug, was employed as a positive control. Animals were divided into the following groups: HFD/STZ + Ranolazine, HFD/STZ + Metformin, HFD/STZ + Vehicle, NCD + Vehicle, NCD + Ranolazine, and NCD + Metformin. Rats received ranolazine (20 mg/kg), metformin (300 mg/kg), or water, for 8 weeks. At the end of the treatments, all animals underwent to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and behavioral tests, including passive avoidance, novel object recognition, forced swimming, and elevate plus maze tests. Interleukin-6 plasma levels in the six treatment groups were assessed by Elisa assay. Body mass composition was estimated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Glucose responsiveness significantly improved in the HFD/STZ + Ranolazine (p < 0.0001) and HFD/STZ + Metformin (p = 0.003) groups. There was a moderate effect on blood glucose levels in the NCD + Ranolazine and NCD + Metformin groups. Lean body mass was significantly increased in the HFD/STZ + Ranolazine and HFD/STZ + Metformin animals, compared to HFD/STZ + Vehicle animals. Ranolazine improved learning and long-term memory in HFD/STZ + Ranolazine compared to HFD/STZ + Vehicle (p < 0.001) and ameliorated the pro-inflammatory profile of diabetic mice. These results support the hypothesis of a protective effect of ranolazine against cognitive decline caused by T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velia Cassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- Science of Health Department, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (V.N.)
| | - Martina Tallarico
- Science of Health Department, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (V.N.)
| | - Valentina Nesci
- Science of Health Department, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (V.N.)
| | - Antonio Cimellaro
- Pugliese-Ciaccio, Hospital, Internal Medicine Unit, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Rita Citraro
- Science of Health Department, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (V.N.)
| | - Marta Letizia Hribal
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0961-364-7411
| | | | - Francesco Perticone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome-Sapienza, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (V.N.)
| | - Angela Sciacqua
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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20
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Potential vascular α1-adrenoceptor blocking properties of metformin in rat aorta and tail artery. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 858:172498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Chen C, Kassan A, Castañeda D, Gabani M, Choi SK, Kassan M. Metformin prevents vascular damage in hypertension through the AMPK/ER stress pathway. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:960-969. [PMID: 30664704 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is an antidiabetic drug. However, the pleiotropic beneficial effects of metformin in nondiabetic models still need to be defined. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of metformin on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Mice were infused with Ang II (400 ng/kg per min) with or without metformin for 2 weeks. Mice infused with angiotensin II displayed an increase in blood pressure associated with enhanced vascular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, which were blunted after metformin treatment. Moreover, hypertension-induced reduction in phosphorylated AMPK, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOs) phosphorylation, and endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) were rescued after metformin treatment. Infusion of ER stress inducer (tunicamycin, Tun) in control mice induced ER stress in MRA and reduced phosphorylation of AMPK, eNOS synthase phosphorylation, and EDR in MRA without affecting systolic blood pressure (SBP). All these factors were reversed subsequently with metformin treatment. ER stress inhibition by metformin improves vascular function in hypertension. Therefore, metformin could be a potential therapy for cardiovascular diseases in hypertension independent of its effects on diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Adam Kassan
- West Coast University, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, 90004, USA
| | - Diana Castañeda
- California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Mohanad Gabani
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Soo-Kyoung Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Modar Kassan
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, and Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA City, IA, 52242, USA.
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22
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Wu H, Ding J, Li S, Lin J, Jiang R, Lin C, Dai L, Xie C, Lin D, Xu H, Gao W, Zhou K. Metformin Promotes the Survival of Random-Pattern Skin Flaps by Inducing Autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:325-340. [PMID: 30745824 PMCID: PMC6367544 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.29009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Random-pattern skin flaps are widely used to close defects in reconstructive and plastic surgeries; however, they are vulnerable to necrosis, particularly in the distal portion of the flap. Here, we examined the effects of metformin on flap survival and the mechanisms underlying these effects. Following metformin treatment, the survival area, blood flow, and number of microvessels present in skin flaps were increased on postoperative day 7, whereas tissue edema was reduced. In addition, metformin promoted angiogenesis, inhibited apoptosis, relieved oxidative stress, and increased autophagy in areas of ischemia; these effects were reversed by autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3MA) or chloroquine (CQ). Either 3MA or CQ reversed the metformin-induced increase in flap viability. Moreover, metformin also activated the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway in ischemic areas. Inhibitions of AMPK via Compound C (CC) or AMPK shRNA adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector resulted in the downregulation of the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway and autophagy level in metformin-treated flaps. Taken together, our findings suggest that metformin improves the survival of random-pattern skin flaps by enhancing angiogenesis and suppressing apoptosis and oxidative stress. These effects result from increased autophagy mediated by activation of the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Shihen Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jinti Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Renhao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Li Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chenglong Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Dingsheng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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Hamza A, AlBishri W, Alfaris M. Effect of Vitex agnus-castus plant extract on polycystic ovary syndrome complications in experimental rat model. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.254647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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24
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Abstract
Advancing age promotes cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the United States and many developed nations. Two major age-related arterial phenotypes, large elastic artery stiffening and endothelial dysfunction, are independent predictors of future CVD diagnosis and likely are responsible for the development of CVD in older adults. Not limited to traditional CVD, these age-related changes in the vasculature also contribute to other age-related diseases that influence mammalian health span and potential life span. This review explores mechanisms that influence age-related large elastic artery stiffening and endothelial dysfunction at the tissue level via inflammation and oxidative stress and at the cellular level via Klotho and energy-sensing pathways (AMPK [AMP-activated protein kinase], SIRT [sirtuins], and mTOR [mammalian target of rapamycin]). We also discuss how long-term calorie restriction-a health span- and life span-extending intervention-can prevent many of these age-related vascular phenotypes through the prevention of deleterious alterations in these mechanisms. Lastly, we discuss emerging novel mechanisms of vascular aging, including senescence and genomic instability within cells of the vasculature. As the population of older adults steadily expands, elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular dysfunction with age is critical to better direct appropriate and measured strategies that use pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to reduce risk of CVD within this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Donato
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniel R. Machin
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lisa A. Lesniewski
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Intrauterine exposure to metformin: Evaluation of endothelial and perivascular adipose tissue function in abdominal aorta of adult offspring. Life Sci 2018; 207:72-79. [PMID: 29852188 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biguanide metformin (MET) has been used during pregnancy for treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes. MET crosses the placenta and maternal treatment can expose the progeny to this drug during important phases of body development. Direct vascular protective effects have been described with the treatment of metformin. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether intrauterine exposure to metformin is safe for the vascular system of offspring. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the intrinsic effects of metformin exposure in utero in the offspring abdominal aorta reactivity, in the presence and absence of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and endothelium. For this, Wistar rats were treated with metformin 293 mg/kg/day (MET) or water (CTR) by gavage during the gestational period. The abdominal aorta reactivity to phenylephrine, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside was evaluated in male adult offspring. It was observed that abdominal aorta relaxation was similar between MET and CTR groups in the presence or absence of PVAT. In addition, the contraction to phenylephrine was similar between MET and CTR groups in the presence and absence of PVAT and endothelium. Therefore, metformin exposure during pregnancy had no intrinsic effect on the offspring abdominal aorta PVAT and endothelial function, demonstrating it to be safe to the vascular system of the offspring.
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Gogulamudi VR, Cai J, Lesniewski LA. Reversing age-associated arterial dysfunction: insight from preclinical models. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1860-1870. [PMID: 29745797 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00086.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading causes of death in the United States, and advancing age is a primary risk factor. Impaired endothelium-dependent dilation and increased stiffening of the arteries with aging are independent predictors of CVD. Increased tissue and systemic oxidative stress and inflammation underlie this age-associated arterial dysfunction. Calorie restriction (CR) is the most powerful intervention known to increase life span and improve age-related phenotypes, including arterial dysfunction. However, the translatability of long-term CR to clinical populations is limited, stimulating interest in the pursuit of pharmacological CR mimetics to reproduce the beneficial effects of CR. The energy-sensing pathways, mammalian target of rapamycin, AMPK, and sirtuin-1 have all been implicated in the beneficial effects of CR on longevity and/or physiological function and, as such, have emerged as potential targets for therapeutic intervention as CR mimetics. Although manipulation of each of these pathways has CR-like benefits on arterial function, the magnitude and/or mechanisms can be disparate from that of CR. Nevertheless, targeting these pathways in older individuals may provide some benefits against arterial dysfunction and CVD. The goal of this review is to provide a brief discussion of the mechanisms and pathways underlying age-associated dysfunction in large arteries, explain how these are impacted by CR, and to present the available evidence, suggesting that targets for energy-sensing pathways may act as vascular CR mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinjin Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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27
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Abstract
The frequency of prediabetes is increasing as the prevalence of obesity rises worldwide. In prediabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation and metabolic derangements associated with concomitant obesity cause endothelial vasodilator and fibrinolytic dysfunction, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. Importantly, the microvasculature affects insulin sensitivity by affecting the delivery of insulin and glucose to skeletal muscle; thus, endothelial dysfunction and extracellular matrix remodeling promote the progression from prediabetes to diabetes mellitus. Weight loss is the mainstay of treatment in prediabetes, but therapies that improved endothelial function and vasodilation may not only prevent cardiovascular disease but also slow progression to diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Wasserman
- From the Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (D.H.W.) and Medicine (T.J.W., N.J.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Thomas J Wang
- From the Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (D.H.W.) and Medicine (T.J.W., N.J.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Nancy J Brown
- From the Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (D.H.W.) and Medicine (T.J.W., N.J.B.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
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29
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Ortega-Pacheco D, Jiménez-Pérez MM, Serafín-López J, Juárez-Rojas JG, Ruiz-García A, Pacheco-García U. Vanadyl Sulfate Effects on Systemic Profiles of Metabolic Syndrome in Old Rats with Fructose-Induced Obesity. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:5257216. [PMID: 30675160 PMCID: PMC6323508 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5257216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, energy obtained from hypercaloric diets has been part of the obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) epidemics from childhood to old age. Treatment alternatives have been sought from plants, minerals, and trace elements with metabolic effects. Vanadyl sulfate (VS) has been investigated as a hypoglycemic compound in animal and human studies showing effective insulin-mimetic properties. This characteristic encompasses several molecules that have beneficial pleiotropic effects. The aim was to determine the antiobesity, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects of VS on fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in aged rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five groups of male Wistar rats were made, each with six rats: two groups with normal diet (ND) and three with high-fructose diet (HFD). The first ND group was treated with saline solution (SS), the second with VS; treatment for HFD groups was in the first group with SS, second with VS, and third with metformin. Weight, body mass index (BMI), blood glucose, and lipidic profile were measured; water, food, fructose and energy consumption were also determined. All parameters were compared among groups. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Although obese rats treated with VS presented anorexia, oligodipsia, and a marked weight loss in the first two weeks. They recovered food and water intake in the third week with a slow recovery of some weight weeks later. VS normalized blood glucose level and decreased triglyceride and insulin levels in obese rats. These results suggest that vanadyl sulfate shows antiobesity, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties in old obese rats and could be useful as an alternative, additional, and potent preventive treatment for obesity and T2DM control in elderly obese and poorly controlled diabetic patients. CONCLUSION VS could play an important role in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, contributing to a decrease in obesity and T2DM, through different ways, such as euglycemia, satiety, weight loss, and lipid profile optimization, among others. However, more research is needed to confirm this suggestion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Marcela Jiménez-Pérez
- Renal PathophysiologyLaboratory, Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departament of Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Gabriel Juárez-Rojas
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ruiz-García
- Renal PathophysiologyLaboratory, Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ursino Pacheco-García
- Renal PathophysiologyLaboratory, Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City, Mexico
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Hassanzadeh-Taheri M, Hassanpour-Fard M, Doostabadi M, Moodi H, Vazifeshenas-Darmiyan K, Hosseini M. Co-administration effects of aqueous extract of turnip leaf and metformin in diabetic rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2018; 8:178-183. [PMID: 29322007 PMCID: PMC5756016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a variety of experimentally proven medicinal plants having antidiabetic properties but data on herb-drug interaction are very limited. Earlier studies indicated that aqueous extract of turnip leaf (AETL) has hypoglycemic potential in diabetic animals. The present study was conducted to evaluate co-administration effects of AETL and metformin, a commonly used antidiabetic drug, in diabetic rats. METHODS Metformin at the two different doses (50,100 mg/kg) and AETL at the dose of 400 mg/kg (separately or concurrent with metformin) were orally given to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 4 weeks daily. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured at the times 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after investigation. At the end of study, liver enzymes activity [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] as well as liver histopathology were evaluated. RESULTS Both treatments could significantly decrease FBG levels when they administrated separately. Interestingly, co-administration of AETL and metformin in a dose dependent manner significantly improved hypoglycemic activity of metformin. While neither metformin nor AETL could ameliorate liver alterations alone, but in concomitant therapy they efficiently attenuated liver enzymes elevation and histological damages. CONCLUSION The results of the present study demonstrate that combination of metformin with AETL enhance the prior effectiveness and reduced the latter adverse effects by a synergistic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Hassanpour-Fard
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Berberis & Jujube Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Doostabadi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hesam Moodi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Mehran Hosseini
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Sambe T, Mason RP, Dawoud H, Bhatt DL, Malinski T. Metformin treatment decreases nitroxidative stress, restores nitric oxide bioavailability and endothelial function beyond glucose control. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:149-156. [PMID: 29253762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator, and an increase in cytotoxic peroxynitrite (ONOO-) may be associated with the uncoupling of NO synthase (eNOS) and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction. In addition to its effect on glucose control, metformin, may also directly benefit in the restoration of the function of eNOS and EC. Obese Zucker rats were administered vehicle or 300 mg/kg/day metformin for 4 weeks. NO concentration [NO] and ONOO- concentration [ONOO-] were measured in aortic and glomerular endothelial cells from Zucker rats in vitro. Compared with controls, aortic and glomerular endothelial [NO] was reduced by 32% and 41%, while [ONOO-] release increased 79% and 69%, respectively. Metformin treatment increased aortic and glomerular endothelial [NO] by 37% and 57%, respectively, while decreasing [ONOO-] by 32% and 34%, compared with vehicle-treated animals. Treatment with metformin significantly restored the balance in the [NO]/[ONOO-] ratio with 101% and 138% increase for aortic and glomerular endothelial cells, respectively. Fasting glucose levels were not significantly changed. These findings indicate that metformin therapy has a direct and beneficial effect on arterial and renal EC function in obese rats, including enhanced NO release and reduced nitroxidative stress, beyond any effects on fasting glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Sambe
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Med. School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - R Preston Mason
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Med. School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Elucida Research LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Beverly, MA 01915, USA.
| | - Hazem Dawoud
- Ohio University, Nanomedical Research Lab, 350 West State Street, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Med. School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Tadeusz Malinski
- Ohio University, Nanomedical Research Lab, 350 West State Street, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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Hamidi Shishavan M, Henning RH, van Buiten A, Goris M, Deelman LE, Buikema H. Metformin Improves Endothelial Function and Reduces Blood Pressure in Diabetic Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Independent from Glycemia Control: Comparison to Vildagliptin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10975. [PMID: 28887562 PMCID: PMC5591199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin confers vascular benefits beyond glycemia control, possibly via pleiotropic effects on endothelial function. In type-1-diabetes-mellitus (T1DM-)patients metformin improved flow-mediated dilation but also increased prostaglandin(PG)-F2α, a known endothelial-contracting factor. To explain this paradoxical finding we hypothesized that metformin increased endothelial-vasodilator mediators (e.g. NO and EDHF) to an even larger extent. Spontaneously-hypertensive-rats (SHR) display impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) involving contractile PGs. EDR was studied in isolated SHR aortas and the involvement of PGs, NO and EDHF assessed. 12-week metformin 300 mg/kg/day improved EDR by up-regulation of NO and particularly EDHF; it also reduced blood pressure and increased plasma sulphide levels (a proxy for H2S, a possible mediator of EDHF). These effects persisted in SHR with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1DM. Vildagliptin (10 mg/kg/day), targeting the incretin axis by increasing GLP-1, also reduced blood pressure and improved EDR in SHR aortas, mainly via the inhibition of contractile PGs, but not in STZ-SHR. Neither metformin nor vildagliptin altered blood glucose or HbA1c. In conclusion, metformin reduced blood pressure and improved EDR in SHR aorta via up-regulation of NO and particularly EDHF, an effect that was independent from glycemia control and maintained during T1DM. A comparison to vildagliptin did not support effects of metformin mediated by GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hamidi Shishavan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Azuwerus van Buiten
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Goris
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo E Deelman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Buikema
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Lee HJ, Cantú SM, Donoso AS, Choi MR, Peredo HA, Puyó AM. Metformin prevents vascular prostanoid release alterations induced by a high-fat diet in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aap.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. J. Lee
- Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires, ININCA-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - S. M. Cantú
- Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires, ININCA-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - A. S. Donoso
- Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires, ININCA-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - M. R. Choi
- Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires, ININCA-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - H. A. Peredo
- Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires, ININCA-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - A. M. Puyó
- Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Universidad de Buenos Aires, ININCA-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
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Shi Y, Vanhoutte PM. Macro- and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. J Diabetes 2017; 9:434-449. [PMID: 28044409 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells, as well as their major products nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin, play a key role in the regulation of vascular homeostasis. Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction is a critical and initiating factor in the genesis of diabetic vascular complications. The present review focuses on both large blood vessels and the microvasculature. The endothelial dysfunction in diabetic macrovascular complications is characterized by reduced NO bioavailability, poorly compensated for by increased production of prostacyclin and/or endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, and increased production or action of endothelium-derived vasoconstrictors. The endothelial dysfunction of microvascular complications is primarily characterized by decreased release of NO, enhanced oxidative stress, increased production of inflammatory factors, abnormal angiogenesis, and impaired endothelial repair. In addition, non-coding RNAs (microRNAs) have emerged as participating in numerous cellular processes. Thus, this reviews pays special attention to microRNAs and their modulatory role in diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction. Some therapeutic strategies for preventing and restoring diabetic endothelial dysfunction are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Biomedical Research Centre, Shanghai Key Laboratory of organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
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van Haare J, Kooi ME, van Teeffelen JWGE, Vink H, Slenter J, Cobelens H, Strijkers GJ, Koehn D, Post MJ, van Bilsen M. Metformin and sulodexide restore cardiac microvascular perfusion capacity in diet-induced obese rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:47. [PMID: 28399917 PMCID: PMC5387275 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disturbances in coronary microcirculatory function, such as the endothelial glycocalyx, are early hallmarks in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Accordingly, in the present study myocardial microcirculatory perfusion during rest and stress was assessed following metformin or sulodexide therapy in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Additionally, the effect of degradation of the glycocalyx on myocardial perfusion was assessed in chow-fed rats. Methods Rats were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and were divided into a group without therapy, and groups that received the anti-diabetic drug metformin or the glycocalyx-stabilizing drug sulodexide in their drinking water during the last 4 weeks of the feeding period. Myocardial microvascular perfusion was determined using first-pass perfusion MRI before and after adenosine infusion. The effect of HFD on microcirculatory properties was also assessed by sidestream darkfield (SDF) imaging of the gastrocnemius muscle. In an acute experimental setting, hyaluronidase was administered to chow-fed control rats to determine the effect of enzymatical degradation of the glycocalyx on myocardial perfusion. Results HFD-rats developed central obesity and insulin sensitivity was reduced as evidenced by the marked reduction in insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt in both cardiac and gastrocnemius muscle. We confirmed our earlier findings that the robust increase in myocardial perfusion in chow-fed rats after an adenosine challenge (+56%, p = 0.002) is blunted in HFD rats (+8%, p = 0.68). In contrast, 4-weeks treatment with metformin or sulodexide partly restored the increase in myocardial perfusion during adenosine infusion in HFD rats (+81%, p = 0.002 and +37%, p = 0.02, respectively). Treating chow-fed rats acutely with hyaluronidase, to enzymatically degrade the glyocalyx, completely blunted the increase in myocardial perfusion during stress. Conclusions In early stages of HFD-induced insulin resistance myocardial perfusion becomes compromised, a process that can be countered by treatment with both metformin and sulodexide. The adverse effect of acute glycocalyx degradation and protective effect of long-term sulodexide administration on myocardial perfusion provides indirect evidence, suggesting a role for the glycocalyx in preserving coronary microvascular function in pre-diabetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith van Haare
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Eline Kooi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Vink
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Slenter
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Cobelens
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav J Strijkers
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Koehn
- Pie Medical Imaging, P.O. Box 1132, 6201 BC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Post
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van Bilsen
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Telmisartan attenuates diabetes induced depression in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:358-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Persico M, Masarone M, Damato A, Ambrosio M, Federico A, Rosato V, Bucci T, Carrizzo A, Vecchione C. "Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and eNOS dysfunction in humans". BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17:35. [PMID: 28264657 PMCID: PMC5340006 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-017-0592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NAFLD is associated to Insulin Resistance (IR). IR is responsible for Endothelial Dysfunction (ED) through the impairment of eNOS function. Although eNOS derangement has been demonstrated in experimental models, no studies have directly shown that eNOS dysfunction is associated with NAFLD in humans. The aim of this study is to investigate eNOS function in NAFLD patients. Methods Fifty-four NAFLD patients were consecutively enrolled. All patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation and liver biopsy. Patients were divided into two groups by the presence of NAFL or NASH. We measured vascular reactivity induced by patients’ platelets on isolated mice aorta rings. Immunoblot assays for platelet-derived phosphorylated-eNOS (p-eNOS) and immunohistochemistry for hepatic p-eNOS have been performed to evaluate eNOS function in platelets and liver specimens. Flow-mediated-dilation (FMD) was also performed. Data were compared with healthy controls. Results Twenty-one (38, 8%) patients had NAFL and 33 (61, 7%) NASH. No differences were found between groups and controls except for HOMA and insulin (p < 0.0001). Vascular reactivity demonstrated a reduced function induced from NAFLD platelets as compared with controls (p < 0.001), associated with an impaired p-eNOS in both platelets and liver (p < 0.001). NAFL showed a higher impairment of eNOS phosphorylation in comparison to NASH (p < 0.01). In contrast with what observed in vitro, the vascular response by FMD was worse in NASH as compared with NAFL. Conclusions Our data showed, for the first time in humans, that NAFLD patients show a marked eNOS dysfunction, which may contribute to a higher CV risk. eNOS dysfunction observed in platelets and liver tissue didn’t match with FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Persico
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, PO G. Da Procida-AOU- San Giovanni e Ruggi D'Aragona, University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Calenda 162, CAP: 84126, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Mario Masarone
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, PO G. Da Procida-AOU- San Giovanni e Ruggi D'Aragona, University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Calenda 162, CAP: 84126, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonio Damato
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit IRCCS, INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Federico
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Rosato
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Department, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bucci
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, PO G. Da Procida-AOU- San Giovanni e Ruggi D'Aragona, University of Salerno, Via Salvatore Calenda 162, CAP: 84126, Salerno, Italy
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit IRCCS, INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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Padilla J, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Akter S, Davis JW, Laughlin MH, Jenkins NT. Transcriptomic effects of metformin in skeletal muscle arteries of obese insulin-resistant rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:617-624. [PMID: 28114814 PMCID: PMC5685263 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216689825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of metformin, a commonly used antidiabetic drug, on gene expression in multiple arteries. Specifically, transcriptional profiles of feed arteries and second branch order arterioles in the soleus, gastrocnemius, and diaphragm muscles as well as aortic endothelial scrapes were examined from obese insulin-resistant Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats treated with ( n = 9) or without ( n = 10) metformin from 20 to 32 weeks of age. Metformin-treated rats exhibited a reduction in body weight, adiposity, and HbA1c ( P < 0.05). The greatest number of differentially expressed genes (FDR < 15%) between those treated with and without metformin was found in the red gastrocnemius 2a arterioles (93 genes), followed by the diaphragm 2a arterioles (62 genes), and soleus 2a arterioles (15 genes). We also found that two genes were differentially expressed in aortic endothelial cells (LETMD1 and HMGCS2, both downregulated), one gene in the gastrocnemius feed artery (BLNK, downregulated), and no genes in the soleus and diaphragm feed arteries and white gastrocnemius 2a arterioles. No single gene was altered by metformin across all vessels examined. This study provides evidence that metformin treatment produces distinct gene expression effects throughout the arterial tree in a rat model of obesity and insulin resistance. Genes whose expression was modulated with metformin do not appear to have a clear connection with its known mechanisms of action. These findings support the notion that vascular gene regulation in response to oral pharmacological therapy, such as metformin, is vessel specific. Impact statement This study provides evidence that metformin treatment produces artery-specific gene expression effects. The genes whose expression was modulated with metformin do not appear to have a clear connection with its known mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Pamela K Thorne
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sadia Akter
- MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - J Wade Davis
- MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - M Harold Laughlin
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Triggle CR, Ding H. Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:138-151. [PMID: 26680745 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metformin, a synthetic dimethyl biguanide, has been in clinical use for over 55 years, and today is considered the first-choice drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes used by an estimated 125 million people worldwide. Metformin is orally effective, not metabolized, excreted unchanged by the kidney, relatively free of side effects and well tolerated by the majority of patients. Of importance is that the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 20-year study of type 2 diabetics, completed in 1998, compared patients treated with insulin, sulfonylureas and metformin and concluded that metformin provided vascular protective actions. Cardiovascular disease is the primary basis for the high morbidity and mortality that is associated with diabetes and that metformin proved to be protective resulted in a dramatic increase in its use. The vascular protective actions of metformin are thought to be secondary to the antihyperglycaemic effects of metformin that are mediated via activation of AMP kinase and subsequent inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation as well as an insulin sensitizing action in striated muscle and adipose tissue. As reflected by a number of clinical studies, patients treated with metformin also have improvement in endothelial function as measured by the use of plethysmography and measurement of flow-mediated vasodilatation. These data as well as data from animal studies are supportive that metformin has a direct protective action on the vascular endothelium. In this review article, we discuss the pharmacology of metformin and critique the literature as to its cellular sites and mechanism(s) of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Triggle
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar; Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
| | - H. Ding
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education; Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar; Qatar Foundation, Education City; Doha Qatar
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Sydow K, Mondon CE, Cooke JP. Insulin resistance: potential role of the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor ADMA. Vasc Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1191/1358863x05vm604oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) is considered to be a new target of risk-reduction therapy. The IRS is a cluster of closely associated and interdependent abnormalities and clinical outcomes that occur more commonly in insulin-resistant/hyperinsulinemic individuals. This syndrome predisposes individuals to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, essential hypertension, certain forms of cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and sleep apnea. In patients at high risk for cardiovascular diseases, endothelial dysfunction is observed in morphologically intact vessels even before the onset of clinically manifest vascular disease. Indeed, there are several lines of evidence that indicate that endothelial function is compromised in situations where there is reduced sensitivity to endogenous insulin. It is well established that a decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) contributes to endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, NO may modulate insulin sensitivity. Activation of NO synthase (NOS) augments blood flow to insulin-sensitive tissues (i.e. skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue), and its activity is impaired in insulin resistance. Inhibition of NOS reduces the microvascular delivery of nutrients and blunts insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, induction of hypertension by administration of the NOS inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine is also associated with insulin resistance in rats. Increased levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are associated with endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. An intriguing relationship exists between insulin resistance and ADMA. Plasma levels of ADMA are positively correlated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic, normotensive people. New basic research insights that provide possible mechanisms underlying the development of insulin resistance in the setting of impaired NO bioavailability will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sydow
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,
| | - Carl E Mondon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John P Cooke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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The paraoxonase 1 (PON1), platelet-activating factor acetylohydrolase (PAF-AH) and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) activity in the metformin treated normal and diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:187-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Arafa NMS, Marie MAS, AlAzimi SAM. Effect of canagliflozin and metformin on cortical neurotransmitters in a diabetic rat model. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 258:79-88. [PMID: 27566243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid economic development in the Arabian Gulf has resulted in lifestyle changes that have increased the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, with the greatest increases observed in Kuwait. Dyslipidemia and diabetes are risk factors for disruptions in cortical neurotransmitter homeostasis. This study investigated the effect of the antidiabetic medications canagliflozin (CAN) and metformin (MET) on the levels of cortical neurotransmitters in a diabetic rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were assigned to the control (C) group, the diabetic group that did not receive treatment (D) or the diabetic group treated with either CAN (10 mg/kg) or MET (100 mg/kg) for 2 or 4 weeks. Blood and urine glucose levels and cortical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were assayed, and amino acid and monoamine levels were measured using HPLC. RESULTS The diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in AChE activity and a decrease in monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitter levels. In the CAN group, AChE was significantly lower than that in the D and D + MET groups after 2 weeks of treatment. In addition, a significant increase in some cortical monoamines and amino acids was observed in the D + MET and D + CAN groups compared with the D group. Histopathological analysis revealed the presence of severe focal hemorrhage, neuronal degeneration, and cerebral blood vessel congestion, with gliosis in the cerebrum of rats in the D group. The CAN-treated group exhibited severe cerebral blood vessel congestion after 2 weeks of treatment and focal gliosis in the cerebrum after 4 weeks of treatment. Focal gliosis in the cerebrum of rats in the MET-treated group was observed after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the effect of CAN and MET on neurotransmitters is potentially mediated by their antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects. In addition, the effects of CAN on neurotransmitters might be associated with its receptor activity, and the effect of MET on neurotransmitters might be associated with cerebral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia M S Arafa
- Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Jazan University, KSA & National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Department of Physiology, Egypt.
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Thompson JA, D'Angelo G, Mintz JD, Fulton DJ, Stepp DW. Pressor recovery after acute stress is impaired in high fructose-fed Lean Zucker rats. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/12/e12758. [PMID: 27335430 PMCID: PMC4923227 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanistic link remains unclear. This study aims to determine if early cardiovascular changes associated with short‐term fructose feeding in the absence of obesity manifest as abnormal blood pressure control. Metabolic dysfunction was induced in Lean Zucker rats by short‐term high‐fructose feeding. Rats were implanted with telemetry devices for the measurement of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and subjected to air jet stress at 5 and 8 weeks after feeding. Additional animals were catheterized under anesthesia for the determination of MAP and blood flow responses in the hind limb and mesenteric vascular beds to intravenous injection of isoproterenol (0.001–0.5 μm), a β‐adrenergic agonist. Metabolic dysfunction in high‐fructose rats was not accompanied by changes in 24‐h MAP. Yet, animals fed a high‐fructose diet for 8 weeks exhibited a marked impairment in blood pressure recovery after air‐jet stress. Dose‐dependent decreases in MAP and peripheral blood flow in response to isoproterenol treatment were significantly attenuated in high‐fructose rats. These data suggest that impaired blood pressure recovery to acute mental stress precedes the onset of hypertension in the early stages of insulin resistance. Further, blunted responses to isoproterenol implicate β2‐adrenergic sensitivity as a possible mechanism responsible for altered blood pressure control after short‐term high‐fructose feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard D'Angelo
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - James D Mintz
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - David J Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - David W Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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Haberzettl P, McCracken JP, Bhatnagar A, Conklin DJ. Insulin sensitizers prevent fine particulate matter-induced vascular insulin resistance and changes in endothelial progenitor cell homeostasis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1423-38. [PMID: 27016579 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00369.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particular matter (PM2.5) increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Because blood vessels are sensitive targets of air pollutant exposure, we examined the effects of concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP) on vascular insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which reflect cardiovascular health. We found that CAP exposure for 9 days decreased insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in the aorta of mice maintained on control diet. This change was accompanied by the induction of IL-1β and increases in the abundance of cleaved IL-18 and p10 subunit of Casp-1, consistent with the activation of the inflammasome pathway. CAP exposure also suppressed circulating levels of EPCs (Flk-1(+)/Sca-1(+) cells), while enhancing the bone marrow abundance of these cells. Although similar changes in vascular insulin signaling and EPC levels were observed in mice fed high-fat diet, CAP exposure did not exacerbate diet-induced changes in vascular insulin resistance or EPC homeostasis. Treatment with an insulin sensitizer, metformin or rosiglitazone, prevented CAP-induced vascular insulin resistance and NF-κB and inflammasome activation and restored peripheral blood and bone marrow EPC levels. These findings suggest that PM2.5 exposure induces diet-independent vascular insulin resistance and inflammation and prevents EPC mobilization, and that this EPC mobilization defect could be mediated by vascular insulin resistance. Impaired vascular insulin sensitivity may be an important mechanism underlying PM2.5-induced vascular injury, and pharmacological sensitization to insulin action could potentially prevent deficits in vascular repair and mitigate vascular inflammation due to exposure to elevated levels of ambient air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Haberzettl
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - James P McCracken
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Metformin as a prevention and treatment for preeclampsia: effects on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214:356.e1-356.e15. [PMID: 26721779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is associated with placental ischemia/hypoxia and secretion of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin into the maternal circulation. This causes widespread endothelial dysfunction that manifests clinically as hypertension and multisystem organ injury. Recently, small molecule inhibitors of hypoxic inducible factor 1α have been found to reduce soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion. However, their safety profile in pregnancy is unknown. Metformin is safe in pregnancy and is also reported to inhibit hypoxic inducible factor 1α by reducing mitochondrial electron transport chain activity. OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to determine (1) the effects of metformin on placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion, (2) to investigate whether the effects of metformin on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion are regulated through the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and (3) to examine its effects on endothelial dysfunction, maternal blood vessel vasodilation, and angiogenesis. STUDY DESIGN We performed functional (in vitro and ex vivo) experiments using primary human tissues to examine the effects of metformin on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion from placenta, endothelial cells, and placental villous explants. We used succinate, mitochondrial complex II substrate, to examine whether the effects of metformin on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion were mediated through the mitochondria. We also isolated mitochondria from preterm preeclamptic placentas and gestationally matched control subjects and measured mitochondrial electron transport chain activity using kinetic spectrophotometric assays. Endothelial cells or whole maternal vessels were incubated with metformin to determine whether it rescued endothelial dysfunction induced by either tumor necrosis factor-α (to endothelial cells) or placenta villous explant-conditioned media (to whole vessels). Finally, we examined the effects of metformin on angiogenesis on maternal omental vessel explants. RESULTS Metformin reduced soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion from primary endothelial cells, villous cytotrophoblast cells, and preterm preeclamptic placental villous explants. The reduction in soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion was rescued by coadministration of succinate, which suggests that the effects of metformin on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin were likely to be regulated at the level of the mitochondria. In addition, the mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors rotenone and antimycin reduced soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 secretion, which further suggests that soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 secretion is regulated through the mitochondria. Mitochondrial electron transport chain activity in preterm preeclamptic placentas was increased compared with gestation-matched control subjects. Metformin improved features of endothelial dysfunction relevant to preeclampsia. It reduced endothelial cell messenger RNA expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 that was induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 is an inflammatory adhesion molecule up-regulated with endothelial dysfunction and is increased in preeclampsia). Placental conditioned media impaired bradykinin-induced vasodilation; this effect was reversed by metformin. Metformin also improved whole blood vessel angiogenesis impaired by fms-like tyrosine kinase 1. CONCLUSION Metformin reduced soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion from primary human tissues, possibly by inhibiting the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain was increased in preterm preeclamptic placenta. Metformin reduced endothelial dysfunction, enhanced vasodilation in omental arteries, and induced angiogenesis. Metformin has potential to prevent or treat preeclampsia.
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Donato AJ, Morgan RG, Walker AE, Lesniewski LA. Cellular and molecular biology of aging endothelial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 89:122-35. [PMID: 25655936 PMCID: PMC4522407 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and aging is a major risk factor for CVD development. One of the major age-related arterial phenotypes thought to be responsible for the development of CVD in older adults is endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial function is modulated by traditional CVD risk factors in young adults, but advancing age is independently associated with the development of vascular endothelial dysfunction. This endothelial dysfunction results from a reduction in nitric oxide bioavailability downstream of endothelial oxidative stress and inflammation that can be further modulated by traditional CVD risk factors in older adults. Greater endothelial oxidative stress with aging is a result of augmented production from the intracellular enzymes NADPH oxidase and uncoupled eNOS, as well as from mitochondrial respiration in the absence of appropriate increases in antioxidant defenses as regulated by relevant transcription factors, such as FOXO. Interestingly, it appears that NFkB, a critical inflammatory transcription factor, is sensitive to this age-related endothelial redox change and its activation induces transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can further suppress endothelial function, thus creating a vicious feed-forward cycle. This review will discuss the two macro-mechanistic processes, oxidative stress and inflammation, that contribute to endothelial dysfunction with advancing age as well as the cellular and molecular events that lead to the vicious cycle of inflammation and oxidative stress in the aged endothelium. Other potential mediators of this pro-inflammatory endothelial phenotype are increases in immune or senescent cells in the vasculature. Of note, genomic instability, telomere dysfunction or DNA damage has been shown to trigger cell senescence via the p53/p21 pathway and result in increased inflammatory signaling in arteries from older adults. This review will discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the emerging concepts of senescence and genomic instability as mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and inflammation in the aged endothelium. Lastly, energy sensitive/stress resistance pathways (SIRT-1, AMPK, mTOR) are altered in endothelial cells and/or arteries with aging and these pathways may modulate endothelial function via key oxidative stress and inflammation-related transcription factors. This review will also discuss what is known about the role of "energy sensing" longevity pathways in modulating endothelial function with advancing age. With the growing population of older adults, elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction with age is critical to establishing appropriate and measured strategies to utilize pharmacological and lifestyle interventions aimed at alleviating CVD risk. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "SI: CV Aging".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Donato
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Veteran's Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - R Garrett Morgan
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashley E Walker
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Veteran's Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Ghosh S, Lakshmanan AP, Hwang MJ, Kubba H, Mushannen A, Triggle CR, Ding H. Metformin improves endothelial function in aortic tissue and microvascular endothelial cells subjected to diabetic hyperglycaemic conditions. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:412-21. [PMID: 26467186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms whereby metformin, the first line drug for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), mediates its antidiabetic effects remain elusive, particularly as to whether metformin has a direct protective action on the vasculature. This study was designed to determine if a brief 3-h exposure to metformin protects endothelial function against the effects of hyperglycaemia. We investigated the protective effects of metformin on endothelial-dependent vasodilatation (EDV) in thoracic aortae from T2DM db/db mice and on high glucose (HG, 40 mM) induced changes in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling in mouse microvascular endothelial cells (MMECs) in culture. Exposure of aortae from db+/? non-diabetic control mice to high glucose (HG, 40 mM) containing Krebs for 3-h significantly (P<0.05) reduced acetylcholine (ACh)-induced EDV compared to ACh-induced EDV in aortae maintained in normal glucose (NG, 11 mM) Krebs. The reduction of EDV was partially reversed following a 3-h exposure to 50 μM metformin; metformin also improved ACh-induced EDV in aortae from diabetic db/db mice. Immunoblot analysis of MMECs cultured in HG versus NG revealed a significant reduction of the ratio of phosphorylated (p-eNOS)/eNOS and p-Akt/Akt, but not the expression of total eNOS or Akt. The 3-h exposure of MMECs to metformin significantly (P<0.05) reversed the HG-induced reduction in phosphorylation of both eNOS and Akt; however, no changes were detected for phosphorylation of AMPK or the expression of SIRT1. Our data indicate that a 3-h exposure to metformin can reverse/reduce the impact of HG on endothelial function, via mechanisms linked to increased phosphorylation of eNOS and Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arun P Lakshmanan
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mu Ji Hwang
- Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Haidar Kubba
- Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Mushannen
- Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chris R Triggle
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar; Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar; Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
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Tripathi DM, Erice E, Lafoz E, García-Calderó H, Sarin SK, Bosch J, Gracia-Sancho J, García-Pagán JC. Metformin reduces hepatic resistance and portal pressure in cirrhotic rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G301-9. [PMID: 26138461 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00010.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Increased hepatic vascular resistance is the primary factor in the development of portal hypertension. Metformin ameliorates vascular cells function in several vascular beds. Our study was aimed at evaluating the effects, and the underlying mechanisms, of metformin on hepatic and systemic hemodynamics in cirrhotic rats and its possible interaction with the effects of propranolol (Prop), the current standard treatment for portal hypertension. CCl4-cirrhotic rats received by gavage metformin 300 mg/kg or its vehicle once a day for 1 wk, before mean arterial pressure (MAP), portal pressure (PP), portal blood flow (PBF), hepatic vascular resistance, and putative molecular/cellular mechanisms were measured. In a subgroup of cirrhotic rats, the hemodynamic response to acute Prop (5 mg/kg iv) was assessed. Effects of metformin ± Prop on PP and MAP were validated in common bile duct ligated-cirrhotic rats. Metformin-treated CCl4-cirrhotic rats had lower PP and hepatic vascular resistance than vehicle-treated rats, without significant changes in MAP or PBF. Metformin caused a significant reduction in liver fibrosis (Sirius red), hepatic stellate cell activation (α-smooth muscle actin, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β polypeptide, transforming growth factor-βR1, and Rho kinase), hepatic inflammation (CD68 and CD163), superoxide (dihydroethidium staining), and nitric oxide scavenging (protein nitrotyrosination). Prop, by decreasing PBF, further reduced PP. Similar findings were observed in common bile duct ligated-cirrhotic rats. Metformin administration reduces PP by decreasing the structural and functional components of the elevated hepatic resistance of cirrhosis. This effect is additive to that of Prop. The potential impact of this pharmacological combination, otherwise commonly used in patients with cirrhosis and diabetes, needs clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh M Tripathi
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; and Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Eva Erice
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Erica Lafoz
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Héctor García-Calderó
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Shiv K Sarin
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Juan Carlos García-Pagán
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Barcelona, Spain; and
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Silva FH, Alexandre EC, Calmasini FB, Calixto MC, Antunes E. Treatment With Metformin Improves Erectile Dysfunction in a Murine Model of Obesity Associated With Insulin Resistance. Urology 2015. [PMID: 26199165 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of treatment with metformin on a murine model of obesity-associated erectile dysfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS C57BL/6 male mice were fed for 10 weeks with standard chow or high-fat diet. Lean and obese mice were treated with the insulin sensitizer metformin (300 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks). Intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and in vitro corpus cavernosum (CC) relaxations to both acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation, as well as phenylephrine-induced contractions, were obtained. Levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in CC were detected by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS High-fat-fed mice exhibited higher body weight and insulin resistance. Cavernous nerve stimulation caused frequency-dependent ICP increases, which were significantly lower in obese compared with lean mice (P <.05). Two-week therapy with metformin reversed the decreased ICP in obese group. The maximal response to acetylcholine in CC was 35% lower (P <.05) in the obese compared to the lean group, which were restored by metformin treatment. Likewise, the impaired electrical field stimulation-induced CC relaxations in obese mice were also partly restored by metformin. Contractile responses to phenylephrine were significantly greater (P <.05) in obese compared to lean mice, which were fully restored by metformin. Basal and stimulated cyclic guanosine monophosphate productions in the erectile tissues were significantly lower (P <.05) in the obese group, an effect fully restored by metformin. CONCLUSION Treatment with metformin restored the erectile function in obese mice, through improvement of in vitro endothelial and nitrergic cavernosal relaxations. Therefore, use of metformin may be a good pharmacologic approach to treat insulin resistance-associated erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio H Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo C Alexandre
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiano B Calmasini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina C Calixto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Kinaan M, Ding H, Triggle CR. Metformin: An Old Drug for the Treatment of Diabetes but a New Drug for the Protection of the Endothelium. Med Princ Pract 2015; 24:401-15. [PMID: 26021280 PMCID: PMC5588255 DOI: 10.1159/000381643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-diabetic and oral hypoglycaemic agent metformin, first used clinically in 1958, is today the first choice or 'gold standard' drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary disease. Of particular importance for the treatment of diabetes, metformin affords protection against diabetes-induced vascular disease. In addition, retrospective analyses suggest that treatment with metformin provides therapeutic benefits to patients with several forms of cancer. Despite almost 60 years of clinical use, the precise cellular mode(s) of action of metformin remains controversial. A direct or indirect role of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the fuel gauge of the cell, has been inferred in many studies, with evidence that activation of AMPK may result from a mild inhibitory effect of metformin on mitochondrial complex 1, which in turn would raise AMP and activate AMPK. Discrepancies, however, between the concentrations of metformin used in in vitro studies versus therapeutic levels suggest that caution should be applied before extending inferences derived from cell-based studies to therapeutic benefits seen in patients. Conceivably, the effects, or some of them, may be at least partially independent of AMPK and/or mitochondrial respiration and reflect a direct effect of either metformin or a minor and, as yet, unidentified putative metabolite of metformin on a target protein(s)/signalling cascade. In this review, we critically evaluate the data from studies that have investigated the pharmacokinetic properties and the cellular and clinical basis for the oral hypoglycaemic, insulin-sensitising and vascular protective effects of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chris R. Triggle
- *Chris R. Triggle, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, PO Box 24144, Education City, Doha (Qatar), E-Mail
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