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Gao S, Chen H. Therapeutic potential of apelin and Elabela in cardiovascular disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115268. [PMID: 37562237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin and Elabela (Ela) are peptides encoded by APLN and APELA, respectively, which act on their receptor APJ and play crucial roles in the body. Recent research has shown that they not only have important effects on the endocrine system, but also promote vascular development and maintain the homeostasis of myocardial cells. From a molecular biology perspective, we explored the roles of Ela and apelin in the cardiovascular system and summarized the mechanisms of apelin-APJ signaling in the progression of myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, preeclampsia, and congenital heart disease. Evidences indicated that apelin and Ela play important roles in cardiovascular diseases, and there are many studies focused on developing apelin, Ela, and their analogues for clinical treatments. However, the literature on the therapeutic potential of apelin, Ela and their analogues and other APJ agonists in the cardiovascular system is still limited. This review summarized the regulatory pathways of apelin/ELA-APJ axis in cardiovascular function and cardiovascular-related diseases, and the therapeutic effects of their analogues in cardiovascular diseases were also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Gao
- Department of Histology and embryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China; Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Histology and embryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China.
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Angrisano T, Varrone F, Ragozzino E, Fico A, Minchiotti G, Brancaccio M. Cripto Is Targeted by miR-1a-3p in a Mouse Model of Heart Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12251. [PMID: 37569627 PMCID: PMC10419258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During cardiac differentiation, numerous factors contribute to the development of the heart. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac development will help combat cardiovascular disorders, among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Among the main mechanisms, we indeed find Cripto. Cripto is found in both the syncytiotrophoblast of ampullary pregnancies and the inner cell mass along the primitive streak as the second epithelial-mesenchymal transformation event occurs to form the mesoderm and the developing myocardium. At the same time, it is now known that cardiac signaling pathways are intimately intertwined with the expression of myomiRNAs, including miR-1. This miR-1 is one of the muscle-specific miRs; aberrant expression of miR-1 plays an essential role in cardiac diseases. Given this scenario, our study aimed to evaluate the inverse correlation between Cripto and miR-1 during heart development. We used in vitro models of the heart, represented by embryoid bodies (EBs) and embryonic carcinoma cell lines derived from an embryo-derived teratocarcinoma in mice (P19 cells), respectively. First, through a luciferase assay, we demonstrated that Cripto is a target of miR-1. Following this result, we observed that as the days of differentiation increased, the Cripto gene expression decreased, while the level of miR-1 increased; furthermore, after silencing miR-1 in P19 cells, there was an increase in Cripto expression. Moreover, inducing damage with a cobra cardiotoxin (CTX) in post-differentiation cells, we noted a decreased miR-1 expression and increased Cripto. Finally, in mouse cardiac biopsies, we observed by monitoring gene expression the distribution of Cripto and miR-1 in the right and left ventricles. These results allowed us to detect an inverse correlation between miR-1 and Cripto that could represent a new pharmacological target for identifying new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Angrisano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Elvira Ragozzino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 26100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Fico
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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3
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Madonna R. Angiocrine endothelium: From physiology to atherosclerosis and cardiac repair. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 144:106993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.106993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Girault-Sotias PE, De Mota N, Llorens-Cortès C. [Physiological role of the apelin receptor: implication in body fluid homeostasis and hyponatremia]. Biol Aujourdhui 2022; 215:119-132. [PMID: 35275056 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2021012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, a vasoactive neuropeptide, its receptor and arginine-vasopressin (AVP, antidiuretic hormone) are co-localized in magnocellular vasopressinergic neurons. In the kidney, the apelin receptor is present in glomerular arterioles and the collecting duct (CD) where the AVP type 2 (V2-R) receptors are located. Apelin exerts an aquaretic action both by its inhibitory effect on the phasic electrical activity of vasopressinergic neurons and the secretion of AVP into the bloodstream and by its direct actions at the kidney level resulting in an increase in the renal microcirculation and the inhibition of the antidiuretic effect of AVP mediated by V2-R in the CD. Plasma apelin and AVP are conversely regulated by osmotic stimuli in both humans and rodents, showing that apelin is involved with AVP in maintaining body fluid homeostasis. Clinically, in patients with inappropriate antidiuresis syndrome (SIAD), the apelin/AVP balance is altered, which contributes to water metabolism defect. Activation of the apelin receptor by the metabolically stable apelin-17 analog, that increases aqueous diuresis and moderately water intake and gradually corrects hyponatremia, may constitute a new approach for the treatment of SIAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Girault-Sotias
- Laboratoire « Neuropeptides centraux et régulations hydrique et cardiovasculaire », Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Nadia De Mota
- Laboratoire « Neuropeptides centraux et régulations hydrique et cardiovasculaire », Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortès
- Laboratoire « Neuropeptides centraux et régulations hydrique et cardiovasculaire », Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris, France
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Freeman DW, Rodrigues Sousa E, Karkampouna S, Zoni E, Gray PC, Salomon DS, Kruithof-de Julio M, Spike BT. Whence CRIPTO: The Reemergence of an Oncofetal Factor in 'Wounds' That Fail to Heal. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10164. [PMID: 34576327 PMCID: PMC8472190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There exists a set of factors termed oncofetal proteins that play key roles in ontogeny before they decline or disappear as the organism's tissues achieve homeostasis, only to then re-emerge in cancer. Although the unique therapeutic potential presented by such factors has been recognized for more than a century, their clinical utility has yet to be fully realized1. This review highlights the small signaling protein CRIPTO encoded by the tumor derived growth factor 1 (TDGF1/Tdgf1) gene, an oft cited oncofetal protein whose presence in the cancer literature as a tumor promoter, diagnostic marker and viable therapeutic target continues to grow. We touch lightly on features well established and well-reviewed since its discovery more than 30 years ago, including CRIPTO's early developmental roles and modulation of SMAD2/3 activation by a selected set of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands. We predominantly focus instead on more recent and less well understood additions to the CRIPTO signaling repertoire, on its potential upstream regulators and on new conceptual ground for understanding its mode of action in the multicellular and often stressful contexts of neoplastic transformation and progression. We ask whence it re-emerges in cancer and where it 'hides' between the time of its fetal activity and its oncogenic reemergence. In this regard, we examine CRIPTO's restriction to rare cells in the adult, its potential for paracrine crosstalk, and its emerging role in inflammation and tissue regeneration-roles it may reprise in tumorigenesis, acting on subsets of tumor cells to foster cancer initiation and progression. We also consider critical gaps in knowledge and resources that stand between the recent, exciting momentum in the CRIPTO field and highly actionable CRIPTO manipulation for cancer therapy and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Freeman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA;
| | - Elisa Rodrigues Sousa
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
| | - Sofia Karkampouna
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
| | - Eugenio Zoni
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
| | - Peter C. Gray
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - David S. Salomon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 20893, USA;
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
- Translational Organoid Models, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T. Spike
- Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA;
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Arnouk H, Yum G, Shah D. Cripto-1 as a Key Factor in Tumor Progression, Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179280. [PMID: 34502188 PMCID: PMC8430685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cripto-1 is an essential protein for human development that plays a key role in the early phase of gastrulation in the differentiation of an embryo as well as assists with wound healing processes. Importantly, Cripto-1 induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition to turn fixed epithelial cells into a more mobile mesenchymal phenotype through the downregulation of epithelial adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin, occludins, and claudins, and the upregulation of mesenchymal, mobile proteins, such as N-cadherin, Snail, and Slug. Consequently, Cripto-1’s role in inducing EMT to promote cell motility is beneficial in embryogenesis, but detrimental in the formation, progression and metastasis of malignant tumors. Indeed, Cripto-1 is found to be upregulated in most cancers, such as breast, lung, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cervical, ovarian, prostate, and skin cancers. Through its role in EMT, Cripto-1 can remodel cancer cells to enable them to travel through the extracellular matrix as well as blood and lymphatic vessels to metastasize to different organs. Additionally, Cripto-1 promotes the survival of cancer stem cells, which can lead to relapse in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Arnouk
- Department of Pathology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
- College of Dental Medicine-Illinois, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Gloria Yum
- Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Dean Shah
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
- Master of Public Health Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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Jackson M, Fidanza A, Taylor AH, Rybtsov S, Axton R, Kydonaki M, Meek S, Burdon T, Medvinsky A, Forrester LM. Modulation of APLNR Signaling Is Required during the Development and Maintenance of the Hematopoietic System. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:727-740. [PMID: 33667414 PMCID: PMC8072025 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin receptor (APLNR/AGTRLl1/APJ) marks a transient cell population during the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from pluripotent stem cells, but its function during the production and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells is not clear. We generated an Aplnr-tdTomato reporter mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) line and showed that HSPCs are generated exclusively from mesodermal cells that express Aplnr-tdTomato. HSPC production from mESCs was impaired when Aplnr was deleted, implying that this pathway is required for their production. To address the role of APLNR signaling in HSPC maintenance, we added APELIN ligands to ex vivo AGM cultures. Activation of the APLNR pathway in this system impaired the generation of long-term reconstituting HSPCs and appeared to drive myeloid differentiation. Our data suggest that the APLNR signaling is required for the generation of cells that give rise to HSCs, but that its subsequent downregulation is required for their maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melany Jackson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Antonella Fidanza
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - A Helen Taylor
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Richard Axton
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Maria Kydonaki
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stephen Meek
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom Burdon
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Lesley M Forrester
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
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Coquerel D, Delile E, Dumont L, Chagnon F, Murza A, Sainsily X, Salvail D, Sarret P, Marsault E, Auger-Messier M, Lesur O. Gαi-biased apelin analog protects against isoproterenol-induced myocardial dysfunction in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1646-H1656. [PMID: 33635165 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00688.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apelin receptor (APJ) activation by apelin-13 (APLN-13) engages both Gαi proteins and β-arrestins, stimulating distinct intracellular pathways and triggering physiological responses like enhanced cardiac contractility. Substituting the C-terminal phenylalanine of APLN-13 with α-methyl-l-phenylalanine [(l-α-Me)Phe] or p-benzoyl-l-phenylalanine (Bpa) generates biased analogs inducing APJ functional selectivity toward Gαi proteins. Using these original analogs, we proposed to investigate how the canonical Gαi signaling of APJ regulates the cardiac function and to assess their therapeutic impact in a rat model of isoproterenol-induced myocardial dysfunction. In vivo and ex vivo infusions of either Bpa or (l-α-Me)Phe analogs failed to enhance rats' left ventricular (LV) contractility compared with APLN-13. Inhibition of Gαi with pertussis toxin injection optimized the cardiotropic effect of APLN-13 and revealed the inotropic impact of Bpa. Moreover, both APLN-13 and Bpa efficiently limited the forskolin-induced and PKA-dependent phosphorylation of phospholamban at the Ser16 in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. However, only Bpa significantly reduced the inotropic effect of forskolin infusion in isolated-perfused heart, highlighting its efficient bias toward Gαi. Compared with APLN-13, Bpa also markedly improved isoproterenol-induced myocardial systolic and diastolic dysfunctions. Bpa prevented cardiac weight increase, normalized both ANP and BNP mRNA expressions, and decreased LV fibrosis in isoproterenol-treated rats. Our results show that APJ-driven Gαi/adenylyl cyclase signaling is functional in cardiomyocytes and acts as negative feedback of the APLN-APJ-dependent inotropic response. Biased APJ signaling toward Gαi over the β-arrestin pathway offers a promising strategy in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases related to myocardial hypertrophy and high catecholamine levels.NEW & NOTEWORTHY By using more potent Gαi-biased APJ agonists that strongly inhibit cAMP production, these data point to the negative inotropic effect of APJ-mediated Gαi signaling in the heart and highlight the potential protective impact of APJ-dependent Gαi signaling in cardiovascular diseases associated with left ventricular hypertrophy.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Animals
- Apelin/analogs & derivatives
- Apelin/pharmacology
- Apelin Receptors/agonists
- Apelin Receptors/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology
- Isolated Heart Preparation
- Isoproterenol
- Ligands
- Male
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/chemically induced
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/prevention & control
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coquerel
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Eugénie Delile
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Lauralyne Dumont
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Chagnon
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Xavier Sainsily
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Dany Salvail
- IPS Therapeutique Inc., Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Hu G, Wang Z, Zhang R, Sun W, Chen X. The Role of Apelin/Apelin Receptor in Energy Metabolism and Water Homeostasis: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:632886. [PMID: 33679444 PMCID: PMC7928310 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.632886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The apelin receptor (APJ) is a member of the family A of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and is involved in range of physiological and pathological functions, including fluid homeostasis, anxiety, and depression, as well as cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. APJ was classically described as a monomeric transmembrane receptor that forms a ternary complex together with its ligand and associated G proteins. More recently, increasing evidence indicates that APJ may interact with other GPCRs to form heterodimers, which may selectively modulate distinct intracellular signal transduction pathways. Besides, the apelin/APJ system plays important roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of several organs, including regulation of blood pressure, cardiac contractility, angiogenesis, metabolic balance, and cell proliferation, apoptosis, or inflammation. Additionally, the apelin/APJ system is widely expressed in the central nervous system, especially in neurons and oligodendrocytes. This article reviews the role of apelin/APJ in energy metabolism and water homeostasis. Compared with the traditional diuretics, apelin exerts a positive inotropic effect on the heart, while increases water excretion. Therefore, drugs targeting apelin/APJ system undoubtedly provide more therapeutic options for patients with congestive heart failure accompanied with hyponatremia. To provide more precise guidance for the development of clinical drugs, further in-depth studies are warranted on the metabolism and signaling pathways associated with apelin/APJ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghui Hu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Wenping Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
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Girault-Sotias PE, Gerbier R, Flahault A, de Mota N, Llorens-Cortes C. Apelin and Vasopressin: The Yin and Yang of Water Balance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:735515. [PMID: 34880830 PMCID: PMC8645901 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.735515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin, a (neuro)vasoactive peptide, plays a prominent role in controlling body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular functions. Experimental data performed in rodents have shown that apelin has an aquaretic effect via its central and renal actions. In the brain, apelin inhibits the phasic electrical activity of vasopressinergic neurons and the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream and in the kidney, apelin regulates renal microcirculation and counteracts in the collecting duct, the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin occurring via the vasopressin receptor type 2. In humans and rodents, if plasma osmolality is increased by hypertonic saline infusion/water deprivation or decreased by water loading, plasma vasopressin and apelin are conversely regulated to maintain body fluid homeostasis. In patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, in which vasopressin hypersecretion leads to hyponatremia, the balance between apelin and vasopressin is significantly altered. In order to re-establish the correct balance, a metabolically stable apelin-17 analog, LIT01-196, was developed, to overcome the problem of the very short half-life (in the minute range) of apelin in vivo. In a rat experimental model of vasopressin-induced hyponatremia, subcutaneously (s.c.) administered LIT01-196 blocks the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin and the vasopressin-induced increase in urinary osmolality, and induces a progressive improvement in hyponatremia, suggesting that apelin receptor activation constitutes an original approach for hyponatremia treatment.
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Apelin Receptor Signaling During Mesoderm Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32648246 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The Apelin receptor (Aplnr) is a G-protein coupled receptor which has a wide body distribution and various physiological roles including homeostasis, angiogenesis, cardiovascular and neuroendocrine function. Apelin and Elabela are two peptide components of the Aplnr signaling and are cleaved to give different isoforms which are active in different tissues and organisms.Aplnr signaling is related to several pathologies including obesity, heart disases and cancer in the adult body. However, the developmental role in mammalian embryogenesis is crucial for migration of early cardiac progenitors and cardiac function. Aplnr and peptide components have a role in proliferation, differentiation and movement of endodermal precursors. Although expression of Aplnr signaling is observed in endodermal lineages, the main function is the control of mesoderm cell movement and cardiac development. Mutant of the Aplnr signaling components results in the malformations, defects and lethality mainly due to the deformed heart function. This developmental role share similarity with the cardiovascular functions in the adult body.Determination of Aplnr signaling and underlying mechanisms during mammalian development might enable understanding of regulatory molecular mechanisms which not only control embryonic development process but also control tissue function and disease pathology in the adult body.
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Yan J, Wang A, Cao J, Chen L. Apelin/APJ system: an emerging therapeutic target for respiratory diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2919-2930. [PMID: 32128601 PMCID: PMC11105096 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor APJ. It is extensively expressed in many tissues such as heart, liver, and kidney, especially in lung tissue. A growing body of evidence suggests that apelin/APJ system is closely related to the development of respiratory diseases. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the role of apelin/APJ system in respiratory diseases, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), pulmonary embolism (PE), acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pulmonary edema, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. In detail, apelin/APJ system attenuates PAH by activating AMPK-KLF2-eNOS-NO signaling and miR424/503-FGF axis. Also, apelin protects against ALI/ARDS by reducing mitochondrial ROS-triggered oxidative damage, mitochondria apoptosis, and inflammatory responses induced by the activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Apelin/APJ system also prevents the occurrence of pulmonary edema via activating AKT-NOS3-NO pathway. Moreover, apelin/APJ system accelerates NSCLC cells' proliferation and migration via triggering ERK1/2-cyclin D1 and PAK1-cofilin signaling, respectively. Additionally, apelin/APJ system may act as a predictor in the development of OSAS and PE. Considering the pleiotropic actions of apelin/APJ system, targeting apelin/APJ system may be a potent therapeutic avenue for respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Yan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangang Cao
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao H, Tian X, He L, Li Y, Pu W, Liu Q, Tang J, Wu J, Cheng X, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Tan Z, Bai F, Xu F, Smart N, Zhou B. Apj + Vessels Drive Tumor Growth and Represent a Tractable Therapeutic Target. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1241-1254.e5. [PMID: 30380415 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of cellular surface markers that distinguish tumorous from normal vasculature is important for the development of tumor vessel-targeted therapy. Here, we show that Apj, a G protein-coupled receptor, is highly enriched in tumor endothelial cells but absent from most endothelial cells of adult tissues in homeostasis. By genetic targeting using Apj-CreER and Apj-DTRGFP-Luciferase, we demonstrated that hypoxia-VEGF signaling drives expansion of Apj+ tumor vessels and that targeting of these vessels, genetically and pharmacologically, remarkably inhibits tumor angiogenesis and restricts tumor growth. These in vivo findings implicate Apj+ vessels as a key driver of pathological angiogenesis and identify Apj+ endothelial cells as an important therapeutic target for the anti-angiogenic treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xueying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wenjuan Pu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qiaozhen Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Juan Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Nicola Smart
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bin Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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14
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Esmaeili S, Bandarian F, Esmaeili B, Nasli-Esfahani E. Apelin and stem cells: the role played in the cardiovascular system and energy metabolism. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:1332-1345. [PMID: 31166051 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, a member of the adipokine family, is widely distributed in the body and exerts cytoprotective effects on many organs. Apelin isoforms are involved in different physiological processes, including regulation of the cardiovascular system, cardiac contractility, angiogenesis, and energy metabolism. Several investigations have been performed to study the effect of apelin on stem cell therapy. This review aims to summarize the literature representing the effects of apelin on stem cell properties. Furthermore, this review discusses the therapeutic potential of apelin-treated stem cells for cardiovascular diseases and demonstrates the effect of stem cells overexpressing apelin on energy metabolism. Stem cells with their unique characteristics play a crucial role in the maintenance of tissue integrity. These cells participate in tissue regeneration via multiple mechanisms. Although preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of stem cells in various diseases, their application in regenerative medicine has not been efficient. A number of strategies such as genetic modification or treatment of stem cells with different factors have been used to improve the efficacy of cell therapy and to increase their survival after transplantation. This article reviews the effect of apelin treatment on the efficacy of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Esmaeili
- Diabetic Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1411713137, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bandarian
- Diabetic Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1411713137, Iran
| | - Behnaz Esmaeili
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14194, Iran
| | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetic Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1411713137, Iran
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15
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Sandomenico A, Ruvo M. Targeting Nodal and Cripto-1: Perspectives Inside Dual Potential Theranostic Cancer Biomarkers. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1994-2050. [PMID: 30207211 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180912104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the mechanisms of recurrence of embryonic signaling pathways in tumorigenesis has led to the discovery of onco-fetal players which have physiological roles during normal development but result aberrantly re-activated in tumors. In this context, Nodal and Cripto-1 are recognized as onco-developmental factors, which are absent in normal tissues but are overexpressed in several solid tumors where they can serve as theranostic agents. OBJECTIVE To collect, review and discuss the most relevant papers related to the involvement of Nodal and Cripto-1 in the development, progression, recurrence and metastasis of several tumors where they are over-expressed, with a particular attention to their occurrence on the surface of the corresponding sub-populations of cancer stem cells (CSC). RESULTS We have gathered, rationalized and discussed the most interesting findings extracted from some 370 papers related to the involvement of Cripto-1 and Nodal in all tumor types where they have been detected. Data demonstrate the clear connection between Nodal and Cripto-1 presence and their multiple oncogenic activities across different tumors. We have also reviewed and highlighted the potential of targeting Nodal, Cripto-1 and the complexes that they form on the surface of tumor cells, especially of CSC, as an innovative approach to detect and suppress tumors with molecules that block one or more mechanisms that they regulate. CONCLUSION Overall, Nodal and Cripto-1 represent two innovative and effective biomarkers for developing potential theranostic anti-tumor agents that target normal as well as CSC subpopulations and overcome both pharmacological resistance and tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Sandomenico
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBB-CNR), via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
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16
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Apelin promotes hepatic fibrosis through ERK signaling in LX-2 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 460:205-215. [PMID: 31270645 PMCID: PMC6745032 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apelin participates in cardiovascular functions, metabolic disease, and homeostasis disorder. However, the biological function of apelin in liver diseases, especially liver fibrosis is still under investigation. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of apelin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the mechanism of apelin promoting hepatic fibrosis through ERK signaling in hepatic stellate LX-2 cells. The results showed that the ALT and AST levels in serum were increased in the mice fed HFC. The histological staining revealed that hepatocellular steatosis and ballooning degeneration was severe, and fibrogenesis appeared as increased pericellular collagen deposition along with pericentral (lobular) collagen deposition in the mice fed HFC. Immunochemistry and qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of apelin and profibrotic genes was higher as compared to the control group. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that apelin-13 upregulated the transcription and translation levels of collagen type I (collagen-I) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in LX-2 cells. The immunofluorescent staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blot results showed that the overexpression of apelin markedly increased the expression of α-SMA and cyclinD1. The LX-2 cells treated with apelin-13 displayed an increased expression of pERK1/2 in a time-dependent manner, while the pretreatment with PD98059 abolished the apelin-induced expression of α-SMA and cyclinD1. Furthermore, the in vivo and in vitro assays suggested a key role of apelin in promoting liver fibrosis, and the underlying mechanism might be ascribed to the apelin expression of profibrotic genes via ERK signaling pathway.
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17
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Zhu C, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Liu M, Chen B, Cao K, Wu Y, Yang M, Yin W, Zhao H, Tai H, Ou Y, Yu X, Liu C, Li S, Su B, Feng Y, Huang S. Aplnra/b Sequentially Regulate Organ Left-Right Patterning via Distinct Mechanisms. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1225-1239. [PMID: 31223282 PMCID: PMC6567806 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.30100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor APJ/Aplnr has been widely reported to be involved in heart and vascular development and disease, but whether it contributes to organ left-right patterning is largely unknown. Here, we show that in zebrafish, aplnra/b coordinates organ LR patterning in an apela/apln ligand-dependent manner using distinct mechanisms at different stages. During gastrulation and early somitogenesis, aplnra/b loss of function results in heart and liver LR asymmetry defects, accompanied by disturbed KV/cilia morphogenesis and disrupted left-sided Nodal/spaw expression in the LPM. In this process, only aplnra loss of function results in KV/cilia morphogenesis defect. In addition, only apela works as the early endogenous ligand to regulate KV morphogenesis, which then contributes to left-sided Nodal/spaw expression and subsequent organ LR patterning. The aplnra-apela cascade regulates KV morphogenesis by enhancing the expression of foxj1a, but not fgf8 or dnh9, during KV development. At the late somite stage, both aplnra and aplnrb contribute to the expression of lft1 in the trunk midline but do not regulate KV formation, and this role is possibly mediated by both endogenous ligands, apela and apln. In conclusion, our study is the first to identify a role for aplnra/b and their endogenous ligands apela/apln in LR patterning, and it clarifies the distinct roles of aplnra-apela and aplnra/b-apela/apln in orchestrating organ LR patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengke Zhu
- College of Animal Science in Rongchang Campus, Southwest University, Key Laboratary of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatics Science of Chongqing, Chongqing 402460, China.,UoE Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Zhenghua Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Min Liu
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Bingyu Chen
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Kang Cao
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yongmei Wu
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Min Yang
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Wenqing Yin
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. USA
| | - Haixia Zhao
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Haoran Tai
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yu Ou
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shurong Li
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Bingyin Su
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yi Feng
- UoE Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sizhou Huang
- Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
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18
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Zhang J, Tao R, Campbell KF, Carvalho JL, Ruiz EC, Kim GC, Schmuck EG, Raval AN, da Rocha AM, Herron TJ, Jalife J, Thomson JA, Kamp TJ. Functional cardiac fibroblasts derived from human pluripotent stem cells via second heart field progenitors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2238. [PMID: 31110246 PMCID: PMC6527555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) play critical roles in heart development, homeostasis, and disease. The limited availability of human CFs from native heart impedes investigations of CF biology and their role in disease. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a highly renewable and genetically defined cell source, but efficient methods to generate CFs from hPSCs have not been described. Here, we show differentiation of hPSCs using sequential modulation of Wnt and FGF signaling to generate second heart field progenitors that efficiently give rise to hPSC-CFs. The hPSC-CFs resemble native heart CFs in cell morphology, proliferation, gene expression, fibroblast marker expression, production of extracellular matrix and myofibroblast transformation induced by TGFβ1 and angiotensin II. Furthermore, hPSC-CFs exhibit a more embryonic phenotype when compared to fetal and adult primary human CFs. Co-culture of hPSC-CFs with hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes distinctly alters the electrophysiological properties of the cardiomyocytes compared to co-culture with dermal fibroblasts. The hPSC-CFs provide a powerful cell source for research, drug discovery, precision medicine, and therapeutic applications in cardiac regeneration. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) play critical roles in heart development, homeostasis, and disease. Here the authors efficiently differentiate human pluripotent stem cells through second heart field progenitors to CFs that exhibit features and functional properties similar to native CFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Katherine F Campbell
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Frankel Cardiovascular Regeneration Core Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Juliana L Carvalho
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, 70790, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Edward C Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Gina C Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Eric G Schmuck
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Amish N Raval
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - André Monteiro da Rocha
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Frankel Cardiovascular Regeneration Core Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Todd J Herron
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Frankel Cardiovascular Regeneration Core Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - José Jalife
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Fundación Nacional Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 328029, Madrid, Spain
| | - James A Thomson
- Regenerative Biology Division, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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19
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Kuba K, Sato T, Imai Y, Yamaguchi T. Apelin and Elabela/Toddler; double ligands for APJ/Apelin receptor in heart development, physiology, and pathology. Peptides 2019; 111:62-70. [PMID: 29684595 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ/AGTRL1/APLNR and is widely expressed throughout human body. In adult hearts Apelin-APJ/Apelin receptor axis is potently inotropic, vasodilatory, and pro-angiogenic and thereby contributes to maintaining homeostasis in normal and pathological hearts. Apelin-APJ/Apelin receptor is also involved in heart development including endoderm differentiation, heart morphogenesis, and coronary vascular formation. APJ/Apelin receptor had been originally identified as an orphan receptor for its sequence similarity to Angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and it was later deorphanized by identification of Apelin in 1998. Both Apelin and Angiotensin II are substrates for Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which degrades the peptides and thus negatively regulates their agonistic activities. Elabela/Toddler, which shares little sequence homology with Apelin, has been recently identified as a second endogenous APJ ligand. Elabela plays crucial roles in heart development and disease conditions presumably at time points or at areas of the heart different from Apelin. Apelin and Elabela seem to constitute a spatiotemporal double ligand system to control APJ/Apelin receptor signaling in the heart. These expanding knowledges of Apelin systems would further encourage therapeutic applications of Apelin, Elabela, or their synthetic derivatives for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Kuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Teruki Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yumiko Imai
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intractable Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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20
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Lou Y, Luo M, Lu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Miao L. Elabela, a newly discovered APJ ligand: Similarities and differences with Apelin. Peptides 2018; 109:23-32. [PMID: 30267732 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Apelin/APJ system is involved in a wide range of biological functions. For a long time, Apelin was thought to be the only ligand for APJ. Recently, a new peptide that acts via APJ and has similar functions, called Elabela, was identified. Elabela has beneficial effects on body fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular health, and renal insufficiency, as well as potential benefits for metabolism and diabetes. In this review, the properties and biological functions of this new peptide are discussed in comparison with those of Apelin. Important areas for future study are also discussed, with the consideration that research on Apelin could guide future research on Elabela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, 40202, USA
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan Lou
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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21
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Slukvin II, Kumar A. The mesenchymoangioblast, mesodermal precursor for mesenchymal and endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3507-3520. [PMID: 29992471 PMCID: PMC6328351 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymoangioblast (MB) is the earliest precursor for endothelial and mesenchymal cells originating from APLNR+PDGFRα+KDR+ mesoderm in human pluripotent stem cell cultures. MBs are identified based on their capacity to form FGF2-dependent compact spheroid colonies in a serum-free semisolid medium. MBs colonies are composed of PDGFRβ+CD271+EMCN+DLK1+CD73- primitive mesenchymal cells which are generated through endothelial/angioblastic intermediates (cores) formed during first 3-4 days of clonogenic cultures. MB-derived primitive mesenchymal cells have potential to differentiate into mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. In this review, we summarize the specification and developmental potential of MBs, emphasize features that distinguish MBs from other mesenchymal progenitors described in the literature and discuss the value of these findings for identifying molecular pathways leading to MSC and vasculogenic cell specification, and developing cellular therapies using MB-derived progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor I Slukvin
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1220 Capitol Ct., Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53707, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1220 Capitol Ct., Madison, WI, 53715, USA
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22
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Wu XD, Zhang N, Liang M, Liu WL, Lin BB, Xiao YR, Li YZ, Zeng K, Lin CZ. Gender-specific association between Apelin/APJ gene polymorphisms and hypertension risk in Southeast China. Gene 2018; 669:63-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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23
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Apelin-13 Is an Early Promoter of Cytoskeleton and Tight Junction in Diabetic Macular Edema via PI-3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk Signaling Pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3242574. [PMID: 29850504 PMCID: PMC5904819 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3242574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema is major cause of vision loss associated with diabetic retinopathy. Breakdown of blood-retinal barrier, especially inner BRB, is an early event in pathogenesis of DR. Apelin, an endogenous ligand of APJ, mediates angiogenesis and is involved in the development of DR. The present study aimed to investigate effects and mechanism of apelin-13 in vascular permeability during DME. We verified apelin-13 was upregulated in DME patients' vitreous. High glucose incubation led to a progressive increase of apelin-13, APJ, cytoskeleton, and tight junction proteins, including VE-Cadherin, FAK, Src, ZO-1, and occludin. Apelin-13 promoted HRMEC proliferation and migration and phosphorylation of both cytoskeleton and tight junction under both normal and high glucose conditions. Besides, apelin-13 activated PI-3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk signaling pathways, including PLCγ1, p38, Akt, and Erk both in HRMEC and in C57BL/6 mice. Meanwhile, F13A performed opposite effects compared with apelin-13. In in vivo study, apelin-13 was also upregulated in retina of db/db mice. Taken together, apelin-13 increased biologic activity of HRMEC, as well as expression of both cytoskeleton and tight junction in DME via PI-3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk signaling pathways. Apelin-13 as an early promoter of vascular permeability may offer a new perspective strategy in early treatment of DR.
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24
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Xu J, Chen L, Jiang Z, Li L. Biological functions of Elabela, a novel endogenous ligand of APJ receptor. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6472-6482. [PMID: 29350399 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor APJ and its cognate ligand, apelin, are widely expressed throughout human body. They are implicated in different key physiological processes such as angiogenesis, cardiovascular functions, fluid homeostasis, and energy metabolism regulation. Recently, a new endogenous peptidic ligand of APJ, named Elabela, has been identified and shown to play a crucial role in embryonic development. In addition, increasing evidences show that Elabela is also intimate associated with a large number of physiological processes in adulthood. However, a comprehensive summary of Elabela has not been reported to date. In this review, we provide an overview of the biological functions of Elabela. Collectively, Elabela, a potential therapeutic peptide, exerts diverse biological functions in both embryos and adult organisms, such as dysontogenesis, self-renewing of human embryonic stem cells, endoderm differentiation, heart morphogenesis, cardiac dyfunctions, blood pressure control, angiogenesis, blood pressure control, regulation of food and water intake, bone formation, and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
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25
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Zhang J, Zhou Y, Wu C, Wan Y, Fang C, Li J, Fang W, Yi R, Zhu G, Li J, Wang Y. Characterization of the Apelin/Elabela Receptors (APLNR) in Chickens, Turtles, and Zebrafish: Identification of a Novel Apelin-Specific Receptor in Teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:756. [PMID: 30631305 PMCID: PMC6315173 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin receptor(s) (APLNR) are suggested to mediate the actions of apelin and Elabela (ELA) peptides in many physiological processes, including cardiovascular development and food intake in vertebrates. However, the functionality of APLNR has not been examined in most vertebrate groups. Here, we characterized two APLNRs APLNR1, APLNR2) in chickens and red-eared sliders, and three APLNRs in zebrafish (APLNR2a, APLNR2b, APLNR3a), which are homologous to human APLNR. Using luciferase-reporter assays or Western blot, we demonstrated that in chickens, APLNR1 (not APLNR2) expressed in HEK293 cells was potently activated by chicken apelin-36 and ELA-32 and coupled to Gi-cAMP and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, indicating a crucial role of APLNR1 in mediating apelin/ELA actions; in red-eared sliders, APLNR2 (not APLNR1) was potently activated by apelin-36/ELA-32, suggesting that APLNR2 may mediate apelin/ELA actions; in zebrafish, both APLNR2a and APLNR2b were potently activated by apelin-36/ELA-32 and coupled to Gi-cAMP signaling pathway, as previously proposed, whereas the novel APLNR3a was specifically and potently activated by apelin. Similarly, an apelin-specific receptor (APLNR3b) sharing 57% sequence identity with zebrafish APLNR3a was identified in Nile tilapia. Collectively, our data facilitates the uncovering of the roles of APLNR signaling in different vertebrate groups and suggests a key functional switch between APLNR1 and APLNR2/3 in mediating the actions of ELA and apelin during vertebrate evolution.
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26
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Abstract
Apelin and apela (ELABELA/ELA/Toddler) are two peptide ligands for a class A G-protein-coupled receptor named the apelin receptor (AR/APJ/APLNR). Ligand-AR interactions have been implicated in regulation of the adipoinsular axis, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system alongside pathological processes. Each ligand may be processed into a variety of bioactive isoforms endogenously, with apelin ranging from 13 to 55 amino acids and apela from 11 to 32, typically being cleaved C-terminal to dibasic proprotein convertase cleavage sites. The C-terminal region of the respective precursor protein is retained and is responsible for receptor binding and subsequent activation. Interestingly, both apelin and apela exhibit isoform-dependent variability in potency and efficacy under various physiological and pathological conditions, but most studies focus on a single isoform. Biophysical behavior and structural properties of apelin and apela isoforms show strong correlations with functional studies, with key motifs now well determined for apelin. Unlike its ligands, the AR has been relatively difficult to characterize by biophysical techniques, with most characterization to date being focused on effects of mutagenesis. This situation may improve following a recently reported AR crystal structure, but there are still barriers to overcome in terms of comprehensive biophysical study. In this review, we summarize the three components of the apelinergic system in terms of structure-function correlation, with a particular focus on isoform-dependent properties, underlining the potential for regulation of the system through multiple endogenous ligands and isoforms, isoform-dependent pharmacological properties, and biological membrane-mediated receptor interaction. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:407-450, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Calem Kenward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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27
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Apelin protects against liver X receptor-mediated steatosis through AMPK and PPARα in human and mouse hepatocytes. Cell Signal 2017; 39:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Flahault A, Couvineau P, Alvear-Perez R, Iturrioz X, Llorens-Cortes C. Role of the Vasopressin/Apelin Balance and Potential Use of Metabolically Stable Apelin Analogs in Water Metabolism Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:120. [PMID: 28620355 PMCID: PMC5450005 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin, a (neuro)vasoactive peptide, plays a prominent role in controlling body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular functions. In animal models, experimental data demonstrate that intracerebroventricular injection of apelin into lactating rats inhibits the phasic electrical activity of arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons, reduces plasma AVP levels, and increases aqueous diuresis. In the kidney, apelin increases diuresis by increasing the renal microcirculation and by counteracting the antidiuretic effect of AVP at the tubular level. Moreover, after water deprivation or salt loading, in humans and in rodents, AVP and apelin are conversely regulated to facilitate systemic AVP release and to avoid additional water loss from the kidney. Furthermore, apelin and vasopressin secretion are significantly altered in various water metabolism disorders including hyponatremia and polyuria-polydipsia syndrome. Since the in vivo half-life of apelin is in the minute range, metabolically stable apelin analogs were developed. The efficacy of these lead compounds for decreasing AVP release and increasing both renal blood flow and diuresis, make them promising candidates for the treatment of water retention and/or hyponatremic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Flahault
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), INSERM, U1050/CNRS, UMR 7241, College de France, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Couvineau
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), INSERM, U1050/CNRS, UMR 7241, College de France, Paris, France
| | - Rodrigo Alvear-Perez
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), INSERM, U1050/CNRS, UMR 7241, College de France, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), INSERM, U1050/CNRS, UMR 7241, College de France, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), INSERM, U1050/CNRS, UMR 7241, College de France, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Catherine Llorens-Cortes,
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29
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Murza A, Sainsily X, Côté J, Bruneau-Cossette L, Besserer-Offroy É, Longpré JM, Leduc R, Dumaine R, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Sarret P, Marsault É. Structure–activity relationship of novel macrocyclic biased apelin receptor agonists. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:449-458. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02247b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ and exerts a key role in regulating cardiovascular functions.
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30
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Sans-Roselló J, Casals G, Rossello X, González de la Presa B, Vila M, Duran-Cambra A, Morales-Ruiz M, Ferrero-Gregori A, Jiménez W, Sionis A. Prognostic value of plasma apelin concentrations at admission in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Clin Biochem 2016; 50:279-284. [PMID: 27889567 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of plasma biomarkers is relevant for the prognosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. Apelin, an adipocytokine, plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of both ischemia/reperfusion injury and its potential subsequent heart failure. We evaluated apelin concentrations at admission as a biomarker to assess risk of 6-month mortality. METHODS Consecutive patients with STEMI were recruited from January 2012 to January 2013 (n=250). Plasma apelin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and sensitive troponin I (sTnI) were assessed in EDTA-plasma samples obtained at admission. Clinical, hemodynamic and other laboratory variables were also registered. All-cause mortality was assessed at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Increased plasma apelin concentrations at admission were predictive of 6- month mortality, after adjustment for age, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, glomerular filtration rate, Killip class, left ventricular ejection fraction, BNP and sTnI. The combination of apelin with BNP and sTnI further improved the apelin predictive value. Finally, apelin concentrations were associated with markers of ischemic heart failure severity, but not with markers of ischemic insult severity. CONCLUSIONS Increased plasma concentrations of apelin at admission in patients with STEMI were associated with a higher risk of mortality at 6months, adding prognostic value to the provided by BNP. Moreover, apelin levels were also related to markers of ischemic heart failure severity, but not markers of ischemia severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sans-Roselló
- Acute and Intensive Cardiovascular Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregori Casals
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Rossello
- Acute and Intensive Cardiovascular Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardino González de la Presa
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Vila
- Acute and Intensive Cardiovascular Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Duran-Cambra
- Acute and Intensive Cardiovascular Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Morales-Ruiz
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Ferrero-Gregori
- Acute and Intensive Cardiovascular Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wladimiro Jiménez
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,; Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Sionis
- Acute and Intensive Cardiovascular Care Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
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Deshwar AR, Chng SC, Ho L, Reversade B, Scott IC. The Apelin receptor enhances Nodal/TGFβ signaling to ensure proper cardiac development. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27077952 PMCID: PMC4859801 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Apelin receptor (Aplnr) is essential for heart development, controlling the early migration of cardiac progenitors. Here we demonstrate that in zebrafish Aplnr modulates Nodal/TGFβ signaling, a key pathway essential for mesendoderm induction and migration. Loss of Aplnr function leads to a reduction in Nodal target gene expression whereas activation of Aplnr by a non-peptide agonist increases the expression of these same targets. Furthermore, loss of Aplnr results in a delay in the expression of the cardiogenic transcription factors mespaa/ab. Elevating Nodal levels in aplnra/b morphant and double mutant embryos is sufficient to rescue cardiac differentiation defects. We demonstrate that loss of Aplnr attenuates the activity of a point source of Nodal ligands Squint and Cyclops in a non-cell autonomous manner. Our results favour a model in which Aplnr is required to fine-tune Nodal output, acting as a specific rheostat for the Nodal/TGFβ pathway during the earliest stages of cardiogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13758.001 In one of the first events that happens as an embryo develops, cells become the different stem cell populations that form the body’s organs. So what makes a cell become one stem cell type rather than another? In the case of the heart, the first important event is the activity of a signaling pathway called the Nodal/TGFβ pathway. Nodal signaling can drive cells to become many different stem cell types depending on its level of activity. Many different levels of regulation fine-tune Nodal signaling to produce these activity thresholds. Zebrafish that have a mutation in the gene that encodes a protein called the Apelin receptor have no heart. The loss of this receptor interferes with how heart stem cells (called cardiac progenitors) are made and how they move to where heart development occurs. Deshwar et al. have now studied mutant zebrafish in order to investigate how the Apelin receptor influences early heart development. This revealed that Nodal signaling levels are slightly lower in the mutant zebrafish embryos than in normal fish at the time when Nodal activity induces cardiac progenitors to form. When Nodal activity is experimentally boosted in zebrafish that lack the Apelin receptor, they become able to develop hearts. Deshwar et al. also found that the Apelin receptor does not work in cells that produce or receive Nodal signals. This suggests that the Apelin receptor modulates Nodal signaling levels by acting in cells that lie between the cells that release Nodal signals and the cardiac progenitors. An important question for future work to address is how this modulation works. As Nodal is a key determinant of many cell types in developing embryos, learning how Apelin receptors regulate its activity could help researchers to derive specific cell types from cultured stem cells for use in regenerative medicine. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13758.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish R Deshwar
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Serene C Chng
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lena Ho
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, , Singapore
| | - Ian C Scott
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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32
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Murza A, Sainsily X, Coquerel D, Côté J, Marx P, Besserer-Offroy É, Longpré JM, Lainé J, Reversade B, Salvail D, Leduc R, Dumaine R, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Sarret P, Marsault É. Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationship of a Bioactive Fragment of ELABELA that Modulates Vascular and Cardiac Functions. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2962-72. [PMID: 26986036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ELABELA (ELA) was recently discovered as a novel endogenous ligand of the apelin receptor (APJ), a G protein-coupled receptor. ELA signaling was demonstrated to be crucial for normal heart and vasculature development during embryogenesis. We delineate here ELA's structure-activity relationships and report the identification of analogue 3 (ELA(19-32)), a fragment of ELA that binds to APJ, activates the Gαi1 and β-arrestin-2 signaling pathways, and induces receptor internalization similarly to its parent endogenous peptide. An alanine scan performed on 3 revealed that the C-terminal residues are critical for binding to APJ and signaling. Finally, using isolated-perfused hearts and in vivo hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements, we demonstrate that ELA and 3 both reduce arterial pressure and exert positive inotropic effects on the heart. Altogether, these results present ELA and 3 as potential therapeutic options in managing cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Xavier Sainsily
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - David Coquerel
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Patricia Marx
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Élie Besserer-Offroy
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Lainé
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Laboratory of Human Embryology & Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR , 8A Biomedical Grove, 138648 Singapore
| | - Dany Salvail
- IPS Thérapeutique Inc. , Sherbrooke, J1G 5J6 Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Dumaine
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Québec, Canada
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Mayeur S, Wattez JS, Lukaszewski MA, Lecoutre S, Butruille L, Drougard A, Eberlé D, Bastide B, Laborie C, Storme L, Knauf C, Vieau D, Breton C, Lesage J. Apelin Controls Fetal and Neonatal Glucose Homeostasis and Is Altered by Maternal Undernutrition. Diabetes 2016; 65:554-60. [PMID: 26631739 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The adequate control of glucose homeostasis during both gestation and early postnatal life is crucial for the development of the fetoplacental unit and adaptive physiological responses at birth. Growing evidences indicate that apelin and its receptor, APJ, which are expressed across a wide range of tissues, exert important roles in glucose homeostasis in adults. However, little is known about the function of the apelinergic system during gestation. In this study, we evaluated the activity of this system in rats, the role of apelin in fetal and neonatal glucose homeostasis, and its modulation by maternal food restriction. We found that 1) the apelinergic system was expressed at the fetoplacental interface and in numerous fetal tissues, 2) ex vivo, the placenta released high amounts of apelin in late gestation, 3) intravenous apelin injection in mothers increased the transplacental transport of glucose, and 4) intraperitoneal apelin administration in neonates increased glucose uptake in lung and muscle. Maternal food restriction drastically reduced apelinemia in both mothers and growth-restricted fetuses and altered the expression of the apelinergic system at the fetoplacental interface. Together, our data demonstrate that apelin controls fetal and neonatal glucose homeostasis and is altered by fetal growth restriction induced by maternal undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Mayeur
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4489, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Wattez
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4489, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marie-Amélie Lukaszewski
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4489, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Simon Lecoutre
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4489, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Laura Butruille
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4489, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Anne Drougard
- INSERM U1048, Équipe no. 3, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Eberlé
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4489, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Bruno Bastide
- Activité Physique, Muscle et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4488, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Christine Laborie
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4489, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Laurent Storme
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4489, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Claude Knauf
- INSERM U1048, Équipe no. 3, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Vieau
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4489, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Breton
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4489, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean Lesage
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Santé, Equipe d'accueil 4489, Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Wang L, Zhu ZM, Zhang NK, Fang ZR, Xu XH, Zheng N, Gao LR. Apelin: an endogenous peptide essential for cardiomyogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and 5. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:501-14. [PMID: 26787000 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown that apelin/APJ system functions as a critical mediator of cardiac development as well as cardiovascular function. Here, we investigated the role of apelin in the cardiomyogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cord in vitro. In this research, we used RNA interference methodology and gene transfection technique to regulate the expression of apelin in Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells and induced cells with a effective cardiac differentiation protocol including 5-azacytidine and bFGF. Four weeks after induction, induced cells assumed a stick-like morphology and myotube-like structures except apelin-silenced cells and the control group. The silencing expression of apelin in Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells decreased the expression of several critical cardiac progenitor transcription factors (Mesp1, Mef2c, NKX2.5) and cardiac phenotypes (cardiac α-actin, β-MHC, cTnT, and connexin-43). Meanwhile, endogenous compensation of apelin contributed to differentiating into cells with characteristics of cardiomyocytes in vitro. Further experiment showed that exogenous apelin peptide rescued the cardiomyogenic differentiation of apelin-silenced mesenchymal stem cells in the early stage (1-4 days) of induction. Remarkably, our experiment indicated that apelin up-regulated cardiac specific genes in Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells via activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, The 413th Hospital of P. L. A., Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316000, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhu
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ning-Kun Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The 413th Hospital of P. L. A., Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316000, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lian-Ru Gao
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
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35
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D'Souza SS, Maufort J, Kumar A, Zhang J, Smuga-Otto K, Thomson JA, Slukvin II. GSK3β Inhibition Promotes Efficient Myeloid and Lymphoid Hematopoiesis from Non-human Primate-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:243-56. [PMID: 26805448 PMCID: PMC4750098 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the scalable production of blood cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) open prospects for the clinical translation of de novo generated blood products, and evoke the need for preclinical evaluation of their efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity in large animal models. Due to substantial similarities with humans, the outcomes of cellular therapies in non-human primate (NHP) models can be readily extrapolated to a clinical setting. However, the use of this model is hampered by relatively low efficiency of blood generation and lack of lymphoid potential in NHP-iPSC differentiation cultures. Here, we generated transgene-free iPSCs from different NHP species and showed the efficient induction of mesoderm, myeloid, and lymphoid cells from these iPSCs using a GSK3β inhibitor. Overall, our studies enable scalable production of hematopoietic progenitors from NHP-iPSCs, and lay the foundation for preclinical testing of iPSC-based therapies for blood and immune system diseases in an NHP model. Generation of transgene-free iPSCs from various non-human primate (NHP) species GSK3β inhibition is essential for induction of mesoderm and blood from NHP-iPSCs Efficient generation of CD34+CD45+CD90+CD38−CD45RA− progenitors from NHP-iPSCs Efficient T and NK cell production from NHP-iPSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha S D'Souza
- National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - John Maufort
- National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Jiuchun Zhang
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 309 North Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Kimberley Smuga-Otto
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 309 North Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 309 North Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53707, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Igor I Slukvin
- National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53707, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison WI 53705, USA.
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36
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Characterization of apela, a novel endogenous ligand of apelin receptor, in the adult heart. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 111:2. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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37
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Pisarenko OI, Shulzhenko VS, Studneva IM, Serebryakova LI, Pelogeykina YA, Veselova OM. Signaling pathways of a structural analogue of apelin-12 involved in myocardial protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Peptides 2015; 73:67-76. [PMID: 26348269 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exogenously administered chemically modified apelin-12 (MA) has been shown to exhibit protective effects in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. They include reduction of ROS formation, cell death and cardiometabolic abnormalities. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of the underlying signaling mechanisms involved in cardioprotection afforded by MA. Isolated perfused working rat hearts subjected to global ischemia and anaesthetized rats in vivo exposed to LAD coronary artery occlusion were used. Myocardial infarct size, cell membrane damage, cardiac dysfunction and metabolic state of the heart were used as indices of I/R injury at the end of reperfusion. Administration of specific inhibitors of MEK1/2, PI3K, NO synthase (NOS) or the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) (mito KATP) channels (UO126, LY294002, L-NAME or 5-hydroxydecanoate, respectively) reduced protective efficacy of MA in both models of I/R injury. This was evidenced by abrogation of infarct size limitation, deterioration of cardiac function recovery, and attenuation of metabolic restoration and sarcolemmal integrity. An enhancement of functional and metabolic recovery in isolated reperfused hearts treated with MA was suppressed by U-73122, chelerythrine, amiloride or KB-R7943 (inhibitors of phospholipase С (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), Na(+)/H(+) or Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange, respectively). Additionally, co-infusion of MA with amiloride or L-NAME reduced the integrity of cell membranes at early reperfusion compared with the effect of peptide alone. In conclusion, cardioprotection with MA is mediated by signaling via PLC and survival kinases, PKC, PI3K, and MEK1/2, with activation of downstream targets, NOS and mito KATP channels, and the sarcolemmal Na(+)/H(+) and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I Pisarenko
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Valentin S Shulzhenko
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Irina M Studneva
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Larisa I Serebryakova
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Yulia A Pelogeykina
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Oxana M Veselova
- Russian Cardiology Research-and-Production Complex, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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38
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Klauzinska M, Bertolette D, Tippireddy S, Strizzi L, Gray PC, Gonzales M, Duroux M, Ruvo M, Wechselberger C, Castro NP, Rangel MC, Focà A, Sandomenico A, Hendrix MJC, Salomon D, Cuttitta F. Cripto-1: an extracellular protein - connecting the sequestered biological dots. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:364-80. [PMID: 26327334 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1077239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cripto-1 (CR-1) is a multifunctional embryonic protein that is re-expressed during inflammation, wound repair, and malignant transformation. CR-1 can function either as a tethered co-receptor or shed as a free ligand underpinning its flexible role in cell physiology. CR-1 has been shown to mediate cell growth, migration, invasion, and induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The main signaling pathways mediating CR-1 effects include Nodal-dependent (Smad2/3) and Nodal-independent (Src/p44/42/Akt) signaling transduction pathways. In addition, there are several naturally occurring binding partner proteins (BPPs) for CR-1 that can either agonize or antagonize its bioactivity. We will review the collective role of CR-1 as an extracellular protein, discuss caveats to consider in developing a quantitation assay, define possible mechanistic avenues applicable for drug discovery, and report on our experimental approaches to overcome these problematic issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Klauzinska
- a Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Daniel Bertolette
- a Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Sudhamsh Tippireddy
- a Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Luigi Strizzi
- b Department of Pathology , Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Peter C Gray
- c Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Monica Gonzales
- d Office of Research Operations, Office of the Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Meg Duroux
- e Laboratory of Cancer Biology , Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg East , Denmark
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- f CIRPeB, University of Naples Federico II , Napoli , Italy .,g Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini del CRN , Napoli , Italy
| | | | - Nadia P Castro
- a Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- a Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Annalia Focà
- g Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini del CRN , Napoli , Italy .,i Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Naples Federico II , Napoli , Italy , and
| | | | - Mary J C Hendrix
- j Program in Cancer Biology and Epigenomics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - David Salomon
- a Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Frank Cuttitta
- a Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD , USA
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Yang P, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Apelin, Elabela/Toddler, and biased agonists as novel therapeutic agents in the cardiovascular system. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:560-7. [PMID: 26143239 PMCID: PMC4577653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apelin and its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) have emerged as a key signalling pathway in the cardiovascular system. The peptide is a potent inotropic agent and vasodilator. Remarkably, a peptide, Elabela/Toddler, that has little sequence similarity to apelin, has been proposed as a second endogenous apelin receptor ligand and is encoded by a gene from a region of the genome previously classified as 'non-coding'. Apelin is downregulated in pulmonary arterial hypertension and heart failure. To replace the missing endogenous peptide, 'biased' apelin agonists have been designed that preferentially activate G protein pathways, resulting in reduced β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalisation, with the additional benefit of attenuating detrimental β-arrestin signalling. Proof-of-concept studies support the clinical potential for apelin receptor biased agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6 Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6 Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Level 6 Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Box 110 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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S6K Promotes Dopaminergic Neuronal Differentiation Through PI3K/Akt/mTOR-Dependent Signaling Pathways in Human Neural Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3771-3782. [PMID: 26143260 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been reported that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway regulates neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from rats or mice and is essential for the self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). However, the roles of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways during proliferation and dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effect of regulation of these intracellular signaling pathways in hNSCs on the potential to maintain proliferation and induce dopaminergic neuronal differentiation. Dopaminergic neuronal differentiation depended on the concentration of insulin in our culture system. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt with LY294002 reduced proliferation and inhibited dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of these cells. We also found that rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR, significantly reduced neuronal differentiation without affecting proliferation. Inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway led to inhibition of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K) signaling, which reduced dopaminergic neuronal differentiation in hNSCs. Inhibition of S6K by a specific chemical inhibitor, PF-4708671 inhibited dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of hNSCs. As expected, transduction with a dominant negative S6K1 (S6K1-DN) construct impaired dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of hNSCs. Conversely, overexpression of constitutively active S6K1 (S6K1-CA) promoted dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of these cells. In a survival study, 4 weeks after transplantation, no or very few donor cells were viable in striata grafted with S6K1-DN-transduced hNSCs. In contrast, S6K1-CA-transduced hNSCs survived, integrated into striata to generate tubular masses of grafts and differentiated toward TH-positive cells. Taken together, these data demonstrated that insulin promotes dopaminergic neuronal differentiation through a PI3K/Akt/mTOR-dependent pathway and that S6K plays a critical role in dopaminergic neuronal differentiation in hNSCs.
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Chaves-Almagro C, Castan-Laurell I, Dray C, Knauf C, Valet P, Masri B. Apelin receptors: From signaling to antidiabetic strategy. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:149-59. [PMID: 26007641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor APJ and its cognate ligand, apelin, are widely expressed throughout human body. They are implicated in different key physiological processes such as angiogenesis, cardiovascular functions, fluid homeostasis and energy metabolism regulation. On the other hand, this couple ligand-receptor is also involved in the development and progression of different pathologies including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Recently, a new endogenous peptidic ligand of APJ, named Elabela/Toddler, has been identified and shown to play a crucial role in embryonic development. Whereas nothing is yet known regarding Elabela/Toddler functions in adulthood, apelin has been extensively described as a beneficial adipokine regarding to glucose and lipid metabolism and is endowed with anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. Indeed, there is a growing body of evidence supporting apelin signaling as a novel promising therapeutic target for metabolic disorders (obesity, type 2 diabetes). In this review, we provide an overview of the pharmacological properties of APJ and its endogenous ligands. We also report the activity of peptidic and non-peptidic agonists and antagonists targeting APJ described in the literature. Finally, we highlight the important role of this signaling pathway in the control of energy metabolism at the peripheral level and in the central nervous system in both physiological conditions and during obesity or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chaves-Almagro
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - I Castan-Laurell
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - C Dray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - C Knauf
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - P Valet
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - B Masri
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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42
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Elabela-apelin receptor signaling pathway is functional in mammalian systems. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8170. [PMID: 25639753 PMCID: PMC4313117 DOI: 10.1038/srep08170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Elabela (ELA) or Toddler is a recently discovered hormone which is required for normal development of heart and vasculature through activation of apelin receptor (APJ), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), in zebrafish. The present study explores whether the ELA-APJ signaling pathway is functional in the mammalian system. Using reverse-transcription PCR, we found that ELA is restrictedly expressed in human pluripotent stem cells and adult kidney whereas APJ is more widely expressed. We next studied ELA-APJ signaling pathway in reconstituted mammalian cell systems. Addition of ELA to HEK293 cells over-expressing GFP-AJP fusion protein resulted in rapid internalization of the fusion receptor. In Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells over-expressing human APJ, ELA suppresses cAMP production with EC50 of 11.1 nM, stimulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation with EC50 of 14.3 nM and weakly induces intracellular calcium mobilization. Finally, we tested ELA biological function in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells and showed that ELA induces angiogenesis and relaxes mouse aortic blood vessel in a dose-dependent manner through a mechanism different from apelin. Collectively, we demonstrate that the ELA-AJP signaling pathways are functional in mammalian systems, indicating that ELA likely serves as a hormone regulating the circulation system in adulthood as well as in embryonic development.
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43
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The multifaceted role of the embryonic gene Cripto-1 in cancer, stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 29:51-8. [PMID: 25153355 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cripto-1 (CR-1)/Teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor1 (TDGF-1) is a cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked glycoprotein that can function either in cis (autocrine) or in trans (paracrine). The cell membrane cis form is found in lipid rafts and endosomes while the trans acting form lacking the GPI anchor is soluble. As a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)/Cripto-1-FRL-1-Cryptic (CFC) family, CR-1 functions as an obligatory co-receptor for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members, Nodal and growth and differentiation factors 1 and 3 (GDF1/3) by activating Alk4/Alk7 signaling pathways that involve Smads 2, 3 and 4. In addition, CR-1 can activate non-Smad-dependent signaling elements such as PI3K, Akt and MAPK. Both of these pathways depend upon the 78kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78). Finally, CR-1 can facilitate signaling through the canonical Wnt/β-catenin and Notch/Cbf-1 pathways by functioning as a chaperone protein for LRP5/6 and Notch, respectively. CR-1 is essential for early embryonic development and maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotentiality. CR-1 performs an essential role in the etiology and progression of several types of human tumors where it is expressed in a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this context, CR-1 can significantly enhance tumor cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Collectively, these facts suggest that CR-1 may be an attractive target in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of several types of human cancer.
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Scimia MC, Blass BE, Koch WJ. Apelin receptor: its responsiveness to stretch mechanisms and its potential for cardiovascular therapy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 12:733-41. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2014.911661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Apelin increases cardiac contractility via protein kinase Cε- and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent mechanisms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93473. [PMID: 24695532 PMCID: PMC3973555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apelin, the endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled apelin receptor, is an important regulator of the cardiovascular homoeostasis. We previously demonstrated that apelin is one of the most potent endogenous stimulators of cardiac contractility; however, its underlying signaling mechanisms remain largely elusive. In this study we characterized the contribution of protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) to the positive inotropic effect of apelin. Methods and Results In isolated perfused rat hearts, apelin increased contractility in association with activation of prosurvival kinases PKC and ERK1/2. Apelin induced a transient increase in the translocation of PKCε, but not PKCα, from the cytosol to the particulate fraction, and a sustained increase in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the left ventricle. Suppression of ERK1/2 activation diminished the apelin-induced increase in contractility. Although pharmacological inhibition of PKC attenuated the inotropic response to apelin, it had no effect on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, the apelin-induced positive inotropic effect was significantly decreased by inhibition of MLCK, a kinase that increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. Conclusions Apelin increases cardiac contractility through parallel and independent activation of PKCε and ERK1/2 signaling in the adult rat heart. Additionally MLCK activation represents a downstream mechanism in apelin signaling. Our data suggest that, in addition to their role in cytoprotection, modest activation of PKCε and ERK1/2 signaling improve contractile function, therefore these pathways represent attractive possible targets in the treatment of heart failure.
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Pauli A, Norris ML, Valen E, Chew GL, Gagnon JA, Zimmerman S, Mitchell A, Ma J, Dubrulle J, Reyon D, Tsai SQ, Joung JK, Saghatelian A, Schier AF. Toddler: an embryonic signal that promotes cell movement via Apelin receptors. Science 2014; 343:1248636. [PMID: 24407481 DOI: 10.1126/science.1248636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It has been assumed that most, if not all, signals regulating early development have been identified. Contrary to this expectation, we identified 28 candidate signaling proteins expressed during zebrafish embryogenesis, including Toddler, a short, conserved, and secreted peptide. Both absence and overproduction of Toddler reduce the movement of mesendodermal cells during zebrafish gastrulation. Local and ubiquitous production of Toddler promote cell movement, suggesting that Toddler is neither an attractant nor a repellent but acts globally as a motogen. Toddler drives internalization of G protein-coupled APJ/Apelin receptors, and activation of APJ/Apelin signaling rescues toddler mutants. These results indicate that Toddler is an activator of APJ/Apelin receptor signaling, promotes gastrulation movements, and might be the first in a series of uncharacterized developmental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pauli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Chng SC, Ho L, Tian J, Reversade B. ELABELA: a hormone essential for heart development signals via the apelin receptor. Dev Cell 2013; 27:672-80. [PMID: 24316148 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report here the discovery and characterization of a gene, ELABELA (ELA), encoding a conserved hormone of 32 amino acids. Present in human embryonic stem cells, ELA is expressed at the onset of zebrafish zygotic transcription and is ubiquitous in the naive ectodermal cells of the embryo. Using zinc-finger-nuclease-mediated gene inactivation in zebrafish, we created an allelic series of ela mutants. ela null embryos have impaired endoderm differentiation potential marked by reduced gata5 and sox17 expression. Loss of Ela causes embryos to develop with a rudimentary heart or no heart at all, surprisingly phenocopying the loss of the apelin receptor (aplnr), which we show serves as Ela's cognate G protein-coupled receptor. Our results reveal the existence of a peptide hormone, ELA, which, together with APLNR, forms an essential signaling axis for early cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene C Chng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Human Genetics and Embryology Laboratory, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Lena Ho
- Institute of Medical Biology, Human Genetics and Embryology Laboratory, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jing Tian
- Institute of Medical Biology, Human Genetics and Embryology Laboratory, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Medical Biology, Human Genetics and Embryology Laboratory, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
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Coppola A, Romito A, Borel C, Gehrig C, Gagnebin M, Falconnet E, Izzo A, Altucci L, Banfi S, Antonarakis SE, Minchiotti G, Cobellis G. Cardiomyogenesis is controlled by the miR-99a/let-7c cluster and epigenetic modifications. Stem Cell Res 2013; 12:323-37. [PMID: 24365598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of cardiomyocyte development is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of pre- and post-natal cardiac disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional modulators of gene expression that play an important role in many developmental processes. Here, we show that the miR-99a/let-7c cluster, mapping on human chromosome 21, is involved in the control of cardiomyogenesis by altering epigenetic factors. By perturbing miRNA expression in mouse embryonic stem cells, we find that let-7c promotes cardiomyogenesis by upregulating genes involved in mesoderm specification (T/Bra and Nodal) and cardiac differentiation (Mesp1, Nkx2.5 and Tbx5). The action of let-7c is restricted to the early phase of mesoderm formation at the expense of endoderm and its late activation redirects cells toward other mesodermal derivatives. The Polycomb complex group protein Ezh2 is a direct target of let-7c, which promotes cardiac differentiation by modifying the H3K27me3 marks from the promoters of crucial cardiac transcription factors (Nkx2.5, Mef2c, Tbx5). In contrast, miR-99a represses cardiac differentiation via the nucleosome-remodeling factor Smarca5, attenuating the Nodal/Smad2 signaling. We demonstrated that the identified targets are underexpressed in human Down syndrome fetal heart specimens. By perturbing the expression levels of these miRNAs in embryonic stem cells, we were able to demonstrate that these miRNAs control lineage- and stage-specific transcription factors, working in concert with chromatin modifiers to direct cardiomyogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Coppola
- Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Romito
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Christelle Borel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Gehrig
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maryline Gagnebin
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Falconnet
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Università Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gilda Cobellis
- Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and General Pathology, Seconda Università di Napoli, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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O'Carroll AM, Lolait SJ, Harris LE, Pope GR. The apelin receptor APJ: journey from an orphan to a multifaceted regulator of homeostasis. J Endocrinol 2013; 219:R13-35. [PMID: 23943882 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The apelin receptor (APJ; gene symbol APLNR) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor gene family. Neural gene expression patterns of APJ, and its cognate ligand apelin, in the brain implicate the apelinergic system in the regulation of a number of physiological processes. APJ and apelin are highly expressed in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, which regulates fluid homeostasis, in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which controls the neuroendocrine response to stress, and in the forebrain and lower brainstem regions, which are involved in cardiovascular function. Recently, apelin, synthesised and secreted by adipocytes, has been described as a beneficial adipokine related to obesity, and there is growing awareness of a potential role for apelin and APJ in glucose and energy metabolism. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, expression pattern and regulation of apelin and its receptor, as well as the main second messengers and signalling proteins activated by apelin. We also highlight the physiological and pathological roles that support this system as a novel therapeutic target for pharmacological intervention in treating conditions related to altered water balance, stress-induced disorders such as anxiety and depression, and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie O'Carroll
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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Wang W, McKinnie SMK, Patel VB, Haddad G, Wang Z, Zhabyeyev P, Das SK, Basu R, McLean B, Kandalam V, Penninger JM, Kassiri Z, Vederas JC, Murray AG, Oudit GY. Loss of Apelin exacerbates myocardial infarction adverse remodeling and ischemia-reperfusion injury: therapeutic potential of synthetic Apelin analogues. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000249. [PMID: 23817469 PMCID: PMC3828798 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease leading to myocardial ischemia is the most common cause of heart failure. Apelin (APLN), the endogenous peptide ligand of the APJ receptor, has emerged as a novel regulator of the cardiovascular system. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we show a critical role of APLN in myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in patients and animal models. Myocardial APLN levels were reduced in patients with ischemic heart failure. Loss of APLN increased MI-related mortality, infarct size, and inflammation with drastic reductions in prosurvival pathways resulting in greater systolic dysfunction and heart failure. APLN deficiency decreased vascular sprouting, impaired sprouting of human endothelial progenitor cells, and compromised in vivo myocardial angiogenesis. Lack of APLN enhanced susceptibility to ischemic injury and compromised functional recovery following ex vivo and in vivo IR injury. We designed and synthesized two novel APLN analogues resistant to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 cleavage and identified one analogue, which mimicked the function of APLN, to be markedly protective against ex vivo and in vivo myocardial IR injury linked to greater activation of survival pathways and promotion of angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS APLN is a critical regulator of the myocardial response to infarction and ischemia and pharmacologically targeting this pathway is feasible and represents a new class of potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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