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Packer M, Ferreira JP, Butler J, Filippatos G, Januzzi JL, González Maldonado S, Panova-Noeva M, Pocock SJ, Prochaska JH, Saadati M, Sattar N, Sumin M, Anker SD, Zannad F. Reaffirmation of Mechanistic Proteomic Signatures Accompanying SGLT2 Inhibition in Patients With Heart Failure: A Validation Cohort of the EMPEROR Program. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024:S0735-1097(24)07897-5. [PMID: 39217550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors exert a distinctive pattern of direct biological effects on the heart and kidney under experimental conditions, but the meaningfulness of these signatures for patients with heart failure has not been fully defined. OBJECTIVES We performed the first mechanistic validation study of large-scale proteomics in a double-blind randomized trial of any treatment in patients with heart failure. METHODS In a discovery cohort from the EMPEROR (Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction) program, we studied the effect of randomized treatment with placebo or empagliflozin on 1,283 circulating proteins in 1,134 patients with heart failure with a reduced or preserved ejection fraction. In a validation cohort, we expanded the number to 2,155 assessed proteins, which were measured in 1,120 EMPEROR participants who had not been studied previously. RESULTS In the validation cohort, 25 proteins were the most differentially enriched by empagliflozin (ie, ≥15% between-group difference and false discovery rate <1% at 12 weeks with known effects on the heart or kidney): 1) 13 proteins promote autophagy and other cellular quality-control functions (IGFBP1, OTUB1, DNAJB1, DNAJC9, RBP2, IST1, HSPA8, H-FABP, FABP6, ATPIFI, TfR1, EPO, IGBP1); 2) 12 proteins enhance mitochondrial health and ATP production (UMtCK, TBCA, L-FABP, H-FABP, FABP5, FABP6, RBP2, IST1, HSPA8, ATPIFI, TfR1, EPO); 3) 7 proteins augment cellular iron mobilization or erythropoiesis (TfR1, EPO, IGBP1, ERMAP, UROD, ATPIF1, SNCA); 4) 3 proteins influence renal tubular sodium handling; and 5) 9 proteins have restorative effects in the heart or kidneys, with many proteins exerting effects in >1 domain. These biological signatures replicated those observed in our discovery cohort. When the threshold for a meaningful between-group difference was lowered to ≥10%, there were 58 additional differentially enriched proteins with actions on the heart and kidney, but the biological signatures remained the same. CONCLUSIONS The replication of mechanistic signatures across discovery and validation cohorts closely aligns with the experimental effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. Thus, the actions of SGLT2 inhibitors-to promote autophagy, restore mitochondrial health and production of ATP, promote iron mobilization and erythropoiesis, influence renal tubular ion reabsorption, and normalize cardiac and renal structure and function-are likely to be relevant to patients with heart failure. (EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in Patients With chrOnic heaRt Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction [EMPEROR-Preserved], NCT03057951; EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in Patients With chrOnic heaRt Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction [EMPEROR-Reduced], NCT03057977).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - João Pedro Ferreira
- UnIC@RISE, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Javed Butler
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA; University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens University Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece
| | - James L Januzzi
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens University Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece; Massachusetts General Hospital and Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Marina Panova-Noeva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stuart J Pocock
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen H Prochaska
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany; Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maral Saadati
- Elderbrook Solutions GmbH, on behalf of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mikhail Sumin
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center Charité, Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Faiez Zannad
- Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique 1433, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France; F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), INSERM U1116, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France
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2
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Bralewska M, Pietrucha T, Sakowicz A. The Role of Catestatin in Preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2461. [PMID: 38473713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a unique pregnancy disorder affecting women across the world. It is characterized by the new onset of hypertension with coexisting end-organ damage. Although the disease has been known for centuries, its exact pathophysiology and, most importantly, its prevention remain elusive. The basis of its associated molecular changes has been attributed to the placenta and the hormones regulating its function. One such hormone is chromogranin A (CgA). In the placenta, CgA is cleaved to form a variety of biologically active peptides, including catestatin (CST), known inter alia for its vasodilatory effects. Recent studies indicate that the CST protein level is diminished both in patients with hypertension and those with PE. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to review the most recent and most relevant in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies to provide an overview of the proposed impact of CST on the molecular processes of PE and to consider the possibilities for future experiments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Bralewska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pietrucha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Sakowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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3
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Singh G, Venkataramaraju Y, Meher G, Sahu BS, Saleem M, Akhter Y. Distinct membrane perturbation effects of Catestatin and its CST-364 S variant: Insights from molecular simulations and anisotropy measurements. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184238. [PMID: 37844772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), a versatile 21 amino acid long cationic peptide, is stored in chromaffin granules and exocytosed upon fusion with the plasma membrane. CST, produced by chromaffin cells and neutrophils, is derived from the processing of chromogranin A and induced in the skin after injury. It involves catecholamine inhibition, blood pressure control, inflammation, and innate immunity. It is thought that calcium influx is triggered by CST permeating within neutrophils. It is unknown whether CST can disturb the immediate environment enough to penetrate the cell membrane passively. We used molecular dynamics simulations to examine the behaviour of human CST in its wild-type state (CST WT) and one of its naturally occurring variants, CST-364 S, which has a high allelic frequency in the human population. Both peptides were incorporated into the model eukaryotic cell membrane known as the POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine) lipid bilayer. The molecular modelling and simulations results show that CST WT and CST-364 S have different propensities for membrane disruption. It was shown that CST-364 S has higher membrane permeability than CST WT. In addition, we have used fluorescence anisotropy and leakage assay to study the interaction of peptides with PC membranes. Both peptides interacted with POPC and DOPC membranes, while CST-364 S penetrated the membrane more deeply via disorganizing the membrane interface, which supports our previous findings. According to this study, there is a good possibility that the peptides will passively permeate the cell membrane, distort, and pass through it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Geetanjali Meher
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - Bhavani Shankar Sahu
- National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana 122 052, India.
| | - Mohammed Saleem
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneshwar, India.
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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4
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Ioannidis M, Mahata SK, van den Bogaart G. The immunomodulatory functions of chromogranin A-derived peptide pancreastatin. Peptides 2022; 158:170893. [PMID: 36244579 PMCID: PMC10760928 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a 439 amino acid protein secreted by neuroendocrine cells. Proteolytic processing of CgA results in the production of different bioactive peptides. These peptides have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, and cancer. One of the chromogranin A-derived peptides is ∼52 amino acid long Pancreastatin (PST: human (h)CgA250-301, murine (m)CgA263-314). PST is a glycogenolytic peptide that inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic islet β-cells. In addition to this metabolic role, evidence is emerging that PST also has inflammatory properties. This review will discuss the immunomodulatory properties of PST and its possible mechanisms of action and regulation. Moreover, this review will discuss the potential translation to humans and how PST may be an interesting therapeutic target for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Ioannidis
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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5
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Zalewska E, Kmieć P, Sworczak K. Role of Catestatin in the Cardiovascular System and Metabolic Disorders. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:909480. [PMID: 35665253 PMCID: PMC9160393 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.909480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Catestatin is a multifunctional peptide that is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular and immune systems as well as metabolic homeostatis. It mitigates detrimental, excessive activity of the sympathetic nervous system by inhibiting catecholamine secretion. Based on in vitro and in vivo studies, catestatin was shown to reduce adipose tissue, inhibit inflammatory response, prevent macrophage-driven atherosclerosis, and regulate cytokine production and release. Clinical studies indicate that catestatin may influence the processes leading to hypertension, affect the course of coronary artery diseases and heart failure. This review presents up-to-date research on catestatin with a particular emphasis on cardiovascular diseases based on a literature search.
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6
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Muntjewerff EM, Christoffersson G, Mahata SK, van den Bogaart G. Putative regulation of macrophage-mediated inflammation by catestatin. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:41-50. [PMID: 34844850 PMCID: PMC10843896 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Catestatin (CST) is a bioactive cleavage product of the neuroendocrine prohormone chromogranin A (CgA). Recent findings show that CST can exert anti-inflammatory and antiadrenergic effects by suppressing the inflammatory actions of mammalian macrophages. However, recent findings also suggest that macrophages themselves are major CST producers. Here, we hypothesize that macrophages produce CST in an inflammation-dependent manner and thereby might self-regulate inflammation in an autocrine fashion. CST is associated with pathological conditions hallmarked by chronic inflammation, including autoimmune, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders. Since intraperitoneal injection of CST in mouse models of diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease has been reported to be beneficial for mitigating disease, we posit that CST should be further investigated as a candidate target for treating certain inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke M Muntjewerff
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gustaf Christoffersson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Catestatin as a Biomarker of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Clinical Perspective. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121757. [PMID: 34944578 PMCID: PMC8698910 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accounting for almost one-third of the global mortality, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a major global health issue. Emerging data suggest that most of the well-established mechanistic explanations regarding the cardiovascular pathophysiology are flawed, and cannot fully explain the progression and long-term effects of these diseases. On the other hand, dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has emerged as an important player in the pathophysiology of CVDs. Even though upregulated SNS activity is an essential compensatory response to various stress conditions, in the long term, it becomes a major contributor to both cardiac dysfunction and vascular damage. Despite the fact that the importance of SNS hyperactivity in the setting of CVDs has been well-appreciated, its exact quantification and clinical application in either diagnostics or therapy of CVDs is still out of reach. Nevertheless, in recent years a number of novel laboratory biomarkers implicated in the pathophysiology of SNS activation have been explored. Specifically, in this review, we aimed to discuss the role of catestatin, a potent physiological inhibitor of catecholamine spillover that offers cardioprotective effects. Limited data indicate that catestatin could also be a reliable indirect marker of SNS activity and it is likely that high CST levels reflect advanced CV disease burden. Consequently, large-scale studies are required to validate these observations in the upcoming future.
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8
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Tüten N, Güralp O, Gök K, Hamzaoglu K, Oner YO, Makul M, Bulut H, Irmak K, Tüten A, Malik E. Serum catestatin level is increased in women with preeclampsia. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2021; 42:55-60. [PMID: 33938370 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2021.1873922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Catestatin can inhibit catecholamine release from chromaffin cells and adrenergic neurons. Catestatin can also have a strong vasodilator effect. This may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology of preeclampsia and its treatment. In this study, we investigated the serum catestatin levels in pregnant women with and without preeclampsia. Fifty consecutive women with mild preeclampsia, 50 consecutive women with severe preeclampsia, and 100 consecutive pregnant women with a gestational age-matched (±1 week) uncomplicated pregnancy were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Mean serum catestatin was significantly increased in the preeclampsia group compared to the control group (290.7 ± 95.5 pg/mL vs. 182.8 ± 72.0 pg/mL). Mean serum catestatin was comparable in mild and severe preeclampsia groups (282.7 ± 97.9 pg/mL vs. 298.7 ± 93.4 pg/mL, p = .431). Serum catestatin levels had positive correlations with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, urea, uric acid, and creatinine. In conclusion, serum catestatin levels are increased in preeclamptic pregnancies compared to gestational age-matched controls.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? The role of autonomic nervous system dysregulation in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia is known. The most obvious part of this dysregulation is the sympathetic nervous system activation. The adrenal medulla is one of the locations of the sympathetic nervous system in the body.What do the results of this study add? Serum catestatin levels were found to be correlated with clinical and laboratory data of preeclampsia. This highlights the importance of chromaffin cell secretions in the adrenal medulla in preeclampsia.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study will help understand the role of the adrenal medulla in the autonomic nervous system dysregulation in preeclampsia. Also, control of serum catestatin levels may support the treatment of hypertension in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Tüten
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Istanbul, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Onur Güralp
- Carl von Ossietzky Oldenburg University, University Hospital for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Koray Gök
- Education and Research Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Kübra Hamzaoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yahya Ozgün Oner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melike Makul
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huri Bulut
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biochemistry Department, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kübra Irmak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tokat State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Tüten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eduard Malik
- Carl von Ossietzky Oldenburg University, University Hospital for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Oldenburg, Germany
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9
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Katus U, Villa I, Ringmets I, Veidebaum T, Harro J. Neuropeptide Y gene variants in obesity, dietary intake, blood pressure, lipid and glucose metabolism: A longitudinal birth cohort study. Peptides 2021; 139:170524. [PMID: 33652060 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropeptide Y affects several physiological functions, notably appetite regulation. We analysed the association between four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the NPY gene (rs5574, rs16147, rs16139, rs17149106) and measures of obesity, dietary intake, physical activity, blood pressure, glucose and lipid metabolism from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS The sample included both birth cohorts of the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study at ages 15 (n = 1075 with available complete data), 18 (n = 913) and 25 (n = 926) years. Linear mixed-effects regression models were used for longitudinal association between NPY SNP-s and variables of interest. Associations at ages 15, 18 and 25 were analysed by ANOVA. RESULTS Rs5574 CC-homozygotes had a greater increase per year in waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and a smaller decrease in daily energy intake and carbohydrate intake from age 15-25 years; fasting glucose and cholesterol were higher in rs5574 CC-homozygotes. Rs16147 TT-homozygotes had higher body weight and a greater increase in sum of 5 skinfolds, waist circumference, WHR and waist-to-height ratio; however, they had lower carbohydrate intake throughout the observation period. Rs16147 TT-homozygotes and both rs16139 and rs17149106 heterozygotes had higher triglyceride levels. All NPY SNP-s were associated with blood pressure: rs5574 TT-and rs16147 CC-homozygotes had a smaller increase in diastolic blood pressure, while rs16139 and rs17149106 heterozygous had lower blood pressure throughout the study. CONCLUSION Variants of the NPY gene were associated with measures of obesity, dietary intake, glucose and lipid metabolism and blood pressure from adolescence to young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmeli Katus
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inga Villa
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inge Ringmets
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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10
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Ying W, Tang K, Avolio E, Schilling JM, Pasqua T, Liu MA, Cheng H, Gao H, Zhang J, Mahata S, Ko MS, Bandyopadhyay G, Das S, Roth DM, Sahoo D, Webster NJG, Sheikh F, Ghosh G, Patel HH, Ghosh P, van den Bogaart G, Mahata SK. Immunosuppression of Macrophages Underlies the Cardioprotective Effects of CST (Catestatin). Hypertension 2021; 77:1670-1682. [PMID: 33826401 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ying
- Department of Medicine (W.Y., E.A., M.A.L., H.G., J.Z., S.M., G.B., F.S., N.J.G.W., P.G., S.K.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Kechun Tang
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA (T.P., K.T., J.M.S., D.M.R., N.J.G.W., H.H.P., S.K.M.)
| | - Ennio Avolio
- Department of Medicine (W.Y., E.A., M.A.L., H.G., J.Z., S.M., G.B., F.S., N.J.G.W., P.G., S.K.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla.,Comparative Anatomy & Cytology, Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende-Cosenza, Italy (E.A.)
| | - Jan M Schilling
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA (T.P., K.T., J.M.S., D.M.R., N.J.G.W., H.H.P., S.K.M.).,Department of Anesthesiology (J.M.S., D.M.R., H.H.P.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA (T.P., K.T., J.M.S., D.M.R., N.J.G.W., H.H.P., S.K.M.).,Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (T.P.)
| | - Matthew A Liu
- Department of Medicine (W.Y., E.A., M.A.L., H.G., J.Z., S.M., G.B., F.S., N.J.G.W., P.G., S.K.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Hongqiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (H.C.)
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Medicine (W.Y., E.A., M.A.L., H.G., J.Z., S.M., G.B., F.S., N.J.G.W., P.G., S.K.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Medicine (W.Y., E.A., M.A.L., H.G., J.Z., S.M., G.B., F.S., N.J.G.W., P.G., S.K.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Sumana Mahata
- Department of Medicine (W.Y., E.A., M.A.L., H.G., J.Z., S.M., G.B., F.S., N.J.G.W., P.G., S.K.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Myung S Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (M.S.K., G.G.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine (W.Y., E.A., M.A.L., H.G., J.Z., S.M., G.B., F.S., N.J.G.W., P.G., S.K.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology (S.D.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - David M Roth
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA (T.P., K.T., J.M.S., D.M.R., N.J.G.W., H.H.P., S.K.M.).,Department of Anesthesiology (J.M.S., D.M.R., H.H.P.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics (D.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering (D.S.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Nicholas J G Webster
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA (T.P., K.T., J.M.S., D.M.R., N.J.G.W., H.H.P., S.K.M.).,Department of Medicine (W.Y., E.A., M.A.L., H.G., J.Z., S.M., G.B., F.S., N.J.G.W., P.G., S.K.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine (W.Y., E.A., M.A.L., H.G., J.Z., S.M., G.B., F.S., N.J.G.W., P.G., S.K.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Gourisankar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (M.S.K., G.G.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA (T.P., K.T., J.M.S., D.M.R., N.J.G.W., H.H.P., S.K.M.).,Department of Anesthesiology (J.M.S., D.M.R., H.H.P.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine (W.Y., E.A., M.A.L., H.G., J.Z., S.M., G.B., F.S., N.J.G.W., P.G., S.K.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine (P.G.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, the Netherlands (G.v.d.B.).,Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (G.v.d.B.)
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA (T.P., K.T., J.M.S., D.M.R., N.J.G.W., H.H.P., S.K.M.).,Department of Medicine (W.Y., E.A., M.A.L., H.G., J.Z., S.M., G.B., F.S., N.J.G.W., P.G., S.K.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla
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11
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Catestatin peptide of chromogranin A as a potential new target for several risk factors management in the course of metabolic syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111113. [PMID: 33341043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, lipodystrophy, diabetes, and hypertension collectively constitute the main features of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), together with insulin resistance (IR), which is considered as a defining element. MetS generally leads to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is a determinant cause of mortality and morbidity in humans and animals. Therefore, it is essential to implement and put in place adequate management strategies for the treatment of this disease. Catestatin is a bioactive peptide with 21 amino acids, which is derived through cleaving of the prohormone chromogranin A (CHGA/CgA) that is co-released with catecholamines from secretory vesicles and, which is responsible for hepatic/plasma lipids and insulin levels regulation, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces hypertension and attenuates obesity in murine models. In humans, there were few published studies, which showed that low levels of catestatin are significant risk factors for hypertension in adult patients. These accumulating evidence documents clearly that catestatin peptide (CST) is linked to inflammatory and metabolic syndrome diseases and can be a novel regulator of insulin and lipid levels, blood pressure, and cardiac function. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the CST effects in metabolic syndrome given its role in metabolic regulation and thus, provide new insights into the use of CST as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.
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12
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Mahata SK, Corti A. Chromogranin A and its fragments in cardiovascular, immunometabolic, and cancer regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:34-58. [PMID: 31588572 PMCID: PMC6899468 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA)-the index member of the chromogranin/secretogranin secretory protein family-is ubiquitously distributed in endocrine, neuroendocrine, and immune cells. Elevated levels of CgA-related polypeptides, consisting of full-length molecules and fragments, are detected in the blood of patients suffering from neuroendocrine tumors, heart failure, renal failure, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Full-length CgA and various CgA-derived peptides, including vasostatin-1, pancreastatin, catestatin, and serpinin, are expressed at different relative levels in normal and pathological conditions and exert diverse, and sometime opposite, biological functions. For example, CgA is overexpressed in genetic hypertension, whereas catestatin is diminished. In rodents, the administration of catestatin decreases hypertension, cardiac contractility, obesity, atherosclerosis, and inflammation, and it improves insulin sensitivity. By contrast, pancreastatin is elevated in diabetic patients, and the administration of this peptide to obese mice decreases insulin sensitivity and increases inflammation. CgA and the N-terminal fragment of vasostatin-1 can enhance the endothelial barrier function, exert antiangiogenic effects, and inhibit tumor growth in animal models, whereas CgA fragments lacking the CgA C-terminal region promote angiogenesis and tumor growth. Overall, the CgA system, consisting of full-length CgA and its fragments, is emerging as an important and complex player in cardiovascular, immunometabolic, and cancer regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Angelo Corti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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13
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Corti A, Marcucci F, Bachetti T. Circulating chromogranin A and its fragments as diagnostic and prognostic disease markers. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:199-210. [PMID: 29018988 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA), a secretory protein released in the blood by neuroendocrine cells and neurons, is the precursor of various bioactive fragments involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, metabolism, innate immunity, angiogenesis, and tissue repair. After the original demonstration that circulating CgA can serve as a biomarker for a wide range of neuroendocrine tumors, several studies have shown that increased levels of CgA can be present also in the blood of patients with cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and inflammatory diseases with, in certain cases, important diagnostic and prognostic implications. Considering the high structural and functional heterogeneity of the CgA system, comprising precursor and fragments, it is not surprising that the different immunoassays used in these studies led, in some cases, to discrepant results. Here, we review these notions and we discuss the importance of measuring total-CgA, full-length CgA, specific fragments, and their relative levels for a more thorough assessment of the pathophysiological function and diagnostic/prognostic value of the CgA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Corti
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Marcucci
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bachetti
- Clinical Trials Centre, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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14
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15
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Benyamin B, Maihofer AX, Schork AJ, Hamilton BA, Rao F, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Zhang K, Mahata M, Stridsberg M, Schork NJ, Biswas N, Hook VY, Wei Z, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Nievergelt CM, Whitfield JB, O'Connor DT. Identification of novel loci affecting circulating chromogranins and related peptides. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:233-242. [PMID: 28011710 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranins are pro-hormone secretory proteins released from neuroendocrine cells, with effects on control of blood pressure. We conducted a genome-wide association study for plasma catestatin, the catecholamine release inhibitory peptide derived from chromogranin A (CHGA), and other CHGA- or chromogranin B (CHGB)-related peptides, in 545 US and 1252 Australian subjects. This identified loci on chromosomes 4q35 and 5q34 affecting catestatin concentration (P = 3.40 × 10-30 for rs4253311 and 1.85 × 10-19 for rs2731672, respectively). Genes in these regions include the proteolytic enzymes kallikrein (KLKB1) and Factor XII (F12). In chromaffin cells, CHGA and KLKB1 proteins co-localized in catecholamine storage granules. In vitro, kallikrein cleaved recombinant human CHGA to catestatin, verified by mass spectrometry. The peptide identified from this digestion (CHGA360-373) selectively inhibited nicotinic cholinergic stimulated catecholamine release from chromaffin cells. A proteolytic cascade involving kallikrein and Factor XII cleaves chromogranins to active compounds both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beben Benyamin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mats Stridsberg
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden and
| | | | | | | | | | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - John B Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Troger J, Theurl M, Kirchmair R, Pasqua T, Tota B, Angelone T, Cerra MC, Nowosielski Y, Mätzler R, Troger J, Gayen JR, Trudeau V, Corti A, Helle KB. Granin-derived peptides. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 154:37-61. [PMID: 28442394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The granin family comprises altogether 7 different proteins originating from the diffuse neuroendocrine system and elements of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The family is dominated by three uniquely acidic members, namely chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII). Since the late 1980s it has become evident that these proteins are proteolytically processed, intragranularly and/or extracellularly into a range of biologically active peptides; a number of them with regulatory properties of physiological and/or pathophysiological significance. The aim of this comprehensive overview is to provide an up-to-date insight into the distribution and properties of the well established granin-derived peptides and their putative roles in homeostatic regulations. Hence, focus is directed to peptides derived from the three main granins, e.g. to the chromogranin A derived vasostatins, betagranins, pancreastatin and catestatins, the chromogranin B-derived secretolytin and the secretogranin II-derived secretoneurin (SN). In addition, the distribution and properties of the chromogranin A-derived peptides prochromacin, chromofungin, WE14, parastatin, GE-25 and serpinins, the CgB-peptide PE-11 and the SgII-peptides EM66 and manserin will also be commented on. Finally, the opposing effects of the CgA-derived vasostatin-I and catestatin and the SgII-derived peptide SN on the integrity of the vasculature, myocardial contractility, angiogenesis in wound healing, inflammatory conditions and tumors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Markus Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Kirchmair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Tota
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Maria C Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Yvonne Nowosielski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphaela Mätzler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jasmin Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Vance Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelo Corti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Karen B Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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17
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Abstract
Catestatin (CST) was first named in 1997 for its catecholamine-inhibitory activity. It was discovered as a potent inhibitor of catecholamine secretion and as a regulator of histamine release. Accumulating evidence shows that CST is involved with cardiovascular diseases; however, whether CST is a protective factor for these conditions and the mechanisms by which such actions may be mediated are not well understood. In this article, we review recent basic research and clinical trials in the study of CST and summarize the association of CST with cardiovascular diseases. We review data obtained from MedLine via PubMed and from our own investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Zhao
- The Departments of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology & Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health & Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
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18
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Analysis and validation of traits associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism Gly364Ser in catestatin using humanized chromogranin A mouse models. J Hypertens 2016; 34:68-78. [PMID: 26556564 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human prohormone chromogranin A (CHGA), an index member of the granin family is processed to generate catestatin, a peptide that is hypotensive in action and modulates catecholamine release within the sympathoadrenal system. Hypertensive patients with excess sympathetic activity have diminished catestatin. Often the study of physiological consequences of human genetic variation is confounded by elements such as other variations in obligatory linkage disequilibrium with the variant being studied. Also the phenotype of the variant may be influenced by genetic background that varies amongst individuals. This study addresses the effects of a human catestatin polymorphism (rs9658667) using humanized CHGA mouse models. METHODS We created pertinent humanized mouse models wherein the mouse Chga gene locus was replaced by the human ortholog wild-type and the variant versions. This allowed for probing of the effects of catestatin variation in vivo with controls for other variations and global genetic background. RESULTS Both the wild-type and variant human catestatin expressing mouse models were normotensive. The variant catestatin mouse model recapitulated physiological influence of the polymorphism on autonomic traits. These mice had diminished catecholamine, attenuated stress response and increased baroreceptor slopes that would suggest reduced risk of developing hypertension. Elevated plasma glucose, a trait observed in humans was not observed in mice expressing the variant catestatin. CONCLUSION This functional genomics approach of creating humanized mouse models to study rs9658667 polymorphism recapitulated and validated many of the human trait associations. This approach can also be applied in the study of other human gene polymorphisms.
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19
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Wang D, Liu T, Shi S, Li R, Shan Y, Huang Y, Hu D, Huang C. Chronic Administration of Catestatin Improves Autonomic Function and Exerts Cardioprotective Effects in Myocardial Infarction Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21:526-535. [PMID: 26821570 DOI: 10.1177/1074248416628676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), which is emerging as a novel cardiac modulator, can protect the heart against excessive sympathetic drive in hypertensive cardiomyopathy. The aim of this study is to investigate whether exogenous CST decreases excessive cardiac sympathetic drive and improves autonomic function and exerts cardioprotective effects in myocardial infarction (MI) rats. Rats were divided into a sham group, MI group, and MI plus CST (MI + CST) group. Four weeks later, the autonomic function of the animals was assessed by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) and measuring plasma catecholamine. Cardiac function was evaluated via echocardiography. Electrophysiological characteristics were assessed in Langendorff-perfused hearts. Compared to the MI group, the chronic administration of CST significantly increased the standard deviation of normal–normal intervals ( P < .01) and low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) HRV and decreased the ratio of LF–HF HRV ( P < .01 for all). Additionally, the level of plasma catecholamine was reduced in the MI + CST group compared to the MI group ( P < .01). Treatment with CST significantly increased ejection fraction (EF) and fraction shorting (FS) and significantly decreased the left ventricular end-systolic diameter and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter at 28 days postmyocardial infraction ( P < .05 for all). After MI, the ventricular repolarization duration, such as QTc intervals and action potential duration (APD) at 90% repolarization, was prolonged, and this prolongation could be decreased by CST ( P < .05 for all). The CST also increased the threshold of ADP alternans ( P < .01). Moreover, ventricular arrhythmias were induced in 83% of the MI group but only 33% of the MI + CST group ( P < .05). These results suggested that the chronic administration of CST plays a role in cardioprotection in MI rats, which may function by decreasing the cardiac sympathetic drive and improving autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingguang Shan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY, USA
| | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Kiranmayi M, Chirasani VR, Allu PKR, Subramanian L, Martelli EE, Sahu BS, Vishnuprabu D, Kumaragurubaran R, Sharma S, Bodhini D, Dixit M, Munirajan AK, Khullar M, Radha V, Mohan V, Mullasari AS, Naga Prasad SV, Senapati S, Mahapatra NR. Catestatin Gly364Ser Variant Alters Systemic Blood Pressure and the Risk for Hypertension in Human Populations via Endothelial Nitric Oxide Pathway. Hypertension 2016; 68:334-47. [PMID: 27324226 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.06568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), an endogenous antihypertensive/antiadrenergic peptide, is a novel regulator of cardiovascular physiology. Here, we report case-control studies in 2 geographically/ethnically distinct Indian populations (n≈4000) that showed association of the naturally-occurring human CST-Gly364Ser variant with increased risk for hypertension (age-adjusted odds ratios: 1.483; P=0.009 and 2.951; P=0.005). Consistently, 364Ser allele carriers displayed elevated systolic (up to ≈8 mm Hg; P=0.004) and diastolic (up to ≈6 mm Hg; P=0.001) blood pressure. The variant allele was also found to be in linkage disequilibrium with other functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the CHGA promoter and nearby coding region. Functional characterization of the Gly364Ser variant was performed using cellular/molecular biological experiments (viz peptide-receptor binding assays, nitric oxide [NO], phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase, and phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase estimations) and computational approaches (molecular dynamics simulations for structural analysis of wild-type [CST-WT] and variant [CST-364Ser] peptides and docking of peptide/ligand with β-adrenergic receptors [ADRB1/2]). CST-WT and CST-364Ser peptides differed profoundly in their secondary structures and showed differential interactions with ADRB2; although CST-WT displaced the ligand bound to ADRB2, CST-364Ser failed to do the same. Furthermore, CST-WT significantly inhibited ADRB2-stimulated extracellular regulated kinase activation, suggesting an antagonistic role towards ADRB2 unlike CST-364Ser. Consequently, CST-WT was more potent in NO production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells as compared with CST-364Ser. This NO-producing ability of CST-WT was abrogated by ADRB2 antagonist ICI 118551. In conclusion, CST-364Ser allele enhanced the risk for hypertension in human populations, possibly via diminished endothelial NO production because of altered interactions of CST-364Ser peptide with ADRB2 as compared with CST-WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malapaka Kiranmayi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Venkat R Chirasani
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Prasanna K R Allu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Lakshmi Subramanian
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Elizabeth E Martelli
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Bhavani S Sahu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Durairajpandian Vishnuprabu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Rathnakumar Kumaragurubaran
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Dhanasekaran Bodhini
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Arasambattu K Munirajan
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Madhu Khullar
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Venkatesan Radha
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Ajit S Mullasari
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Sathyamangla V Naga Prasad
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Sanjib Senapati
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Nitish R Mahapatra
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
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Orun O. Roles of catecholamine related polymorphisms in hypertension. World J Hypertens 2016; 6:41-52. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v6.i1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to summarize current data obtained so far in catecholamine-essential hypertension (EH) relationships on a genetic basis. As the major elements driving the sympathetic system’s actions, catecholamines modulate a variety of physiological processes and mutations related to the system. This could generate serious disorders, such as severe mental illnesses, stress-induced disorders, or impaired control of blood pressure or motor pathways. EH is idiopathic, and the genetic basis of its causes and substantial interindividual discrepancies in response to different types of treatments are the focus of interest. Susceptibility to disease or efficacy of treatments are thought to reflect genomic variabilities among individuals. Therefore, outlining the available knowledge in functional genetic polymorphisms linked to EH will make the picture clearer and will help to establish future prospects in the field.
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Sternberg Z. Genetic, Epigenetic, and Environmental Factors Influencing Neurovisceral Integration of Cardiovascular Modulation: Focus on Multiple Sclerosis. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 18:16-36. [PMID: 26502224 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thought to be an autoimmune inflammatory CNS disease, multiple sclerosis (MS) involves multiple pathologies with heterogeneous clinical presentations. An impaired neurovisceral integration of cardiovascular modulation, indicated by sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction, is among common MS clinical presentations. ANS dysfunction could not only enhance MS inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, but can also lead to clinical symptoms such as depression, fatigue, sleep disorder, migraine, osteoporosis, and cerebral hemodynamic impairments. Therefore, factors influencing ANS functional activities, in one way or another, will have a significant impact on MS disease course. This review describes the genetic and epigenetic factors, and their interactions with a number of environmental factors contributing to the neurovisceral integration of cardiovascular modulation, with a focus on MS. Future studies should investigate the improvement in cardiovascular ANS function, as a strategy for preventing and minimizing MS-related morbidities, and improving patients' quality of life.
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Choi Y, Miura M, Nakata Y, Sugasawa T, Nissato S, Otsuki T, Sugawara J, Iemitsu M, Kawakami Y, Shimano H, Iijima Y, Tanaka K, Kuno S, Allu PKR, Mahapatra NR, Maeda S, Takekoshi K. A common genetic variant of the chromogranin A-derived peptide catestatin is associated with atherogenesis and hypertension in a Japanese population. Endocr J 2015. [PMID: 26211667 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CHGA) is a major protein in the secretory granules of chromaffin cells. CHGA also gives rise to cardiovascular/metabolism regulatory peptides, such as catestatin (CST) and pancreastatin (PST). While CST is a potent inhibitor of catecholamine secretion, PST is a potent physiological inhibitor of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Recently, several SNPs were identified in the CST and PST domains of CHGA locus in different populations. Among the discovered SNPs, CST variant allele Ser-364 was associated with blood pressure alteration and PST variant allele Ser-297 was associated with significantly higher plasma glucose level. In this study, we examined whether these CST and PST variant alleles exist and influence cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes in Japanese population. Our study comprised of 343 Japanese subjects aged 45-85 years (143 men and 200 women, mean age 66 ± 8 years). We determined the genotypes of CST and PST by PCR-direct sequencing method and carried out genotype-phenotype association analysis. In 343 participants, the minor allele frequency of CST variant Ser-364 was 6.10%. On the other hand, we did not detect the PST variant Ser-297 in this entire study population. The presence of Ser-364 allele was associated with increased in baPWV (an index of systemic arterial stiffness) that suggests an initiation and/or progression atherogenesis and hypertension. The Ser-364 allele was also associated with elevated systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, consistent with increased baPWV. In conclusion, the CST Ser-364 allele may increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases in Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngju Choi
- Division of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
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Ton QV, Hammes SR. Recent Insights on Circulating Catecholamines in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16:498. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Hypertension has become a major global health burden due to its high prevalence and associated increase in risk of cardiovascular disease and premature death. It is well established that hypertension is determined by both genetic and environmental factors and their complex interactions. Recent large-scale meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified a total of 38 loci which achieved genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for their association with blood pressure (BP). Although the heritability of BP explained by these loci is very limited, GWAS meta-analyses have elicited renewed optimism in hypertension genomics research, highlighting novel pathways influencing BP and elucidating genetic mechanisms underlying BP regulation. This review summarizes evolving progress in the rapidly moving field of hypertension genetics and highlights several promising approaches for dissecting the remaining heritability of BP. It also discusses the future translation of genetic findings to hypertension treatment and prevention.
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Abstract
Catestatin (CST) was first discovered as a potent non-competitive and reversible inhibitor of catecholamine secretion. Recent reports on plasma CST level in heart diseases suggested a cardioprotective role for this peptide. Given that cardiac remodeling is the dominant pathologic process in cardiac dysfunction, we propose that CST participates in the regulation of concern pathways and contributes to the inhibition of cardiac remodeling. In this minireview, the potential mechanism of cardiac remodeling involving CST will be discussed from three aspects: hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Ministry of Education , Beijing , China
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Durakoğlugil ME, Ayaz T, Kocaman SA, Kırbaş A, Durakoğlugil T, Erdoğan T, Çetin M, Şahin OZ, Çiçek Y. The relationship of plasma catestatin concentrations with metabolic and vascular parameters in untreated hypertensive patients: Influence on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Anatol J Cardiol 2014; 15:577-85. [PMID: 25538000 PMCID: PMC5337039 DOI: 10.5152/akd.2014.5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Catestatin has several cardiovascular actions, in addition to diminished sympatho-adrenal flow. Decreased plasma catestatin levels may reflect a predisposition for the development of hypertension and metabolic disorders. We planned to investigate the possible roles of catestatin in untreated hypertensive patients. As a secondary objective, we compared catestatin concentrations of healthy subjects with those of hypertensive patients in order to understand whether catestatin is increased reactively or diminished at onset. METHODS Our study was cross-sectional and observational. The patient group, comprising 109 consecutive untreated hypertensive patients without additional systemic or coronary heart disease, underwent evaluations of plasma catestatin, waist circumference, lipid parameters, left ventricular mass, carotid intima-media thickness, and flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. Additionally, we measured catestatin concentrations of 38 apparently healthy subjects without any disease using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS We documented increased catestatin concentrations in previously untreated hypertensive patients compared to healthy controls (2.27±0.83 vs. 1.92±0.49 ng/mL, p=0.004). However, this association became insignificant after adjustments for age, gender, height, and weight. Within the patient group, catestatin levels were significantly higher in females. Among all study parameters, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) correlated positively to plasma catestatin, whereas triglycerides, hemoglobin, and left ventricular mass correlated negatively to plasma catestatin. We could not detect an association between vascular parameters and catestatin. Catestatin levels were significantly elevated with increasing HDL-C (1.91±0.37, 2.26±0.79, and 3.1±1.23 ng/mL in patients with HDL-C <40, 40-60, and >60 mg/dL, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed age (beta: 0.201, p=0.041) and HDL-C (beta: 0.390, p<0.001) as independent correlates of plasma catestatin concentration. Additionally, male gender (beta:-0.330, p=0.001) and plasma catestatin (beta: 0.299, p=0.002) were significantly associated with HDL-C concentrations. CONCLUSION We documented that plasma catestatin is an independent predictor of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition to antihypertensive effects, catestatin appears to be related to improved lipid and metabolic profiles. Coexistence of low catestatin levels with low HDL-C may provide a probable mechanism for the predictive value of low HDL-C for increased hypertension and cardiovascular events.
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Zhang K, Huentelman MJ, Rao F, Sun EI, Corneveaux JJ, Schork AJ, Wei Z, Waalen J, Miramontes-Gonzalez JP, Hightower CM, Maihofer AX, Mahata M, Pastinen T, Ehret GB, Schork NJ, Eskin E, Nievergelt CM, Saier MH, O'Connor DT. Genetic implication of a novel thiamine transporter in human hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63:1542-55. [PMID: 24509276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study coupled 2 strategies-trait extremes and genome-wide pooling-to discover a novel blood pressure (BP) locus that encodes a previously uncharacterized thiamine transporter. BACKGROUND Hypertension is a heritable trait that remains the most potent and widespread cardiovascular risk factor, although details of its genetic determination are poorly understood. METHODS Representative genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) pools were created from male and female subjects in the highest- and lowest-fifth percentiles of BP in a primary care population of >50,000 patients. The peak associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms were typed in individual DNA samples, as well as in twins/siblings phenotyped for cardiovascular and autonomic traits. Biochemical properties of the associated transporter were evaluated in cellular assays. RESULTS After chip hybridization and calculation of relative allele scores, the peak associations were typed in individual samples, revealing an association between hypertension, systolic BP, and diastolic BP and the previously uncharacterized solute carrier SLC35F3. The BP genetic association at SLC35F3 was validated by meta-analysis in an independent sample from the original source population, as well as the International Consortium for Blood Pressure Genome-Wide Association Studies (across North America and western Europe). Sequence homology to a putative yeast thiamine (vitamin B1) transporter prompted us to express human SLC35F3 in Escherichia coli, which catalyzed [(3)H]-thiamine uptake. SLC35F3 risk-allele homozygotes (T/T) displayed decreased erythrocyte thiamine content on microbiological assay. In twin pairs, the SLC35F3 risk allele predicted heritable cardiovascular traits previously associated with thiamine deficiency, including elevated cardiac stroke volume with decreased vascular resistance, and elevated pressor responses to environmental (cold) stress. Allelic expression imbalance confirmed that cis variation at the human SLC35F3 locus influenced expression of that gene, and the allelic expression imbalance peak coincided with the hypertension peak. CONCLUSIONS Novel strategies were coupled to position a new hypertension-susceptibility locus, uncovering a previously unsuspected thiamine transporter whose genetic variants predicted several disturbances in cardiac and autonomic function. The results have implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of systemic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuixing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Division of Neurogenomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Fangwen Rao
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Eric I Sun
- Department of Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - Jason J Corneveaux
- Division of Neurogenomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Zhiyun Wei
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Jill Waalen
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - C Makena Hightower
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California; Departments of Human and Medical Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manjula Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Departments of Human and Medical Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Georg B Ehret
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Nicholas J Schork
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, La Jolla, California; Departments of Computer Science and Human Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Departments of Human and Medical Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California; Departments of Human and Medical Genetics, McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Daniel T O'Connor
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Department of Pharmacology and the Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California.
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Gramlich OW, Lorenz K, Grus FH, Kriechbaum M, Ehrlich D, Humpel C, Fischer-Colbrie R, Bechrakis NE, Troger J. Catestatin-like immunoreactivity in the rat eye. Neuropeptides 2014; 48:7-13. [PMID: 24331778 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the presence and distribution of the chromogranin A-derived peptide catestatin in the rat eye and trigeminal ganglion by immunofluorescence using an antibody which recognizes not only free catestatin but also larger fragments containing the sequence of catestatin. Western blots were performed in an attempt to characterize the immunoreactivities detected by the catestatin antiserum. Sparse immunoreactive nerve fibers were visualized in the corneal stroma, in the chamber angle, in the sphincter muscle but also in association with the dilator muscle, in the stroma of the ciliary body and processes, but dense in the irideal stroma, around blood vessels at the limbus and in the choroid and in cells of the innermost retina representing amacrine cells as identified by colocalization with substance P. Furthermore, catestatin-immunoreactivity was detected in the trigeminal ganglion in small to medium-sized cells and there were abundant catestatin-positive nerve fibers stained throughout the stroma of the ganglion. Double immunofluorescence of catestatin with substance P revealed colocalization both in cells of the trigeminal ganglion as well as in nerve fibers in the choroid. The immunoreactivities are present obviously as free catestatin and/or small-sized catestatin-containing fragments in the retina and ocular nerves but as large processed fragments as well, weak in the retina and more prominent in remaining ocular tissues, possibly in endothelial cells. This indicates that this peptide is a constituent of sensory neurons innervating the rat eye and the presence in amacrine cells in the retina is typical for neuropeptides. Catestatin is biologically highly active and might be of significance in the pathophysiology of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Gramlich
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Lorenz
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maren Kriechbaum
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela Ehrlich
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimers Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimers Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reiner Fischer-Colbrie
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter Mayrstraße 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Josef Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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D'amico MA, Ghinassi B, Izzicupo P, Manzoli L, Di Baldassarre A. Biological function and clinical relevance of chromogranin A and derived peptides. Endocr Connect 2014; 3:R45-54. [PMID: 24671122 PMCID: PMC5395093 DOI: 10.1530/ec-14-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA (CHGA)) is the major soluble protein co-stored and co-released with catecholamines and can function as a pro-hormone by giving rise to several bioactive peptides. This review summarizes the physiological functions, the pathogenic implications, and the recent use of these molecules as biomarkers in several pathological conditions. A thorough literature review of the electronic healthcare databases MEDLINE, from January 1985 to September 2013, was conducted to identify articles and studies concerned with CgA and its processing. The search strategies utilized keywords such as chromogranin A, vasostatins 1 and 2, chromofungin, chromacin, pancreastatin, catestatin, WE14, chromostatin, GE25, parastatin, and serpinin and was supplemented by the screening of references from included papers and review articles. A total of 209 English-language, peer-reviewed original articles or reviews were examined. The analysis of the retrospective literature suggested that CgA and its several bioactive fragments exert a broad spectrum of regulatory activities by influencing the endocrine, the cardiovascular, and the immune systems and by affecting the glucose or calcium homeostasis. As some peptides exert similar effects, but others elicit opposite responses, the regulation of the CgA processing is critical to maintain homeostasis, whereas an unbalanced production of peptides that exert opposing effects can have a pathogenic role in several diseases. These clinical implications entail that CgA and its derived peptides are now used as diagnostic and prognostic markers or to monitor the response to pharmacological intervention not only in endocrine tumors, but also in cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Zhang K, Biswas N, Gayen JR, Miramontes-Gonzalez JP, Hightower CM, Mustapic M, Mahata M, Huang CT, Hook VY, Mahata SK, Vaingankar S, O'Connor DT. Chromogranin B: intra- and extra-cellular mechanisms to regulate catecholamine storage and release, in catecholaminergic cells and organisms. J Neurochem 2013; 129:48-59. [PMID: 24266713 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin B (CHGB) is the major matrix protein in human catecholamine storage vesicles. CHGB genetic variation alters catecholamine secretion and blood pressure. Here, effective Chgb protein under-expression was achieved by siRNA in PC12 cells, resulting in ~ 48% fewer secretory granules on electron microscopy, diminished capacity for catecholamine uptake (by ~ 79%), and a ~ 73% decline in stores available for nicotinic cholinergic-stimulated secretion. In vivo, loss of Chgb in knockout mice resulted in a ~ 35% decline in chromaffin granule abundance and ~ 44% decline in granule diameter, accompanied by unregulated catecholamine release into plasma. Over-expression of CHGB was achieved by transduction of a CHGB-expressing lentivirus, resulting in ~ 127% elevation in CHGB protein, with ~ 122% greater abundance of secretory granules, but only ~ 14% increased uptake of catecholamines, and no effect on nicotinic-triggered secretion. Human CHGB protein and its proteolytic fragments inhibited nicotinic-stimulated catecholamine release by ~ 72%. One conserved-region CHGB peptide inhibited nicotinic-triggered secretion by up to ~ 41%, with partial blockade of cationic signal transduction. We conclude that bi-directional quantitative derangements in CHGB abundance result in profound changes in vesicular storage and release of catecholamines. When processed and released extra-cellularly, CHGB proteolytic fragments exert a feedback effect to inhibit catecholamine secretion, especially during nicotinic cholinergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuixing Zhang
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
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Friese RS, Altshuler AE, Zhang K, Miramontes-Gonzalez JP, Hightower CM, Jirout ML, Salem RM, Gayen JR, Mahapatra NR, Biswas N, Cale M, Vaingankar SM, Kim HS, Courel M, Taupenot L, Ziegler MG, Schork NJ, Pravenec M, Mahata SK, Schmid-Schönbein GW, O'Connor DT. MicroRNA-22 and promoter motif polymorphisms at the Chga locus in genetic hypertension: functional and therapeutic implications for gene expression and the pathogenesis of hypertension. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3624-40. [PMID: 23674521 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a common hereditary syndrome with unclear pathogenesis. Chromogranin A (Chga), which catalyzes formation and cargo storage of regulated secretory granules in neuroendocrine cells, contributes to blood pressure homeostasis centrally and peripherally. Elevated Chga occurs in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) adrenal glands and plasma, but central expression is unexplored. In this report, we measured SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rat (control) Chga expression in central and peripheral nervous systems, and found Chga protein to be decreased in the SHR brainstem, yet increased in the adrenal and the plasma. By re-sequencing, we systematically identified five promoter, two coding and one 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) polymorphism at the SHR (versus WKY or BN) Chga locus. Using HXB/BXH recombinant inbred (RI) strain linkage and correlations, we demonstrated genetic determination of Chga expression in SHR, including a cis-quantitative trait loci (QTLs) (i.e. at the Chga locus), and such expression influenced biochemical determinants of blood pressure, including a cascade of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, catecholamines themselves and steroids. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that the 3'-UTR polymorphism (which disrupts a microRNA miR-22 motif) and promoter polymorphisms altered gene expression consistent with the decline in SHR central Chga expression. Coding region polymorphisms did not account for changes in Chga expression or function. Thus, we hypothesized that the 3'-UTR and promoter mutations lead to dysregulation (diminution) of Chga in brainstem cardiovascular control nuclei, ultimately contributing to the pathogenesis of hypertension in SHR. Accordingly, we demonstrated that in vivo administration of miR-22 antagomir to SHR causes substantial (∼18 mmHg) reductions in blood pressure, opening a novel therapeutic avenue for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Friese
- Department of Bioengineering, VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Lin WJ, Salton SR. The regulated secretory pathway and human disease: insights from gene variants and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:96. [PMID: 23964269 PMCID: PMC3734370 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulated secretory pathway provides critical control of peptide, growth factor, and hormone release from neuroendocrine and endocrine cells, and neurons, maintaining physiological homeostasis. Propeptides and prohormones are packaged into dense core granules (DCGs), where they frequently undergo tissue-specific processing as the DCG matures. Proteins of the granin family are DCG components, and although their function is not fully understood, data suggest they are involved in DCG formation and regulated protein/peptide secretion, in addition to their role as precursors of bioactive peptides. Association of gene variation, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with neuropsychiatric, endocrine, and metabolic diseases, has implicated specific secreted proteins and peptides in disease pathogenesis. For example, a SNP at position 196 (G/A) of the human brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene dysregulates protein processing and secretion and leads to cognitive impairment. This suggests more generally that variants identified in genes encoding secreted growth factors, peptides, hormones, and proteins involved in DCG biogenesis, protein processing, and the secretory apparatus, could provide insight into the process of regulated secretion as well as disorders that result when it is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jye Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen R. Salton
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Stephen R. Salton, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1065, New York, NY 10029, USA e-mail:
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Biswas N, Gayen J, Mahata M, Su Y, Mahata SK, O'Connor DT. Novel peptide isomer strategy for stable inhibition of catecholamine release: application to hypertension. Hypertension 2012; 60:1552-9. [PMID: 23129699 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.202127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although hypertension remains the most potent and widespread cardiovascular risk factor, its pharmacological treatment has achieved only limited success. The chromogranin A-derived fragment catestatin inhibits catecholamine release by acting as an endogenous nicotinic cholinergic antagonist and can rescue hypertension in the setting of chromogranin A-targeted ablation. Here, we undertook novel peptide chemistry to synthesize isomers of catestatin: normal/wild-type as well as a retro-inverso (R-I) version, with not only inversion of chirality (L → D amino acids) but also reversal of sequence (carboxyl → amino). The R-I peptide was entirely resistant to proteolytic digestion and displayed enhanced potency as well as preserved specificity of action toward nicotinic cholinergic events: catecholamine secretion, agonist desensitization, secretory protein transcription, and cationic signal transduction. Structural modeling suggested similar side-chain orientations of the wild-type and R-I isomers, whereas circular dichroism spectroscopy documented inversion of chirality. In vivo, the R-I peptide rescued hypertension in 2 mouse models of the human trait: monogenic chromogranin A-targeted ablation, with prolonged efficacy of the R-I version and a polygenic model, with magnified efficacy of the R-I version. These results may have general implications for generation of metabolically stable mimics of biologically active peptides for cardiovascular pathways. The findings also point the way toward a potential new class of drug therapeutics for an important risk trait and, more generally, open the door to broader applications of the R-I strategy in other pathways involved in cardiovascular biology, with the potential for synthesis of diagnostic and therapeutic probes for both physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilima Biswas
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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35
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Sahu BS, Obbineni JM, Sahu G, Allu PKR, Subramanian L, Sonawane PJ, Singh PK, Sasi BK, Senapati S, Maji SK, Bera AK, Gomathi BS, Mullasari AS, Mahapatra NR. Functional genetic variants of the catecholamine-release-inhibitory peptide catestatin in an Indian population: allele-specific effects on metabolic traits. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43840-52. [PMID: 23105094 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.407916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), a chromogranin A (CHGA)-derived peptide, is a potent inhibitor of catecholamine release from adrenal chromaffin cells and postganglionic sympathetic axons. We re-sequenced the CST region of CHGA in an Indian population (n = 1010) and detected two amino acid substitution variants: G364S and G367V. Synthesized CST variant peptides (viz. CST-Ser-364 and CST-Val-367) were significantly less potent than the wild type peptide (CST-WT) to inhibit nicotine-stimulated catecholamine secretion from PC12 cells. Consistently, the rank-order of blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-stimulated inward current and intracellular Ca(2+) rise by these peptides in PC12 cells was: CST-WT > CST-Ser-364 > CST-Val-367. Structural analysis by CD spectroscopy coupled with molecular dynamics simulations revealed the following order of α-helical content: CST-WT > CST-Ser-364 > CST-Val-367; docking of CST peptides onto a major human nAChR subtype and molecular dynamics simulations also predicted the above rank order for their binding affinity with nAChR and the extent of occlusion of the receptor pore, providing a mechanistic basis for differential potencies. The G364S polymorphism was in strong linkage disequilibrium with several common CHGA genetic variations. Interestingly, the Ser-364 allele (detected in ∼15% subjects) was strongly associated with profound reduction (up to ∼2.1-fold) in plasma norepinephrine/epinephrine levels consistent with the diminished nAChR desensitization-blocking effect of CST-Ser-364 as compared with CST-WT. Additionally, the Ser-364 allele showed strong associations with elevated levels of plasma triglyceride and glucose levels. In conclusion, a common CHGA variant in an Indian population influences several biochemical parameters relevant to cardiovascular/metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani S Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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Gaede AH, Inglott MA, Farnham MMJ, Pilowsky PM. Catestatin has an unexpected effect on the intrathecal actions of PACAP dramatically reducing blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R719-26. [PMID: 22874427 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00202.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on presympathetic neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) that regulate sympathetic vasomotor tone. Many neurotransmitters are colocalized in RVLM neurons and are released under specific conditions to modulate efferent homeostatic responses. Of particular interest here are two peptides colocalized in catecholaminergic RVLM neurons: catestatin and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). Chromogranin A-derived catestatin is a potent endogenous noncompetitive nicotinic and adrenoreceptor antagonist. Catestatin impairs adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C action: mechanisms engaged by PACAP. Although PACAP and catestatin are likely coreleased, the possible effects of this are unknown. We aimed to determine whether catestatin affects the normal sympathoexcitatory but isotensive responses to intrathecal PACAP. Urethane-anesthetized, vagotomized, ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 22) were given an intrathecal injection of catestatin at different times prior to intrathecal administration of PACAP-38. Arterial pressure, splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate, and reflex responses to baroreceptor and chemoreceptor activation were recorded. The key findings of this study are that pretreatment with catestatin time dependently enhances the PACAP-38 effect on mean arterial pressure and enhances sympathetic barosensitivity and chemosensitivity. The time-scale of the effect of catestatin on the response to PACAP-38 strongly suggests that catestatin is either causing changes in gene expression to exert its effects, or modifying intracellular mechanisms normally engaged by PAC(1) receptors. The ability of catestatin pretreatment to enhance barosensitivity and chemosensitivity after PACAP-38 injection supports the hypothesis that catestatin manipulates the intracellular environment within sympathetic neurons in a way that increases responses to PACAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Gaede
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie Univ., Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
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Bosker FJ, Wu T, Gladkevich A, Ge D, Treiber FA, Snieder H. Urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion rates are heritable, but not associated with office and ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:1164-70. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Currie G, Freel EM, Perry CG, Dominiczak AF. Disorders of blood pressure regulation-role of catecholamine biosynthesis, release, and metabolism. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14:38-45. [PMID: 22068338 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are synthesised and produced by the adrenal medulla and postganglionic nerve fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. It is known that essential hypertension has a significant neurogenic component, with the rise in blood pressure mediated at least in part by overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Moreover, novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing sympathetic activity show promise in the treatment of hypertension. This article reviews recent advances within this rapidly changing field, particularly focusing on the role of genetic polymorphisms within key catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, cofactors, and storage molecules. In addition, mechanisms linking the sympathetic nervous system and other adverse cardiovascular states (obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia) are discussed, along with speculation as to how recent scientific advances may lead to the emergence of novel antihypertensive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Currie
- Department of Endocrinology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
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39
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Cardiac heterometric response: the interplay between Catestatin and nitric oxide deciphered by the frog heart. Nitric Oxide 2012; 27:40-9. [PMID: 22555002 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The length-active tension relation or heterometric regulation (Frank-Starling mechanism) is modulated by nitric oxide (NO) which, released in pulsatile fashion from the beating heart, improves myocardial relaxation and diastolic distensibility. The NO signaling is also implicated in the homeometric regulation exerted by extrinsic factors such as autonomic nervous system, endocrine and humoral agents. In the in vitro working frog heart, the Chromogranin A (CGA)-derived peptide, Catestatin (CTS; bovine CGA344-364), exerts a direct cardio-suppressive action through a NOS-NO-cGMP-mediated mechanism which requires the functional integrity of the endocardial endothelium (EE) and its endothelin-1 B type (ETB) receptor. However, functional interplay between NO and CTS and their role in the Frank-Starling response of the frog heart are lacking. Here we show that CTS improves the sensitivity to preload increases similar to that exerted by NO. This effect is abolished by inhibition of NO synthase (L-NAME), guanylate cyclase (ODQ), protein kinase G (KT5823), PI3K (Wortmannin), as well as by the functional damage of EE (Triton X-100) suggesting that CTS operates through an EE-dependent NO release. On the whole, the use of the avascular frog heart revealed the EE as major sensor-transducer interface between the physical (volume load) and chemical (CTS) stimuli, NO functioning as a connector between heterometric and homeometric regulation.
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40
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Sympathetic nervous system: role in hypertension and in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:46-51. [PMID: 22080859 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834db45d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A number of cardiovascular disease have been shown to be characterized by a marked increase in sympathetic drive to the heart and peripheral circulation. This is the case for essential hypertension, congestive heart failure, obesity, metabolic syndrome and chronic renal failure. This review focuses on the most recent findings documenting the role of sympathetic neural factors in the development and progression of the hypertensive state as well as of target organ damage. It also reviews the participation of sympathetic neural factors in the development of the earlier stages of renal failure. RECENT FINDINGS A marked increase in sympathetic neural discharge, as assessed via the microneurographic technique, has been shown to occur in the predialytic stage of chronic renal failure. Recent evidence, however, indicates that also in the earlier clinical phases of kidney disease, sympathetic activation is detectable. Further data show that sympathetic neural mechanisms participate in renal and/or hypertensive disease progression, favouring the development of target organ damage. Finally, recent findings indicate that the metabolic disarray frequently complicating the high blood pressure state (metabolic syndrome, dislipidemia, insulin resistance) may have as pathophysiological background a sympathetic overdrive. Altogether these data represent the rationale for employing in hypertension (and particularly in resistant hypertension) therapeutic interventions such as carotid baroreceptor stimulation and renal denervation, capable of exerting sympathoinhibitory effects. SUMMARY The sympathetic nervous system represents a major pathophysiological hallmark of both hypertension and renal failure and is an important target for the therapeutic intervention.
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Loh YP, Cheng Y, Mahata SK, Corti A, Tota B. Chromogranin A and derived peptides in health and disease. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:347-56. [PMID: 22388654 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a member of the granins, a family of acidic proteins found in abundance in (neuro)endocrine cells (e.g., in chromaffin cells) and in some tumors. Like other granins, CgA has a granulogenic role in secretory granule biogenesis and is stored in these organelles. CgA is partially processed differentially in various cell types to yield biologically active peptides, such as vasostatin, pancreastatin, catestatin, and serpinins. In this review, we describe the roles of CgA and several of its derived peptides. CgA, which is elevated in the blood of cancer patients, inhibits angiogenesis and exerts protective effects on the endothelial barrier function in tumors, thus affecting response to chemotherapy. Recent studies indicate that the serpinins promote cell survival and myocardial contractility and relaxation. Other peptides such as pancreastatin were found to have significant effects on inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose up-take, induction of glycogenolysis in hepatocytes, and inhibition of lipogenesis. In contrast, catestatin has opposite effects to that of pancreastatin in glucose metabolism and lipogenesis. Catestatin appears to also play a significant role in cardiac function, blood pressure regulation, and mutations in the catestatin domain of the CgA gene are associated with hypertension in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Sahu BS, Mohan J, Obbineni JM, Sahu G, Singh PK, Sonawane PJ, Sasi BK, Allu PKR, Maji SK, Bera AK, Senapati S, Mahapatra NR. Molecular interactions of the physiological anti-hypertensive peptide catestatin with the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2323-37. [PMID: 22357947 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.103176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), a chromogranin-A-derived peptide, is a potent endogenous inhibitor of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). It exerts an anti-hypertensive effect by acting as a 'physiological brake' on transmitter release into the circulation. However, the mechanism of interaction of CST with nAChR is only partially understood. To unravel molecular interactions of the wild-type human CST (CST-WT) as well as its naturally occurring variants (CST-364S and CST-370L, which have Gly→Ser and Pro→Leu substitutions, respectively) with the human α3β4 nAChR, we generated a homology-modeled human α3β4 nAChR structure and solution structures of CST peptides. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations showed that ~90% of interacting residues were within 15 N-terminal residues of CST peptides. The rank order of binding affinity of these peptides with nAChR was: CST-370L>CST-WT>CST-364S; the extent of occlusion of the receptor pore by these peptides was also in the same order. In corroboration with computational predictions, circular dichroism analysis revealed significant differences in global structures of CST peptides (e.g. the order of α-helical content was: CST-370L>CST-WT>CST-364S). Consistently, CST peptides blocked various stages of nAChR signal transduction, such as nicotine- or acetylcholine-evoked inward current, rise in intracellular Ca(2+) and catecholamine secretion in or from neuron-differentiated PC12 cells, in the same rank order. Taken together, this study shows molecular interactions between human CST peptides and human α3β4 nAChR, and demonstrates that alterations in the CST secondary structure lead to the gain of potency for CST-370L and loss of potency for CST-364S. These findings have implications for understanding the nicotinic cholinergic signaling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani S Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Wang X, Prins BP, Sõber S, Laan M, Snieder H. Beyond genome-wide association studies: new strategies for identifying genetic determinants of hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13:442-51. [PMID: 21953487 PMCID: PMC3212682 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic linkage and association methods have long been the most important tools for gene identification in humans. These approaches can either be hypothesis-based (i.e., candidate-gene studies) or hypothesis-free (i.e., genome-wide studies). The first part of this review offers an overview of the latest successes in gene finding for blood pressure (BP) and essential hypertension using these DNA sequence-based discovery techniques. We further emphasize the importance of post-genome-wide association study (post-GWAS) analysis, which aims to prioritize genetic variants for functional follow-up. Whole-genome next-generation sequencing will eventually be necessary to provide a more comprehensive picture of all DNA variants affecting BP and hypertension. The second part of this review discusses promising novel approaches that move beyond the DNA sequence and aim to discover BP genes that are differentially regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, including microRNAs, histone modification, and methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Bram P. Prins
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology & Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siim Sõber
- Human Molecular Genetics group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Laan
- Human Molecular Genetics group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Harold Snieder
- Unit of Genetic Epidemiology & Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Bartolomucci A, Possenti R, Mahata SK, Fischer-Colbrie R, Loh YP, Salton SRJ. The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:755-97. [PMID: 21862681 PMCID: PMC3591675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranins (chromogranin A and chromogranin B), secretogranins (secretogranin II and secretogranin III), and additional related proteins (7B2, NESP55, proSAAS, and VGF) that together comprise the granin family subserve essential roles in the regulated secretory pathway that is responsible for controlled delivery of peptides, hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Here we review the structure and function of granins and granin-derived peptides and expansive new genetic evidence, including recent single-nucleotide polymorphism mapping, genomic sequence comparisons, and analysis of transgenic and knockout mice, which together support an important and evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in large dense-core vesicle biogenesis and regulated secretion. Recent data further indicate that their processed peptides function prominently in metabolic and glucose homeostasis, emotional behavior, pain pathways, and blood pressure modulation, suggesting future utility of granins and granin-derived peptides as novel disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Schillaci G, De Vuono S, Pucci G. An endogenous brake on the sympathetic nervous system: the emerging role of catestatin in hypertension. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2011; 12:609-12. [PMID: 21792021 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e328348d925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhu D, Wang F, Yu H, Mi L, Gao W. Catestatin is useful in detecting patients with stage B heart failure. Biomarkers 2011; 16:691-7. [PMID: 22050388 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.629058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Screening patients with stage B heart failure(HF) may be one strategy for reducing human morbidity. To describe catestatin levels in different stages of HF and evaluate the diagnostic utility of catestatin for detecting stage B HF, we included 300 patients. Catestatin, BNP testing and echocardiogram were performed. Our studies showed catestatin decreased gradually from stage A to C. There was significant difference between stage A and B. Cutoff value for detecting stage B HF was 19.73 ng/ml for catestatin with 90% sensitivity and 50.9% specificity. These results may have implications in the new method to detect patients with stage B HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Wang X, Xu S, Liang Y, Zhu D, Mi L, Wang G, Gao W. Dramatic changes in catestatin are associated with hemodynamics in acute myocardial infarction. Biomarkers 2011; 16:372-7. [PMID: 21545240 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.578260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is characterized by complex neuroendocrine activation. To investigate catestatin profiles, serial catestatin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the first week after AMI in 50 patients. Catestatin levels reduced at admission and negatively correlated with heart rates; it increased significantly on the third day but remained decreased at 1 week and positively with blood pressure. In a subgroup of 20 patients admitted within 4 h after onset, circulating catestatin correlated inversely with norepinephrine. Catestatin might be involved in the course of AMI and act as a tool in monitoring the progression of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Bassino E, Fornero S, Gallo MP, Ramella R, Mahata SK, Tota B, Levi R, Alloatti G. A novel catestatin-induced antiadrenergic mechanism triggered by the endothelial PI3K-eNOS pathway in the myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:617-24. [PMID: 21543385 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Catestatin (CST) is a chromogranin A (CgA)-derived peptide (hCgA352-372) with three identified human variants (G364S/P370L/R374Q-CST) that show differential potencies towards the inhibition of catecholamine release. Although CST affects several cardiovascular parameters, the mechanisms underlying CST action in the heart have remained elusive. Therefore, we sought to determine the mechanism of action of CST and its variants on ventricular myocardium and endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Contractile force and Ca(2+) transients were measured, respectively, on rat papillary muscles and isolated cardiomyocytes (CC) under basal conditions and after β-adrenergic stimulation. Nitric oxide (NO) production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation (P(Ser1179)eNOS) were studied in bovine aortic endothelial (BAE-1) cells. Under basal conditions, wild-type CST (WT-CST, 10-50 nM) transiently enhanced myocardial contractility. CST variants (G364S and P370L) exerted a comparable positive inotropic effect. The H(1) histamine receptor antagonist mepyramine abolished the increase of contractile force induced by WT-CST. Moreover, WT-CST dose-dependently (5-50 nM) reduced the effect of β-adrenergic stimulation. This anti-adrenergic effect was not mediated by a direct action on CC, but involved a PI3K-dependent NO release from endocardial endothelial cells. Indeed, CST induced a wortmannin-sensitive, Ca(2+)-independent increase in NO production and eNOS phosphorylation on BAE-1 cells. While the anti-adrenergic and NO release effects of P370L-CST were comparable with those of WT-CST, the G364S variant was ineffective on the same parameters. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the anti-adrenergic action of CST depends on the endothelial PI3K-Akt-eNOS pathway and that its structural alterations entail functional features that correlate with the different anti-hypertensive potential described in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bassino
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina, 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
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