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Yang J, Hall JE, Jose PA, Chen K, Zeng C. Comprehensive insights in GRK4 and hypertension: From mechanisms to potential therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Interactions between the intrarenal dopaminergic and the renin-angiotensin systems in the control of systemic arterial pressure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1205-1227. [PMID: 35979889 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the general population, being a risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases. Although its pathogenesis is complex and still poorly understood, some systems appear to play major roles in its development. This review aims to update the current knowledge on the interaction of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and dopaminergic system in the development of hypertension, focusing on recent scientific hallmarks in the field. The intrarenal RAS, composed of several peptides and receptors, has a critical role in the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and, consequently, the development of hypertension. The RAS is divided into two main intercommunicating axes: the classical axis, composed of angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin II, and angiotensin type 1 receptor, and the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis, which appears to modulate the effects of the classical axis. Dopamine and its receptors are also increasingly showing an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, as abnormalities in the intrarenal dopaminergic system impair the regulation of renal sodium transport, regardless of the affected dopamine receptor subtype. There are five dopamine receptors, which are divided into two major subtypes: the D1-like (D1R and D5R) and D2-like (D2R, D3R, and D4R) receptors. Mice deficient in any of the five dopamine receptor subtypes have increased BP. Intrarenal RAS and the dopaminergic system have complex interactions. The balance between both systems is essential to regulate the BP homeostasis, as alterations in the control of both can lead to hypertension.
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Lee H, Jiang X, Perwaiz I, Yu P, Wang J, Wang Y, Hüttemann M, Felder RA, Sibley DR, Polster BM, Rozyyev S, Armando I, Yang Z, Qu P, Jose PA. Dopamine D 5 receptor-mediated decreases in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production are cAMP and autophagy dependent. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:628-641. [PMID: 33820956 PMCID: PMC8369611 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The dopamine D5 receptor (D5R) is known to decrease ROS production, but the mechanism is not completely understood. In HEK293 cells overexpressing D5R, fenoldopam, an agonist of the two D1-like receptors, D1R and D5R, decreased the production of mitochondria-derived ROS (mito-ROS). The fenoldopam-mediated decrease in mito-ROS production was mimicked by Sp-cAMPS but blocked by Rp-cAMPS. In human renal proximal tubule cells with DRD1 gene silencing to eliminate the confounding effect of D1R, fenoldopam still decreased mito-ROS production. By contrast, Sch23390, a D1R and D5R antagonist, increased mito-ROS production in the absence of D1R, D5R is constitutively active. The fenoldopam-mediated inhibition of mito-ROS production may have been related to autophagy because fenoldopam increased the expression of the autophagy hallmark proteins, autophagy protein 5 (ATG5), and the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC)3-II. In the presence of chloroquine or spautin-1, inhibitors of autophagy, fenoldopam further increased ATG5 and LC3-II expression, indicating an important role of D5R in the positive regulation of autophagy. However, when autophagy was inhibited, fenoldopam was unable to inhibit ROS production. Indeed, the levels of these autophagy hallmark proteins were decreased in the kidney cortices of Drd5-/- mice. Moreover, ROS production was increased in mitochondria isolated from the kidney cortices of Drd5-/- mice, relative to Drd5+/+ littermates. In conclusion, D5R-mediated activation of autophagy plays a role in the D5R-mediated inhibition of mito-ROS production in the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewang Lee
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA,Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, Affiliated Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA,Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA,Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Imran Perwaiz
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, Affiliated Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Peiying Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA,Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, Affiliated Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, Affiliated Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robin A. Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David R. Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian M. Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Selim Rozyyev
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ines Armando
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA,Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Qu
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, Affiliated Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA,Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Jiang X, Shao M, Liu X, Liu X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Yin K, Wang S, Hu Y, Jose PA, Zhou Z, Xu F, Yang Z. Reversible Treatment of Pressure Overload-Induced Left Ventricular Hypertrophy through Drd5 Nucleic Acid Delivery Mediated by Functional Polyaminoglycoside. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003706. [PMID: 33717857 PMCID: PMC7927605 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis are major risk factors for heart failure, which require timely and effective treatment. Genetic therapy has been shown to ameliorate hypertrophic cardiac damage. In this study, it is found that in mice, the dopamine D5 receptor (D5R) expression in the left ventricle (LV) progressively decreases with worsening of transverse aortic constriction-induced left ventricular hypertrophy. Then, a reversible treatment of left ventricular hypertrophy with Drd5 nucleic acids delivered by tobramycin-based hyperbranched polyaminoglycoside (SS-HPT) is studied. The heart-specific increase in D5R expression by SS-HPT/Drd5 plasmid in the early stage of left ventricular hypertrophy attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis by preventing oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ameliorating autophagic dysregulation. By contrast, SS-HPT/Drd5 siRNA promotes the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy and accelerates the deterioration of myocardial function into heart failure. The reduction in cardiac D5R expression and dysregulated autophagy are observed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. The data show a cardiac-specific beneficial effect of SS-HPT/Drd5 plasmid on myocardial remodeling and dysfunction, which may provide an effective therapy of patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS & PUMC), and Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases5 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100021P. R. China
| | - Meiyu Shao
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural MacromoleculesMinistry of EducationBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | - Xue Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS & PUMC), and Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases5 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100021P. R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS & PUMC), and Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases5 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100021P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryHenan Provincial People's HospitalPeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450003P. R. China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Department of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryHenan Provincial People's HospitalPeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450003P. R. China
| | - Kunlun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseBeijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular DiseasesDiagnostic Laboratory ServiceFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037P. R. China
| | - Shuiyun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037P. R. China
| | - Yang Hu
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural MacromoleculesMinistry of EducationBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine & Health SciencesWashingtonDC20052USA
- Department of MedicineDivision of Kidney Diseases & HypertensionThe George Washington University School of Medicine & Health SciencesWashingtonDC20052USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseBeijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular DiseasesDiagnostic Laboratory ServiceFuwai HospitalNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100037P. R. China
| | - Fu‐Jian Xu
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural MacromoleculesMinistry of EducationBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS & PUMC), and Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases5 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100021P. R. China
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Singh S, Warren HR, Hiltunen TP, McDonough CW, El Rouby N, Salvi E, Wang Z, Garofalidou T, Fyhrquist F, Kontula KK, Glorioso V, Zaninello R, Glorioso N, Pepine CJ, Munroe PB, Turner ST, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E, Johnson JA, Gong Y, Cooper-DeHoff RM. Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Blood Pressure Response to β 1-Blockers: Results From ICAPS (International Consortium of Antihypertensive Pharmacogenomics Studies). J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e013115. [PMID: 31423876 PMCID: PMC6759913 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThere exists a wide interindividual variability in blood pressure (BP) response to β1-blockers. To identify the genetic determinants of this variability, we performed a pharmacogenomic genome-wide meta-analysis of genetic variants influencing β1-blocker BP response.Methods and ResultsGenome-wide association analysis for systolic BP and diastolic BP response to β1-blockers from 5 randomized clinical trials consisting of 1254 patients with hypertension of European ancestry were combined in meta-analysis and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with P<10-4 were tested for replication in 2 independent randomized clinical trials of β1-blocker-treated patients of European ancestry (n=1552). Regions harboring the replicated SNPs were validated in a β1-blocker-treated black cohort from 2 randomized clinical trials (n=315). A missense SNP rs28404156 in BST1 was associated with systolic BP response to β1-blockers in the discovery meta-analysis (P=9.33×10-5, β=-3.21 mm Hg) and replicated at Bonferroni significance (P=1.85×10-4, β=-4.86 mm Hg) in the replication meta-analysis with combined meta-analysis approaching genome-wide significance (P=2.18×10-7). This SNP in BST1 is in linkage disequilibrium with several SNPs with putative regulatory functions in nearby genes, including CD38, FBXL5, and FGFBP1, all of which have been implicated in BP regulation. SNPs in this genetic region were also associated with BP response in the black cohort.ConclusionsData from randomized clinical trials of 8 European ancestry and 2 black cohorts support the assumption that BST1 containing locus on chromosome 4 is associated with β1-blocker BP response. Given the previous associations of this region with BP, this is a strong candidate region for future functional studies and potential use in precision medicine approaches for BP management and risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Singh
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center Queen Mary University of London United Kingdom
| | - Timo P Hiltunen
- Department of Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Medicine University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Caitrin W McDonough
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL
| | - Nihal El Rouby
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL
| | - Erika Salvi
- Neuroalgology Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan Italy
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center Houston TX
| | - Tatiana Garofalidou
- William Harvey Research Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London United Kingdom
| | - Frej Fyhrquist
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research Helsinki Finland
| | - Kimmo K Kontula
- Department of Medicine University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Medicine University of Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Roberta Zaninello
- Hypertension and related diseases Centre Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Sassari Italy
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and related diseases Centre Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Sassari Italy
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center Queen Mary University of London United Kingdom
| | - Stephan T Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
| | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics and Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center Houston TX
| | - Julie A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL
| | - Rhonda M Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL
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Wang S, Tan X, Chen P, Zheng S, Ren H, Cai J, Zhou L, Jose PA, Yang J, Zeng C. Role of Thioredoxin 1 in Impaired Renal Sodium Excretion of hD 5 R F173L Transgenic Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012192. [PMID: 30957627 PMCID: PMC6507211 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Dopamine D5 receptor (D5R) plays an important role in the maintenance of blood pressure by regulating renal sodium transport. Our previous study found that human D5R mutant F173L transgenic ( hD 5 R F173L-TG) mice are hypertensive. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms causing this renal D5R dysfunction in hD 5 R F173L-TG mice. Methods and Results Compared with wild-type D5R-TG ( hD 5 R WT-TG) mice, hD 5 R F173L-TG mice have higher blood pressure, lower basal urine flow and sodium excretion, and impaired agonist-mediated natriuresis and diuresis. Enhanced reactive oxygen species production in hD 5 R F173L-TG mice is caused, in part, by decreased expression of antioxidant enzymes, including thioredoxin 1 (Trx1). Na+-K+-ATPase activity is increased in mouse renal proximal tubule cells transfected with hD 5 R F173L, but is normalized by treatment with exogenous recombinant human Trx1 protein. Regulation of Trx1 by D5R occurs by the phospholipase C/ protein kinase C (PKC) pathway because upregulation of Trx1 expression by D5R does not occur in renal proximal tubule cells from D1R knockout mice in the presence of a phospholipase C or PKC inhibitor. Fenoldopam, a D1R and D5R agonist, stimulates PKC activity in primary renal proximal tubule cells of hD5R WT -TG mice, but not in those of hD 5 R F173L-TG mice. Hyperphosphorylation of hD5RF173L and its dissociation from Gαs and Gαq are associated with impairment of D5R-mediated inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity in hD 5 R F173L-TG mice. Conclusions These suggest that hD 5 R F173L increases blood pressure, in part, by decreasing renal Trx1 expression and increasing reactive oxygen species production. Hyperphosphorylation of hD5RF173L, with its dissociation from Gαs and Gαq, is the key factor in impaired D5R function of hD 5 R F173L-TG mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxiong Wang
- Department of CardiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical University of PLAChongqingP.R. China
| | - Xiaorong Tan
- Department of CardiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical University of PLAChongqingP.R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of CardiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical University of PLAChongqingP.R. China
| | - Shuo Zheng
- Department of CardiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical University of PLAChongqingP.R. China
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Department of CardiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical University of PLAChongqingP.R. China
| | - Jin Cai
- Department of CardiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical University of PLAChongqingP.R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of CardiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical University of PLAChongqingP.R. China
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Division of Renal Disease & HypertensionDepartments of Medicine and Pharmacology/PhysiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDC
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical NutritionThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP.R. China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of CardiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical University of PLAChongqingP.R. China
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Over-expression of a cardiac-specific human dopamine D5 receptor mutation in mice causes a dilated cardiomyopathy through ROS over-generation by NADPH oxidase activation and Nrf2 degradation. Redox Biol 2018; 19:134-146. [PMID: 30153650 PMCID: PMC6111036 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a severe disorder caused by medications or genetic mutations. D5 dopamine receptor (D5R) gene knockout (D5-/-) mice have cardiac hypertrophy and high blood pressure. To investigate the role and mechanism by which the D5R regulates cardiac function, we generated cardiac-specific human D5R F173L(hD5F173L-TG) and cardiac-specific human D5R wild-type (hD5WT-TG) transgenic mice, and H9c2 cells stably expressing hD5F173L and hD5WT. We found that cardiac-specific hD5F173L-TG mice, relative to hD5WT-TG mice, presented with DCM and increased cardiac expression of cardiac injury markers, NADPH oxidase activity, Nrf2 degradation, and activated ERK1/2/JNK pathway. H9c2-hD5F173L cells also had an increase in NADPH oxidase activity, Nrf2 degradation, and phospho-JNK (p-JNK) expression. A Nrf2 inhibitor also increased p-JNK expression in H9c2-hD5F173L cells but not in H9c2-hD5WT cells. We suggest that the D5R may play an important role in the preservation of normal heart function by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species, via inhibition of NADPH oxidase, Nrf2 degradation, and ERK1/2/JNK pathways.
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Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) have a long evolutionary history dating back to very basal unicellular eukaryotes. Almost every vertebrate is equipped with a set of different aGPCRs. Genomic sequence data of several hundred extinct and extant species allows for reconstruction of aGPCR phylogeny in vertebrates and non-vertebrates in general but also provides a detailed view into the recent evolutionary history of human aGPCRs. Mining these sequence sources with bioinformatic tools can unveil many facets of formerly unappreciated aGPCR functions. In this review, we extracted such information from the literature and open public sources and provide insights into the history of aGPCR in humans. This includes comprehensive analyses of signatures of selection, variability of human aGPCR genes, and quantitative traits at human aGPCR loci. As indicated by a large number of genome-wide genotype-phenotype association studies, variations in aGPCR contribute to specific human phenotypes. Our survey demonstrates that aGPCRs are significantly involved in adaptation processes, phenotype variations, and diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacs
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
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Jemaa Z, Kallel A, Sleimi C, Mahjoubi I, Feki M, Ftouhi B, Slimane H, Jemaa R, Kaabachi N. The Gly482Ser polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is associated with type 2 diabetes in Tunisian population. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2015; 9:316-319. [PMID: 25470625 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional co-activator involved in adaptive thermogenesis, skeletal muscle metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and gluconeogenesis. Several studies have suggested that the common PGC-1α polymorphism Gly482Ser (rs8192678) may be associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), with conflicting results. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the Gly482Ser variant is a risk factor for development of T2D in Tunisian population. METHODS In a case-control study 487 unrelated patients with type 2 diabetes and 402 apparently healthy controls were recruited from January 2008 to August 2010. The Gly482Ser polymorphism was determined by PCR-RFLP analysis. RESULTS A significant difference in genotypes distribution was observed between patients (Gly/Gly: 34.1%; Gly/Ser: 47.1%; Ser/Ser: 18.5%) and controls (Gly/Gly: 43.8%; Gly/Ser: 42.3%; Ser/Ser: 13.9%) (χ(2)=9.44, p=0.009). The T2D patient group showed a significant higher frequency of the Ser allele compared to the controls (43% vs. 34%; OR: 1.35, 95% [CI]: 1.11-1.65, p=0.002). The association between the Gly482Ser polymorphism and T2D remained significant after adjustment for other well-established cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, a significant and independent association between the Gly482Ser polymorphism (rs8192678) of the PGC-1α gene and T2D in the Tunisian population was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Jemaa
- LR99ES11 Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amani Kallel
- LR99ES11 Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chaker Sleimi
- LR99ES11 Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Mahjoubi
- LR99ES11 Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Feki
- LR99ES11 Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bochra Ftouhi
- Department of Endocrinology, Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hedia Slimane
- Department of Endocrinology, Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Jemaa
- LR99ES11 Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Naziha Kaabachi
- LR99ES11 Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Liu X, Wang W, Chen W, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Yang J, Jones JE, Jose PA, Yang Z. Regulation of blood pressure, oxidative stress and AT1R by high salt diet in mutant human dopamine D5 receptor transgenic mice. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:394-9. [PMID: 25716648 PMCID: PMC6400478 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans have dopamine D5 receptors (hD5R) with single-nucleotide polymorphisms and a diminished function. We generated hD5(F173L) cDNA that has a decreased response to D5R agonist-mediated increase in cAMP production and increased production of reactive oxygen species, relative to wild-type hD5R (hD5(WT)) cDNA expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. To investigate the role of hD5(F173L) in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing hD5(F173L) or hD5(WT) and fed them normal (0.8% NaCl) or high (4% NaCl) salt diet. On normal salt diet, the blood pressure, and renal NADPH oxidase activity and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression were higher in hD5(F173L) than hD5(WT) transgenic mice. After 2 weeks on high salt diet, the blood pressure and renal NADPH oxidase activity, but not AT1R expression, were increased in hD5(F173L) but not in hD5(WT) transgenic mice. Candesartan, an AT1R antagonist, decreased the blood pressure and NADPH oxidase activity in hD5(F173L) but not in hD5(WT) transgenic mice. We suggest that the ability of the hD5R to negatively regulate the renal NADPH oxidase activity and AT1R function may have important implications in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive blood pressure. However, the mechanisms involved in regulating the balance of renal D5R and AT1R function in the oxidative stress-mediated salt-sensitive blood pressure remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, People's Republic China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, People's Republic China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, People's Republic China
| | - Xiaoliang Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, People's Republic China
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, People's Republic China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, People's Republic China
| | - Jian Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John E Jones
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pedro A Jose
- 1] Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), Beijing, People's Republic China
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Novel candidate genes putatively involved in stress fracture predisposition detected by whole-exome sequencing. Genet Res (Camb) 2015; 96:e004. [PMID: 25023003 DOI: 10.1017/s001667231400007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While genetic factors in all likelihood contribute to stress fracture (SF) pathogenesis, a few studies focusing on candidate genes have previously been reported. The objective of this study is to gain better understanding on the genetic basis of SF in a gene-naive manner. Exome sequence capture followed by massive parallel sequencing of two pooled DNA samples from Israeli combat soldiers was employed: cases with high grade SF and ethnically matched healthy controls. The resulting sequence variants were individually verified using the Sequenom™ platform and the contribution of the genetic alterations was validated in a second cohort of cases and controls. In the discovery set that included DNA pool of cases (n = 34) and controls (n = 60), a total of 1174 variants with >600 reads/variant/DNA pool were identified, and 146 (in 127 genes) of these exhibited statistically significant (P < 0·05) different rates between SF cases and controls after multiple comparisons correction. Subsequent validation of these 146 sequence variants individually in a total of 136 SF cases and 127 controls using the Sequenom™ platform validated 20/146 variants. Of these, three missense mutations (rs7426114, rs4073918, rs3752135 in the NEB, SLC6A18 and SIGLEC12 genes, respectively) and three synonymous mutations (rs2071856, rs2515941, rs716745 in the ELFN2, GRK4, LRRC55 genes) displayed significant different rates in SF cases compared with controls. Exome sequencing seemingly unravelled novel candidate genes as involved in SF pathogenesis and predisposition.
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Franceschini N, Tao R, Liu L, Rutherford S, Haack K, Almasy L, Göring HH, Laston S, Lee ET, Best LG, Fabsitz R, Cole SA, North KE. Mapping of a blood pressure QTL on chromosome 17 in American Indians of the strong heart family study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:158. [PMID: 25387527 PMCID: PMC4246441 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood pressure (BP) is a complex trait, with a heritability of 30 to 40%. Several genome wide associated BP loci explain only a small fraction of the phenotypic variation. Family studies can provide an important tool for gene discovery by utilizing trait and genetic transmission information among relative-pairs. We have previously described a quantitative trait locus at chromosome 17q25.3 influencing systolic BP in American Indians of the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS). This locus has been reported to associate with variation in BP traits in family studies of Europeans, African Americans and Hispanics. Methods To follow-up persuasive linkage findings at this locus, we performed comprehensive genotyping in the 1-LOD unit support interval region surrounding this QTL using a multi-step strategy. We first genotyped 1,334 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 928 individuals from families that showed evidence of linkage for BP. We then genotyped a second panel of 306 SNPs in all SHFS participants (N = 3,807) for genes that displayed the strongest evidence of association in the region, and, in a third step, included additional genotyping to better cover the genes of interest and to interrogate plausible candidate genes in the region. Results Three genes had multiple SNPs marginally associated with systolic BP (TBC1D16, HRNBP3 and AZI1). In BQTN analysis, used to estimate the posterior probability that any variant in each gene had an effect on the phenotype, AZI1 showed the most prominent findings (posterior probability of 0.66). Importantly, upon correction for multiple testing, none of our study findings could be distinguished from chance. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the difficulty of follow-up studies of linkage studies for complex traits, particularly in the context of low powered studies and rare variants underlying linkage peaks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2261-14-158) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Muskalla AM, Suter PM, Saur M, Nowak A, Hersberger M, Krayenbuehl PA. G-protein receptor kinase 4 polymorphism and response to antihypertensive therapy. Clin Chem 2014; 60:1543-8. [PMID: 25301854 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.226605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G-protein receptor kinase 4 polymorphism influences blood pressure regulation via modulation of dopamine receptor D1 in renal proximal tubular cells. We investigated the role of G-protein receptor kinase 4 polymorphism in the response to hypertensive therapy in patients with essential hypertension. METHODS In a prospective study, we assessed the G-protein receptor kinase 4 polymorphisms R65L, A142V, and A486V in 100 hypertensive patients. We analyzed the association of the 3 gene variants on blood pressure control and response to antihypertensive therapy with single-locus analysis, haplotype analysis, and regression analysis. RESULTS Hypertensive individuals with a homozygous double variant of 65 L and 142 V needed significantly more antihypertensive treatment (number of antihypertensives 2.59 vs 1.95, P = 0.043) and especially diuretic therapy (0.82 vs 0.49, P = 0.029) to reach the same mean arterial blood pressure than did homozygous carriers of only 1 variant or heterozygous/wild-type carriers of R65L, A142V, and A486V alleles. CONCLUSIONS G-protein receptor kinase 4 polymorphism is associated with antihypertensive treatment response in patients with essential hypertension. Determination of G-protein receptor kinase 4 polymorphism may improve individual antihypertensive blood pressure control in patients with essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Muskalla
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo M Suter
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saur
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; current affiliation: Rheumatology and pain center, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Albina Nowak
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; current affiliation: Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Krayenbuehl
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; current affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Spital Linth, Uznach, Switzerland.
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Several lipid-related gene polymorphisms interact with overweight/obesity to modulate blood pressure levels. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:12062-12081. [PMID: 23109900 PMCID: PMC3472792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130912062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the interactions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and overweight/obesity on blood pressure levels. The present study was undertaken to detect 10 lipid-related gene SNPs and their interactions with overweight/obesity on blood pressure levels. Genotyping of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA-1) V825I, acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) rs1044925, low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) AvaII hepatic lipase gene (LIPC) −250G > A, endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) 584C > T, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C > T, the E3 ubiquitin ligase myosin regulatory light chain-interacting protein (MYLIP) rs3757354, proprotein convertase subtilisin-like kexin type 9 (PCSK9) E670G, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) +294T > C, and Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1) rs5888 was performed in 978 normal weight and 751 overweight/obese subjects. The interactions were detected by factorial regression analysis. The genotypes of ACAT-1 AC, LIPC GA and AA, and SCARB1 TT; LDL-R A-A- and LIPC GA; and SCARB1 TT were interacted with overweight/obesity to increase systolic, diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and pulse pressure (PP) levels; respectively. The genotypes of ACAT-1 CC; ACAT-1 AA and CC were interacted with overweight/obesity to decrease SBP, PP levels (p < 0.01–0.001); respectively. The differences in blood pressure levels between normal weight and overweight/obese subjects might partly result from different interactions of several SNPs and overweight/obesity.
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Association of several lipid-related gene polymorphisms and blood pressure variation in the Bai Ku Yao population. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:927-36. [PMID: 22573014 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2012.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in hypertension are not well known. The present study was undertaken to detect the association of nine lipid-related gene polymorphisms and blood pressure variation beween men and women in the Bai Ku Yao population. METHODS Genotyping of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA-1) V825I, acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) rs1044925, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) AvaII, hepatic lipase gene (LIPC) -250G>A, endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) 584C>T, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C>T, proprotein convertase subtilisin-like kexin type 9 (PCSK9) E670G, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) +294T>C, and Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1) rs5888 was performed in 682 normotensives and 670 hypertensives. RESULTS The genotypic frequencies of LDL-R and SCARB1 in normotensives and ABCA-1, ACAT-1, LDL-R, LIPC, and MTHFR in hypertensives were different between males and females (P < 0.05-0.001). The genotypic frequencies of ABCA-1, ACAT-1, LDL-R, LIPC, MTHFR, PPARD, and SCARB1 in males and ABCA-1, LDL-R, LIPC, LIPG, and MTHFR in females were different between normotensives and hypertensives (P < 0.05-0.001). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels in male hypertensives were different among the LIPC, LIPG, PCSK9, and SCARB1 genotypes (P < 0.05-0.01); and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels were different among the ABCA-1, LDL-R, LIPC, LIPG, MTHFR, PCSK9, and PPARD genotypes (P < 0.05-0.001). SBP levels in female hypertensives were different among the LIPC, MTHFR, PCSK9, and PPARD genotypes (P < 0.05-0.01); and DBP levels were different among ABCA-1, ACAT-1, MTHFR, PCSK9, PPARD, and SCARB1 genotypes (P <0.05-0.001). The correlations between these polymorphisms and blood pressure levels were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in blood pressure levels in this population may partly attribute to the differences in some lipid-related gene polymorphisms.
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the intrarenal dopaminergic system plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure, and defects in dopamine signaling appear to be involved in the development of hypertension. Recent experimental models have definitively demonstrated that abnormalities in intrarenal dopamine production or receptor signaling can predispose to salt-sensitive hypertension and a dysregulated renin-angiotensin system. In addition, studies in both experimental animal models and in humans with salt-sensitive hypertension implicate abnormalities in dopamine receptor regulation due to receptor desensitization resulting from increased G-protein receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) activity. Functional polymorphisms that predispose to increased basal GRK4 activity both decrease dopamine receptor activity and increase angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor activity and are associated with essential hypertension in a number of different human cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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17
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Between candidate genes and whole genomes: time for alternative approaches in blood pressure genetics. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14:46-61. [PMID: 22161147 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blood pressure has a significant genetic component, but less than 3% of the observed variance has been attributed to genetic variants identified to date. Candidate gene studies of rare, monogenic hypertensive syndromes have conclusively implicated several genes altering renal sodium balance, and studies of essential hypertension have inconsistently implicated over 50 genes in pathways affecting renal sodium balance and other functions. Genome-wide linkage scans have replicated numerous quantitative trait loci throughout the genome, and over 50 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been replicated in multiple genome-wide association studies. These studies provide considerable evidence that epistasis and other interactions play a role in the genetic architecture of blood pressure regulation, but candidate gene studies have limited scope to test for epistasis, and genome-wide studies have low power for both main effects and interactions. This review summarizes the genetic findings to date for blood pressure, and it proposes focused, pathway-based approaches involving epistasis, gene-environment interactions, and next-generation sequencing to further the genetic dissection of blood pressure and hypertension.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will highlight the recent findings concerning the role of the intrarenal dopaminergic system in hypertension, especially the role of alterations in G-protein receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) activity. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies highlight the importance of the intrarenal dopaminergic system in blood pressure regulation and how defects in dopamine signaling are involved in the development of hypertension. There are recent experimental models that definitively demonstrate that abnormalities in intrarenal dopamine production or receptor signaling can predispose to salt-sensitive hypertension and a dysregulated renin-angiotensin system. Furthermore, studies in experimental animal models and in humans with salt-sensitive hypertension implicate abnormalities in dopamine receptor regulation because of receptor desensitization resulting from increased GRK4 activity. Functional polymorphisms that predispose to increased basal GRK4 activity both decrease dopamine receptor activity and increase angiotensin II AT1 receptor activity and are associated with essential hypertension in a number of different human cohorts. SUMMARY The ongoing elucidation of this important regulatory pathway further emphasizes the importance of the kidney in maintenance of blood pressure control and may help to delineate the underlying mechanisms predisposing individuals or populations to increased risk for development of hypertension.
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Liu C, Xi B. Pooled analyses of the associations of polymorphisms in the GRK4 and EMILIN1 genes with hypertension risk. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9:274-9. [PMID: 22639547 PMCID: PMC3360431 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The GRK4 and EMILIN1 genes have been suggested to be involved in the development of hypertension. However, the results have been inconsistent. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the associations of polymorphisms in the GRK4 and EMILIN1 genes with hypertension risk. METHODS Published literature from PubMed and Embase databases were retrieved. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects model. RESULTS Five studies for polymorphisms in the GRK4 gene and five studies for polymorphisms in the EMILIN1 gene were identified. The results suggested that rs1801058 polymorphism in the GRK4 gene was inversely associated with hypertension among East Asians (TT vs. CC: OR=0.39, 95%CI 0.28-0.55) and positively associated with hypertension among Europeans (TT vs. CC: OR= 2.38, 95%CI 1.38-4.10). Rs2960306 polymorphism in the GRK4 gene was significantly associated with hypertension among Europeans (TT vs. GG: OR=1.92, 95%CI 1.13-3.27). The significant associations were also observed for rs2011616 and rs2304682 polymorphisms in the EMILIN1 gene among Japanese (rs2011616: AA vs. GG: OR=0.38, 95%CI 0.18-0.82; rs2304682: GG vs. CC: OR=0.37, 95%CI 0.17-0.81) but not among Chinese. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggested that rs1801058 polymorphism in the GRK4 gene was associated with hypertension in East Asians and Europeans. The significant association was also found for rs2960306 polymorphism in the GRK4 gene among Europeans. In addition, there were significant associations of rs2011616 and rs2304682 polymorphisms in the EMILIN1 gene with hypertension among Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibo Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou 318000, China.
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Abstract
Dopamine is an important regulator of systemic blood pressure via multiple mechanisms. It affects fluid and electrolyte balance by its actions on renal hemodynamics and epithelial ion and water transport and by regulation of hormones and humoral agents. The kidney synthesizes dopamine from circulating or filtered L-DOPA independently from innervation. The major determinants of the renal tubular synthesis/release of dopamine are probably sodium intake and intracellular sodium. Dopamine exerts its actions via two families of cell surface receptors, D1-like receptors comprising D1R and D5R, and D2-like receptors comprising D2R, D3R, and D4R, and by interactions with other G protein-coupled receptors. D1-like receptors are linked to vasodilation, while the effect of D2-like receptors on the vasculature is variable and probably dependent upon the state of nerve activity. Dopamine secreted into the tubular lumen acts mainly via D1-like receptors in an autocrine/paracrine manner to regulate ion transport in the proximal and distal nephron. These effects are mediated mainly by tubular mechanisms and augmented by hemodynamic mechanisms. The natriuretic effect of D1-like receptors is caused by inhibition of ion transport in the apical and basolateral membranes. D2-like receptors participate in the inhibition of ion transport during conditions of euvolemia and moderate volume expansion. Dopamine also controls ion transport and blood pressure by regulating the production of reactive oxygen species and the inflammatory response. Essential hypertension is associated with abnormalities in dopamine production, receptor number, and/or posttranslational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Armando
- Children’s National Medical Center—Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Van Anthony M. Villar
- Children’s National Medical Center—Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Children’s National Medical Center—Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Washington, District of Columbia
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Tomaszewski M, Charchar FJ, Nelson CP, Barnes T, Denniff M, Kaiser M, Debiec R, Christofidou P, Rafelt S, van der Harst P, Wang WYS, Maric C, Zukowska-Szczechowska E, Samani NJ. Pathway analysis shows association between FGFBP1 and hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:947-55. [PMID: 21436287 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010080829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) co-segregate with familial susceptibility to hypertension, and glomerular upregulation of FGF1 associates with hypertension. To investigate whether variants in other members of the FGF signaling pathway may also associate with hypertension, we genotyped 629 subjects from 207 Polish families with hypertension for 79 single nucleotide polymorphisms in eight genes of this network. Family-based analysis showed that parents transmitted the major allele of the rs16892645 polymorphism in the gene encoding FGF binding protein 1 (FGFBP1) to hypertensive offspring more frequently than expected by chance (P=0.005). An independent cohort of 807 unrelated Polish subjects validated this association. Furthermore, compared with normotensive subjects, hypertensive subjects had approximately 1.5- and 1.4-fold higher expression of renal FGFBP1 mRNA and protein (P=0.04 and P=0.001), respectively. By immunohistochemistry, hypertension-related upregulation of FGFBP1 was most apparent in the glomerulus and juxtaglomerular space. Taken together, these data suggest that FGFBP1 associates with hypertension and that systematic analysis of signaling pathways can identify previously undescribed genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
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Puppala S, Coletta DK, Schneider J, Hu SL, Farook VS, Dyer TD, Arya R, Blangero J, Duggirala R, DeFronzo RA, Jenkinson CP. Genome-Wide Linkage Screen for Systolic Blood Pressure in the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study (VAGES) of Mexican-Americans and Confirmation of a Major Susceptibility Locus on Chromosome 6q14.1. Hum Hered 2011; 71:1-10. [DOI: 10.1159/000323143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Asico L, Zhang X, Jiang J, Cabrera D, Escano CS, Sibley DR, Wang X, Yang Y, Mannon R, Jones JE, Armando I, Jose PA. Lack of renal dopamine D5 receptors promotes hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 22:82-9. [PMID: 21051739 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the dopamine D(5) receptor gene in mice increases BP and causes salt sensitivity. To determine the role of renal versus extrarenal D(5) receptors in BP regulation, we performed cross-renal transplantation experiments. BP was similar between wild-type mice and wild-type mice transplanted with wild-type kidneys, indicating that the transplantation procedure did not affect BP. BP was lower among D(5)(-/-) mice transplanted with wild-type kidneys than D(5)(-/-) kidneys, demonstrating that the renal D(5) receptors are important in BP control. BP was higher in wild-type mice transplanted with D(5)(-/-) kidneys than wild-type kidneys but not significantly different from syngenic transplanted D(5)(-/-) mice, indicating the importance of the kidney in the development of hypertension. On a high-salt diet, all mice with D(5)(-/-) kidneys excreted less sodium than mice with wild-type kidneys. Transplantation of a wild-type kidney into a D(5)(-/-) mouse decreased the renal expression of AT(1) receptors and Nox-2. Conversely, transplantation of a D(5)(-/-) kidney into a wild-type mouse increased the expression of both, suggesting that both renal and extrarenal factors are important in the regulation of AT(1) receptor and Nox-2 expression. These results highlight the role of renal D(5) receptors in BP homeostasis and the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureano Asico
- Children's National Medical Center, Children's Research Institute, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, D.C., USA
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Wang X, Luo Y, Escano CS, Yang Z, Asico L, Li H, Jones JE, Armando I, Lu Q, Sibley DR, Eisner GM, Jose PA. Upregulation of renal sodium transporters in D5 dopamine receptor-deficient mice. Hypertension 2010; 55:1431-7. [PMID: 20404220 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.148643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
D(5) dopamine receptor (D(5)R)-deficient (D(5)(-/-)) mice have hypertension that is aggravated by an increase in sodium intake. The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that a dysregulation of renal sodium transporters is related to the salt sensitivity in D(5)(-/-) mice. D(5)R was expressed in the renal proximal tubule, thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, and cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts in D(5)(+/+) mice. On a control Na(+) diet, renal protein expressions of NKCC2 (sodium-potassium-2 chloride cotransporter), sodium chloride cotransporter, and alpha and gamma subunits of the epithelial sodium channel were greater in D(5)(-/-) than in D(5)(+/+) mice. Renal renin abundance and urine aldosterone levels were similar but renal angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) protein expression was increased in D(5)(-/-) mice. An elevated Na(+) diet increased further the elevated blood pressure of D(5)(-/-) mice but did not affect the normal blood pressure of D(5)(+/+) mice. The increased levels of NKCC2, sodium chloride cotransporter, and alpha and gamma subunits of the epithelial sodium channel persisted with the elevated Na(+) diet and unaffected by chronic AT(1)R blockade (losartan) in D(5)(-/-) mice. The expressions of proximal sodium transporters NHE3 (sodium hydrogen exchanger type 3) and NaPi2 (sodium phosphate cotransporter type 2) were increased by the elevated Na(+) diet in D(5)(-/-) mice; the increased expression of NHE3 but not NaPi2 was abolished by AT(1)R blockade. Our findings suggest that the increased protein expression of sodium transporters/channels in distal nephron segments may be the direct consequence of the disruption of D(5)R, independent of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Gayathri SB, Radha V, Vimaleswaran KS, Mohan V. Association of the PPARGC1A Gene Polymorphism With Diabetic Nephropathy in an Asian Indian Population (CURES-41). Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010; 8:119-26. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2009.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sakthi Baby Gayathri
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, and Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Venkatesan Radha
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, and Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | | | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, and Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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Jose PA, Soares-da-Silva P, Eisner GM, Felder RA. Dopamine and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 in the kidney: role in blood pressure regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:1259-67. [PMID: 20153824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Complex interactions between genes and environment result in a sodium-induced elevation in blood pressure (salt sensitivity) and/or hypertension that lead to significant morbidity and mortality affecting up to 25% of the middle-aged adult population worldwide. Determining the etiology of genetic and/or environmentally-induced high blood pressure has been difficult because of the many interacting systems involved. Two main pathways have been implicated as principal determinants of blood pressure since they are located in the kidney (the key organ responsible for blood pressure regulation), and have profound effects on sodium balance: the dopaminergic and renin-angiotensin systems. These systems counteract or modulate each other, in concert with a host of intracellular second messenger pathways to regulate sodium and water balance. In particular, the G protein-coupled receptor kinase type 4 (GRK4) appears to play a key role in regulating dopaminergic-mediated natriuresis. Constitutively activated GRK4 gene variants (R65L, A142V, and A486V), by themselves or by their interaction with other genes involved in blood pressure regulation, are associated with essential hypertension and/or salt-sensitive hypertension in several ethnic groups. GRK4γ 142Vtransgenic mice are hypertensive on normal salt intake while GRK4γ 486V transgenic mice develop hypertension only with an increase in salt intake. GRK4 gene variants have been shown to hyperphosphorylate, desensitize, and internalize two members of the dopamine receptor family, the D(1) (D(1)R) and D(3) (D(3)R) dopamine receptors, but also increase the expression of a key receptor of the renin-angiotensin system, the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT(1)R). Knowledge of the numerous blood pressure regulatory pathways involving angiotensin and dopamine may provide new therapeutic approaches to the pharmacological regulation of sodium excretion and ultimately blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Jose
- Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University for the Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
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Insulin increases D5 dopamine receptor expression and function in renal proximal tubule cells from Wistar-Kyoto rats. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:770-6. [PMID: 19373217 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2009.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ion transport in the renal proximal tubule (RPT) is regulated by numerous hormones and humoral factors, including insulin and dopamine. Previous studies show an interaction between insulin and the D(1) receptor. Because both D(1) and D(5) receptors belong to the D(1)-like receptor subfamily, it is possible that an interaction between insulin and the D(5) dopamine receptor exists in RPT cells from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS D(5) receptor expression in immortalized RPT cells from WKY and SHRs was quantified by immunoblotting and D(5) receptor function by measuring Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity. RESULTS Insulin increased the expression of the D(5) receptor. Stimulation with insulin (10(-7) mol/l) for 24 h increased D(5) receptor expression in RPT cells from WKY rats. This effect of insulin on D(5) receptor expression was aberrant in RPT cells from SHRs. The stimulatory effect of insulin on D(5) receptor expression in RPT cells from WKY rats was inhibited by a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (PKC inhibitor peptide 19-31, 10(-6) mol/l) or a phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase inhibitor (wortmannin, 10(-6) mol/l), indicating that both PKC and PI3 kinase were involved in the signaling pathway. Stimulation of the D(5) receptor heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells with fenoldopam (10(-7) mol/l/15 min) inhibited Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity, whereas pretreatment with insulin (10(-7) mol/l/24 h) increased the D(5) receptor-mediated inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Insulin and D(5) receptors interact to regulate renal sodium transport; an aberrant interaction between insulin and D(5) receptor may participate in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Zeng C, Villar VAM, Yu P, Zhou L, Jose PA. Reactive oxygen species and dopamine receptor function in essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 31:156-78. [PMID: 19330604 DOI: 10.1080/10641960802621283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Essential hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart and kidney failure. Dopamine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension by regulating epithelial sodium transport and by interacting with vasoactive hormones and humoral factors. However, the mechanisms leading to impaired dopamine receptor function in hypertension states are not clear. Compelling experimental evidence indicates a role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypertension, and there are increasing pieces of evidence showing that in conditions associated with oxidative stress, which is present in hypertensive states, dopamine receptor effects, such as natriuresis, diuresis, and vasodilation, are impaired. The goal of this review is to present experimental evidence that has led to the conclusion that decreased dopamine receptor function increases ROS activity and vice versa. Decreased dopamine receptor function and increased ROS production, working in concert or independent of each other, contribute to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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29
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Villar VAM, Jones JE, Armando I, Palmes-Saloma C, Yu P, Pascua AM, Keever L, Arnaldo FB, Wang Z, Luo Y, Felder RA, Jose PA. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) regulates the phosphorylation and function of the dopamine D3 receptor. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:21425-34. [PMID: 19520868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.003665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During conditions of moderate sodium excess, the dopaminergic system regulates blood pressure and water and electrolyte balance by engendering natriuresis. Dopamine exerts its effects on dopamine receptors, including the dopamine D(3) receptor. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4), whose gene locus (4p16.3) is linked to essential hypertension, desensitizes the D(1) receptor, another dopamine receptor. This study evaluated the role of GRK4 on D(3) receptor function in human proximal tubule cells. D(3) receptor co-segregated in lipid rafts and co-immunoprecipitated and co-localized in human proximal tubule cells and in proximal and distal tubules and glomeruli of kidneys of Wistar Kyoto rats. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and confocal microscopy revealed that agonist activation of the receptor initiated the interaction between D(3) receptor and GRK4 at the cell membrane and promoted it intracellularly, presumably en route to endosomal trafficking. Of the four GRK4 splice variants, GRK4-gamma and GRK4-alpha mediated a 3- and 2-fold increase in the phosphorylation of agonist-activated D(3) receptor, respectively. Inhibition of GRK activity with heparin or knockdown of GRK4 expression via RNA interference completely abolished p44/42 phosphorylation and mitogenesis induced by D(3) receptor stimulation. These data demonstrate that GRK4, specifically the GRK4-gamma and GRK4-alpha isoforms, phosphorylates the D(3) receptor and is crucial for its signaling in human proximal tubule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anthony M Villar
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.
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30
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The environmental and genetic evidence for the association of hyperlipidemia and hypertension. J Hypertens 2009; 27:251-8. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32831bc74d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Wang X, Villar VAM, Armando I, Eisner GM, Felder RA, Jose PA. Dopamine, kidney, and hypertension: studies in dopamine receptor knockout mice. Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23:2131-46. [PMID: 18615257 PMCID: PMC3724362 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-008-0901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is important in the pathogenesis of hypertension because of abnormalities in receptor-mediated regulation of renal sodium transport. Dopamine receptors are classified into D(1)-like (D(1), D(5)) and D(2)-like (D(2), D(3), D(4)) subtypes, all of which are expressed in the kidney. Mice deficient in specific dopamine receptors have been generated to provide holistic assessment on the varying physiological roles of each receptor subtype. This review examines recent studies on these mutant mouse models and evaluates the impact of individual dopamine receptor subtypes on blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Ines Armando
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gilbert M. Eisner
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robin A. Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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33
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Zeng C, Armando I, Luo Y, Eisner GM, Felder RA, Jose PA. Dysregulation of dopamine-dependent mechanisms as a determinant of hypertension: studies in dopamine receptor knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H551-69. [PMID: 18083900 PMCID: PMC4029502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01036.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension by regulating epithelial sodium transport and by interacting with vasoactive hormones/humoral factors, such as aldosterone, angiotensin, catecholamines, endothelin, oxytocin, prolactin pro-opiomelancortin, reactive oxygen species, renin, and vasopressin. Dopamine receptors are classified into D(1)-like (D(1) and D(5)) and D(2)-like (D(2), D(3), and D(4)) subtypes based on their structure and pharmacology. In recent years, mice deficient in one or more of the five dopamine receptor subtypes have been generated, leading to a better understanding of the physiological role of each of the dopamine receptor subtypes. This review summarizes the results from studies of various dopamine receptor mutant mice on the role of individual dopamine receptor subtypes and their interactions with other G protein-coupled receptors in the regulation of blood pressure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/genetics
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Dopamine/physiology
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Dopamine/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D4/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D4/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing City 400042, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Carey RM. Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension. Microcirculation 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374530-9.00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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McArdle PF, Dytch H, O'Connell JR, Shuldiner AR, Mitchell BD, Abney M. Homozygosity by descent mapping of blood pressure in the Old Order Amish: evidence for sex specific genetic architecture. BMC Genet 2007; 8:66. [PMID: 17908314 PMCID: PMC2071912 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood pressure is a well established risk factor for morbidity and mortality acting through heart disease, stroke and cardiovascular disease. Genome wide scans have linked regions of nearly every human chromosome to blood pressure related traits. We have capitalized on beneficial qualities of the Old Order Amish of Lancaster, PA, a closed founder population with a relatively small number of founders, to perform a genome wide homozygosity by descent mapping scan. Each individual in the study has a non zero probability of consanguinity. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures are shown to have appreciable dominance variance components. RESULTS Areas of two chromosomes were identified as suggestive of linkage to SBP and 5 areas to DBP in either the overall or sex specific analyses. The strongest evidence for linkage in the overall sample was to Chromosome 18q12 (LOD = 2.6 DBP). Sex specific analyses identified a linkage on Chromosome 4p12-14 (LOD in men only = 3.4 SBP). At Chromosome 2q32-33, an area where we previously reported significant evidence for linkage to DBP using a conventional identity by descent approach, the LOD was 1.4; however an appreciable sex effect was observed with men accounting for most of the linkage (LOD in men only = 2.6). CONCLUSION These results add evidence to a sex specific genetic architecture to blood pressure related traits, particularly in regions of linkage on chromosome 2, 4 and 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F McArdle
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Harvey Dytch
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Jeffery R O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital Medical Center, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mark Abney
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
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36
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Essential hypertension affects more than 20% of the adult population, and has a multifactorial origin arising from an interaction between susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Several strategies have been used to identify hypertension susceptibility genes. This review highlights recent efforts in genetic dissection of essential hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, further chromosomal regions harboring blood pressure loci have emerged in genome-wide linkage studies. Findings from a new systematic two-dimensional genome scan are presented, as well as sex-specific loci linked to hypertension in inbred rodent models. Many case-control association studies have been carried out, but results so far have been equivocal. This review discusses some interesting studies combining linkage and association strategies using gene-gene interactions, and studies the use of haplotypes instead of SNPs. Two novel hypertension susceptibility genes are presented, and a short summary on new insights into genes of the renin-angiotensin and adrenergic systems is given. SUMMARY To date, linkage and association studies have not been convincing. Genome-wide association studies may prove to be an effective approach to the problems posed by complex traits. Combined with candidate gene approaches, it is hoped this strategy will yield convincing evidence for genes associated with essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Binder
- Department of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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37
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Abstract
Dopamine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension by regulating epithelial sodium transport, vascular smooth muscle contractility and production of reactive oxygen species and by interacting with the renin–angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems. Dopamine receptors are classified into D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3 and D4) subtypes based on their structure and pharmacology. Each of the dopamine receptor subtypes participates in the regulation of blood pressure by mechanisms specific for the subtype. Some receptors regulate blood pressure by influencing the central and/or peripheral nervous system; others influence epithelial transport and regulate the secretion and receptors of several humoral agents. This review summarizes the physiology of the different dopamine receptors in the regulation of blood pressure, and the relationship between dopamine receptor subtypes and hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Tract/physiopathology
- Humans
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Receptors, Dopamine/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D4/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D4/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D5/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing City, People's Republic of China.
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Milionis HJ, Liberopoulos EN, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. Analysis of antihypertensive effects of statins. Curr Hypertens Rep 2007; 9:175-83. [PMID: 17519121 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-007-0032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and hyperlipidemia, two powerful risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), often coexist. Therefore, treatment should consider the beneficial properties of drugs used to treat either condition. Statins, the mainstay of lipid-lowering therapy, result in a significant clinical benefit both in primary and secondary CVD prevention. In addition to their hypolipidemic capacity, other properties may contribute to statin-induced benefits. Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that statins may modulate blood pressure (BP). The mechanisms by which statins reduce BP seem to be largely independent of their lipid effects. Although small, reductions in BP are possibly clinically relevant. Large landmark studies confirm that statins can reduce CVD risk in hypertensive patients. These findings suggest that statins could be prescribed as an adjunct in treating hypertension with dyslipidemia or even in patients with "normal" cholesterol levels. Whether the effect of statins on BP is accompanied by an additional decrease in clinical outcomes needs to be investigated in long-term, large-scale trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haralampos J Milionis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vascular Disease Prevention Clinics, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
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39
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Gu CC, Hunt SC, Kardia S, Turner ST, Chakravarti A, Schork N, Olshen R, Curb D, Jaquish C, Boerwinkle E, Rao DC. An investigation of genome-wide associations of hypertension with microsatellite markers in the family blood pressure program (FBPP). Hum Genet 2007; 121:577-90. [PMID: 17372766 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP) has data on 387 microsatellite markers in 13,524 subjects from four major ethnic groups. We investigated genetic association with hypertension of the linkage markers. Family-based methods were used to test association of the 387 loci with resting blood pressures (BPs) [systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)] and the hypertension status (HT). We applied a vote-counting approach to pool results across the three correlated traits, network samples, and ethnic groups to refine the selection of susceptibility loci. The association analyses captured signals missed by previous linkage scans. We found 71 loci associated with at least one of the three traits in at least one of the four ethnic groups at the significance level of 0.01. After validation across multiple samples and related traits, we identified by vote-counting 21 candidate loci for hypertension. Two loci, D3S2459 and D10S1412 confirmed findings in Network-specific linkage scans (GENOA and SAPPHIRe). Many of the candidate loci were reported by others in linkage to BPs, body weight, heart disease, and diabetes. We also observed frequent presence of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in autoimmune and neurological disorders (e.g., NOD2). The vote-counting method of pooling results recognizes the potential that a gene may be involved in varying ways among different samples, which we believe is responsible for identifying genes in the less explored inflammatory pathways to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Charles Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8067, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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40
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Rosskopf D, Schürks M, Rimmbach C, Schäfers R. Genetics of arterial hypertension and hypotension. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 374:429-69. [PMID: 17262198 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human hypertension affects affects more than 20% of the adult population in industrialized countries, and it is implicated in millions of deaths worldwide each year from stroke, heart failure and ischemic heart disease. Available evidence suggests a major genetic impact on blood pressure regulation. Studies in monogenic hypertension revealed that renal salt and volume regulation systems are predominantly involved in the genesis of these disorders. Mutations here affect the synthesis of mineralocorticoids, the function of the mineralocorticoid receptor, epithelial sodium channels and their regulation by a new class of kinases, termed WNK kinases. It has been learned from monogenic hypotension that almost all ion transporters involved in the renal uptake of Na(+) have a major impact on blood pressure regulation. For essential hypertension as a complex disease, many candidate genes have been analysed. These include components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, adducin, beta-adrenoceptors, G protein subunits, regulators of G protein signalling (RGS) proteins, Rho kinases and G protein receptor kinases. At present, the individual impact of common polymorphisms in these genes on the observed blood pressure variation, on risk for stroke and as predictors of antihypertensive responses remains small and clinically irrelevant. Nevertheless, these studies have greatly augmented our knowledge on the regulation of renal functions, cellular signal transduction and the integration of both. Together, this provides the basis for the identification of novel drug targets and, hopefully, innovative antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Rosskopf
- Department Pharmacology, Research Center for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Friedrich Loeffler Str. 23d, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Duggal P, Klein AP, Lee KE, Klein R, Klein BEK, Bailey-Wilson JE. Identification of novel genetic loci for intraocular pressure: a genomewide scan of the Beaver Dam Eye Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 125:74-9. [PMID: 17210855 PMCID: PMC2528864 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.125.1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify genetic loci that control intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS We performed a genomewide scan of IOP, using 486 pedigrees ascertained through a population-based cohort, the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Linkage analysis was performed using the modified Haseman-Elston regression models and variance components linkage analysis. RESULTS Seven regions of interest were identified on chromosomes 2, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15, and 19. The novel linkage region on chromosome 19p had an empirical multipoint P value of 6.1 x 10(-5). Two of the regions (2 and 19) were especially interesting since each has been identified as a potential linkage region for blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS The results of this genomewide scan provide evidence that a quantitative trait locus may influence elevated IOP and may colocalize with blood pressure loci. These loci may control systemic pressure reflected in the eye and vascular system. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in the world, and the identification of genes that contribute to this disease is essential. Elevated IOP is a principal risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma and an intriguing quantitative trait that may strongly influence the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Duggal
- Statistical Genetics Section, Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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42
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Wang Z, Armando I, Asico LD, Escano C, Wang X, Lu Q, Felder RA, Schnackenberg CG, Sibley DR, Eisner GM, Jose PA. The elevated blood pressure of human GRK4gamma A142V transgenic mice is not associated with increased ROS production. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2083-92. [PMID: 17259440 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00944.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) regulate the sensitivity of GPCRs, including dopamine receptors. The GRK4 locus is linked to, and some of its polymorphisms are associated with, human essential hypertension. Transgenic mice overexpressing human (h) GRK4gamma A142V on a mixed genetic background (C57BL/6J and SJL/J) have impaired renal D(1)-dopamine receptor (D(1)R) function and increased blood pressure. We now report that hGRK4gamma A142V transgenic mice, in C57BL/6J background, are hypertensive and have higher blood pressures than hGRK4gamma wild-type transgenic and nontransgenic mice. The hypertensive phenotype is stable because blood pressures in transgenic founders and F6 offspring are similarly increased. To determine whether the hypertension is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we measured renal NADPH oxidase (Nox2 and Nox4) and heme oxygenase (HO-1 and HO-2) protein expressions and urinary excretion of 8-isoprostane and compared the effect of Tempol on blood pressure in hGRK4gamma A142V transgenic mice and D(5)R knockout (D(5)(-/-)) mice in which hypertension is mediated by increased ROS. The expressions of Nox isoforms and HO-2 and the urinary excretion of 8-isoprostane were similar in hGRK4gamma A142V transgenic mice and their controls. HO-1 expression was increased in hGRK4gamma A142V relative to hGRK4gamma wild-type transgenic mice. In contrast with the hypotensive effect of Tempol in D(5)(-/-) mice, it had no effect in hGRK4gamma A142V transgenic mice. We conclude that the elevated blood pressure of hGRK4gamma A142V transgenic mice is due mainly to the effect of hGRK4gamma A142V transgene acting via D(1)R and increased ROS production is not a contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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43
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Felder RA, Jose PA. Mechanisms of disease: the role of GRK4 in the etiology of essential hypertension and salt sensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:637-50. [PMID: 17066056 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and salt sensitivity of blood pressure are two conditions the etiologies of which are still elusive because of the complex influences of genes, environment, and behavior. Recent understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern sodium homeostasis is shedding new light on how genes, their protein products, and interacting metabolic pathways contribute to disease. Sodium transport is increased in the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb of Henle of the kidney in human essential hypertension. This Review focuses on the counter-regulation between the dopaminergic and renin-angiotensin systems in the renal proximal tubule, which is the site of about 70% of total renal sodium reabsorption. The inhibitory effect of dopamine is most evident under conditions of moderate sodium excess, whereas the stimulatory effect of angiotensin II is most evident under conditions of sodium deficit. Dopamine and angiotensin II exert their actions via G protein-coupled receptors, which are in turn regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Polymorphisms that lead to aberrant action of GRKs cause a number of conditions, including hypertension and salt sensitivity. Polymorphisms in one particular member of this family-GRK4-have been shown to cause hyperphosphorylation, desensitization and internalization of a member of the dopamine receptor family, the dopamine 1 receptor, while increasing the expression of a key receptor of the renin-angiotensin system, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for identifying at-risk subjects, followed by selective treatment of hypertension and salt sensitivity, might center on restoring normal receptor function through blocking the effects of GRK4 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Felder
- Department of Pathology, Post Office Box 800403, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Milionis HJ, Liberopoulos EN, Achimastos A, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. Statins: another class of antihypertensive agents? J Hum Hypertens 2006; 20:320-35. [PMID: 16511505 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of global cardiovascular risk is an essential step in the management of atherosclerotic disease prevention. Among the risk factors to be addressed are hypertension and hyperlipidaemia; these commonly coexist. A neutral or lipid-friendly antihypertensive agent is probably useful in the presence of lipid abnormalities. Similarly, statins have been shown to decrease cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. There is also experimental and clinical evidence that statins have blood pressure (BP)-lowering effects. In this review, we discuss the beneficial effects of statins on BP, and provide an overview of the underlying pathophysiology. We also consider the evidence justifying the use of statins in the management of hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Milionis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Soyal S, Krempler F, Oberkofler H, Patsch W. PGC-1alpha: a potent transcriptional cofactor involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1477-88. [PMID: 16752166 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Data derived from several recent studies implicate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Lacking DNA binding activity itself, PGC-1alpha is a potent, versatile regulator of gene expression that co-ordinates the activation and repression of transcription via protein-protein interactions with specific, as well as more general, factors contained within the basal transcriptional machinery. PGC-1alpha is suggested to play a pivotal role in the control of genetic pathways that result in homeostatic glucose utilisation in liver and muscle, beta cell insulin secretion and mitochondrial biogenesis. This review focuses on the role of PGC-1alpha in glucose metabolism and considers how PGC-1alpha links cellular glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function, and why defects in PGC-1alpha expression and regulation may contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Soyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus Hallein, 5400, Hallein, Austria
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Goodarzi MO, Taylor KD, Scheuner MT, Antoine HJ, Guo X, Shah PK, Rotter JI. Haplotypes in the lipoprotein lipase gene influence high-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to statin therapy and progression of atherosclerosis in coronary artery bypass grafts. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2006; 7:66-73. [PMID: 16755277 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes circulating triglycerides (TGs). We previously showed that 3'-end haplotypes in the LPL gene influence atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. This study asked whether these LPL haplotypes influence response to lipid-lowering therapy among 829 subjects from the Post-Coronary Artery Bypass Graft trial. Lipid profiles were obtained at baseline and 4-5 years after treatment with lovastatin. Haplotypes were based on 12 SNPs. The fourth most frequent haplotype, 12-4, was associated with a decreased increment in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) following treatment. Haplotypes 12-6, 12-7 and 12-8 were each associated with increased HDL-C response to therapy, and haplotype 12-2 with decreased TG response. The most common haplotype, 12-1, was protective against graft worsening or occlusion. Haplotype 12-4 reduced HDL-C response to lovastatin, possibly consistent with our prior observations of this haplotype as predisposing to coronary artery disease. LPL may influence atherosclerosis risk through pleiotropic effects on each aspect of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Goodarzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 9048, USA.
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Arya R, Demerath E, Jenkinson CP, Göring HHH, Puppala S, Farook V, Fowler S, Schneider J, Granato R, Resendez RG, Dyer TD, Cole SA, Almasy L, Comuzzie AG, Siervogel RM, Bradshaw B, DeFronzo RA, MacCluer J, Stern MP, Towne B, Blangero J, Duggirala R. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 6q influences birth weight in two independent family studies. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:1569-79. [PMID: 16611675 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight is an important cause of infant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Birth weight has been shown to be inversely correlated with adult complex diseases such as obesity, type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the genetic factors influencing variation in birth weight and its association with diseases that occur in later life. We, therefore, have performed a genome-wide search to identify genes that influence birth weight in Mexican-Americans using the data from the San Antonio Family Birth Weight Study participants (n=840). Heritability of birth weight was estimated as 72.0+/-8.4% (P<0.0001) after adjusting for the effects of sex and term. Multipoint linkage analysis yielded the strongest evidence for linkage of birth weight (LOD=3.7) between the markers D6S1053 and D6S1031 on chromosome 6q. This finding has been replicated (LOD=2.3) in an independent European-American population. Together, these findings provide substantial evidence (LOD(adj)=4.3) for a major locus influencing variation in birth weight. This region harbors positional candidate genes such as chorionic gonadotropin, alpha chain; collagen, type XIX, alpha-1; and protein-tyrosine phosphatase, type 4A, 1 that may play a role in fetal growth and development. In addition, potential evidence for linkage (LOD>or=1.2) was found on chromosomes 1q, 2q, 3q, 4q, 9p, 19p and 19q with LODs ranging from 1.3 to 2.7. Thus, we have found strong evidence for a major gene on chromosome 6q that influences variation in birth weight in both Mexican- and European-Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rector Arya
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, 78229-3900, USA.
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Yang Z, Asico LD, Yu P, Wang Z, Jones JE, Escano CS, Wang X, Quinn MT, Sibley DR, Romero GG, Felder RA, Jose PA. D5 dopamine receptor regulation of reactive oxygen species production, NADPH oxidase, and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R96-R104. [PMID: 16352863 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00434.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of D1-like receptors (D1 and/or D5) induces antioxidant responses; however, the mechanism(s) involved in their antioxidant actions are not known. We hypothesized that stimulation of the D5 receptor inhibits NADPH oxidase activity, and thus the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We investigated this issue in D5 receptor-deficient (D5-/-) and wild-type (D5+/+) mice. NADPH oxidase protein expression (gp91(phox), p47(phox), and Nox 4) and activity in kidney and brain, as well as plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were higher in D5-/- than in D5+/+ mice. Furthermore, apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, normalized blood pressure, renal NADPH oxidase activity, and plasma TBARS in D5-/- mice. In HEK-293 cells that heterologously expressed human D5 receptor, its agonist fenoldopam decreased NADPH oxidase activity, expression of one of its subunits (gp91(phox)), and ROS production. The inhibitory effect of the D5 receptor activation on NADPH oxidase activity was independent of cAMP/PKA but was partially dependent on phospholipase D2. The ability of D5 receptor stimulation to decrease ROS production may explain, in part, the antihypertensive action of D5 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Flavell DM, Wootton PTE, Myerson SG, World MJ, Pennell DJ, Humphries SE, Talmud PJ, Montgomery HE. Variation in the lipoprotein lipase gene influences exercise-induced left ventricular growth. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:126-31. [PMID: 16416313 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The adult heart relies predominantly on fatty acids (FA) for energy generation, and defects in FA catabolism cause dramatic left ventricular (LV) growth in early age. Since lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the key enzyme in plasma triglyceride catabolism and is highly expressed in the myocardium, we investigated an association between the functional LPL gene serine 447 stop (S447X) variant and exercise-induced LV growth. The S447X variant was genotyped in 146 British Army recruits undergoing a 10-week exercise programme. Over the training period, X447 allele carriers showed less LV growth than S447 homozygotes (SS, 5.8+/-0.7%; SX, 2.2+/-1.5%; P=0.03) and a decrease in systolic blood pressure (DeltaSBP: SS, 1.9+/-1.3 mmHg; SX, -5.7+/-2.2 mmHg; P=0.015). Although LPL genotype did not significantly predict LV growth with DeltaSBP in statistical modelling (LPL, P=0.14; DeltaSBP, P=0.06), regression analysis indicated that LPL S447X genotype effect on DeltaSBP accounted for only 20% of the effect on LV growth. In multivariate analysis, LPL, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha and angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes were independent predictors of cardiac growth. Thus, LPL S447X genotype influenced exercise-induced changes in LV mass and SBP. Change in blood pressure accounted for a proportion of LV growth. These data suggest that increased myocardial FA availability may reduce exercise-induced LV growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Flavell
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, University College London, London, UK
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50
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Bianchi G. Genetic variations of tubular sodium reabsorption leading to “primary” hypertension: from gene polymorphism to clinical symptoms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1536-49. [PMID: 16278339 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00441.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The definition of the most appropriate strategy to demonstrate causation of a given genetic-molecular mechanism in a complex multifactorial polygenic disease like hypertension is hampered by the underestimation of the complexity arising from the genetic and environmental interactions. To disentangle this complexity, we developed a strategy based on six steps: 1) isolation of a rodent model of hypertension (Milan hypertensive strain and Milan normotensive strain) that shares some pathophysiological abnormalities with human primary hypertension; 2) definition in the model of the sequence of events linking these abnormalities to a genetic molecular mechanism; 3) determination of the polymorphism of the three adducin genes discovered in the model both in rats and in humans; 4) comparison at biochemical and physiological levels between the rodent models and the hypertensive carriers of the “mutated” gene variants; 5) evaluation of the impact of the adducin genes in hypertension and its organ complications with association and linkage studies in humans, also considering the genetic and environmental interactions; and 6) development of a pharmacogenomic approach aimed at establishing the therapeutic benefit of a drug interfering with the sequence of events triggered by adducin and their effect's size. The bulk of data obtained demonstrates the importance of a multidisciplinary approach considering a variety of genetic and environmental interactions. Adducin functions within the cells as a heterodimer composed of a combination of three subunits. Each of these subunits is coded by genes mapping to different chromosomes. Therefore, the interaction among these genes, taken together with the interactions with other modulatory genes or with the environment, is indispensable to establish the adducin clinical impact. The hypothesis that adducin polymorphism favors the development of hypertension via an increased tubular sodium reabsorption is well supported by a series of consistent experimental and clinical data. Many mechanistic aspects, underlying the link between these genes and clinical symptoms, need to be clarified. The clinical effect size of adducin must be established also with the contribution of pharmacogenomics with a drug that selectively interferes with the sequence of events triggered by the mutated adducin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bianchi
- School of Nephrology, Univ. Vita Salute San Raffaele, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Hypertension, San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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