1
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Boutagy NE, Gamez-Mendez A, Fowler JW, Zhang H, Chaube BK, Esplugues E, Kuo A, Lee S, Horikami D, Zhang J, Citrin KM, Singh AK, Coon BG, Lee MY, Suarez Y, Fernandez-Hernando C, Sessa WC. Dynamic metabolism of endothelial triglycerides protects against atherosclerosis in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e170453. [PMID: 38175710 PMCID: PMC10866653 DOI: 10.1172/jci170453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are continually exposed to circulating lipids, and elevation of ApoB-containing lipoproteins causes atherosclerosis. Lipoprotein metabolism is highly regulated by lipolysis, largely at the level of the capillary endothelium lining metabolically active tissues. How large blood vessels, the site of atherosclerotic vascular disease, regulate the flux of fatty acids (FAs) into triglyceride-rich (TG-rich) lipid droplets (LDs) is not known. In this study, we showed that deletion of the enzyme adipose TG lipase (ATGL) in the endothelium led to neutral lipid accumulation in vessels and impaired endothelial-dependent vascular tone and nitric oxide synthesis to promote endothelial dysfunction. Mechanistically, the loss of ATGL led to endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced inflammation in the endothelium. Consistent with this mechanism, deletion of endothelial ATGL markedly increased lesion size in a model of atherosclerosis. Together, these data demonstrate that the dynamics of FA flux through LD affects endothelial cell homeostasis and consequently large vessel function during normal physiology and in a chronic disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil E. Boutagy
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
| | - Ana Gamez-Mendez
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
| | - Joseph W.M. Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
| | - Hanming Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bal K. Chaube
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Enric Esplugues
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Kuo
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sungwoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
| | - Daiki Horikami
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Citrin
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Abhishek K. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
| | - Brian G. Coon
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Monica Y. Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yajaira Suarez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - William C. Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, and
- Department of Cardiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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2
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Monsalve FA, Delgado-López F, Fernández-Tapia B, González DR. Adipose Tissue, Non-Communicable Diseases, and Physical Exercise: An Imperfect Triangle. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17168. [PMID: 38138997 PMCID: PMC10743187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of adipose tissue has received considerable attention due to its importance not just in maintaining body energy homeostasis but also in playing a role in a number of other physiological processes. Beyond storing energy, adipose tissue is important in endocrine, immunological, and neuromodulatory functions, secreting hormones that participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis. An imbalance of these functions will generate structural and functional changes in the adipose tissue, favoring the secretion of deleterious adipocytokines that induce a pro-inflammatory state, allowing the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and even some types of cancer. A common theme worldwide has been the development of professional guidelines for the control and treatment of obesity, with emphasis on hypocaloric diets and exercise. The aim of this review is to examine the pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity, considering the relationship among adipose tissue and two aspects that contribute positively or negatively to keeping a healthy body homeostasis, namely, exercise and noninfectious diseases. We conclude that the relationship of these aspects does not have homogeneous effects among individuals. Nevertheless, it is possible to establish some common mechanisms, like a decrease in pro-inflammatory markers in the case of exercise, and an increase in chronic inflammation in non-communicable diseases. An accurate diagnosis might consider the particular variables of a patient, namely their molecular profile and how it affects its metabolism, routines, and lifestyle; their underling health conditions; and probably even the constitution of their microbiome. We foresee that the development and accessibility of omics approaches and precision medicine will greatly improve the diagnosis, treatment, and successful outcomes for obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A. Monsalve
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile;
| | - Fernando Delgado-López
- Laboratories of Biomedical Research, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile;
| | | | - Daniel R. González
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile;
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3
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Chennupati R, Solga I, Wischmann P, Dahlmann P, Celik FG, Pacht D, Şahin A, Yogathasan V, Hosen MR, Gerdes N, Kelm M, Jung C. Chronic anemia is associated with systemic endothelial dysfunction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1099069. [PMID: 37234375 PMCID: PMC10205985 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1099069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In acute myocardial infarction and heart failure, anemia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is characterized by attenuated nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation responses which is poorly studied in chronic anemia (CA). We hypothesized that CA is associated with ED due to increased oxidative stress in the endothelium. Methods CA was induced by repeated blood withdrawal in male C57BL/6J mice. Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD) responses were assessed in CA mice using ultrasound-guided femoral transient ischemia model. Tissue organ bath was used to assess vascular responsiveness of aortic rings from CA mice, and in aortic rings incubated with red blood cells (RBCs) from anemic patients. In the aortic rings from anemic mice, the role of arginases was assessed using either an arginase inhibitor (Nor-NOHA) or genetic ablation of arginase 1 in the endothelium. Inflammatory changes in plasma of CA mice were examined by ELISA. Expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), myeloperoxidase (MPO), 3-Nitrotyrosine levels, and 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were assessed either by Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ED was assessed in the anemic mice either supplemented with N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) or by in vitro pharmacological inhibition of MPO. Results The FMD responses were diminished with a correlation to the duration of anemia. Aortic rings from CA mice showed reduced NO-dependent relaxation compared to non-anemic mice. RBCs from anemic patients attenuated NO-dependent relaxation responses in murine aortic rings compared to non-anemic controls. CA results in increased plasma VCAM-1, ICAM-1 levels, and an increased iNOS expression in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Arginases inhibition or arginase1 deletion did not improve ED in anemic mice. Increased expression of MPO and 4-HNE observed in endothelial cells of aortic sections from CA mice. NAC supplementation or inhibition of MPO improved relaxation responses in CA mice. Conclusion Chronic anemia is associated with progressive endothelial dysfunction evidenced by activation of the endothelium mediated by systemic inflammation, increased iNOS activity, and ROS production in the arterial wall. ROS scavenger (NAC) supplementation or MPO inhibition are potential therapeutic options to reverse the devastating endothelial dysfunction in chronic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chennupati
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isabella Solga
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patricia Wischmann
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul Dahlmann
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Feyza Gül Celik
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniela Pacht
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aslıhan Şahin
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vithya Yogathasan
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohammad Rabiul Hosen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, HeartCenter Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Ahmed A, Bibi A, Valoti M, Fusi F. Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Vascular Smooth Muscle Tone: Friends or Foes? Cells 2023; 12:cells12081196. [PMID: 37190105 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a specialized type of adipose tissue that surrounds most mammalian blood vessels. PVAT is a metabolically active, endocrine organ capable of regulating blood vessel tone, endothelium function, vascular smooth muscle cell growth and proliferation, and contributing critically to cardiovascular disease onset and progression. In the context of vascular tone regulation, under physiological conditions, PVAT exerts a potent anticontractile effect by releasing a plethora of vasoactive substances, including NO, H2S, H2O2, prostacyclin, palmitic acid methyl ester, angiotensin 1-7, adiponectin, leptin, and omentin. However, under certain pathophysiological conditions, PVAT exerts pro-contractile effects by decreasing the production of anticontractile and increasing that of pro-contractile factors, including superoxide anion, angiotensin II, catecholamines, prostaglandins, chemerin, resistin, and visfatin. The present review discusses the regulatory effect of PVAT on vascular tone and the factors involved. In this scenario, dissecting the precise role of PVAT is a prerequisite to the development of PVAT-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aasia Bibi
- Nanotechnology Institute, CNR-NANOTEC, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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5
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Wang C, Zhou J, Gao D, Wang Y, Guo L, Liang W, Shi N, Cheng R, Wang H, Huang J, Liao J, Hu M. Effects of Long-Term Aerobic Exercise on Perivascular Adipose Tissue Function and Akt/eNOS/NO Pathway in Obese Rats. Artery Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s44200-023-00032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in obesity critically contributes to vascular dysfunction, which might be restored by long-term exercise. Protein kinase B/nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide (Akt/eNOS/NO) down-regulation within PVAT might be involved in the impaired anti-contractile function of arteries. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of long-term aerobic exercise on PVAT function and the potential regulator during this process.
Methods
Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal diet control group (NC), normal diet exercise group (NE), high-fat diet control group (HC), and high-fat diet exercise group (HE) (n = 12 in each group). Upon the establishment of obesity (20 weeks of high-fat diet), exercise program was performed on a treadmill for 17 weeks. After the intervention, circulating biomarkers and PVAT morphology were evaluated. Vascular contraction and relaxation were determined with or without PVAT. Production of NO and the phosphorylations of Akt (Ser473) and eNOS (Ser1177) within PVAT were quantified.
Results
Metabolic abnormalities, systemic inflammation, and circulating adipokines in obesity were significantly restored by long-term aerobic exercise (P < 0.05). The anti-contractile effect of PVAT was significantly enhanced by exercise in obese rats (P < 0.05), which was accompanied by a significant reduction in the PVAT mass and lipid droplet area (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the production of NO was significantly increased, and phosphorylation levels of Akt (Ser473) and eNOS (Ser1177) were also significantly promoted in PVAT by long-term aerobic exercise (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Long-term aerobic exercise training restored PVAT morphology and anti-contractile function in obese rats, and enhanced the activation of the Akt/eNOS/NO signaling pathway in PVAT.
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6
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Cui F, Mi H, Guan Y, Zhu Y, Wang R, Tian Y, Yang K, Zhang Y. Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia ameliorates vascular reactivity through upregulating adiponectin expression of PVAT in metabolic syndrome rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 101:160-170. [PMID: 36716441 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cumulating evidence demonstrated that chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) had beneficial effects on the body. This study investigated the role of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in ameliorating effect of CIHH on vascular reactivity by adiponectin in mesenteric artery of metabolic syndrome (MS) rats. Main methods: 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (CON), MS model, CIHH treatment, and MS + CIHH treatment group. The size of adipocytes in PVAT was measured by scanning electron microscopy. Serum adiponectin was measured. The microvessel recording technique was used to observe the effect of CIHH on contraction and relaxation in mesenteric artery rings. Also, the expressions of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, adiponectin, AdipoR1, AdipoR2, APPL1, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were assayed by Western blotting. Key findings: in MS rats, adipocyte size increased, serum adiponectin decreased, contraction reaction increased while relaxation reaction decreased, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was upregulated, while adiponectin was downregulated in PVAT, and the expressions of AdipoR1, AdipoR2, APPL, and phosphorylated-eNOS were downregulated in mesenteric artery. All aforementioned abnormalities of MS were ameliorated in MS + CIHH rats. We concluded that CIHH treatment improves vascular reactivity through upregulating adiponectin expression and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression of PVAT in MS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cui
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China.,Department of Electron Microscope Laboratory, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China
| | - Haichao Mi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, P.R. China
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Electron Microscope Laboratory, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China
| | - Ruotong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China
| | - Kaifan Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang 050000, P.R. China
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7
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Balbino-Silva CS, Couto GK, Lino CA, de Oliveira-Silva T, Lunardon G, Huang ZP, Festuccia WT, Barreto-Chaves ML, Wang DZ, Rossoni LV, Diniz GP. miRNA-22 is involved in the aortic reactivity in physiological conditions and mediates obesity-induced perivascular adipose tissue dysfunction. Life Sci 2023; 316:121416. [PMID: 36690245 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Blood vessels are surrounded by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which plays an important role in vascular tonus regulation due to its anticontractile effect; however, this effect is impaired in obesity. We previously demonstrated that miRNA-22 is involved in obesity-related metabolic disorders. However, the impact of miRNA-22 on vascular reactivity and PVAT function is unknown. AIM To investigate the role of miRNA-22 on vascular reactivity and its impact on obesity-induced PVAT dysfunction. MAIN METHODS Wild-type and miRNA-22 knockout (KO) mice were fed a control or a high-fat (HF) diet. To characterize the vascular response, concentration-responses curves to noradrenaline were performed in PVAT- or PVAT+ thoracic aortic rings in absence and presence of L-NAME. Expression of adipogenic and thermogenic markers and NOS isoforms were evaluated by western blotting or qPCR. KEY FINDINGS HF diet and miRNA-22 deletion reduced noradrenaline-induced contraction in PVAT- aortic rings. Additionally, miRNA-22 deletion increased noradrenaline-induced contraction in PVAT+ aortic rings without affecting its sensitivity; however, this effect was not observed in miRNA-22 KO mice fed a HF diet. Interestingly, miRNA-22 deletion reduced the contraction of aortic rings to noradrenaline via a NOS-dependent mechanism. Moreover, HF diet abolished the NOS-mediated anticontractile effect of PVAT, which was attenuated by miRNA-22 deletion. Mechanistically, we found that PVAT from miRNA-22 KO mice fed a HF diet presented increased protein expression of nNOS. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that miRNA-22 is important for aorta reactivity under physiological circumstances and its deletion attenuates the loss of the NOS-mediated anticontractile effect of PVAT in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Balbino-Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele K Couto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Lino
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Lunardon
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zhan-Peng Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Luciana V Rossoni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela P Diniz
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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Javier Cano-Martínez L, De Los Santos S, Mauricio Coral-Vázquez R, Pablo Méndez J, Trejo S, Roque-Ramírez B, Carlos Pérez-Razo J, Canto P. Variations in protein levels of the apelinergic system in adipose tissue of hypertensive individuals with class 3 obesity. Gene X 2023; 854:147107. [PMID: 36513190 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of apelin (APLN) and its receptor (APLNR) in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and its effect on the downstream expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in individuals with class 3 obesity, with or without hypertension. Seventy-five unrelated individuals presenting obesity class 3 with or without hypertension were included. Gene expression of APLN, and APLNR were analyzed in VAT, by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The APLN, APLNR and eNOS (total and phosphorylated) levels in VAT were evaluated by Western blot. Analysis of differences between groups of APLN, APLNR and eNOS were performed by a logistic regression adjusting by confounding factors. Forty-five individuals with hypertension formed the case group, and 30 individuals constituted the control group. The APLN mRNA and protein levels were higher in the group of individuals with hypertension versus individuals without hypertension (p = 0.027 and p = 0.036, respectively). Meanwhile, APLNR mRNA and protein levels in subjects with hypertension were lower versus the group of subjects without hypertension (p = 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). Further, the group with hypertension presented a lower level of phosphorylation of eNOS Ser1177, compared to the control group (p = 0.002). In conclusion, individuals with class 3 obesity and hypertension present a modified APLN/APLNR expression in visceral adipose tissue, which could be secondary to reduced eNOS phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Javier Cano-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sergio De Los Santos
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ramón Mauricio Coral-Vázquez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Pablo Méndez
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Silvia Trejo
- Clínica Integral de Cirugía para la Obesidad y Enfermedades Metabólicas. Hospital General "Dr. Rubén Leñero", CDMX, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Bladimir Roque-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica CDMX, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Carlos Pérez-Razo
- División de Medicina Genómica, Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricia Canto
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México.
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9
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Selective deficiency of UCP-1 and adropin may lead to different subtypes of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Genes Immun 2023; 24:39-45. [PMID: 36670189 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a systemic autoimmune disease that is prone to respiratory and renal failures. Its major target antigens are serine protease 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), but the determinants of PR3 and MPO subtypes are still unclear. Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and adropin (Adr) regulate mutually and play an important role in endothelial cell injury. In this study, adropin and UCP-1 knockout (AdrKO and UCP-1-KO) models were established on the basis of C57BL/6 J mice. The results showed that UCP-1-KO and AdrKO mice similar to AAV: significant inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular wall damage, and erythrocyte extravasation. The pathological basis of AdrKO was that endothelial cells adhered and activated neutrophils to release MPO, and the core gene was peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). However, UCP-1-KO induced PR3 release, and the accumulation and expression of tissue factor on the vascular wall, and the core gene was peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD). The present study verified that the subtypes of AAV may be genetically different diseases and it also provide novel experimental evidence for clinical differentiation of the two subtypes.
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10
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Oza PP, Kashfi K. Utility of NO and H 2S donating platforms in managing COVID-19: Rationale and promise. Nitric Oxide 2022; 128:72-102. [PMID: 36029975 PMCID: PMC9398942 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are a continuing global burden on the human population, underscored by the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic. Current treatment options and supportive therapies for many viral infections are relatively limited, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Virus-induced damage occurs through direct infection of host cells and inflammation-related changes. Severe cases of certain viral infections, including COVID-19, can lead to a hyperinflammatory response termed cytokine storm, resulting in extensive endothelial damage, thrombosis, respiratory failure, and death. Therapies targeting these complications are crucial in addition to antiviral therapies. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide are two endogenous gasotransmitters that have emerged as key signaling molecules with a broad range of antiviral actions in addition to having anti-inflammatory properties and protective functions in the vasculature and respiratory system. The enhancement of endogenous nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide levels thus holds promise for managing both early-stage and later-stage viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Using SARS-CoV-2 as a model for similar viral infections, here we explore the current evidence regarding nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide's use to limit viral infection, resolve inflammation, and reduce vascular and pulmonary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak P Oza
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10031, USA; Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, 10091, USA.
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11
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Elrakaybi A, Laubner K, Zhou Q, Hug MJ, Seufert J. Cardiovascular protection by SGLT2 inhibitors - Do anti-inflammatory mechanisms play a role? Mol Metab 2022; 64:101549. [PMID: 35863639 PMCID: PMC9352970 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome and related metabolic disturbances represent a state of low-grade inflammation, which accelerates insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. Among antidiabetic medications, sodium glucose co-transporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors are the only agents which showed remarkable reductions in heart failure (HF) hospitalizations and major cardiovascular endpoints (MACE) as well as renal endpoints regardless of diabetes status in large randomized clinical outcome trials (RCTs). Although the exact mechanisms underlying these benefits are yet to be established, growing evidence suggests that modulating inflammation by SGLT2 inhibitors may play a key role. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this manuscript, we summarize the current knowledge on anti-inflammatory effects of SGLT2 inhibitors as one of the mechanisms potentially mediating their cardiovascular (CV) benefits. We introduce the different metabolic and systemic actions mediated by these agents which could mitigate inflammation, and further present the signalling pathways potentially responsible for their proposed direct anti-inflammatory effects. We also discuss controversies surrounding some of these mechanisms. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS SGLT2 inhibitors are promising anti-inflammatory agents by acting either indirectly via improving metabolism and reducing stress conditions or via direct modulation of inflammatory signalling pathways. These effects were achieved, to a great extent, in a glucose-independent manner which established their clinical use in HF patients with and without diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Elrakaybi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Katharina Laubner
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Hug
- Pharmacy, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Seufert
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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12
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Dos Reis Costa DEF, de Araújo NF, Nóbrega NRC, de Assis Rabelo Ribeiro N, de Oliveira ACC, Dos Santos Aggum Capettini L, Ferreira AVM, Bonaventura D. Contribution of RAS, ROS and COX-1-derived prostanoids to the contractile profile of perivascular adipose tissue in cafeteria diet-induced obesity. Life Sci 2022; 309:120994. [PMID: 36155180 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity can lead to the loss of the anticontractile properties of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Given that cafeteria (CAF) diet reflects the variety of highly calorie and easily accessible foods in Western societies, contributing to obesity and metabolic disorders, we sought to investigate the impact of CAF diet on PVAT vasoactive profile and the involvement of renin-angiotensin system, oxidative stress, and cyclooxygenase pathway. MAIN METHODS Male Balb/c mice received standard or CAF diet for 4 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests were performed, and fasting serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride parameters were determined. Vascular reactivity, fluorescence and immunofluorescence analyzes were carried out in intact thoracic aorta in the presence or absence of PVAT. KEY FINDINGS CAF diet was effective in inducing obesity and metabolic disorders, as demonstrated by increased body weight gain and adiposity index, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity. Importantly, CAF diet led to a significant decrease in aortic contractility which was restored in the presence of PVAT, exhibiting therefore a contractile profile. The contractile effect of PVAT was associated with the activation of AT1 receptor, reactive oxygen species, cyclooxygenase-1, thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin E2 receptors. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that the contractile profile of PVAT involving the renin-angiotensin system activation, reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-1 metabolites may be a protective compensatory adaptive response during early stage of CAF diet-induced obesity as an attempt to restore the impaired vascular contraction observed in the absence of PVAT, contributing to the maintenance of vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natália Ferreira de Araújo
- Laboratory of Vascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natália Ribeiro Cabacinha Nóbrega
- Laboratory of Vascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Naiara de Assis Rabelo Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Vascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Carla Clemente de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Adaliene Versiani Matos Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniella Bonaventura
- Laboratory of Vascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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13
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Hillock-Watling C, Gotlieb AI. The pathobiology of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), the fourth layer of the blood vessel wall. Cardiovasc Pathol 2022; 61:107459. [PMID: 35907442 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2022.107459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an adipose tissue depot which surrounds most human blood vessels. It is metabolically active and has both a protective and a pathogenic role in vascular biology and pathobiology. It regulates vascular homeostasis and promotes vascular dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to consider the origin, structure, function, and dysfunction of this unique adipose depot consisting of white (WAT), brown (BAT) and beige adipose tissue, to support the concept that PVAT may be considered the fourth layer of the normal arterial wall (tunica adiposa), in which dysfunction creates a microenvironment that regulates, in part, the initiation and growth of the fibro-inflammatory lipid atherosclerotic plaque. Experimental in-vivo and in-vitro studies and human investigations show that the adipocytes, extracellular matrix, nerve fibers and vasa vasorum found in PVAT form a functional adipose tissue unit adjacent to, but not anatomically separated from, the adventitia. PVAT maintains and regulates the structure and function of the normal arterial wall through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, that include modulation of medial smooth muscle cell contractility and secretion of anti-inflammatory molecules. PVAT shows regional phenotypic heterogeneity which may be important in its effect on the wall of specific sections of the aorta and its muscular branches during perturbations and various injuries including obesity and diabetes. In atherosclerosis, a pan-vascular microenvironment is created that functionally links the intima-medial atherosclerotic plaque to the adventitia and PVAT beneath the plaque, highlighting the local impact of PVAT on atherogenesis. PVAT adipocytes have inflammatory effects which in response to injury show activation and phenotypic changes, some of which are considered to have direct and indirect effects on the intima and media during the initiation, growth, and development of complicated atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, it is important to maintain the integrity of the full vascular microenvironment so that design of experimental and human studies include investigation of PVAT. The era of discarding PVAT tissue in both experimental and human research and clinical vascular studies should end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Hillock-Watling
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Avrum I Gotlieb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071754. [PMID: 35885059 PMCID: PMC9313312 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a special type of ectopic fat depot that adheres to most vasculatures. PVAT has been shown to exert anticontractile effects on the blood vessels and confers protective effects against metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. PVAT plays a critical role in vascular homeostasis via secreting adipokine, hormones, and growth factors. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS; also known as NOS3 or NOSIII) is well-known for its role in the generation of vasoprotective nitric oxide (NO). eNOS is primarily expressed, but not exclusively, in endothelial cells, while recent studies have identified its expression in both adipocytes and endothelial cells of PVAT. PVAT eNOS is an important player in the protective role of PVAT. Different studies have demonstrated that, under obesity-linked metabolic diseases, PVAT eNOS may be even more important than endothelium eNOS in obesity-induced vascular dysfunction, which may be attributed to certain PVAT eNOS-specific functions. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of eNOS expression in PVAT, its function under both physiological and pathological conditions and listed out a few pharmacological interventions of interest that target eNOS in PVAT.
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15
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Rami AZA, Hamid AA, Anuar NNM, Aminuddin A, Ugusman A. Exploring the Relationship of Perivascular Adipose Tissue Inflammation and the Development of Vascular Pathologies. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:2734321. [PMID: 35177953 PMCID: PMC8846975 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2734321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially thought to only provide mechanical support for the underlying blood vessels, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has now emerged as a regulator of vascular function. A healthy PVAT exerts anticontractile and anti-inflammatory actions on the underlying vasculature via the release of adipocytokines such as adiponectin, nitric oxide, and omentin. However, dysfunctional PVAT produces more proinflammatory adipocytokines such as leptin, resistin, interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thus inducing an inflammatory response that contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. In this review, current knowledge on the role of PVAT inflammation in the development of vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis and hypertension was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifah Zahirah Abd Rami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adila A. Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar
- Center for Toxicology & Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abd Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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16
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He J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Li C, Qi X, Wang J, Guo P, Chen S, Niu Y, Liu F, Zhang R, Li Q, Ma S, Zhang M, Hong C, Zhang M. Association Between Habitual Night Sleep Duration and Predicted 10-Year Cardiovascular Risk by Sex Among Young and Middle-Aged Adults. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:911-926. [PMID: 35586455 PMCID: PMC9109730 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s359611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesize the association between sleep duration and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk varies with age category; however, evidence for the relationship between sleep duration and CVD risk among young and middle-aged adults remains scarce. This research aims to assess the association between night sleep duration and cardiovascular risk by sex among young and middle-aged Chinese adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used the baseline data of a cohort of adults for physical examination by stratified cluster sampling. The Framingham risk score and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to measure CVD risk and sleep duration, respectively. Demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, height, weight, total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were collected. We performed multiple logistic regressions to examine the association between night sleep duration and the predicted cardiovascular risk. RESULTS We included 27,547 participants aged 18-64 years free of CVD, cerebral stroke, and not taking lipid-lowering agents. Overall, 12.7%, and 20.4% were at medium and high predicted CVD risk, respectively; 11.9% and 12.3% reported short and long sleep, respectively. Short sleep was independently associated with 23% (95% CI: 1.08-1.40) increased odds of medium-to-high CVD risk and 26% (95% CI: 1.11-1.45) increased odds of high CVD risk among females. Whereas long sleep was independently associated with 17% (95% CI: 0.71-0.98) decreased odds of medium-to-high CVD risk among males. CONCLUSION Among young and middle-aged adults, long sleep was associated with decreased odds of CVD risk in males, whereas short sleep was associated with increased odds of cardiovascular risk in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan He
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxue Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjun Li
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qi
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiong Wang
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Guo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Niu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shitao Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mianzhi Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglin Hong
- Department of Social Welfare, School of Public Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minying Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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17
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The Role of Obesity-Induced Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT) Dysfunction in Vascular Homeostasis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113843. [PMID: 34836100 PMCID: PMC8621306 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an additional special type of adipose tissue surrounding blood vessels. Under physiological conditions, PVAT plays a significant role in regulation of vascular tone, intravascular thermoregulation, and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. PVAT is responsible for releasing adipocytes-derived relaxing factors (ADRF) and perivascular-derived relaxing factors (PDRF), which have anticontractile properties. Obesity induces increased oxidative stress, an inflammatory state, and hypoxia, which contribute to PVAT dysfunction. The exact mechanism of vascular dysfunction in obesity is still not well clarified; however, there are some pathways such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) disorders and PVAT-derived factor dysregulation, which are involved in hypertension and endothelial dysfunction development. Physical activity has a beneficial effect on PVAT function among obese patients by reducing the oxidative stress and inflammatory state. Diet, which is the second most beneficial non-invasive strategy in obesity treatment, may have a positive impact on PVAT-derived factors and may restore the balance in their concentration.
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18
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Wang M, Xing J, Liu M, Gao M, Liu Y, Li X, Hu L, Zhao X, Liao J, Liu G, Dong J. Deletion of Seipin Attenuates Vascular Function and the Anticontractile Effect of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:706924. [PMID: 34409079 PMCID: PMC8365033 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.706924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seipin locates in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulates adipogenesis and lipid droplet formation. Deletion of Seipin has been well-demonstrated to cause severe general lipodystrophy, however, its role in maintaining perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and vascular homeostasis has not been directly assessed. In the present study, we investigated the role of Seipin in mediating the anticontractile effect of PVAT and vascular function. Seipin expression in PVAT and associated vessels were detected by qPCR and western-blot. Seipin is highly expressed in PVAT, but hardly in vessels. Structural and functional alterations of PVAT and associated vessels were compared between Seipin−/− mice and WT mice. In Seipin−/− mice, aortic and mesenteric PVAT were significantly reduced in mass and adipose-derived relaxing factors (ADRFs) secretion, but increased in macrophage infiltration and ER stress, as compared with those in WT mice. Aortic and mesenteric artery rings from WT and Seipin−/− mice were mounted on a wire myograph. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation were studied in vessels with and without PVAT. WT PVAT augmented relaxation but not Seipin−/− PVAT, which suggest impaired anticontractile function in PVAT of Seipin−/− mice. Thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery from Seipin−/− mice had impaired contractility in response to phenylephrine (PHE) and relaxation to acetylcholine (Ach). In conclusion, Seipin deficiency caused abnormalities in PVAT morphology and vascular functions. Our data demonstrated for the first time that Seipin plays a critical role in maintaining PVAT function and vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junhui Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengduan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - George Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzeng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, National Clinical Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Haberzettl P, Jin L, Riggs DW, Zhao J, O’Toole TE, Conklin DJ. Fine particulate matter air pollution and aortic perivascular adipose tissue: Oxidative stress, leptin, and vascular dysfunction. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14980. [PMID: 34327871 PMCID: PMC8322754 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) air pollution increases blood pressure, induces vascular inflammation and dysfunction, and augments atherosclerosis in humans and rodents; however, the understanding of early changes that foster chronic vascular disease is incomplete. Because perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) inflammation is implicated in chronic vascular diseases, we investigated changes in aortic PVAT following short-term air pollution exposure. Mice were exposed to HEPA-filtered or concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP) for 9 consecutive days, and the abundance of inflammatory, adipogenic, and adipokine gene mRNAs was measured by gene array and qRT-PCR in thoracic aortic PVAT. Responses of the isolated aorta with and without PVAT to contractile (phenylephrine, PE) and relaxant agonists (acetylcholine, ACh; sodium nitroprusside, SNP) were measured. Exposure to CAP significantly increased the urinary excretion of acrolein metabolite (3HPMA) as well as the abundance of protein-acrolein adducts (a marker of oxidative stress) in PVAT and aorta, upregulated PVAT leptin mRNA expression without changing mRNA levels of several proinflammatory genes, and induced PVAT insulin resistance. In control mice, PVAT significantly depressed PE-induced contractions-an effect that was dampened by CAP exposure. Pulmonary overexpression of extracellular dismutase (ecSOD-Tg) prevented CAP-induced effects on urinary 3HPMA levels, PVAT Lep mRNA, and alterations in PVAT and aortic function, reflecting a necessary role of pulmonary oxidative stress in all of these deleterious CAP-induced changes. More research is needed to address how exactly short-term exposure to PM2.5 perturbs PVAT and aortic function, and how these specific genes and functional changes in PVAT could lead over time to chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Haberzettl
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Division of Environmental MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Lexiao Jin
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Division of Environmental MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Daniel W. Riggs
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Division of Environmental MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Timothy E. O’Toole
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Division of Environmental MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Daniel J. Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Division of Environmental MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
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20
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Rusin A, Li M, Cocchetto A, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Radiation exposure and mitochondrial insufficiency in chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2021; 154:110647. [PMID: 34358921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) is a heterogeneous disease that may be promoted by various environmental stressors, including viral infection, toxin uptake, and ionizing radiation exposure. Previous studies have identified mitochondrial dysfunction in CFIDS patients, including modulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, deletions in the mitochondrial genome, and upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This paper focuses on radiation effects and hypothesizes that CFIDS is primarily caused by stressor-induced mitochondrial metabolic insufficiency, which results in decreased energy production and anabolic metabolites required for normal cellular metabolism. Furthermore, tissues neighbouring or distant from directly perturbed tissues compensate for this dysfunction, which causes symptoms associated with CFIDS. This hypothesis is justified by reviewing the links between radiation exposure and CFIDS, cancer, immune dysfunction, and induction of oxidative stress. Moreover, the relevance of mitochondria in cellular responses to radiation and metabolism are discussed and putative mitochondrial biomarkers for CFIDS are introduced. Implications for diagnosis are then described, including a potential urine assay and PCR test for mitochondrial genome mutations. Finally, future research needs are offered with an emphasis on where rapid progress may be made to assist the afflicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.
| | - Megan Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Alan Cocchetto
- National CFIDS Foundation Inc., 103 Aletha Road, Needham, MA USA
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
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21
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Sousa AS, Sponton ACS, Delbin MA. Perivascular adipose tissue and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in obese mice: Beneficial effects of aerobic exercise in adiponectin receptor (AdipoR1) and peNOS Ser1177. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1430-1440. [PMID: 34260769 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we aim to investigate the effects of aerobic physical training on perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT)-induced microvascular dysfunction of the femoral artery in obese mice. Microvascular reactivity was evaluated in control sedentary (c-SD), obese sedentary (o-SD) and obese trained (o-TR) male mice (C57BL6/JUnib), in the absence (PVAT-) or the presence (PVAT+) of femoral artery PVAT. We also analyzed protein expression, vascular nitric oxide (NO) production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in PVAT. The blood glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol levels were increased in the o-SD group, when compared with the c-SD group. The maximal responses and the potency to acetylcholine (ACh) were decreased in PVAT+ compared with PVAT- rings in the o-SD group, accompanied by a decrease in vascular protein expression of peNOSSer1177 , Cu/Zn-SOD, leptin receptor (Ob-R) and adiponectin receptor (AdipoR1). The protein expression of leptin increased and that of adiponectin decreased in PVAT. Additionally, vascular NO production was reduced and ROS generation was enhanced in PVAT in the o-SD group. Aerobic exercise training was effective for normalizing ACh relaxation response, vascular NO production and ROS generation in the o-TR group. It partially re-established the vascular protein expression of peNOSSer1177 and the PVAT leptin; normalized the vascular Cu/Zn-SOD and AdipoR1 protein expressions. In obese sedentary mice, the presence of PVAT is involved in the process of microvascular dysfunction of the femoral artery in a pathway associated with increased inflammation and ROS generation. The aerobic exercise training normalized the vascular response, the NO production and/or bioavailability and oxidative stress, with improved vascular expressions of Cu/Zn-SOD, peNOSser1177 , and AdipoR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa S Sousa
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Amanda C S Sponton
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria A Delbin
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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22
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Kim LJ, Shin MK, Pho H, Otvos L, Tufik S, Andersen ML, Pham LV, Polotsky VY. Leptin Receptor Blockade Attenuates Hypertension, but Does Not Affect Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia in a Model of Polygenic Obesity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:688375. [PMID: 34276408 PMCID: PMC8283021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.688375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity can cause hypertension and exacerbates sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Leptin is an adipocyte-produced hormone, which increases metabolic rate, suppresses appetite, modulates control of breathing, and increases blood pressure. Obese individuals with high circulating levels of leptin are resistant to metabolic and respiratory effects of leptin, but they appear to be sensitive to hypertensive effects of this hormone. Obesity-induced hypertension has been associated with hyperleptinemia. New Zealand obese (NZO) mice, a model of polygenic obesity, have high levels of circulating leptin and hypertension, and are prone to develop SDB, similarly to human obesity. We hypothesize that systemic leptin receptor blocker Allo-aca will treat hypertension in NZO mice without any effect on body weight, food intake, or breathing. Methods Male NZO mice, 12–13 weeks of age, were treated with Allo-aca (n = 6) or a control peptide Gly11 (n = 12) for 8 consecutive days. Doses of 0.2 mg/kg were administered subcutaneously 2×/day, at 10 AM and 6 PM. Blood pressure was measured by telemetry for 48 h before and during peptide infusion. Ventilation was assessed by whole-body barometric plethysmography, control of breathing was examined by assessing the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), and polysomnography was performed during light-phase at baseline and during treatment. Heart rate variability analyses were performed to estimate the cardiac autonomic balance. Results Systemic leptin receptor blockade with Allo-aca did not affect body weight, body temperature, and food intake in NZO mice. Plasma levels of leptin did not change after the treatment with either Allo-aca or the control peptide Gy11. NZO mice were hypertensive at baseline and leptin receptor blocker Allo-aca significantly reduced the mean arterial pressure from 134.9 ± 3.1 to 124.9 ± 5.7 mmHg during the light phase (P < 0.05), whereas the control peptide had no effect. Leptin receptor blockade did not change the heart rate or cardiac autonomic balance. Allo-aca did not affect minute ventilation under normoxic or hypoxic conditions and HVR. Ventilation, apnea index, and oxygen desaturation during NREM and REM sleep did not change with leptin receptor blockade. Conclusion Systemic leptin receptor blockade attenuates hypertension in NZO mice, but does not exacerbate obesity and SDB. Thus, leptin receptor blockade represents a potential pharmacotherapy for obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise J Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mi-Kyung Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Huy Pho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laszlo Otvos
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Arrevus, Inc., Raleigh, NC, United States.,OLPE, LLC, Audubon, PA, United States
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica L Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luu V Pham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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23
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Boateng SY, Olfert IM, Chantler PD. Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Exercise on Arterial Function with Obesity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:188-196. [PMID: 33831902 PMCID: PMC8195847 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue and arterial dysfunction are common in the obese state. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) plays an important role in mediating arterial health, and with obesity, the PVAT dysfunction negatively affects arterial health. Exercise training exerts direct and beneficial effects on PVAT, providing an additional and novel pathway by which exercise can improve arterial health in diseased populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Y Boateng
- Biological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, UK
| | - I. Mark Olfert
- Department of Human Performance, Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute (WVCTSI), Morgantown, WV
| | - Paul D Chantler
- Department of Human Performance, Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute (WVCTSI), Morgantown, WV
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24
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Rukavina Mikusic NL, Kouyoumdzian NM, Puyó AM, Fernández BE, Choi MR. Role of natriuretic peptides in the cardiovascular-adipose communication: a tale of two organs. Pflugers Arch 2021; 474:5-19. [PMID: 34173888 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides have long been known for their cardiovascular function. However, a growing body of evidence emphasizes the role of natriuretic peptides in the energy metabolism of several substrates in humans and animals, thus interrelating the heart, as an endocrine organ, with various insulin-sensitive tissues and organs such as adipose tissue, muscle skeletal, and liver. Adipose tissue dysfunction is associated with altered regulation of the natriuretic peptide system, also indicated as a natriuretic disability. Evidence points to a contribution of this natriuretic disability to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiometabolic complications; although the causal relationship is not fully understood at present. However, targeting the natriuretic peptide pathway may improve metabolic health in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review will focus on the current literature on the metabolic functions of natriuretic peptides with emphasis on lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Natriuretic peptide system alterations could be proposed as one of the linking mechanisms between adipose tissue dysfunction and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lucía Rukavina Mikusic
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás Martín Kouyoumdzian
- Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Puyó
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marcelo Roberto Choi
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación H.A. Barceló, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Ferreira NS, Tostes RC, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Aldosterone, Inflammation, Immune System, and Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:15-27. [PMID: 32820797 PMCID: PMC7891246 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that controls body fluid and electrolyte balance. Excess aldosterone is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Inflammation plays a critical role on vascular damage promoted by aldosterone and aggravates vascular abnormalities, including endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, fibrosis and oxidative stress, and other manifestations of end-organ damage that are associated with hypertension, other forms of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. Over the past few years, many studies have consistently shown that aldosterone activates cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Macrophages and T cells accumulate in the kidneys, heart, and vasculature in response to aldosterone, and infiltration of immune cells contributes to end-organ damage in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Aldosterone activates various subsets of innate immune cells such as dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages, as well as adaptive immune cells such as T lymphocytes, and, by activation of mineralocorticoid receptors stimulates proinflammatory transcription factors and the production of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This review will briefly highlight some of the studies on the involvement of aldosterone in activation of innate and adaptive immune cells and its impact on the cardiovascular system. Since aldosterone plays a key role in many cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, these data will open up promising perspectives for the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of diseases associated with increased levels of aldosterone, such as arterial hypertension, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanne S Ferreira
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pierre Paradis
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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26
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Barp CG, Bonaventura D, Assreuy J. NO, ROS, RAS, and PVAT: More Than a Soup of Letters. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640021. [PMID: 33643076 PMCID: PMC7902489 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has recently entered in the realm of cardiovascular diseases as a putative target for intervention. Notwithstanding its relevance, there is still a long way before the role of PVAT in physiology and pathology is fully understood. The general idea that PVAT anti-contractile effect is beneficial and its pro-contractile effect is harmful is being questioned by several reports. The role of some PVAT important products or systems such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and RAS may vary depending on the context, disease, place of production, etc., which adds doubts on how mediators of PVAT anti- and pro-contractile effects are called to action and their final result. This short review will address some points regarding NO, ROS, and RAS in the beneficial and harmful roles of PVAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Germano Barp
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniella Bonaventura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jamil Assreuy
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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27
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Ameer OZ, Salman IM, Alwadi AY, Ouban A, Abu-Owaimer FM, AlSharari SD, Bukhari IA. Regional functional and structural abnormalities within the aorta as a potential driver of vascular disease in metabolic syndrome. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:771-788. [PMID: 33450088 DOI: 10.1113/ep089213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Is aortic dysfunction, a significant contributor to cardiovascular disease in metabolic syndrome, expressed uniformly across both the thoracic and abdominal aorta? What is the main finding and its importance? Our study shows that, in the setting of metabolic syndrome, functional and structural deficits in the aorta are differentially expressed along its length, with the abdominal portion displaying more extensive vascular abnormalities. It is, therefore, likely that early interventional strategies targeting the abdominal aorta might alleviate cardiovascular pathologies driven by the metabolic syndrome. ABSTRACT The extent of vascular dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome might vary along the length of the aorta. In this study, we investigated regional functional and structural changes in the thoracic and abdominal aorta of a rat model of metabolic syndrome, namely, high-fat diet (HFD) streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (HFD-D). Four-week-old male Wistar albino rats were fed with either HFD or control diet (CD) for 10 weeks. At week 6, 40 mg/kg streptozotocin and its vehicle were injected i.p. into HFD and CD groups, respectively. At the end of the feeding period, rats were euthanised and aortic segments collected for assessment of vascular functional responses and histomorphometry. Tail-cuff systolic blood pressures (154 ± 6 vs. 110 ± 4 mmHg) and areas under the curve for oral glucose and i.p. insulin tolerance tests were greater in HFD-D versus CD rats. Abdominal aortic vasoconstriction in response to noradrenaline and KCl was greater in HFD-D compared with CD rats. Thoracic vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline, but not KCl, were greater in the HFD-D group. Abdominal, but not thoracic, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in response to acetylcholine was blunted in HFD-D relative to CD rats; however, nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation in HFD-D rats was impaired in both thoracic and abdominal segments. The abdominal aorta of HFD-D rats showed deranged interlamellar spacing and increased lipid plaque deposition. In conclusion, vascular dysfunction in metabolic syndrome is expressed differentially along the length of the aorta, with the abdominal aorta exhibiting increased susceptibility to vasoconstrictors and greater deficits in endothelium-dependent relaxation. These vascular functional abnormalities could potentially underlie the development of hypertensive cardiovascular disease associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Z Ameer
- College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Salman
- College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman Y Alwadi
- College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abderrahman Ouban
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shakir D AlSharari
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishfaq A Bukhari
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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28
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Matjuda EN, Engwa GA, Sewani-Rusike CR, Nkeh-Chungag BN. An Overview of Vascular Dysfunction and Determinants: The Case of Children of African Ancestry. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:769589. [PMID: 34956981 PMCID: PMC8709476 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.769589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between dilatory and constrictive factors is important as it keeps blood vessels in a homeostatic state. However, altered physiological processes as a result of obesity, hypertension, oxidative stress, and other cardiovascular risk factors may lead to vascular damage, causing an imbalance of vasoactive factors. Over time, the sustained imbalance of these vasoactive factors may lead to vascular dysfunction, which can be assessed by non-invasive methods, such as flow-mediated dilation, pulse wave velocity, flow-mediated slowing, retinal vessel analysis, peripheral vascular reactivity, and carotid intima-media thickness assessment. Although there is increasing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (obesity and hypertension) in children in sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about how this may affect vascular function. This review focuses on vasoactive factors implicated in vascular (dys)function, highlighting the determinants and consequences of vascular dysfunction. It further describes the non-invasive methods used for vascular (dys)function assessments and, last, describes the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on vascular dysfunction in children of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna N Matjuda
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Godwill Azeh Engwa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Constance R Sewani-Rusike
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Benedicta N Nkeh-Chungag
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha, South Africa
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29
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Dunn S, Hilgers RH, Das KC. Thioredoxin deficiency exacerbates vascular dysfunction during diet-induced obesity in small mesenteric artery in mice. Microcirculation 2020; 28:e12674. [PMID: 33316843 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small cellular redox protein with established antioxidant and disulfide reductase properties. We hypothesized that Trx deficiency in mice would cause increased oxidative stress with consequent redox imbalance that would exacerbate obesity-induced vascular dysfunction. METHODS Non-transgenic (NT, C57BL/6) and dominant-negative Trx (dnTrx-Tg, low levels of redox-active protein) mice were either fed a normal diet (NC) or high fat diet plus sucrose (HFS) diet for 4 months (3-month HFD+ 1-month HFS). Weight gain, glucose tolerance test (GTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), and other metabolic parameters were performed following NC or HFS diet. Arterial structural remodeling and functional parameters were assessed by myography. RESULTS Our study found that dnTrx mice with lower levels of active Trx exacerbated myogenic tone, inward arterial remodeling, arterial stiffening, phenylephrine-induced contraction, and endothelial dysfunction of MA. Additionally, FeTMPyP, a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, acutely decreased myogenic tone and contraction and normalized endothelial function in MA from dnTrx-Tg mice on HFS via increasing nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that deficiency of active Trx exacerbates MA contractile and relaxing properties during diet-induced obesity demonstrating that loss of redox balance in obesity is a key mechanism of vascular endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Dunn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert H Hilgers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kumuda C Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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30
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de Oliveira Beraldo D, Rodrigues CJ, Quinto BMR, Batista MC. Role of endothelial function determined by asymmetric dimethylarginine in the prediction of resistant hypertension: A subanalysis of ReHOT trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22:2059-2068. [PMID: 33164259 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The authors conducted a subanalysis of the ReHOT (Resistant Hypertension Optimal Treatment) study to evaluate the association between endothelial dysfunction and resistant hypertension in a population of patients treated in a staged fashion for hypertension. One hundred and three hypertensive patients were followed for 6 months and participated in seven visits (V0-V6) 28 days apart. There was a first phase (V0-V3) of antihypertensive adjustment with three drugs and determination of resistant hypertension and a second randomized phase (V3-V6) of treatment with a fourth drug (clonidine or spironolactone) in the hypertensive patients characterized as resistant. Of the 103 patients included, 86 (83.5%) underwent the randomization visit (V3), 71 were characterized as non-resistant hypertensives (82.5%), and 15 as resistant hypertensives (17.5%). Serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) was shown to be an independent predictor of resistant hypertension after adjustment for multiple variables (OR: 11.42, 95% CI: 1.02-127.71, P = .048), and in addition, there was a reduction in blood pressure levels and ADMA values during follow-up with a positive correlation in both groups and a greater reduction in the group of resistant hypertensives. We demonstrated that ADMA was an independent predictor of resistant hypertension, and we observed that the improvement in blood pressure levels obtained with the treatment was proportional to the reduction in ADMA values, suggesting a complementary role of ADMA not only as a stratification tool for the occurrence of resistant hypertension, but also as a possible therapeutic target in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcelo C Batista
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Nephrology, Tufts University, Somerville, MA, USA
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31
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Bar A, Kieronska-Rudek A, Proniewski B, Suraj-Prażmowska J, Czamara K, Marczyk B, Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda K, Jasztal A, Kuś E, Majka Z, Kaczor A, Kurpińska A, Walczak M, Pieterman EJ, Princen HMG, Chlopicki S. In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Detection of Heterogeneous Endothelial Response in Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta to Short-Term High-Fat Diet Ascribed to Differences in Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016929. [PMID: 33073641 PMCID: PMC7763398 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Long-term feeding with a high-fat diet (HFD) induces endothelial dysfunction in mice, but early HFD-induced effects on endothelium have not been well characterized. Methods and Results Using an magnetic resonance imaging-based methodology that allows characterization of endothelial function in vivo, we demonstrated that short-term (2 weeks) feeding with a HFD to C57BL/6 mice or to E3L.CETP mice resulted in the impairment of acetylcholine-induced response in the abdominal aorta (AA), whereas, in the thoracic aorta (TA), the acetylcholine-induced response was largely preserved. Similarly, HFD resulted in arterial stiffness in the AA, but not in the TA. The difference in HFD-induced response was ascribed to distinct characteristics of perivascular adipose tissue in the TA and AA, related to brown- and white-like adipose tissue, respectively, as assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and Raman spectroscopy. In contrast, short-term HFD-induced endothelial dysfunction could not be linked to systemic insulin resistance, changes in plasma concentration of nitrite, or concentration of biomarkers of glycocalyx disruption (syndecan-1 and endocan), endothelial inflammation (soluble form of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, soluble form of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and soluble form of E-selectin), endothelial permeability (soluble form of fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and angiopoietin 2), and hemostasis (tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1). Conclusions Short-term feeding with a HFD induces endothelial dysfunction in the AA but not in the TA, which could be ascribed to a differential response of perivascular adipose tissue to a HFD in the AA versus TA. Importantly, early endothelial dysfunction in the AA is not linked to elevation of classical systemic biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bar
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Anna Kieronska-Rudek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Bartosz Proniewski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Joanna Suraj-Prażmowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair and Department of Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czamara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Brygida Marczyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Karolina Matyjaszczyk-Gwarda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair and Department of Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Edyta Kuś
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Zuzanna Majka
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Anna Kurpińska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair and Department of Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research Gaubius Laboratory The Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research Gaubius Laboratory The Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
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Role of the Nox4/AMPK/mTOR signaling axe in adipose inflammation-induced kidney injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:403-417. [PMID: 32095833 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is one of the most serious complications of diabetes worldwide and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. While research has primarily focused on hyperglycemia as a key player in the pathophysiology of diabetic complications, recently, increasing evidence have underlined the role of adipose inflammation in modulating the development and/or progression of diabetic kidney disease. This review focuses on how adipose inflammation contribute to diabetic kidney disease. Furthermore, it discusses in detail the underlying mechanisms of adipose inflammation, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway and critically describes their role in diabetic kidney disease. This in-depth understanding of adipose inflammation and its impact on diabetic kidney disease highlights the need for novel interventions in the treatment of diabetic complications.
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Oduro PK, Fang J, Niu L, Li Y, Li L, Zhao X, Wang Q. Pharmacological management of vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: TCM and western medicine compared based on biomarkers and biochemical parameters. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104893. [PMID: 32434053 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, a worldwide health concern while burdening significant populace of countries with time due to a hefty increase in both incidence and prevalence rates. Hyperglycemia has been buttressed both in clinical and experimental studies to modulate widespread molecular actions that effect macro and microvascular dysfunctions. Endothelial dysfunction, activation, inflammation, and endothelial barrier leakage are key factors contributing to vascular complications in diabetes, plus the development of diabetes-induced cardiovascular diseases. The recent increase in molecular, transcriptional, and clinical studies has brought a new scope to the understanding of molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. In this review, an attempt made to discuss up to date critical and emerging molecular signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and viable pharmacological management targets. Importantly, we exploit some Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM)/TCM isolated bioactive compounds modulating effects on endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Finally, clinical studies data on biomarkers and biochemical parameters involved in the assessment of the efficacy of treatment in vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes was compared between clinically used western hypoglycemic drugs and TCM formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kwabena Oduro
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Jingmei Fang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lu Niu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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Schiffrin EL. How Structure, Mechanics, and Function of the Vasculature Contribute to Blood Pressure Elevation in Hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:648-658. [PMID: 32389338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Large conduit arteries and the microcirculation participate in the mechanisms of elevation of blood pressure (BP). Large vessels play roles predominantly in older subjects, with stiffening progressing after middle age leading to increases in systolic BP found in most humans with aging. Systolic BP elevation and increased pulsatility penetrate deeper into the distal vasculature, leading to microcirculatory injury, remodelling, and associated endothelial dysfunction. The result is target organ damage in the heart, brain, and kidney. In younger individuals genetically predisposed to high BP, increased salt intake or other exogenous or endogenous risk factors for hypertension, including overweight and excess alcohol intake, lead to enhanced sympathetic activity and vasoconstriction. Enhanced vasoconstrictor responses and myogenic tone become persistent when embedded in an increased extracellular matrix, resulting in remodelling of resistance arteries with a narrowed lumen and increased media-lumen ratio. Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and endothelin systems and inflammatory and immune activation, to which gut microbiome dysbiosis may contribute as a result of salt intake, also participate in the injury and remodelling of the microcirculation and endothelial dysfunction. Inflammation of perivascular fat and loss of anticontractile factors play roles as well in microvessel remodelling. Exaggerated myogenic tone leads to closure of terminal arterioles, collapse of capillaries and venules, functional rarefaction, and eventually to anatomic rarefaction, compromising tissue perfusion. The remodelling of the microcirculation raises resistance to flow, and accordingly raises BP in a feedback process that over years results in stiffening of conduit arteries and systo-diastolic or predominantly systolic hypertension and, more rarely, predominantly diastolic hypertension. Thus, at different stages of life and the evolution of hypertension, large vessels and the microcirculation interact to contribute to BP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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35
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Antonopoulos AS, Papanikolaou P, Tousoulis D. The Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Microvascular Function and Coronary Atherosclerosis. Microcirculation 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28199-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Xu T, Wang B, Cao L, Qiu W, Zhang Z, Chen A, Chen W. Associations of Gain in Weight-Related Anthropometric Indices with a Marker of Lipid Peroxidation: A Cohort Study Among Urban Adults in China. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:2877-2887. [PMID: 32884314 PMCID: PMC7443444 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s259194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is reported to be associated with oxidative stress which can cause lipid peroxidation. However, the effects of gain in various weight-related anthropometric indices on lipid peroxidation remain unclear. We aimed to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between altered weight-related anthropometric indices and a marker of lipid peroxidation among urban adults in China. METHODS A total of 3762 participants from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort were included in the present study, with a follow-up of 3 years. Six weight-related anthropometric indicators were measured and calculated, including waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), a body shape index (ABSI), and body adiposity index (BAI). Individual urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate lipid peroxidation. We used generalized linear models to analyze the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of weight-related anthropometric indices with a marker of lipid peroxidation and stratified analyses to estimate effect modification. RESULTS We found significant relationships between WHR, WHtR, ABSI, and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α at baseline. Each 1% increase in WHR, WHtR, and ABSI was significantly associated with a 0.007, 0.004, and 0.104 increase in log-transformed 8-iso-PGF2α concentration, respectively (P<0.05). In longitudinal analysis, positive dose-response relationships were observed between gains in BMI, BAI, and increased 8-iso-PGF2α after adjusting for potential confounders (P trend<0.05). We also found that gender and smoking status modified the association of BMI gain and 8-iso-PGF2α increment, and such an association was more obvious in female and non-smokers. CONCLUSION Our research implied that gain in anthropometric indices may result in a higher level of lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Limin Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ailian Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Weihong Chen Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430030, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 27 83691677 Email
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Liu CC, Liu WM, Wu HT, Wang CH, Liu AB. In vivo assessment of endothelial function in small animals using an infrared pulse detector. Tzu Chi Med J 2019; 31:217-221. [PMID: 31867249 PMCID: PMC6905235 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_94_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Endothelial dysfunction is the earliest change in atherosclerosis. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) is used to assess endothelial function in humans. However, this assessment is not easy in small animals. This study demonstrated the reliability and reproducibility of a proposed instrument for in vivo assessment of FMD in a rodent model using infrared pulse sensors. Materials and Methods We used 24 adult male Wistar Kyoto rats randomly divided into three groups. FMD was measured under continuous infusion of normal saline followed by intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine (Ach; n = 8), sodium nitroprusside (SNP; n = 8), or Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; n = 8). Results The dilatation indices (DIs) of all three groups were similar before application of the vasoactive agents (1.82 ± 0.46, 1.81 ± 0.44, and 1.93 ± 0.40, P = 0.877, by one-way analysis of variance). The DI was significantly increased during infusion of Ach (2.97 ± 1.03 vs. 1.82 ± 0.46, P = 0.015), unchanged during infusion of SNP (1.81 ± 0.44 vs. 1.98 ± 0.40, P = 0.574), and attenuated during infusion of L-NAME (1.91 ± 0.40 vs. 1.42 ± 0.35; P = 0.028). Conclusion The results of this study correlated well with those of human studies, suggesting that this method can be used for in vivo evaluation of endothelial function in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyuan-Cin Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Tsai Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - An-Bang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Abstract
The microcirculation maintains tissue homeostasis through local regulation of blood flow and oxygen delivery. Perturbations in microvascular function are characteristic of several diseases and may be early indicators of pathological changes in the cardiovascular system and in parenchymal tissue function. These changes are often mediated by various reactive oxygen species and linked to disruptions in pathways such as vasodilation or angiogenesis. This overview compiles recent advances relating to redox regulation of the microcirculation by adopting both cellular and functional perspectives. Findings from a variety of vascular beds and models are integrated to describe common effects of different reactive species on microvascular function. Gaps in understanding and areas for further research are outlined. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:229-260, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Kadlec
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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DeVallance E, Li Y, Jurczak MJ, Cifuentes-Pagano E, Pagano PJ. The Role of NADPH Oxidases in the Etiology of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of Individual Isoforms and Cell Biology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:687-709. [PMID: 31250671 PMCID: PMC6909742 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Highly prevalent in Western cultures, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and cost health care systems billions of dollars annually. At the cellular level, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes are associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased levels of ROS production in key organ systems such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the vasculature cause disruption of tissue homeostasis, leading to increased morbidity and risk of mortality. More specifically, growing evidence implicates the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) enzymes in these pathologies through impairment of insulin signaling, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction. The NOX family of enzymes is a major driver of redox signaling through its production of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and attendant downstream metabolites acting on redox-sensitive signaling molecules. Recent Advances: The primary goal of this review is to highlight recent advances and survey our present understanding of cell-specific NOX enzyme contributions to metabolic diseases. Critical Issues: However, due to the short half-lives of individual ROS and/or cellular defense systems, radii of ROS diffusion are commonly short, often restricting redox signaling and oxidant stress to localized events. Thus, special emphasis should be placed on cell type and subcellular location of NOX enzymes to better understand their role in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. Future Directions: We discuss the targeting of NOX enzymes as potential therapy and bring to light potential emerging areas of NOX research, microparticles and epigenetics, in the context of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan DeVallance
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Taylor LE, Ramirez LA, Musall JB, Sullivan JC. Tipping the scales: Are females more at risk for obesity- and high-fat diet-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction? Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4226-4242. [PMID: 31271650 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a common metabolic disorder that has become a widespread epidemic in several countries. Sex and gender disparities in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been well documented with premenopausal women having a lower incidence of CVD than age-matched men. However, women are more likely than men to suffer from obesity, which can predispose them to a greater risk of CVD. The mechanisms underlying high-fat diet (HFD)- or obesity-induced hypertension are not well defined, although immune system activation and inflammation have been implicated in several studies. Further, the sex of the subject can have a profound influence on the immune response to hypertensive stimuli. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the effects of sex and gender on the role of the immune system in HFD-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia E Taylor
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Lindsey A Ramirez
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline B Musall
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer C Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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Sousa AS, Sponton ACS, Trifone CB, Delbin MA. Aerobic Exercise Training Prevents Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in Thoracic Aorta of Obese Mice. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1009. [PMID: 31474873 PMCID: PMC6706787 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanisms underlying the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) dysfunction in obesity are closely related to inflammation and oxidative stress. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training on PVAT-induced endothelial dysfunction of thoracic aorta of obese mice. Methods: Male mice C57BL6/JUnib (6-7 weeks) were divided into: sedentary (c-SD), trained (c-TR), obese sedentary (o-SD), and obese trained (o-TR). Obesity was induced by 16 weeks of high-fat diet and exercise training of moderate intensity started after 8 weeks of protocol and was performed on a treadmill, 5 days/week, for more 8 weeks, 60 min per session. The vascular responsiveness was performed in thoracic aorta in the absence (PVAT-) or in the presence (PVAT+) of PVAT. We analyzed circulatory parameters, protein expression, vascular nitric oxide (NO) production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PVAT. Results: The maximal responses to acetylcholine (ACh) were reduced in PVAT+ compared with PVAT- rings in the o-SD group, accompanied by an increase in circulating glucose, insulin, resistin, leptin, and TNF-α. Additionally, the protein expression of iNOS and generation of ROS were increased in PVAT and production of vascular NO was reduced in the o-SD group compared with c-SD. In the o-TR group, the relaxation response to ACh was completely restored and the circulatory TNF-α, iNOS protein expression, and ROS were normalized with increased expression of Mn-SOD in PVAT, resulting in enhanced vascular NO production. Conclusion: The PVAT-induced endothelial dysfunction in thoracic aorta of obese mice, associated with circulatory inflammation and oxidative stress. Aerobic exercise training upregulated the anti-oxidant expression and decreased PVAT oxidative stress with beneficial impact on endothelium-dependent relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa S Sousa
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Amanda C S Sponton
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - César B Trifone
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria A Delbin
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Nava E, Llorens S. The Local Regulation of Vascular Function: From an Inside-Outside to an Outside-Inside Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:729. [PMID: 31244683 PMCID: PMC6581701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the regulation of vascular function, specifically that of vasomotion, has evolved dramatically over the past few decades. The classic conception of a vascular system solely regulated by circulating hormones and sympathetic innervation gave way to a vision of a local regulation. Initially by the so-called, autacoids like prostacyclin, which represented the first endothelium-derived paracrine regulator of smooth muscle. This was the prelude of the EDRF-nitric oxide age that has occupied vascular scientists for nearly 30 years. Endothelial cells revealed to have the ability to generate numerous mediators besides prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO). The need to classify these substances led to the coining of the terms: endothelium-derived relaxing, hyperpolarizing and contracting factors, which included various prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, endothelin, as well numerous candidates for the hyperpolarizing factor. The opposite layer of the vascular wall, the adventitia, eventually and for a quite short period of time, enjoyed the attention of some vascular physiologists. Adventitial fibroblasts were recognized as paracrine cells to the smooth muscle because of their ability to produce some substances such as superoxide. Remarkably, this took place before our awareness of the functional potential of another adventitial cell, the adipocyte. Possibly, because the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) was systematically removed during the experiments as considered a non-vascular artifact tissue, it took quite long to be considered a major source of paracrine substances. These are now being integrated in the vast pool of mediators synthesized by adipocytes, known as adipokines. They include hormones involved in metabolic regulation, like leptin or adiponectin; classic vascular mediators like NO, angiotensin II or catecholamines; and inflammatory mediators or adipocytokines. The first substance studied was an anti-contractile factor named adipose-derived relaxing factor of uncertain chemical nature but possibly, some of the relaxing mediators mentioned above are behind this factor. This manuscript intends to review the vascular regulation from the point of view of the paracrine control exerted by the cells present in the vascular environment, namely, endothelial, adventitial, adipocyte and vascular stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Nava
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Silvia Llorens
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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43
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Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is no longer recognised as simply a structural support for the vasculature, and we now know that PVAT releases vasoactive factors which modulate vascular function. Since the discovery of this function in 1991, PVAT research is rapidly growing and the importance of PVAT function in disease is becoming increasingly clear. Obesity is associated with a plethora of vascular conditions; therefore, the study of adipocytes and their effects on the vasculature is vital. PVAT contains an adrenergic system including nerves, adrenoceptors and transporters. In obesity, the autonomic nervous system is dysfunctional; therefore, sympathetic innervation of PVAT may be the key mechanistic link between increased adiposity and vascular disease. In addition, not all obese people develop vascular disease, but a common feature amongst those that do appears to be the inflammatory cell population in PVAT. This review will discuss what is known about sympathetic innervation of PVAT, and the links between nerve activation and inflammation in obesity. In addition, we will examine the therapeutic potential of exercise in sympathetic stimulation of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK.
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK
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Exercise training restores eNOS activation in the perivascular adipose tissue of obese rats: Impact on vascular function. Nitric Oxide 2019; 86:63-67. [PMID: 30836135 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated in obese rats the effect of exercise training on eNOS expressed in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and its consequences on vascular function. METHODS Wistar rats were divided in 3 groups: control (standard diet), obese (high fat/high sucrose diet, HFS for 15 weeks), and exercised obese (HFS diet and exercise from week 6 to week 15, HFS-Ex) rats. The eNOS-adiponectin pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated. Vascular reactivity was assessed on isolated aortic rings with or without PVAT and/or endothelium and exposed or not to the conditioned media of PVAT. RESULTS Obesity reduced eNOS level and phosphorylation on its activation site in the PVAT and had no impact on the vascular wall. Exercise training was able to increase eNOS and P-eNOS both in the vascular wall and in the PVAT. Interestingly, this was associated with increased level of adiponectin in the PVAT and to lower ROS in the vascular wall. Finally, PVAT of HFS-Ex aorta has eNOS-dependent anticontractile effects on endothelium denuded aortic rings and has beneficial effects on the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation to ACh. CONCLUSION Exercise training in obese rats is able to impact PVAT eNOS with subsequent beneficial impact on vascular function.
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Virdis A, Colucci R, Bernardini N, Blandizzi C, Taddei S, Masi S. Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Human Obesity: Role of TNF-α. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:341-348. [PMID: 30165404 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Endothelium guarantees vascular homeostasis by the opposite action of substances by vasodilating/antithrombogenic and vasoconstricting/prothrombotic activities. Obesity is characterized by endothelial dysfunction associated with a condition of vascular low-grade inflammation. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Analysis of available basic or clinical papers published in peer-reviewed international journals on microcirculation and obesity. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Vascular low-grade inflammation, which characterizes obesity, is secondary to abnormal production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α. TNF-α, generated either in small vessels or within the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) of patients with obesity, stimulates reactive oxygen species generation, mainly through NAD(P)H oxidase activation, which in turn reduces nitric oxide (NO) availability. These aspects are highlighted by the insulin resistance status and macronutrient intake that characterize the obesity condition. Oxidant excess has also been proposed as a mechanism whereby TNF-α interferes with the endothelin-1/NO system at the level of small vessels from patients with obesity. CONCLUSIONS In obesity, microvasculature from visceral fat is an important source of low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress that, together with the PVAT, directly contribute to vascular changes, favoring the development and acceleration of the vascular atherothrombotic process in this clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Virdis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Masi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Carlstrom M, Montenegro MF. Therapeutic value of stimulating the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway to attenuate oxidative stress and restore nitric oxide bioavailability in cardiorenal disease. J Intern Med 2019; 285:2-18. [PMID: 30039620 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders including hypertension and associated renal disease are major health problems affecting more than 1.5 billion people worldwide. Apart from nonmodifiable factors such as ageing, family history and gender, both sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary habits are considered as major risk factors. The disorders are interrelated suggesting common pathological pathways. Mechanistically, oxidative stress and compromised function of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) system leading to endothelial dysfunction and reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability have been widely implicated and associated with development and progression of disease. New strategies that correct this redox imbalance and increase NO bioactivity may have major clinical implications. The inorganic anions, nitrate and nitrite, are endogenously formed by oxidization of NOS-derived NO, but there are also high amounts of nitrate in our daily diet. In this regard, accumulated evidence over the past two decades demonstrates that these anions can be recycled back to NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides, thus offering an attractive alternative strategy for therapeutic exploitation. In this review, we describe how dietary stimulation of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway affects cardiovascular and renal functions in health and disease via modulation of oxidative stress and NO bioavailability. Clinical studies addressing potential effects on the renal system are still limited, but blood pressure-lowering effects of nitrate supplementation have been demonstrated in healthy and hypertensive subjects as well as in patients with chronic kidney disease. However, larger clinical studies are warranted to reveal whether chronic nitrate treatment can slow-down the progression of cardiorenal disease and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carlstrom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M F Montenegro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Tissue of Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: The Effects of Overweight and Obesity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6598326. [PMID: 30647815 PMCID: PMC6311809 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6598326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is one of the major cardiovascular risk factors and is associated with oxidative stress and myocardial dysfunction. We hypothesized that obesity affects cardiac function and morbidity by causing alterations in enzymatic redox patterns. Methods Sixty-one patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were included in the study. Excessive right atrial myocardial tissue emerging from the operative connection to the extracorporeal circulation was harvested. Patients were assigned to control (n = 19, body mass index (BMI): <25 kg/m2), overweight (n = 25, 25 kg/m2 < BMI < 30 kg/m2), or obese (n = 17, BMI: >30 kg/m2) groups. Oxidative enzyme systems were studied directly in the cardiac muscles of patients undergoing CABG who were grouped according to BMI. Molecular biological methods and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to detect the expression and activity of oxidative enzymes and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results We found increased levels of ROS and increased expression of ROS-producing enzymes (i.e., p47phox, xanthine oxidase) and decreased antioxidant defense mechanisms (mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, heme oxygenase-1, and eNOS) in line with elevated inflammatory markers (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) in the right atrial myocardial tissue and by trend also in serum (sVCAM-1 and CCL5/RANTES). Conclusion Increasing BMI in patients undergoing CABG is related to altered myocardial redox patterns, which indicates increased oxidative stress with inadequate antioxidant compensation. These changes suggest that the myocardium of obese patients suffering from coronary artery disease is more susceptible to cardiomyopathy and possible damage by ischemia and reperfusion, for example, during cardiac surgery.
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Sena CM, Leandro A, Azul L, Seiça R, Perry G. Vascular Oxidative Stress: Impact and Therapeutic Approaches. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1668. [PMID: 30564132 PMCID: PMC6288353 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been defined as an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants and more recently as a disruption of redox signaling and control. It is generally accepted that oxidative stress can lead to cell and tissue injury having a fundamental role in vascular dysfunction. Physiologically, reactive oxygen species (ROS) control vascular function by modulating various redox-sensitive signaling pathways. In vascular disorders, oxidative stress instigates endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, affecting several cells in the vascular wall. Vascular ROS are derived from multiple sources herein discussed, which are prime targets for therapeutic development. This review focuses on oxidative stress in vascular physiopathology and highlights different strategies to inhibit ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Sena
- Institute of Physiology, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Leandro
- Institute of Physiology, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lara Azul
- Institute of Physiology, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seiça
- Institute of Physiology, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, One UTSA Circle, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Lefranc C, Friederich-Persson M, Palacios-Ramirez R, Nguyen Dinh Cat A. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in obesity: role of the mineralocorticoid receptor. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R143-R159. [PMID: 29875164 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifaceted, chronic, low-grade inflammation disease characterized by excess accumulation of dysfunctional adipose tissue. It is often associated with the development of cardiovascular (CV) disorders, insulin resistance and diabetes. Under pathological conditions like in obesity, adipose tissue secretes bioactive molecules called 'adipokines', including cytokines, hormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is evidence suggesting that oxidative stress, in particular, the ROS imbalance in adipose tissue, may be the mechanistic link between obesity and its associated CV and metabolic complications. Mitochondria in adipose tissue are an important source of ROS and their dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity-related type 2 diabetes. Mitochondrial function is regulated by several factors in order to preserve mitochondria integrity and dynamics. Moreover, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is over-activated in obesity. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiological role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the adipose tissue and its contribution to obesity-associated metabolic and CV complications. More specifically, we discuss whether dysregulation of the mineralocorticoid system within the adipose tissue may be the upstream mechanism and one of the early events in the development of obesity, via induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus impacting on systemic metabolism and the CV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lefranc
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Roberto Palacios-Ramirez
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Nguyen Dinh Cat
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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