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Albritton CF, Demirci M, Neikirk K, Ertuglu LA, Ishimwe JA, Mutchler AL, Sheng Q, Laffer CL, Wanjalla CN, Ahmed T, Haynes AP, Saleem M, Beasley HK, Marshall AG, Vue Z, Ikizler AT, Kleyman TR, Kon V, Hinton A, Kirabo A. Myeloid Cell Glucocorticoid, Not Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling, Contributes to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Humans via Cortisol. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.598374. [PMID: 38915603 PMCID: PMC11195113 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.598374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, yet the etiology is poorly understood. We previously found that serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) regulate epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)-dependent sodium entry into monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and activation of NADPH oxidase, leading to the formation of isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) in SSBP. Whereas aldosterone via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activates SGK1 leading to hypertension, our past findings indicate that levels of plasma aldosterone do not correlate with SSBP, and there is little to no MR expression in APCs. Thus, we hypothesized that cortisol acting via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), not the MR in APCs mediates SGK1 actions to induce SSBP. METHODS We performed cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-Seq) analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of humans rigorously phenotyped for SSBP using an inpatient salt loading/depletion protocol to determine expression of MR, GR, and SGK1 in immune cells. In additional experiments, we performed bulk transcriptomic analysis on isolated human monocytes following in vitro treatment with high salt from a separate cohort. We then measured urine and plasma cortisol, cortisone, renin, and aldosterone. Subsequently, we measured the association of these hormones with changes in systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure as well as immune cell activation via IsoLG formation. RESULTS We found that myeloid APCs predominantly express the GR and SGK1 with no expression of the MR. Expression of the GR in APCs increased after salt loading and decreased with salt depletion in salt-sensitive but not salt-resistant people and was associated with increased expression of SGK1. Moreover, we found that plasma and urine cortisol/cortisone but not aldosterone/renin correlated with SSBP and APCs activation via IsoLGs. We also found that cortisol negatively correlates with EETs. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that renal cortisol signaling via the GR but not the MR in APCs contributes to SSBP via cortisol. Urine and plasma cortisol may provide an important currently unavailable feasible diagnostic tool for SSBP. Moreover, cortisol-GR-SGK1-ENaC signaling pathway may provide treatment options for SSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude F. Albritton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208-3501, USA
| | - Mert Demirci
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kit Neikirk
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Lale A. Ertuglu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jeanne A Ishimwe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Ashley L Mutchler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Cheryl L Laffer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Taseer Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, University Road, Sargodha, Punjab, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Alexandria Porcia Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Heather K. Beasley
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Andrea G. Marshall
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Alp T Ikizler
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Thomas R. Kleyman
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Valentina Kon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212-8802, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health
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Wu Z, Ge M, Liu J, Chen X, Cai Z, Huang H. The gut microbiota composition and metabolites are different in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and normotension: A pilot study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2024; 50:334-341. [PMID: 38105316 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are one of the main causes of perinatal morbidity. Gut microbiota influences host inflammatory pathways, glucose, and lipid metabolism. However, there is a lack of studies available on gut microbiota in HDP. OBJECTIVES We investigate the mechanistic and pathogenic role of microbiota in the development of HDP, and want to treat HDP with gut microbiota. METHODS We performed a case-control study to compare fecal samples of HDP and normotensive pregnant women by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Fecal samples, collected from pregnant women, were divided into groups P and C (pregnant women with HDP and normotension, respectively). There were six pregnant women in group P and nine pregnant women in group C. Age of pregnant women is from 18 to 40 years and gestational age is from 27 to 40 weeks. DNA was extracted from fecal samples; a gene library was constructed and analyzed using bioinformatics. Finally, we determined the changes in the microbiome by alpha diversity, beta diversity, classification abundance, and taxonomic composition analyses. RESULTS Escherichia (10.48% in group P and 0.61% in group C) was the dominant bacterium in HDP patients by classification abundance analysis, which can lead to the development of preeclampsia through inflammatory response. We found that pregnant women with HDP had higher abundance of Rothia (p = 0.04984), Actinomyces (p = 0.02040), and Enterococcus (p = 0.04974) and lower abundance of Coprococcus (p = 0.04955) than pregnant women with normotension for the first time by taxonomic composition analysis. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database analysis, physiological and biochemical functions of HDP patients were significantly weakened, especially in energy metabolism. CONCLUSIONS We found the effect of changes in gut microbiota on the development of HDP. In comparison with group C, group P contained more harmful bacteria and less beneficial bacteria, which are associated with HDP. Our research further provides a basis for a clinical application for HDP treatment using antibiotics and probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengdi Ge
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinsu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- School of pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zhang Y, Miyai N, Utsumi M, Miyashita K, Arita M. Spot urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio is associated with blood pressure levels in healthy adolescents: the Wakayama Study. J Hum Hypertens 2024; 38:238-244. [PMID: 38114720 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-023-00883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The spot urinary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio is a simple measure of salt loading and has been shown to be associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) in middle-aged and older adults. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the spot urinary Na/K ratio and BP in 457 healthy adolescents aged 12-15 years in a school-based setting. The mean urinary Na/K ratio was 4.99 ± 2.76, and no significant difference was found between the boys and girls. When the participants were stratified based on urinary Na/K ratio quartile, age- and sex-adjusted systolic and diastolic BP gradually increased as Na/K ratio increased (systolic BP: 106.1, 106.9, 108.2, and 111.5 mmHg, Ptrend < 0.001; diastolic BP: 62.0, 62.4, 63.1, 64.3 mmHg, Ptrend = 0.022). The systolic and diastolic BP were more closely associated with urinary Na/K ratio than with Na and K levels, as well as estimated daily salt intake. In the multiple regression analysis, the urinary Na/K ratio was significantly associated with systolic BP (β = 0.144, P < 0.001) and diastolic BP (β = 0.114, P = 0.015) independent of potential confounding factors. An additional subgroup analysis revealed that the BP of the group with both high salt intake (≥8.5 g/day) and high Na/K ratio (≥6.60) was significantly higher than that of the group with high salt intake alone (systolic BP, 115.0 vs. 109.1 mmHg, P < 0.001; diastolic BP, 66.0 vs. 62.5 mmHg, P = 0.017). These results suggest that the urinary Na/K ratio is associated with BP levels in healthy adolescents and may be useful for assessing salt loading and its effects on BP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miyai
- School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Miyoko Utsumi
- Wakayama Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo Healthcare University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | - Mikio Arita
- Sumiya Rehabilitation Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
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Soleimani M, Barone S, Luo H, Zahedi K. Pathogenesis of Hypertension in Metabolic Syndrome: The Role of Fructose and Salt. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4294. [PMID: 36901725 PMCID: PMC10002086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is manifested by visceral obesity, hypertension, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinism, and dyslipidemia. According to the CDC, metabolic syndrome in the US has increased drastically since the 1960s leading to chronic diseases and rising healthcare costs. Hypertension is a key component of metabolic syndrome and is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality due to stroke, cardiovascular ailments, and kidney disease. The pathogenesis of hypertension in metabolic syndrome, however, remains poorly understood. Metabolic syndrome results primarily from increased caloric intake and decreased physical activity. Epidemiologic studies show that an enhanced consumption of sugars, in the form of fructose and sucrose, correlates with the amplified prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Diets with a high fat content, in conjunction with elevated fructose and salt intake, accelerate the development of metabolic syndrome. This review article discusses the latest literature in the pathogenesis of hypertension in metabolic syndrome, with a specific emphasis on the role of fructose and its stimulatory effect on salt absorption in the small intestine and kidney tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoocher Soleimani
- Research Services, New Mexico Veterans Health Care Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Sharon Barone
- Research Services, New Mexico Veterans Health Care Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Henry Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kamyar Zahedi
- Research Services, New Mexico Veterans Health Care Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Griesler B, Schuelke C, Uhlig C, Gadasheva Y, Grossmann C. Importance of Micromilieu for Pathophysiologic Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activity—When the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Resides in the Wrong Neighborhood. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012592. [PMID: 36293446 PMCID: PMC9603863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a member of the steroid receptor family and acts as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. In addition to its classical effects on water and electrolyte balance, its involvement in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal diseases has been the subject of research for several years. The molecular basis of the latter has not been fully elucidated, but an isolated increase in the concentration of the MR ligand aldosterone or MR expression does not suffice to explain long-term pathologic actions of the receptor. Several studies suggest that MR activity and signal transduction are modulated by the surrounding microenvironment, which therefore plays an important role in MR pathophysiological effects. Local changes in micromilieu, including hypoxia, ischemia/reperfusion, inflammation, radical stress, and aberrant salt or glucose concentrations affect MR activation and therefore may influence the probability of unphysiological MR actions. The surrounding micromilieu may modulate genomic MR activity either by causing changes in MR expression or MR activity; for example, by inducing posttranslational modifications of the MR or novel interaction with coregulators, DNA-binding sites, or non-classical pathways. This should be considered when developing treatment options and strategies for prevention of MR-associated diseases.
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Cao N, Lan C, Chen C, Xu Z, Luo H, Zheng S, Gong X, Ren H, Li Z, Qu S, Yu C, Yang J, Jose PA, Chen Y, Wu G, Hu C, Yu J, Zeng C. Prenatal Lipopolysaccharides Exposure Induces Transgenerational Inheritance of Hypertension. Circulation 2022; 146:1082-1095. [PMID: 36004643 PMCID: PMC9529859 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.059891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse environmental exposure during the prenatal period can lead to diseases in the offspring, including hypertension. Whether or not the hypertensive phenotype can be transgenerationally transmitted is not known. METHODS Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gestation days 6, 8, 10, and 12 to generate the prenatal LPS exposure model. Blood pressure was monitored by both telemetry and tail-cuff method. RNA sequencing was performed to analyze transcriptome alteration in the kidney of the third generation. Tempol and spironolactone were used to test the potential preventative and therapeutic effect of targeting reactive oxygen species and mineralocorticoid receptor signaling, respectively. Molecular biological experiments were performed to illustrate the mechanism of epigenetic and transcription regulation. RESULTS Prenatal LPS exposure can impair the ability to excrete a salt load and induce hypertension from the first to the third generations, with the fourth and fifth generations, inducing salt-sensitive hypertension. Compared with control pups, the transcriptome in the kidney of the hypertensive third-generation prenatal LPS-exposed offspring have upregulation of the Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) gene and activation of mineralocorticoid receptor signaling. Furthermore, we found that LPS exposure during pregnancy triggered oxidative stress that upregulated KDM3B (histone lysine demethylase 3B) in the oocytes of first-generation female rats, leading to an inheritable low level of H3K9me2 (histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation), resulting in the transgenerational upregulation of Rac1. Based on these findings, we treated the LPS-exposed pregnant rats with the reactive oxygen species scavenger, tempol, which successfully prevented hypertension in the first-generation offspring and the transgenerational inheritance of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that adverse prenatal exposure induces transgenerational hypertension through an epigenetic-regulated mechanism and identify potentially preventive and therapeutic strategies for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiology, the Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Cong Lan
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zaicheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiology, the Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhuxin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jining Yang
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yundai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the Sixth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Gengze Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Cuimei Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Junyi Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Heart Center of Fujian Province, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Association Between Dietary Salt Intake and Open Angle Glaucoma in the Thessaloniki Eye Study. J Glaucoma 2022; 31:494-502. [PMID: 35474047 PMCID: PMC9246872 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PRCIS In the Thessaloniki Eye Study (TES) incidence phase population, frequent dietary salt intake was potentially associated with increased risk of open angle glaucoma in antihypertensive users. PURPOSE The aim was to examine the association between dietary salt intake and glaucoma by antihypertensive use in the TES population. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population included TES incidence phase participants. Dietary salt intake frequency was assessed by self-report. Outcomes included prevalence of any open angle glaucoma (OAG), primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), and pseudoexfoliation (PEX). Covariates included demographics, cardiovascular disease, migraines, diabetes, steroid use, smoking, history of cataract surgery, central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, blood pressure, and antihypertensive use. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between frequency of salt intake and glaucoma, controlling for covariates and stratified by antihypertensive use. RESULTS The study included 1076 participants 80.5±4.4 years old, of whom 518 were female. There were 89/1076 (8.3%) participants with any OAG, 46/789 (5.8%) with POAG, and 287/1030 (27.9%) with PEX. In participants with antihypertensive use, frequent versus never salt intake was associated with increased risk of any OAG [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.65, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.12, 6.28; n=784] and POAG (aOR=3.59, 95% CI=1.16, 11.11; n=578) overall, and additionally in participants with diastolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg (aOR=2.42, 95% CI=1.00, 5.84; n=735) for OAG. There were no statistically significant adjusted associations between salt intake and PEX, or in participants without antihypertensive use. CONCLUSIONS In TES participants assessed for OAG in the prevalence and incidence phases, frequent salt intake may be associated with increased OAG in those who take antihypertensive medication. Further investigation is needed of salt intake and glaucoma in hypertensive individuals.
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Luther JM, Fogo AB. The role of mineralocorticoid receptor activation in kidney inflammation and fibrosis. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2022; 12:63-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Natural and Synthetic Agents Targeting Reactive Carbonyl Species against Metabolic Syndrome. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051583. [PMID: 35268685 PMCID: PMC8911959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) may originate from the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and sugar in conditions of pathology. They are known to have high reactivity towards DNA as well as nucleophilic sites of proteins, resulting in cellular dysfunction. It has been considered that various pathological conditions are associated with an increased level of RCS and their reaction products. Thus, regulating the levels of RCS may be associated with the mitigation of various metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. In order to perform a comprehensive review, various literature databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, along with Google Scholar, were utilized to obtain relevant articles. The voluminous review concluded that various synthetic and natural agents are available or in pipeline research that hold tremendous potential to be used as a drug of choice in the therapeutic management of metabolic syndrome, including obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and diabetes-associated complications of atherosclerosis, neuropathy, and nephropathy. From the available data, it may be emphasized that various synthetic agents, such as carnosine and simvastatin, and natural agents, such as polyphenols and terpenoids, can become a drug of choice in the therapeutic management for combating metabolic syndromes that involve RCS in their pathophysiology. Since the RCS are known to regulate the biological processes, future research warrants detailed investigations to decipher the precise mechanism.
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Hu WP, Liu MQ, Tian ZL, Liu QY, Zhang ZB, Tang JS, He XY, Zhu YY, Wang YY, Chu MX. Polymorphism, expression and structure analysis of key genes in the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway in sheep (Ovis aries). Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1303-1315. [PMID: 33780162 PMCID: PMC8294399 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Litter size is an important factor that significantly affects the development of the sheep industry. Our previous TMT proteomics analysis found that three key proteins in the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway, STAR, HSD3B1, and CYP11A1, may affect the litter size trait of Small Tail Han sheep. Objective The purpose of this study was to better understand the relationship between polymorphisms of these three genes and litter size. Material and Method Sequenom MassARRAY detected genetic variance of the three genes in 768 sheep. Real‐time qPCR of the three genes was used to compare their expression in monotocous and polytocous sheep in relevant tissues. Finally, bioinformatics analysis predicted the protein sequences of the different SNP variants. Result Association analysis showed that there was a significant difference in litter size among the genotypes at two loci of the CYP11A1 gene (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in litter size among all genotypes at all loci of the STAR and HSD3B1 genes (p > 0.05). However, STAR expression was significantly different in polytocous and monotocous sheep in the pituitary (p < 0.01). Tissue‐specific expression in the ovary was observed for HSD3B1 (p < 0.05), but its expression was not different between polytocous and monotocous sheep. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the g.33217408C > T mutation of CYP11A1 resulted in major changes to the secondary and tertiary structures. In contrast, gene polymorphisms in STAR and HSD3B1 had minimal impacts on their protein structures. Discussion This may explain why the CYP11A1 variant impacted litter size while the others did not. The single nucleotide polymorphism of the CYP11A1 gene would serve as a good molecular marker when breeding to increase litter size in sheep. Our study provides a basis for further revealing the function of the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway in sheep reproduction and sheep breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Qiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Biology Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhi-Long Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Liu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuang-Biao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Shun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Yun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhu
- Department of Biology Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Biology Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ming-Xing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Matsuo T, Miyata Y, Otsubo A, Mukae Y, Mitsunari K, Ohba K, Sakai H. Efficacy of salt reduction for managing overactive bladder symptoms: a prospective study in patients with excessive daily salt intake. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4046. [PMID: 33603133 PMCID: PMC7893030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of salt intake restriction on overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in patients with excessive salt intake. Patients received a brochure on nutritional guidance regarding salt intake reduction and received health education every 4 weeks for 12 weeks. Data from overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) questionnaires and frequency volume charts (FVCs) were evaluated. The daily salt intake was estimated by determining the urinary sodium and creatinine concentrations using spot urine samples. Of the 98 patients included, 71 (72.4%) successfully restricted their daily salt intake after 12 weeks (salt restricted [R] group), while 27 (27.6%) did not (salt non-restricted [N-R] group). The scores to each OABSS question and the resulting total score improved significantly in the R group; however, the individual scores remained unchanged and the total score increased in the N-R group. The FVC data indicated improved voided volumes in the R group as compared to in the N-R group. Ultimately, 17 (23.9%) patients in the R group no longer fulfilled the OAB diagnostic criteria after salt intake reduction. Thus, salt intake reduction improved urinary symptoms in patients with OAB and may be a therapeutic option for OAB in patients with excessive daily salt intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Matsuo
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Asato Otsubo
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Mukae
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Mitsunari
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kojiro Ohba
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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12
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Ayuzawa N, Fujita T. The Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Renal Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:279-289. [PMID: 33397690 PMCID: PMC8054893 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and its comorbidities pose a major public health problem associated with disease-associated factors related to a modern lifestyle, such high salt intake or obesity. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that aldosterone and its receptor, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), have crucial roles in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension and coexisting cardiovascular and renal injuries. Accordingly, clinical trials have repetitively shown the promising effects of MR blockers in these diseases. We and other researchers have identified novel mechanisms of MR activation involved in salt-sensitive hypertension and renal injury, including the obesity-derived overproduction of aldosterone and ligand-independent signaling. Moreover, recent advances in the analysis of cell-specific and context-dependent mechanisms of MR activation in various tissues-including a classic target of aldosterone, aldosterone-sensitive distal nephrons-are now providing new insights. In this review, we summarize recent updates to our understanding of aldosterone-MR signaling, focusing on its role in salt-sensitive hypertension and renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Ayuzawa
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan,Research Center for Social Systems, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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13
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Tiyasatkulkovit W, Aksornthong S, Adulyaritthikul P, Upanan P, Wongdee K, Aeimlapa R, Teerapornpuntakit J, Rojviriya C, Panupinthu N, Charoenphandhu N. Excessive salt consumption causes systemic calcium mishandling and worsens microarchitecture and strength of long bones in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1850. [PMID: 33473159 PMCID: PMC7817681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive salt intake has been associated with the development of non-communicable diseases, including hypertension with several cardiovascular consequences. Although the detrimental effects of high salt on the skeleton have been reported, longitudinal assessment of calcium balance together with changes in bone microarchitecture and strength under salt loading has not been fully demonstrated. To address these unanswered issues, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed normal salt diet (NSD; 0.8% NaCl) or high salt diet (HSD; 8% NaCl) for 5 months. Elevation of blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and glomerular deterioration were observed in HSD, thus validating the model. The balance studies were performed to monitor calcium input and output upon HSD challenge. The HSD-induced increase in calcium losses in urine and feces together with reduced fractional calcium absorption led to a decrease in calcium retention. With these calcium imbalances, we therefore examined microstructural changes of long bones of the hind limbs. Using the synchrotron radiation x-ray tomographic microscopy, we showed that trabecular structure of tibia and femur of HSD displayed a marked increase in porosity. Consistently, the volumetric micro-computed tomography also demonstrated a significant decrease in trabecular bone mineral density with expansion of endosteal perimeter in the tibia. Interestingly, bone histomorphometric analyses indicated that salt loading caused an increase in osteoclast number together with decreases in osteoblast number and osteoid volume. This uncoupling process of bone remodeling in HSD might underlie an accelerated bone loss and bone structural changes. In conclusion, long-term excessive salt consumption leads to impairment of skeletal mass and integrity possibly through negative calcium balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wacharaporn Tiyasatkulkovit
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sirion Aksornthong
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Punyanuch Adulyaritthikul
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Pornpailin Upanan
- grid.411825.b0000 0000 9482 780XFaculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131 Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.411825.b0000 0000 9482 780XFaculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131 Thailand
| | - Ratchaneevan Aeimlapa
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.412029.c0000 0000 9211 2704Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000 Thailand
| | - Catleya Rojviriya
- grid.472685.aSynchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170 Thailand ,The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300 Thailand
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14
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The combination of obesity and high salt intake are associated with blood pressure elevation among healthy Japanese adolescents. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 34:117-124. [PMID: 31477827 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-019-0239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined the associations of obesity and high salt intake with blood pressure (BP) in a cross-sectional sample of 1679 healthy Japanese adolescents (827 females and 852 males) aged 12-18 years (mean age: 14.9 years) who had no history of treatment for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or renal disease. Brachial arterial BP of the subject was measured at the left arm using a digital BP monitor with an appropriate cuff size. The weight status was evaluated by body mass index (BMI), and obesity was determined according to the age- and sex-specific cut-off values for adolescents. All subjects were interviewed by dietitians using a food frequency questionnaire to obtain data on their average daily salt intake. In the study subjects, obesity and high salt intake were associated with a significantly increased BP except for diastolic BP in females. In multiple regression analyses, both BMI (z-score) and salt intake were found to be major determinants of systolic BP and diastolic BP after adjustment for potential confounders, including age, sex, and serum lipid and glucose parameters. The association between salt intake and BP values was more pronounced among individuals with obesity than among those with normal weight. These results suggest that high salt intake is associated with BP elevation in healthy adolescents, and the association may become stronger by the presence or severity of obesity.
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15
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Amrouche C, Berriche O, Ben Othman R, Mahjoub F, Halloumi K, Chaima F, Bhouri S, Gammoudi A, Jamoussi H. Salt intake in a group of Tunisian obeses. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fahim Chaima
- National Institute of Nutrition Department, Tunisia
| | - Sabeh Bhouri
- National Institute of Nutrition Department, Tunisia
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16
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Mende CW, Einhorn D. FATTY KIDNEY DISEASE: A NEW RENAL AND ENDOCRINE CLINICAL ENTITY? DESCRIBING THE ROLE OF THE KIDNEY IN OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. Endocr Pract 2019; 25:854-858. [PMID: 31013163 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2018-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To determine whether fatty kidney disease deserves be designated as a distinct clinical entity similar to fatty liver disease. Methods: Analysis and interpretation of the literature in a novel conceptual framework. Results: The kidney contributes to hyperglycemia, hypertension, inflammatory cytokines, and thus to diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Fat accumulation in and around the kidney drives this process and contributes to progression of chronic kidney disease itself. Weight loss improves these complications of fatty kidney. Diagnosis currently must be inferred from comorbidities but ultimately should be made by imaging once the importance of fatty kidney disease is established, much like fatty liver disease. Conclusion: Fatty kidney disease merits designation as a specific clinical entity similar to fatty liver disease. Greater attention to this may help encourage research into ameliorating the negative consequences of fatty kidney disease and developing new therapies. Abbreviations: BP = blood pressure; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CT = computed tomography; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; FFA = free fatty acid; FKD = fatty kidney disease; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; MetS = metabolic syndrome; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; RAAS = renin-angiotensin system; SGLT2 = sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; SNS = sympathetic nervous system; T2D = type 2 diabetes; TG = triglyceride.
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17
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Pathophysiological mechanisms of mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Hypertens Res 2018; 42:293-300. [PMID: 30523293 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated the potential contributions of aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with primary aldosteronism have a higher risk of CVD and CKD than those with essential hypertension. MR is strongly expressed in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, glomerular mesangial cells, podocytes, and proximal tubular cells. In these cardiovascular and renal cells, aldosterone-induced cell injury is prevented by MR blockade. Interestingly, MR antagonists elicit beneficial effects on CVD and CKD in subjects with low or normal plasma aldosterone levels. Recent studies have shown that during development of CVD and CKD, cardiovascular and renal MR is activated by glucocorticoid and ligand-independent mechanisms, such as Rac1 signaling pathways. These data indicate that inappropriate activation of local MR contributes to cardiovascular and renal tissue injury through aldosterone-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In this review, recent findings on the specific role of cardiovascular and renal MR in the pathogenesis of CVD and CKD are summarized.
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18
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Wang Y, Liu X, Zhang C, Wang Z. High salt diet induces metabolic alterations in multiple biological processes of Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 56:133-141. [PMID: 29567533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High salt induced renal disease is a condition resulting from the interactions of genetic and dietary factors causing multiple complications. To understand the metabolic alterations associated with renal disease, we comprehensively analyzed the metabonomic changes induced by high salt intake in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats using GC-MS technology and biochemical analyses. Physiological features, serum chemistry, and histopathological data were obtained as complementary information. Our results showed that high salt (HS) intake for 16 weeks caused significant metabolic alterations in both the renal medulla and cortex involving a variety pathways involved in the metabolism of organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, and purines. In addition, HS enhanced glycolysis (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase) and amino acid metabolism and suppressed the TCA (citrate synthase and aconitase) cycle. Finally, HS intake caused up-regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), the ratio of NADPH/NADP+, NADPH oxidase activity and ROS production, suggesting that increased oxidative stress was associated with an altered PPP pathway. The metabolic pathways identified may serve as potential targets for the treatment of renal damage. Our findings provide comprehensive biochemical details about the metabolic responses to a high salt diet, which may contribute to the understanding of renal disease and salt-induced hypertension in SS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zhengjun Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University and Key Laboratory for Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Mishra S, Ingole S, Jain R. Salt sensitivity and its implication in clinical practice. Indian Heart J 2017; 70:556-564. [PMID: 30170653 PMCID: PMC6116721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is a complex multi-factorial disease and is considered one of the foremost modifiable risk factors for stroke, heart failure, ischemic heart disease and renal dysfunction. Over the past century, salt and its linkage to HTN and cardiovascular (CV) mortality has been the subject of intense scientific scrutiny. There is now consensus that different individuals have different susceptibilities to blood pressure (BP)-raising effects of salt and this susceptiveness is called as salt sensitivity. Several renal and extra-renal mechanisms are believed to play a role. Blunted activity of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), adrenal Rac1-MR-Sgk1-NCC/ENaC pathway, renal SNS-GR-WNK4-NCC pathway, defect of membrane ion transportation, inflammation and abnormalities of Na+/Ca2+ exchange have all been implicated as pathophysiological basis for salt sensitive HTN. While salt restriction is definitely beneficial recent observation suggests that treatment with Azilsartan may improve salt sensitivity by selectively reducing renal proximal tubule Na+/H+ exchange. This encourages the future potential benefits of recognizing and therapeutically addressing the salt sensitive phenotype in humans.
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Hisamichi M, Kamijo-Ikemori A, Sugaya T, Hoshino S, Kimura K, Shibagaki Y. Role of bardoxolone methyl, a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activator, in aldosterone- and salt-induced renal injury. Hypertens Res 2017; 41:8-17. [PMID: 28978980 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2017.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the renoprotective effect of bardoxolone methyl (BM), a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activator with an antioxidant effect, in a salt-sensitive hypertension model induced by aldosterone (Ald) and salt. Tubulointerstitial damage with urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) was evaluated using human L-FABP chromosomal transgenic (L-FABP+/-) male mice. The mice in the Ald group (n=7) received systemic Ald infusions via an osmotic minipump and were given 1% NaCl water for 35 days. Those in the Ald-BM group (n=8) were administered BM intraperitoneally in addition to an injection of Ald and salt. The dose of BM was gradually increased every 7 days up to 10 mg kg-1 per day, which was maintained for 14 days. The administration of BM significantly increased renal expression of the Nrf2 target antioxidant gene. Tubulointerstitial damage was significantly ameliorated in the Ald-BM group compared to the Ald group. The increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of angiotensinogen expression in the kidneys of the Ald group was significantly prevented in the Ald-BM group. The upregulation of human L-FABP expression induced in the kidneys and increase in urinary L-FABP in the Ald group were significantly suppressed by BM administration. In conclusion, BM ameliorated tubulointerstitial damage in the Ald- and salt-induced hypertension model through suppression of both ROS production and intrarenal renin-angiotensin system activation. Urinary L-FABP may be a useful marker reflecting the therapeutic efficacy of BM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuko Kamijo-Ikemori
- Department of Anatomy, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Seiko Hoshino
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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The relationship between obesity and hypertension: an updated comprehensive overview on vicious twins. Hypertens Res 2017; 40:947-963. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2017.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Jiang F, Liu N, Chen XZ, Han KY, Zhu CZ. Study on the correlation between KCNJ11 gene polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in the elderly. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2031-2035. [PMID: 28962121 PMCID: PMC5609148 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the correlation between KCNJ11 gene polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in elderly patients. From January 2014 to January 2015, 54 elderly patients with metabolic syndrome were enrolled in this study as the observation group. During the same period, 46 healthy elderly individuals were enrolled in this study as the control group. KCNJ11 gene polymorphism (rs28502) was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The expression levels of mRNA in different genotypes were detected using FQ-PCR. ELISA was used to evaluate the KCNJ11 protein expression in different genotypes. KCNJ11 gene polymorphism and metabolic syndrome was studied by measuring the blood pressure levels in patients with different genotypes. Three genotypes of KCNJ11 gene in rs28502 were CC, CT and TT. The CC, CT and TT genotype frequencies in healthy population were 8.5, 9.2 and 82.2%, respectively, while the genotype frequencies in patients with metabolic syndrome were 42.4, 49.8 and 7.8%, respectively. There were significant differences between groups (P≤0.05). However, the genotype frequencies of C/T in healthy individuals and metabolic syndrome patients were 35.3 and 38.3%, respectively. There were no significant differences between groups (P>0.05). FQ-PCR results showed that the KCNJ11 mRNA expression levels in the control and observation groups had no significant differences (P>0.05). However, the results obtained from ELISA analysis revealed that KCNJ11 protein expression level in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, KCNJ11 gene polymorphism is associated with metabolic syndrome in the elderly. Elderly patients with the CC and TT genotypes are more likely to develop metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Department of Geratology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Zhuang Chen
- Department of Geratology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Kun Yuan Han
- Department of Geratology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Cai Zhong Zhu
- Department of Geratology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
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Ribeiro RS, Passos CS, Novaes AS, Maquigussa E, Glória MA, Visoná I, Ykuta O, Oyama LM, Boim MA. Precocious obesity predisposes the development of more severe cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in young adult mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174721. [PMID: 28358868 PMCID: PMC5373612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its consequences can damage the kidney over time. However, less is known about the impact of developing overweight/obesity during childhood on the kidney in adulthood and the renal impact of a superimposed acute kidney injury (AKI). This study evaluated the effect of obesity induced by a high-fat diet initiated soon after weaning on the adult life of mice and their response to superimposed nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin. C57BL/6 post-weaning mice (3 weeks old) were divided into a control group (CT, n = 12) and a high-fat diet group (HF, n = 12). After 9 weeks, animals were further divided into the following groups: CT, CT treated with a single dose of cisplatin (CTCis, 20 mg/kg, i.p.), HF and HF treated with cisplatin (HFCis). The HF group exhibited higher body weight gain compatible with a moderate obesity. Obese mice presented increased visceral adiposity, hyperkalemia, sodium retention, glomerular hyperfiltration and proteinuria, without any significant changes in blood pressure and glycemia. AKI induced by cisplatin was exacerbated in obese animals with a 92% reduction in the GFR versus a 31% decrease in the CTCis group; this sharp decline resulted in severely elevated serum creatinine and urea levels. Acute tubular necrosis induced by cisplatin was worsened in obese mice. The HFCis group exhibited robust systemic and intrarenal inflammation that was significantly higher than that in the CTCis group; the HFCis group also showed a higher degree of renal oxidative stress. In conclusion, the moderate degree of obesity induced shortly after weaning resulted in mild early renal alterations, however, obese young animals were prone to develop a much more severe AKI induced by cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemara S. Ribeiro
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine–Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clevia S. Passos
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine–Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio S. Novaes
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine–Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar Maquigussa
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine–Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A. Glória
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine–Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iria Visoná
- Pathology Department–Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olinda Ykuta
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine–Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lila M. Oyama
- Nutrition Physiology–Department of Physiology—Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian A. Boim
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine–Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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25
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Schneider MP, Hilgers KF. Specific Aldosterone Synthase Inhibition. Hypertension 2017; 69:11-12. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus P. Schneider
- From the Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Karl F. Hilgers
- From the Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Germany
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26
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Hayashi M, Yasuda Y, Suzuki S, Tagaya M, Ito T, Kamada T, Yoshinaga M, Sugishita Y, Fujiwara W, Yokoi H, Ozaki Y, Izawa H. Brain natriuretic peptide as a potential novel marker of salt-sensitivity in chronic kidney disease patients without cardiac dysfunction. Heart Vessels 2016; 32:279-286. [PMID: 27385024 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-016-0867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is counter-balanced by a salt-sensitive mechanism in the hypertensive state, both are reported to be up-regulated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. We conducted this study to evaluate the associations among the RAS, renal function, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, as well as to identify markers for salt-sensitivity. A total of 213 pre-dialysis CKD patients with preserved cardiac function (EF >50 %) were enrolled. Their renal and cardiac biochemical markers and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured, and echocardiography and carotid artery ultrasound were performed. Their salt intake was estimated by the NaCl excretion from a 24-h collected urine sample. The PRA was higher in patients with hypertension (p = 0.018), and had a significant negative correlation with the eGFR (r = -0.23, p = 0.0067). Importantly, the PRA had a strong negative correlation with the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level (r = -0.28, p = 0.017) regardless of whether the patients were being treated with RAS inhibitors. The BNP level was related to the renal functions (eGFR: p = 0.001, ACR: p = 0.009). There was a significant positive correlation between the BNP level and carotid intima-media thickness (p < 0.001). A multivariate analysis revealed that older age and an excess of NaCl excretion were independent predictors of BNP elevation (p = 0.02 and 0.003, respectively). Our analysis revealed details of the counterbalance between BNP and PRA, as well as identifying that excess salt intake is a predictor of BNP elevation. These results indicate that the BNP could be a possible valuable marker for salt sensitivity, and that high salt sensitivity could facilitate atherosclerosis in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuharu Hayashi
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, 3-6-10 Otobashi, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, 454-8509, Japan. .,Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Yoshinari Yasuda
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Manaka Tagaya
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, 3-6-10 Otobashi, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, 454-8509, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ito
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, 3-6-10 Otobashi, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, 454-8509, Japan
| | - Tomohito Kamada
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, 3-6-10 Otobashi, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, 454-8509, Japan
| | - Masataka Yoshinaga
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, 3-6-10 Otobashi, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, 454-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sugishita
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, 3-6-10 Otobashi, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, 454-8509, Japan
| | - Wakaya Fujiwara
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, 3-6-10 Otobashi, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, 454-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroatsu Yokoi
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, 3-6-10 Otobashi, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, 454-8509, Japan
| | - Yukio Ozaki
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hideo Izawa
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, 3-6-10 Otobashi, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, 454-8509, Japan
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Mainasara A, Isa S, Dandare A, Ladan M, Saidu Y, Rabiu S. Blood pressure profile and insulin resistance in salt-induced hypertensive rats treated with camel milk. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-160060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Mainasara
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - S.A. Isa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A. Dandare
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - M.J. Ladan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Y. Saidu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - S. Rabiu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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28
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Wang D, Wang Y, Liu FQ, Yuan ZY, Mu JJ. High Salt Diet Affects Renal Sodium Excretion and ERRα Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:480. [PMID: 27043552 PMCID: PMC4848936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys regulate the balance of water and sodium and therefore are related to blood pressure. It is unclear whether estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), an orphan nuclear receptor and transcription factor highly expressed in kidneys, affects the reabsorption of water and sodium. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in the expressions of ERRα, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) proteins affected the reabsorption of water and sodium in kidneys of Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats. SS.13BN rats, 98% homologous to the DS rats, were used as a normotensive control group. The 24 h urinary sodium excretion of the DS and SS.13BN rats increased after the 6-week high salt diet intervention, while sodium excretion was increased in DS rats with daidzein (agonist of ERRα) treatment. ERRα expression was decreased, while β- and γ-ENaC mRNA expressions were increased upon high sodium diet treatment in the DS rats. In the chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay, positive PCR signals were obtained in samples treated with anti-ERRα antibody. The transcriptional activity of ERRα was decreased upon high salt diet intervention. ERRα reduced the expressions of β- and γ-ENaC by binding to the ENaC promoter, thereby increased Na+ reabsorption. Therefore, ERRα might be one of the factors causing salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Fu-Qiang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Zu-Yi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
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29
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Correia-Costa L, Cosme D, Nogueira-Silva L, Morato M, Sousa T, Moura C, Mota C, Guerra A, Albino-Teixeira A, Areias JC, Schaefer F, Lopes C, Afonso AC, Azevedo A. Gender and obesity modify the impact of salt intake on blood pressure in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:279-88. [PMID: 26420679 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most modifiable risk factors for high blood pressure (BP), such as obesity and salt intake, are imprinted in childhood and persist into adulthood. The aim of our study was to evaluate the intake of salt in children and to assess its impact on BP taking into account gender and nutritional status. METHODS A total of 298 children aged 8-9 years were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements and 24-h ambulatory monitoring were performed, and salt intake was determined by 24-h urinary sodium excretion. RESULTS The average estimated salt intake among the entire cohort of children enrolled in the study was 6.5 ± 2.2 g/day, and it was significantly higher in boys than in girls (6.8 ± 2.4 vs. 6.1 ± 1.9 g/day, respectively; p = 0.018) and in overweight/obese children than in normal weight children (6.8 ± 2.4 vs. 6.1 ± 2.0 g/day, respectively; p = 0.006). Salt intake exceeded the upper limit of the US Dietary Reference Intake in 72% of children. Daytime systolic BP increased by 1.00 mmHg (95% confidence interval 0.40-1.59) per gram of daily salt intake in overweight/obese boys, but not in normal weight boys or in girls. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate an extremely high salt intake among 8- to 9-year-old Portuguese children. Higher salt intake was associated with higher systolic BP in boys, specifically in those who were overweight/obese. Longitudinal studies are needed to further evaluate the causal relationship between obesity and high BP and the mechanism by which salt intake modulates this relationship. Nonetheless, based on our results, we urge that dietary salt reduction interventions, along with measures to fight the global epidemic of obesity, be implemented as early in life as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Correia-Costa
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Integrated Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto (ISPUP), Rua das Taipas n° 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Dina Cosme
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Nogueira-Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Morato
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sousa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Moura
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Integrated Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Mota
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Integrated Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Guerra
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Division of Pediatric Nutrition, Integrated Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Albino-Teixeira
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Areias
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Integrated Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carla Lopes
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Caldas Afonso
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Integrated Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Azevedo
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ayuzawa N, Nagase M, Ueda K, Nishimoto M, Kawarazaki W, Marumo T, Aiba A, Sakurai T, Shindo T, Fujita T. Rac1-Mediated Activation of Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Pressure Overload–Induced Cardiac Injury. Hypertension 2016; 67:99-106. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Ayuzawa
- From the Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (N.A., K.U., M. Nishimoto, W.K., T.M., T.F.), and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (A.A.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (M. Nagase); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan (T.M., T.F.); and Department of
| | - Miki Nagase
- From the Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (N.A., K.U., M. Nishimoto, W.K., T.M., T.F.), and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (A.A.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (M. Nagase); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan (T.M., T.F.); and Department of
| | - Kohei Ueda
- From the Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (N.A., K.U., M. Nishimoto, W.K., T.M., T.F.), and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (A.A.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (M. Nagase); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan (T.M., T.F.); and Department of
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishimoto
- From the Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (N.A., K.U., M. Nishimoto, W.K., T.M., T.F.), and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (A.A.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (M. Nagase); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan (T.M., T.F.); and Department of
| | - Wakako Kawarazaki
- From the Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (N.A., K.U., M. Nishimoto, W.K., T.M., T.F.), and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (A.A.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (M. Nagase); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan (T.M., T.F.); and Department of
| | - Takeshi Marumo
- From the Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (N.A., K.U., M. Nishimoto, W.K., T.M., T.F.), and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (A.A.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (M. Nagase); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan (T.M., T.F.); and Department of
| | - Atsu Aiba
- From the Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (N.A., K.U., M. Nishimoto, W.K., T.M., T.F.), and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (A.A.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (M. Nagase); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan (T.M., T.F.); and Department of
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- From the Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (N.A., K.U., M. Nishimoto, W.K., T.M., T.F.), and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (A.A.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (M. Nagase); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan (T.M., T.F.); and Department of
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- From the Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (N.A., K.U., M. Nishimoto, W.K., T.M., T.F.), and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (A.A.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (M. Nagase); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan (T.M., T.F.); and Department of
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- From the Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (N.A., K.U., M. Nishimoto, W.K., T.M., T.F.), and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (A.A.), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan (M. Nagase); CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan (T.M., T.F.); and Department of
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31
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Rudiyansyah, Panthong K, Garson MJ. Chemistry and Pharmacognosy of the Genus Durio. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501001115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Durio is well known as one of the sources of seasonal fruit production in Southeast Asia with its center of diversity in Borneo. Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia are the main Durio producers in the world. Besides having much information about the utilization and benefit from its timber and fruits as a food substance, traditionally some parts of this plant, such as leaves, bark and root, can also be used for medical purposes. This review deals with chemical constituents and the biological activities of Durio plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudiyansyah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Tanjungpura, Pontianak 78124, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Kanda Panthong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Mary J Garson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
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32
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Shimizu Y, Kadota K, Koyamatsu J, Yamanashi H, Nagayoshi M, Noda M, Nishimura T, Tayama J, Nagata Y, Maeda T. Salt intake and mental distress among rural community-dwelling Japanese men. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:26. [PMID: 26109460 PMCID: PMC4480897 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated mineralocorticoid receptors influence the association between daily salt intake and blood pressure. A relatively low mineralocorticoid receptor function is reported to be a risk for mental distress such as depression. Since mental distress is also a known risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease, understanding of the association between estimated daily salt intake and mental distress contributing to hypertension is important for risk estimation for cardiovascular disease. However, no single study has reported this association. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1014 Japanese men undergoing general health check-ups. Mental distress was diagnosed as a Kessler 6 scale score ≥5. We also classified mental distress by levels of hypertension. Estimated daily salt intake was calculated from a causal urine specimen. RESULTS Independent from classical cardiovascular risk factors and thyroid disease, we found a significant inverse association between estimated daily salt intake and mental distress. When we analyzed for mental distress and hypertension, we also found a significant association. With the reference group being the lowest tertiles of estimated daily salt intake, the multivariable odds ratios (ORs) of mental distress and mental distress with hypertension for the highest tertiles were 0.50 (0.29-0.88) and 0.46 (0.22-0.96). CONCLUSIONS Lower estimated daily salt intake is a significant risk of mental distress for rural community-dwelling Japanese men. Since depression is reported to be associated with cardiovascular disease, risk estimation for the lower intake of salt on mental distress, especially for mental distress with hypertension, may become an important tool to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shimizu
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Kadota
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Jun Koyamatsu
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Hirotomo Yamanashi
- Department of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Mako Nagayoshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Miki Noda
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Nishimura
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Jun Tayama
- Graduate School of Education, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Center for Health and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Nagata
- Center for Comprehensive Community Care Education, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Department of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
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33
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Tapia-Castillo A, Carvajal CA, Campino C, Hill C, Allende F, Vecchiola A, Carrasco C, Bancalari R, Valdivia C, Lagos C, Martinez-Aguayo A, Garcia H, Aglony M, Baudrand RF, Kalergis AM, Michea LF, Riedel CA, Fardella CE. The Expression of RAC1 and Mineralocorticoid Pathway-Dependent Genes are Associated With Different Responses to Salt Intake. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:722-8. [PMID: 25430696 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rac1 upregulation has been implicated in salt-sensitive hypertension as a modulator of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activity. Rac1 could affect the expression of oxidative stress markers, such as hemoxigenase-1 (HO-1) or nuclear factor-B (NF-κB), and the expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a cytokine upregulated upon MR activation. AIM We evaluated RAC1 expression in relation of high salt intake and association with MR, NGAL, HO-1, and NF-κB expression, mineralo- and glucocorticoids levels, and inflammatory parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied 147 adult subjects. A food survey identified the dietary sodium (Na) intake. RAC1 expression was considered high or low according to the value found in normotensive subjects with low salt intake. We determined the gene expression of RAC1, MR, NGAL, HO-1, NF-κB, and 18S, isolated from peripheral leukocytes. We measured aldosterone, cortisol, sodium, potassium excretion, metalloproteinase (MMP9 y MMP2), and C-reactive protein. RESULTS We identified 126 subjects with high Na-intake, 18 subjects had high, and 108 low-RAC1 expression. The subjects with high-RAC1 expression showed a significant increase in MR (P = 0.0002), NGAL (P < 0.0001) HO-1 (P = 0.0004), and NF-κB (P < 0.0001) gene expression. We demonstrated an association between RAC1 expression and MR (R sp 0.64; P < 0.0001), NGAL (R sp 0.48; P < 0.0001), HO-1 (R sp 0.53; P < 0.0001), and NF-κB (R sp0.52; P < 0.0001). We did not identify any association between RAC1 and clinical or biochemical variables. CONCLUSIONS RAC1 expression was associated with an increase in MR, NGAL, NF-κB, and HO-1 expression, suggesting that RAC1 could be a mediator of cardiovascular damage induced by sodium, and may also useful to identify subjects with different responses to salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristian A Carvajal
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Campino
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caroline Hill
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fidel Allende
- Servicios de Laboratorios Clinicos, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Carrasco
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Bancalari
- Pediatrics, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Valdivia
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Lagos
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Hernan Garcia
- Pediatrics, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marlene Aglony
- Pediatrics, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rene F Baudrand
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F Michea
- Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile;
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Hattori T, Murase T, Takatsu M, Nagasawa K, Matsuura N, Watanabe S, Murohara T, Nagata K. Dietary salt restriction improves cardiac and adipose tissue pathology independently of obesity in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001312. [PMID: 25468654 PMCID: PMC4338725 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) enhances salt sensitivity of blood pressure and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The effects of dietary salt restriction on cardiac pathology associated with metabolic syndrome remain unclear. Methods and Results We investigated whether dietary salt restriction might ameliorate cardiac injury in DahlS.Z‐Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, which are derived from a cross between Dahl salt‐sensitive and Zucker rats and represent a model of metabolic syndrome. DS/obese rats were fed a normal‐salt (0.36% NaCl in chow) or low‐salt (0.0466% NaCl in chow) diet from 9 weeks of age and were compared with similarly treated homozygous lean littermates (DahlS.Z‐Lepr+/Lepr+, or DS/lean rats). DS/obese rats fed the normal‐salt diet progressively developed hypertension and showed left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction at 15 weeks. Dietary salt restriction attenuated all of these changes in DS/obese rats. The levels of cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation and the expression of cardiac renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system genes were increased in DS/obese rats fed the normal‐salt diet, and dietary salt restriction downregulated these parameters in both DS/obese and DS/lean rats. In addition, dietary salt restriction attenuated the increase in visceral adipose tissue inflammation and the decrease in insulin signaling apparent in DS/obese rats without reducing body weight or visceral adipocyte size. Dietary salt restriction did not alter fasting serum glucose levels but it markedly decreased the fasting serum insulin concentration in DS/obese rats. Conclusions Dietary salt restriction not only prevents hypertension and cardiac injury but also ameliorates insulin resistance, without reducing obesity, in this model of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hattori
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Tamayo Murase
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Miwa Takatsu
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Kai Nagasawa
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Natsumi Matsuura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
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Gopalakrishnan K, Kumarasamy S, Mell B, Joe B. Genome-wide identification of long noncoding RNAs in rat models of cardiovascular and renal disease. Hypertension 2014; 65:200-10. [PMID: 25385761 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an emerging class of genomic regulatory molecules reported in various species. In the rat, which is one of the major mammalian model organisms, discovery of lncRNAs on a genome-wide scale is lagging. Renal lncRNA sequencing and lncRNA transcriptome analysis were conducted in 3 rat strains that are widely used in cardiovascular and renal research: the Dahl salt-sensitive rat, the spontaneously hypertensive rat, and the Dahl salt-resistant rat. Through the RNA sequencing approach, 3273 transcripts were identified as rat lncRNAs. A majority of lncRNAs were without predicted target genes. Differential expression of 273 and 749 lncRNAs was detected between Dahl salt-sensitive versus Dahl salt-resistant and Dahl salt-sensitive versus spontaneously hypertensive rat comparisons, respectively. To couple the observed differential expression of lncRNAs with the status of mRNAs, an mRNA transcriptome analysis was conducted. Several cis mRNA genes were coregulated with lncRNAs. Of these, the protein expression status of 4 target genes, Asb3, Chac2, Pex11b, and Sp5, were differentially expressed between the relevant strain comparisons, thereby suggesting that the differentially expressed lncRNAs associated with these genes are candidate genetic determinants of blood pressure. This study serves as a first-generation catalog of rat lncRNAs and illustrates the prioritization of lncRNAs as candidates for complex polygenic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathirvel Gopalakrishnan
- From the Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH
| | - Sivarajan Kumarasamy
- From the Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH
| | - Blair Mell
- From the Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH
| | - Bina Joe
- From the Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH.
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Loirand G, Pacaud P. Involvement of Rho GTPases and their regulators in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Small GTPases 2014; 5:1-10. [PMID: 25496262 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of arterial blood pressure is essential to allow permanent adjustment of nutrient and oxygen supply to organs and tissues according to their need. This is achieved through highly coordinated regulation processes controlling vascular resistance through modulation of arterial smooth muscle contraction, cardiac output, and kidney function. Members of the Rho family of small GTPases, in particular RhoA and Rac1, have been identified as key signaling molecules playing important roles in several different steps of these regulatory processes. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the involvement of Rho GTPase signaling in the control of blood pressure and the pathogenesis of hypertension. We describe how knockout models in mouse, genetic, and pharmacological studies in human have been useful to address this question.
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Key Words
- AT1 receptor, type 1 Ang II receptor
- Ang II, angiotensine II
- ENaCs, epithelial Na+ channels
- Et-1, endothelin-1
- GAPs, GTPase-activating proteins
- GEFs, exchange factors
- GTPase activating proteins
- GTPases
- MLC, 20 kDa-myosin light chain
- MLCK, MLC kinase
- MLCP, MLC phosphatase
- NA, noradrenaline
- NHE3, sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 3.
- NO, nitric oxide
- NTS, nucleus tractus solitaries
- PDE5, type 5 phosphodiesterase
- PKG, cGMP-dependent protein kinase
- Rock, Rho-kinase
- SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rats
- SHRSP, stroke-prone SHR
- TxA2, thromboxane A2
- artery
- blood pressure
- cardiovascular
- eNOS, endothelial NO synthase
- exchange factors
- signal transduction
- small G proteins
- smooth muscle
- vasoconstriction
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Li X, Xing W, Wang Y, Mi C, Zhang Z, Ma H, Zhang H, Gao F. Upregulation of caveolin-1 contributes to aggravated high-salt diet-induced endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in type 1 diabetic rats. Life Sci 2014; 113:31-9. [PMID: 25086377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial dysfunction and hypertension is more common in individuals with diabetes than in the general population. This study was aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for endothelial dysfunction of type 1 diabetic rats fed with high-salt diet. MAIN METHODS Type 1 diabetes (DM) was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (70 mg·kg(-1)). Normal or diabetic rats were randomly fed high-salt food (HS, 8% NaCl) or standard food (CON) for 6 weeks. KEY FINDINGS Both HS (143±10 mmHg) and DM+HS (169±11 mmHg) groups displayed significantly higher systolic blood pressure than those in the CON group (112±12 mmHg, P<0.01). DM+HS rats exhibited more pronounced impairment of vasorelaxation to acetylcholine and insulin compared with either DM or HS. Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation levels and nitric oxide (NO) concentration in DM+HS were significantly lower than in DM. The levels of caveolin-1 (cav-1) in DM+HS were significantly higher than that in DM and HS. Co-immunoprecipitation results showed increased interaction between cav-1 and eNOS in the DM+HS group. In the presence of cav-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), eNOS phosphorylations in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were significantly increased compared with control siRNA. Cav-1 was slightly but not significantly lower in HUVEC cultured with high glucose and high-salt buffer solution and pretreated with wortmannin or l-nitro-arginine methyl ester. SIGNIFICANCE Impaired endothelial Akt activation and increased cav-1 expression and resultant decreased eNOS activation contributes to aggravated high-salt diet-induced endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Physiology, Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenjuan Xing
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chunjuan Mi
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhengrui Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Heng Ma
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Experiment Teaching Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Abstract
The primary adrenal cortical steroid hormones, aldosterone, and the glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone, act through the structurally similar mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Aldosterone is crucial for fluid, electrolyte, and hemodynamic homeostasis and tissue repair; the significantly more abundant glucocorticoids are indispensable for energy homeostasis, appropriate responses to stress, and limiting inflammation. Steroid receptors initiate gene transcription for proteins that effect their actions as well as rapid non-genomic effects through classical cell signaling pathways. GR and MR are expressed in many tissues types, often in the same cells, where they interact at molecular and functional levels, at times in synergy, others in opposition. Thus the appropriate balance of MR and GR activation is crucial for homeostasis. MR has the same binding affinity for aldosterone, cortisol, and corticosterone. Glucocorticoids activate MR in most tissues at basal levels and GR at stress levels. Inactivation of cortisol and corticosterone by 11β-HSD2 allows aldosterone to activate MR within aldosterone target cells and limits activation of the GR. Under most conditions, 11β-HSD1 acts as a reductase and activates cortisol/corticosterone, amplifying circulating levels. 11β-HSD1 and MR antagonists mitigate inappropriate activation of MR under conditions of oxidative stress that contributes to the pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome; however, MR antagonists decrease normal MR/GR functional interactions, a particular concern for neurons mediating cognition, memory, and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Zhou X, Chen K, Lei H, Sun Z. Klotho gene deficiency causes salt-sensitive hypertension via monocyte chemotactic protein-1/CC chemokine receptor 2-mediated inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:121-32. [PMID: 24904083 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho (KL) is a newly discovered aging suppressor gene. In mice, the KL gene extends the lifespan when overexpressed and shortens the lifespan when disrupted. This study investigated if KL deficiency affects BP and salt sensitivity using KL mutant heterozygous (+/-) mice and wild-type (WT) mice (9 weeks of age, 16 mice per group). Notably, systolic BP in KL(+/-) mice began to increase at the age of 15 weeks, reached a peak level at the age of 17 weeks, and remained elevated thereafter, whereas systolic BP remained consistent in WT mice. High salt (HS) intake further increased BP in KL(+/-) mice but did not affect BP in WT mice. Blockade of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), involved in monocyte chemotaxis, by a specific CCR2 antagonist (INCB3284) abolished the HS-induced increase in BP in KL(+/-) mice. Furthermore, HS loading substantially increased the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and the infiltration of macrophages and T cells in kidneys in KL(+/-) mice, and treatment with INCB3284 abolished these effects. Treatment of KL(+/-) mice with INCB3284 also attenuated the increased renal expressions of serum glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1, thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter, and ATP synthase β along with the renal structural damage and functional impairment induced by HS loading. In conclusion, KL deficiency caused salt-sensitive hypertension and renal damage by CCR2-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Han Lei
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Zhongjie Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Tapia-Castillo A, Carvajal CA, Campino C, Vecchiola A, Allende F, Solari S, García L, Lavanderos S, Valdivia C, Fuentes C, Lagos CF, Martínez-Aguayo A, Baudrand R, Aglony M, García H, Fardella CE. Polymorphisms in the RAC1 gene are associated with hypertension risk factors in a Chilean pediatric population. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:299-307. [PMID: 24487980 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The GTPase Rac1 has been implicated in hypertension as a modulator of mineralocorticoid receptor activity. Our aim is to investigate the frequency of polymorphisms rs10951982 (intron 1, G>A) and rs836478 (intron 3, T>C) in the RAC1 gene and perform association studies with clinical and biochemical parameters in a Chilean pediatric cohort. METHODS Two hundred two normotensive (NT) subjects (aged 4-16 years) were divided into 2 groups: NT subjects with hypertensive parents (NH; n = 103) and NT subjects with NT parents (NN; n = 99). We measured markers of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8, and tumor necrosis factor α), endothelial damage (Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 metalloproteinase-9, and metalloproteinase-2), and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde). Data were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR). RESULTS We found differences in polymorphism rs836478 (intron 3, C>T) in both genotypic (χ(2) = 15.2, 2 df; P = 0.0005) and allelic (X(2)=5.5, 1 df; P = 0.01) frequencies in NH vs. NN subjects. NH subjects with a TT genotype showed increase MMP9 expression (median = 2.3, IQR - 1.6-3.2; vs. median = 1.6, IQR = 1.6-2.3 AU; P = 0.01) and lower IL-6 expression (median = 8.8, IQR = 7.0-11.8; vs. median = 12.1, IQR = 8.2-14.7 pg/ml; P = 0.02) compared with subjects with TC/CC genotype. No difference in the allelic frequency distribution was seen in the polymorphism rs10951982 (NH vs. NN: χ(2)=0.2, 1 df; P = 0.6). For this SNP, NN subjects with GA/AA genotype showed decreased diastolic BP indexes compared with subjects with native GG genotype (median = 1.08, IQR = 1.0-1.2; vs. median = 0.99, IQR = 0.94-1.1; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS We report the frequency of polymorphisms rs836478 and rs10951982 of the RAC1 gene in a Spanish-Amerindian cohort. The polymorphism rs836478 was associated with an increased expression in markers of inflammation and endothelial damage (MMP9 and IL-6) in pediatric subjects with a hypertensive genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Tapia-Castillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Fujita T. Mechanism of salt-sensitive hypertension: focus on adrenal and sympathetic nervous systems. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1148-55. [PMID: 24578129 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013121258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A central role for the kidney among the systems contributing to BP regulation and the development of hypertension has been proposed. Both the aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor pathway and the renal sympathetic nervous system have important roles in the regulation of renal excretory function and BP control, but the mechanisms underlying these processes have remained unclear. However, recent studies revealed the activation of two pathways in salt-sensitive hypertension. Notably, Rac1, a member of the Rho-family of small GTP binding proteins, was identified as a novel ligand-independent modulator of mineralocorticoid receptor activity. Furthermore, these studies point to crucial roles for the Rac1-mineralocorticoid receptor-NCC/ENaC and the renal β-adrenergic stimulant-glucocorticoid receptor-WNK4-NCC pathways in certain rodent models of salt-sensitive hypertension. The nuclear mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors may contribute to impaired renal excretory function and the resulting salt-sensitive hypertension by increasing sodium reabsorption at different tubular segments. This review provides an in-depth discussion of the evidence supporting these conclusions and considers the significance with regard to treating salt-sensitive hypertension and salt-induced cardiorenal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Fujita
- Department of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and CREST, Tokyo, Japan
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Hunter RW, Ivy JR, Bailey MA. Glucocorticoids and renal Na+ transport: implications for hypertension and salt sensitivity. J Physiol 2014; 592:1731-44. [PMID: 24535442 PMCID: PMC4001748 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of glucocorticoid excess include central obesity, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, electrolyte abnormalities and hypertension. A century on from Cushing's original case study, these cardinal features are prevalent in industrialized nations. Hypertension is the major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease and reflects underlying abnormalities of Na+ homeostasis. Aldosterone is a master regulator of renal Na+ transport but here we argue that glucocorticoids are also influential, particularly during moderate excess. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis can affect renal Na+ homeostasis on multiple levels, systemically by increasing mineralocorticoid synthesis and locally by actions on both the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors, both of which are expressed in the kidney. The kidney also expresses both of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes. The intrarenal generation of active glucocorticoid by 11βHSD1 stimulates Na+ reabsorption; failure to downregulate the enzyme during adaption to high dietary salt causes salt-sensitive hypertension. The deactivation of glucocorticoid by 11βHSD2 underpins the regulatory dominance for Na+ transport of mineralocorticoids and defines the ‘aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron’. In summary, glucocorticoids can stimulate renal transport processes conventionally attributed to the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Importantly, Na+ and volume homeostasis do not exert negative feedback on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. These actions are therefore clinically relevant and may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension in conditions associated with elevated glucocorticoid levels, such as the metabolic syndrome and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Hunter
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Shin J, Xu E, Lim Y, Choi B, Kim B, Lee Y, Kim M, Mori M, Yamori Y. Relationship between nocturnal blood pressure and 24-h urinary sodium excretion in a rural population in Korea. Clin Hypertens 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/2056-5909-20-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Baudrand R, Lian CG, Lian BQ, Ricchiuti V, Yao TM, Li J, Williams GH, Adler GK. Long-term dietary sodium restriction increases adiponectin expression and ameliorates the proinflammatory adipokine profile in obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:34-41. [PMID: 24418377 PMCID: PMC4405158 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Obesity is associated with changes in adiponectin and pro-inflammatory adipokines. Sodium intake can affect adipokine secretion suggesting a role in cardiovascular dysfunction. We tested if long-term dietary sodium restriction modifies the expression of adiponectin and ameliorates the pro-inflammatory profile of obese, diabetic mice. METHODS/RESULTS Db/db mice were randomized to high sodium (HS 1.6% Na+, n = 6) or low sodium (LS 0.03% Na+, n = 8) diet for 16 weeks and compared with lean, db/+ mice on HS diet (n = 8). Insulin levels were 50% lower in the db/db mice on LS diet when compared with HS db/db (p < 0.05). LS diet increased cardiac adiponectin mRNA levels in db/db mice by 5-fold when compared with db/db mice on HS diet and by 2-fold when compared with HS lean mice (both p < 0.01). LS diet increased adiponectin in adipose tissue compared with db/db mice on HS diet, achieving levels similar to those of lean mice. MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α expression were reduced more than 50% in adipose tissue of db/db mice on LS diet when compared with HS db/db mice (all p < 0.05), to levels observed in the HS lean mice. Further, LS db/db mice had significantly reduced circulating MCP-1 and IL-6 levels when compared with HS db/db mice (both p < 0.01). CONCLUSION In obese-diabetic mice, long-term LS diet increases adiponectin in heart and adipose tissue and reduces pro-inflammatory factors in adipose tissue and plasma. These additive mechanisms may contribute to the potential cardioprotective benefits of LS diet in obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baudrand
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330074, Chile
| | - C G Lian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - B Q Lian
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - V Ricchiuti
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - T M Yao
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - G H Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - G K Adler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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47
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Shin J, Xu E, Lim YH, Choi BY, Kim BK, Lee YG, Kim MK, Mori M, Yamori Y. Relationship between nocturnal blood pressure and 24-h urinary sodium excretion in a rural population in Korea. Clin Hypertens 2014; 20:9. [PMID: 26909196 PMCID: PMC4763416 DOI: 10.1186/2056-5909-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure (BP) is affected by many factors such as absolute level of sodium intake, salt sensitivity, and the accuracy or the timing of the BP measurement. There is no epidemiologic study using both ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and 24-h urine sample in a middle-aged general population. METHODS In the rural area, Yeojoo County, Gyunggi Province in South Korea, 218 subjects with age between 30 and 59 years old were measured with ABPM and 24-h urine sample. ABPM device was TM2430, and the 24-h urine sample was collected using the aliquot cup. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) score was calculated by the sum of the number of abnormal criteria other than BP. RESULTS For both ABPM and 24-h urine sample, 148 subject data was acceptable for the analysis by the creatinine equation and/or the completeness of collection. Age was 47.4 ± 8.3 years (range 30 to 59 years), and female was 85 (57.4%). In multiple linear regression analysis, sodium intake was not an independent factor for casual BPs and daytime BPs whereas sodium intake was an independent factor for nighttime systolic BP (β = 1.625, p = 0.0026) and nighttime diastolic BP (β = 1.066, p = 0.0017). When compared to the lowest quartiles of sodium intake, daytime diastolic BP and nighttime BPs were in the higher three quartile groups. CONCLUSIONS Sodium intake was associated not with casual BPs and daytime BPs but with increased nighttime BPs in the middle-aged general population in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791 South Korea
| | - Enshi Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hyo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo Youl Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bae Keun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sung-Ae General Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Gu Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sung-Ae General Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mari Mori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women's University, Hyogo, Japan
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Long HD, Lin YE, Liu MJ, Liang LY, Zeng ZH. Spironolactone prevents dietary-induced metabolic syndrome by inhibiting PI3-K/Akt and p38MAPK signaling pathways. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:923-30. [PMID: 23612445 DOI: 10.3275/8946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of spironolactone (SPL) on indexes of metabolic syndrome (MS) and further investigate the mechanisms underlying its protective effects. METHODS A rat model of MS was established by administering a fat- and salt-enriched diet (FS diet). The occurrence of MS was examined by measurement of blood pressure (BP), aldosterone (ALD) content, blood lipid (BL), glucose and insulin levels. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Pancreatic gland tissue injury was assessed by β-cell apoptosis. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activity, phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase/Akt (PI3-K/Akt), and phosphorylation of p38MAPK (Pp38MAPK) in pancreatic gland tissue were evaluated by western blot analysis. RESULTS SPL prevented hypertension, and dyslipidemia during MS induced by the intake of FS diet, but had no effect on K+ and Na+ disturbances. Furthermore, SPL significantly attenuated ALD and MR expression levels after FS diet. Finally, SPL inhibited phosphorylation protein kinase B (p- PKB) activation in the pancreatic gland tissue, a downstream target of PI3-K, and phosphorylation of p38MAPK pathway, critical for cellular apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that SPL exerts a protective effect on hypertension and dyslipidemia. This protective effect may depend, at least in part, on MAPK and PI3-K pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Long
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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49
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Ji WJ, Ma YQ, Zhou X, Zhang YD, Lu RY, Guo ZZ, Sun HY, Hu DC, Yang GH, Li YM, Wei LQ. Spironolactone attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury partially via modulating mononuclear phagocyte phenotype switching in circulating and alveolar compartments. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81090. [PMID: 24260540 PMCID: PMC3834272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent experimental studies provide evidence indicating that manipulation of the mononuclear phagocyte phenotype could be a feasible approach to alter the severity and persistence of pulmonary injury and fibrosis. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) has been reported as a target to regulate macrophage polarization. The present work was designed to investigate the therapeutic potential of MR antagonism in bleomycin-induced acute lung injury and fibrosis. Methodology/Principal Findings We first demonstrated the expression of MR in magnetic bead-purified Ly6G-/CD11b+ circulating monocytes and in alveolar macrophages harvested in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from C57BL/6 mice. Then, a pharmacological intervention study using spironolactone (20mg/kg/day by oral gavage) revealed that MR antagonism led to decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine production (downregulated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, transforming growth factor β1, and interleukin-1β at mRNA and protein levels) and collagen deposition (decreased lung total hydroxyproline content and collagen positive area by Masson’ trichrome staining) in bleomycin treated (2.5mg/kg, via oropharyngeal instillation) male C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, serial flow cytometry analysis in blood, BALF and enzymatically digested lung tissue, revealed that spironolactone could partially inhibit bleomycin-induced circulating Ly6Chi monocyte expansion, and reduce alternative activation (F4/80+CD11c+CD206+) of mononuclear phagocyte in alveoli, whereas the phenotype of interstitial macrophage (F4/80+CD11c-) remained unaffected by spironolactone during investigation. Conclusions/Significance The present work provides the experimental evidence that spironolactone could attenuate bleomycin-induced acute pulmonary injury and fibrosis, partially via inhibition of MR-mediated circulating monocyte and alveolar macrophage phenotype switching.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Lung Injury/chemically induced
- Acute Lung Injury/drug therapy
- Acute Lung Injury/metabolism
- Acute Lung Injury/pathology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Bleomycin
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/pathology
- Phenotype
- Pulmonary Alveoli/drug effects
- Pulmonary Alveoli/metabolism
- Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/chemically induced
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/metabolism
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Spironolactone/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Ji
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Center, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (WJJ) ; (LQW)
| | - Yong-Qiang Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Center, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi-Dan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui-Yi Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Center, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhao-Zeng Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Center, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-Ying Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Center, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Dao-Chuan Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Hong Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Center, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Ming Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Center, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu-Qing Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (WJJ) ; (LQW)
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Hall JE, Granger JP, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Dubinion J, George E, Hamza S, Speed J, Hall ME. Hypertension: physiology and pathophysiology. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:2393-442. [PMID: 23720252 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension and availability of effective and safe antihypertensive drugs, suboptimal blood pressure (BP) control is still the most important risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and is globally responsible for more than 7 million deaths annually. Short-term and long-term BP regulation involve the integrated actions of multiple cardiovascular, renal, neural, endocrine, and local tissue control systems. Clinical and experimental observations strongly support a central role for the kidneys in the long-term regulation of BP, and abnormal renal-pressure natriuresis is present in all forms of chronic hypertension. Impaired renal-pressure natriuresis and chronic hypertension can be caused by intrarenal or extrarenal factors that reduce glomerular filtration rate or increase renal tubular reabsorption of salt and water; these factors include excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, increased formation of reactive oxygen species, endothelin, and inflammatory cytokines, or decreased synthesis of nitric oxide and various natriuretic factors. In human primary (essential) hypertension, the precise causes of impaired renal function are not completely understood, although excessive weight gain and dietary factors appear to play a major role since hypertension is rare in nonobese hunter-gathers living in nonindustrialized societies. Recent advances in genetics offer opportunities to discover gene-environment interactions that may also contribute to hypertension, although success thus far has been limited mainly to identification of rare monogenic forms of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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