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Harrison DG, Patrick DM. Immune Mechanisms in Hypertension. Hypertension 2024; 81:1659-1674. [PMID: 38881474 PMCID: PMC11254551 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
It is now apparent that immune mediators including complement, cytokines, and cells of the innate and adaptive immune system contribute not only to blood pressure elevation but also to the target organ damage that occurs in response to stimuli like high salt, aldosterone, angiotensin II, and sympathetic outflow. Alterations of vascular hemodynamic factors, including microvascular pulsatility and shear forces, lead to vascular release of mediators that affect myeloid cells to become potent antigen-presenting cells and promote T-cell activation. Research in the past 2 decades has defined specific biochemical and molecular pathways that are engaged by these stimuli and an emerging paradigm is these not only lead to immune activation, but that products of immune cells, including cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and metalloproteinases act on target cells to further raise blood pressure in a feed-forward fashion. In this review, we will discuss these molecular and pathophysiological events and discuss clinical interventions that might prove effective in quelling this inflammatory process in hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - David M. Patrick
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212
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2
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Dos Passos RR, Santos CV, Priviero F, Briones AM, Tostes RC, Webb RC, Bomfim GF. Immunomodulatory Activity of Cytokines in Hypertension: A Vascular Perspective. Hypertension 2024; 81:1411-1423. [PMID: 38686582 PMCID: PMC11168883 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.21712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cytokines play a crucial role in the structure and function of blood vessels in hypertension. Hypertension damages blood vessels by mechanisms linked to shear forces, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, oxidative stress, and a proinflammatory milieu that lead to the generation of neoantigens and damage-associated molecular patterns, ultimately triggering the release of numerous cytokines. Damage-associated molecular patterns are recognized by PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) and activate inflammatory mechanisms in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, perivascular nerves, and perivascular adipose tissue. Activated vascular cells also release cytokines and express factors that attract macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes to the blood vessels. Activated and differentiated T cells into Th1, Th17, and Th22 in secondary lymphoid organs migrate to the vessels, releasing specific cytokines that further contribute to vascular dysfunction and remodeling. This chronic inflammation alters the profile of endothelial and smooth muscle cells, making them dysfunctional. Here, we provide an overview of how cytokines contribute to hypertension by impacting the vasculature. Furthermore, we explore clinical perspectives about the modulation of cytokines as a potential therapeutic intervention to specifically target hypertension-linked vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo R Dos Passos
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, School of Medicine (R.R.d.P., C.V.S., F.P., R.C.W., G.F.B.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Cintia V Santos
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, School of Medicine (R.R.d.P., C.V.S., F.P., R.C.W., G.F.B.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil (C.V.S., R.C.T.)
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, School of Medicine (R.R.d.P., C.V.S., F.P., R.C.W., G.F.B.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing (F.P., R.C.W.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Ana M Briones
- Department of Pharmacology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.)
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.)
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil (C.V.S., R.C.T.)
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, School of Medicine (R.R.d.P., C.V.S., F.P., R.C.W., G.F.B.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing (F.P., R.C.W.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Gisele F Bomfim
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, School of Medicine (R.R.d.P., C.V.S., F.P., R.C.W., G.F.B.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
- NUPADS - Health Education and Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil (G.F.B.)
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Guzik TJ, Nosalski R, Maffia P, Drummond GR. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:396-416. [PMID: 38172242 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is a global health problem, with >1.3 billion individuals with high blood pressure worldwide. In this Review, we present an inflammatory paradigm for hypertension, emphasizing the crucial roles of immune cells, cytokines and chemokines in disease initiation and progression. T cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and natural killer cells are all implicated in hypertension. Neoantigens, the NLRP3 inflammasome and increased sympathetic outflow, as well as cytokines (including IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-18 and IL-21) and a high-salt environment, can contribute to immune activation in hypertension. The activated immune cells migrate to target organs such as arteries (especially the perivascular fat and adventitia), kidneys, the heart and the brain, where they release effector cytokines that elevate blood pressure and cause vascular remodelling, renal damage, cardiac hypertrophy, cognitive impairment and dementia. IL-17 secreted by CD4+ T helper 17 cells and γδ T cells, and interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor secreted by immunosenescent CD8+ T cells, exert crucial effector roles in hypertension, whereas IL-10 and regulatory T cells are protective. Effector mediators impair nitric oxide bioavailability, leading to endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular contractility. Inflammatory effector mediators also alter renal sodium and water balance and promote renal fibrosis. These mechanisms link hypertension with obesity, autoimmunity, periodontitis and COVID-19. A comprehensive understanding of the immune and inflammatory mechanisms of hypertension is crucial for safely and effectively translating the findings to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Guzik
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Medicine and Omicron Medical Genomics Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland.
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance ARUA & The Guild, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance ARUA & The Guild, Glasgow, UK
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Wu O, Wu Y, Zhang X, Liu W, Zhang H, Khederzadeh S, Lu X, Zhu XW. Causal effect of interleukin (IL)-6 on blood pressure and hypertension: A mendelian randomization study. Immunogenetics 2024; 76:123-135. [PMID: 38427105 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-024-01332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
To examine whether circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (CirIL6) have a causal effect on blood pressure using Mendelian randomization (MR) methods. We used data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of European ancestry to obtain genetic instruments for circulating IL-6 levels and blood pressure measurements. We applied several robust MR methods to estimate the causal effects and to test for heterogeneity and pleiotropy. We found that circulating IL-6 had a significant positive causal effect on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but not on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) or hypertension. We found that as CirIL6 genetically increased, SBP increased using Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method (for ukb-b-20175, β = 0.082 with SE = 0.032, P = 0.011; for ukb-a-360, β = 0.075 with SE = 0.031, P = 0.014) and weighted median (WM) method (for ukb-b-20175, β = 0.061 with SE = 0.022, P = 0.006; for ukb-a-360, β = 0.065 with SE = 0.027, P = 0.014). Moreover, CirIL6 may be associated with an increased risk of PAH using WM method (odds ratio (OR) = 15.503, 95% CI, 1.025-234.525, P = 0.048), but not with IVW method. Our study provides novel evidence that circulating IL-6 has a causal role in the development of SBP and PAH, but not DBP or hypertension. These findings suggest that IL-6 may be a potential therapeutic target for preventing or treating cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. However, more studies are needed to confirm the causal effects of IL-6 on blood pressure and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Wu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ya Wu
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- JFIntelligent Healthcare Technology Co., Ltd Building No.5-7, No.699 Tianxiang Avenue, Hi-Tech Zone, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Saber Khederzadeh
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Lu
- Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhu
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Lamb FS, Choi H, Miller MR, Stark RJ. Vascular Inflammation and Smooth Muscle Contractility: The Role of Nox1-Derived Superoxide and LRRC8 Anion Channels. Hypertension 2024; 81:752-763. [PMID: 38174563 PMCID: PMC10954410 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.19434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation underlies the development of hypertension, and the mechanisms by which it increases blood pressure remain the topic of intense investigation. Proinflammatory factors including glucose, salt, vasoconstrictors, cytokines, wall stress, and growth factors enhance contractility and impair relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells. These pathways share a dependence upon redox signaling, and excessive activation promotes oxidative stress that promotes vascular aging. Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and migration into the intima contribute to atherosclerosis, while hypercontractility increases systemic vascular resistance and vasospasm that can trigger ischemia. Here, we review factors that drive the initiation and progression of this vasculopathy in vascular smooth muscle cells. Emphasis is placed on the contribution of reactive oxygen species generated by the Nox1 NADPH oxidase which produces extracellular superoxide (O2•-). The mechanisms of O2•- signaling remain poorly defined, but recent evidence demonstrates physical association of Nox1 with leucine-rich repeat containing 8 family volume-sensitive anion channels. These may provide a pathway for influx of O2•- to the cytoplasm, creating an oxidized cytoplasmic nanodomain where redox-based signals can affect both cytoskeletal structure and vasomotor function. Understanding the mechanistic links between inflammation, O2•- and vascular smooth muscle cell contractility may facilitate targeting of anti-inflammatory therapy in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred S Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Hyehun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Michael R Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryan J Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Zach DK, Schwegel N, Santner V, Winkelbauer L, Hoeller V, Kolesnik E, Gollmer J, Seggewiss H, Batzner A, Perl S, Wallner M, Reiter U, Rainer PP, Zirlik A, Ablasser K, Verheyen N. Low-grade systemic inflammation and left ventricular dysfunction in hypertensive compared to non-hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2024; 399:131661. [PMID: 38158132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial hypertension (HTN) is associated with excess mortality in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), but underlying mechanisms are largely elusive. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between HTN and markers of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and low-grade systemic inflammation in a HCM cohort. METHODS This was a single-center cross-sectional case-control study comparing echocardiographic and plasma-derived indices of LV dysfunction and low-grade systemic inflammation between 30 adult patients with HCM and HTN (HTN+) and 30 sex- and age-matched HCM patients without HTN (HTN-). Echocardiographic measures were assessed using post-processing analyses by blinded investigators. RESULTS Mean age of the study population was 55.1 ± 10.4 years, 30% were women. Echocardiographic measures of systolic and diastolic dysfunction, including speckle-tracking derived parameters, did not differ between HTN+ and HTN-. Moreover, levels of N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide were balanced between cases and controls. Compared with HTN-, HTN+ patients exhibited a higher white blood cell count [8.1 ± 1.8 109/l vs. 6.4 ± 1.6 109/l; p < 0.001] as well as higher plasma levels of interleukin-6 [2.8 pg/ml (2.0, 5.4) vs. 2.1 pg/ml (1.5, 3.4); p = 0.008] and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [2.6 mg/l (1.4, 6.5) vs. 1.1 mg/l (0.9, 2.4); p = 0.004]. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that HTN is associated with indices of low-grade systemic inflammation among HCM patients. Moreover, this analysis indicates that the adverse impact of HTN in HCM patients is a consequence of systemic effects rather than alterations of cardiac function, as measures of LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction did not differ between HTN+ and HTN-.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Zach
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Nora Schwegel
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Santner
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Larissa Winkelbauer
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Hoeller
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ewald Kolesnik
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Gollmer
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Seggewiss
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center and Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Batzner
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center and Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Perl
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Wallner
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ursula Reiter
- Division of General Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter P Rainer
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klemens Ablasser
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicolas Verheyen
- University Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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7
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Ren H, Guo Z, Qin WJ, Yang ZL. Association of Interleukin-6 Genetic Polymorphisms (rs1800795, -174C > G and rs1800796, -572G > C) With Risk of Essential Hypertension in the Chinese Population. Cureus 2023; 15:e46334. [PMID: 37920615 PMCID: PMC10618844 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a critical role in essential hypertension (EH) and cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests two hotspot single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL-6 gene (rs1800795, -174C > G and rs1800796, -572G > C) might be associated with the susceptibility of EH. However, no consensus has yet been established. Thus, we aimed to investigate the potential association between IL-6 gene polymorphisms and the risk of EH based on a case-control study in a Chinese population. Materials and methods A total of 479 subjects (272 healthy controls and 207 EH patients) were randomly enrolled in our study. After extracting the genomic DNA, two SNPs of the IL-6 gene (rs1800795, -174C > G and rs1800796, -572G > C) were genotyped to analyze the potential association between these genetic variants and EH risk. Multiple genetic models were performed to investigate the strength of association by calculating the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The potential effect of SNPs on gene expression was evaluated using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis. Results The genotyping findings of IL-6 rs1800795, -174C > G polymorphism showed three study participants with CG genotype and 204 with GG genotype in the EH patients. The IL-6 -174C > G polymorphism was significantly associated with EH risk (P = 0.046) and conferred a reduced risk of EH development (OR = 0.99, 95%CI = 0.97-1.00). Conversely, no substantial association between IL-6 rs1800796, -572G > C polymorphism and the risk of EH was found in all genetic models (P > 0.05). Moreover, the eQTL analysis indicated that the -174C > G polymorphism was significantly associated with gene expression of IL-6 (P = 0.006), and the G allele corresponded to a reduced IL-6 gene expression (Beta = -0.397). Compared with -174C > G, the -572G > C polymorphism was not found to be significantly associated with IL-6 gene expression (Beta = -0.120, P = 0.560). Conclusions Our findings provide evidence that the rs1800795, -174C > G polymorphism can affect the expression levels of IL-6, and the risk of EH occurrence. However, the rs1800796, -572G > C polymorphism does not regulate the IL-6 gene expression levels and the susceptibility of EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ren
- Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, CHN
| | - Zhen Guo
- Genetics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, CHN
| | - Wen-Jie Qin
- Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, CHN
| | - Zhi-Ling Yang
- Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, CHN
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Mengozzi A, de Ciuceis C, Dell'oro R, Georgiopoulos G, Lazaridis A, Nosalski R, Pavlidis G, Tual-Chalot S, Agabiti-Rosei C, Anyfanti P, Camargo LL, Dąbrowska E, Quarti-Trevano F, Hellmann M, Masi S, Mavraganis G, Montezano AC, Rios FJ, Winklewski PJ, Wolf J, Costantino S, Gkaliagkousi E, Grassi G, Guzik TJ, Ikonomidis I, Narkiewicz K, Paneni F, Rizzoni D, Stamatelopoulos K, Stellos K, Taddei S, Touyz RM, Triantafyllou A, Virdis A. The importance of microvascular inflammation in ageing and age-related diseases: a position paper from the ESH working group on small arteries, section of microvascular inflammation. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1521-1543. [PMID: 37382158 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Microcirculation is pervasive and orchestrates a profound regulatory cross-talk with the surrounding tissue and organs. Similarly, it is one of the earliest biological systems targeted by environmental stressors and consequently involved in the development and progression of ageing and age-related disease. Microvascular dysfunction, if not targeted, leads to a steady derangement of the phenotype, which cumulates comorbidities and eventually results in a nonrescuable, very high-cardiovascular risk. Along the broad spectrum of pathologies, both shared and distinct molecular pathways and pathophysiological alteration are involved in the disruption of microvascular homeostasis, all pointing to microvascular inflammation as the putative primary culprit. This position paper explores the presence and the detrimental contribution of microvascular inflammation across the whole spectrum of chronic age-related diseases, which characterise the 21st-century healthcare landscape. The manuscript aims to strongly affirm the centrality of microvascular inflammation by recapitulating the current evidence and providing a clear synoptic view of the whole cardiometabolic derangement. Indeed, there is an urgent need for further mechanistic exploration to identify clear, very early or disease-specific molecular targets to provide an effective therapeutic strategy against the otherwise unstoppable rising prevalence of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa
| | - Carolina de Ciuceis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia
| | - Raffaella Dell'oro
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Georgios Georgiopoulos
- Angiology and Endothelial Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - Antonios Lazaridis
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences; Queen's Medical Research Institute; University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - George Pavlidis
- Preventive Cardiology Laboratory and Clinic of Cardiometabolic Diseases, 2 Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, Athens
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Simon Tual-Chalot
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Panagiota Anyfanti
- Second Medical Department, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Edyta Dąbrowska
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Center of Translational Medicine
- Center of Translational Medicine
| | - Fosca Quarti-Trevano
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marcin Hellmann
- Department of Cardiac Diagnostics, Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefano Masi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Georgios Mavraganis
- Angiology and Endothelial Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Francesco J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Jacek Wolf
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Center of Translational Medicine
| | - Sarah Costantino
- Center for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Heart Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich
| | - Eugenia Gkaliagkousi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Guido Grassi
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences; Queen's Medical Research Institute; University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Preventive Cardiology Laboratory and Clinic of Cardiometabolic Diseases, 2 Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, Athens
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Heart Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich
- Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Damiano Rizzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia
- Division of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Brescia, Italy
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Angiology and Endothelial Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- Biosciences Institute, Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, DZHK), Heidelberg/Mannheim Partner Site
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Manheim, Germany
| | - Stefano Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Areti Triantafyllou
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Agostino Virdis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Copur S, Peltek IB, Mutlu A, Tanriover C, Kanbay M. A new immune disease: systemic hypertension. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1403-1419. [PMID: 37664577 PMCID: PMC10469084 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic hypertension is the most common medical comorbidity affecting the adult population globally, with multiple associated outcomes including cerebrovascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, vascular calcification, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome and mortality. Despite advancements in the therapeutic field approximately one in every five adult patients with hypertension is classified as having treatment-resistant hypertension, indicating the need for studies to provide better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and the need for more therapeutic targets. Recent pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the role of the innate and adaptive immune system including various cell types and cytokines in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Moreover, pre-clinical studies have indicated the potential beneficial effects of immunosuppressant medications in the control of hypertension. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether such pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic alternatives are applicable to human subjects, while this area of research is undoubtedly a rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Copur
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim B Peltek
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Tanriover
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Tang Y, Shen L, Bao J, Xu D. Deficiency of Tregs in hypertension-associated left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2023; 25:562-572. [PMID: 37196041 PMCID: PMC10246464 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is the most common target organ damage in hypertension. Abnormal numbers or functions of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) can cause immune disorders, which participates in LVH. This study aimed to explore the role of Tregs in LVH by investigating circulating Tregs and associated cytokine levels in hypertensive patients with or without LVH. Blood samples were collected from 83 hypertensive patients without LVH (essential hypertension group, EH), 91 hypertensive patients with LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy group, LVH), and 69 normotensive controls without LVH (control group, CG). Tregs and cytokines were measured by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found that circulating Tregs were significantly lower in hypertensive patients than in CG subjects. It was lower in LVH than in EH patients. No correlation between blood pressure regulation and Tregs was found in EH or LVH patients. Furthermore, Tregs in older females were lower than those in older males among LVH patients. Additionally, serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) decreased in hypertensive patients, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) increased in LVH patients. Tregs were negatively correlated with creatine kinase, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apoprotein B, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) values. In general, our study demonstrates significantly decreased circulating Tregs in hypertensive LVH patients. Decreased circulating Tregs in LVH is independent of blood pressure regulation. IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β1 are related with LVH in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular MedicineSecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular MedicineSecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jing‐hui Bao
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular MedicineSecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Dan‐Yan Xu
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular MedicineSecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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11
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Wu O, Yuan C, Leng J, Zhang X, Liu W, Yang F, Zhang H, Li J, Khederzadeh S, Jiang Z, Fang H, Liu X, Lu X, Xia J. Colorable role of interleukin (IL)-6 in obesity hypertension: A hint from a Chinese adult case-control study. Cytokine 2023; 168:156226. [PMID: 37235887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and hypertension are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases that affect millions of people worldwide. Both conditions are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which is mediated by cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine that can have pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects depending on the context. The exact role of IL-6 in obesity-associated hypertension is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate how IL-6 affects blood pressure, inflammation, and metabolic function in obesity-hypertension using a Chinese adult case-control study. METHODS A total of 153 participants were sorted into four subgroups according to their body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP): normal healthy group (NH), just obesity group (JO), just-hypertension group (JH), and obesity-hypertension group (OH). Serum IL-6 concentrations were measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and their correlations with anthropometric and laboratory parameters and their differences across the subgroups were examined. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of serum IL-6 concentrations in each group. RESULTS Serum IL-6 concentrations were higher in NH group than in JO group and correlated positively with diastolic blood pressure in NH and JO groups, but not in JH and OH groups. Serum IL-6 concentrations also correlated with albumin in NH group, alkaline phosphatase in JO group, serum creatinine and fasting blood glucose in JH group. The influencing factors of serum IL-6 concentrations varied among the four groups, with gender, diastolic blood pressure and albumin being significant predictors in NH group, alkaline phosphatase in JO group, age and serum creatinine in JH group, and none in OH group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IL-6 may play diverse effects in the pathogenesis of obesity- hypertension, depending on the presence or absence of obesity and hypertension. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of IL-6 signaling and function in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Wu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chengda Yuan
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Jianhang Leng
- Department of Central Laboratory/Medical examination center of Hangzhou, The Frist People's Hospital of Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- JFIntelligent Healthcare Technology Co. Ltd, Building No.5-7, No.699 Tianxiang Avenue, Hi-Tech Zone, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fenfang Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory/Medical examination center of Hangzhou, The Frist People's Hospital of Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Medical College of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Saber Khederzadeh
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhizhi Jiang
- ZhaNongKou Street Community Health Service Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hangyan Fang
- Hangzhou Linping District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Hangzhou center for disease control and prevention, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiangwei Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China.
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12
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Chambers LC, Yen M, Jackson WF, Dorrance AM. Female mice are protected from impaired parenchymal arteriolar TRPV4 function and impaired cognition in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H581-H597. [PMID: 36897751 PMCID: PMC10069981 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00481.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a leading modifiable risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease. Our laboratory has shown that endothelium-dependent dilation in cerebral parenchymal arterioles (PAs) is dependent on transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) activation, and this pathway is impaired in hypertension. This impaired dilation is associated with cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation. Epidemiological evidence suggests that women with midlife hypertension have an increased dementia risk that does not exist in age-matched men, though the mechanisms responsible for this are unclear. This study aimed to determine the sex differences in young, hypertensive mice to serve as a foundation for future determination of sex differences at midlife. We tested the hypothesis that young hypertensive female mice would be protected from the impaired TRPV4-mediated PA dilation and cognitive dysfunction observed in male mice. Angiotensin II (ANG II)-filled osmotic minipumps (800 ng/kg/min, 4 wk) were implanted in 16- to 19-wk-old male C56BL/6 mice. Age-matched female mice received either 800 ng/kg/min or 1,200 ng/kg/min ANG II. Sham-operated mice served as controls. Systolic blood pressure was elevated in ANG II-treated male mice and in 1,200 ng ANG II-treated female mice versus sex-matched shams. PA dilation in response to the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A (10-9-10-5 M) was impaired in hypertensive male mice, which was associated with cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation, reproducing our previous findings. Hypertensive female mice exhibited normal TRPV4-mediated PA dilation and were cognitively intact. Female mice also showed fewer signs of neuroinflammation than male mice. Determining the sex differences in cerebrovascular health in hypertension is critical for developing effective therapeutic strategies for women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vascular dementia is a significant public health concern, and the effect of biological sex on dementia development is not well understood. TRPV4 channels are essential regulators of cerebral parenchymal arteriolar function and cognition. Hypertension impairs TRPV4-mediated dilation and memory in male rodents. Data presented here suggest female sex protects against impaired TRPV4 dilation and cognitive dysfunction during hypertension. These data advance our understanding of the influence of biological sex on cerebrovascular health in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Chambers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Martina Yen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - William F Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Anne M Dorrance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
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13
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Simplicio JA, Dourado TMH, Awata WMC, do Vale GT, Dias VR, Barros PR, de Martinis BS, Tostes RC, Tirapelli CR. Ethanol consumption favors pro-contractile phenotype of perivascular adipose tissue: A role for interleukin-6. Life Sci 2023; 319:121526. [PMID: 36828130 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) exerts anticontractile effect, but under non-physiological conditions it may contribute to vascular dysfunction by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Since PVAT is an important source of interleukin (IL)-6, we evaluated whether this cytokine would contribute to ethanol-induced vascular dysfunction. With this purpose, male C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) or IL-6-deficient mice (IL-6-/-) were treated with ethanol for 12 weeks. Increased blood pressure was evidenced after 4 and 6 weeks of treatment with ethanol in WT and IL-6-/- mice, respectively. In WT mice, ethanol increased plasma and PVAT levels of IL-6. Ethanol favoured pro-contractile phenotype of PVAT in mesenteric arteries from WT, but not IL-6-deficient mice. Functional studies showed that tiron [(a scavenger of superoxide (O2-)] reversed the pro-contractile effect of PVAT in mesenteric arteries from ethanol-treated mice. Ethanol increased the levels of O2- in PVAT from WT mice. Ethanol-induced increase in O2- generation was higher in arteries with PVAT from WT mice when compared to IL-6-deficient mice. Treatment with ethanol augmented myeloperoxidase activity in the mesenteric arterial bed (MAB; with or without PVAT) from WT, but not IL-6-deficient mice. In conclusion, IL-6 contributes to the pro-contractile effect of PVAT by a mechanism that involves increase in ROS generation. Additionally, IL-6 mediates intravascular recruitment of neutrophils in response to ethanol and plays a role in the early stages of ethanol-induced hypertension. Collectively, our findings provide novel evidence for a role of IL-6 in the vascular dysfunction induced by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina A Simplicio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thales M H Dourado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wanessa M C Awata
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel T do Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius R Dias
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula R Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno S de Martinis
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Alieva AM, Butenko AV, Teplova NV, Reznik EV, Valiev RK, Skripnichenko EА, Sozykin AV, Nikitin IG. The role of interleukin-6 in the development of cardiovascular diseases: A review. CONSILIUM MEDICUM 2023. [DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2022.12.201948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the search and study of new biological markers that can provide early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, serve as a laboratory tool for assessing the effectiveness of treatment, or be used as prognostic markers and risk stratification criteria is ongoing. Our literature review indicates the potentially important diagnostic and prognostic value of assessing members of the interleukin-6 family. It is expected that further scientific and clinical studies will demonstrate the possibility of using members of the interleukin-6 family as an additional laboratory tool for the diagnosis, risk stratification and prediction of cardiovascular events in cardiac patients. It is necessary to evaluate in detail the possibilities of blockade of these interleukin-6 molecules in patients with cardiovascular diseases in vitro and in vivo.
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15
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Zhao S, Dong S, Qin Y, Wang Y, Zhang B, Liu A. Inflammation index SIRI is associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients with hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1066219. [PMID: 36712259 PMCID: PMC9874155 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1066219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. A novel inflammatory biomarker systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) is related with all-cause and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality, while the role of SIRI in hypertension patients is unclear. Methods A total of 21,506 participants with hypertension were recruited in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018. SIRI was calculated as the neutrophil count * monocyte count/lymphocyte count. Hypertension was defined according to the examination of blood pressure, prescription, and self-reported physician diagnosis. Survival status was followed through 31 December 2019. The non-linear relationship was assessed using restricted cubic spline analysis. The association of all-cause mortality with SIRI was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier curve and the weighted Cox regression analysis. The predictive abilities were assessed with Receiver operating curve. Results During 189,063 person-years of follow-up, 5,680 (26.41%) death events were documented, including 1,967 (9.15%) CVD related deaths. A J-shaped association was observed between SIRI and all-cause and CVD mortality. The Kaplan-Meier curve indicated the all-cause and CVD mortality risks were higher in high SIRI quartiles compared with lower SIRI quartiles. After adjusting for all covariates, the SIRI was positively associated with the all-mortality risk with HR = 1.19 (1.15, 1.22), and CVD mortality with HR = 1.19 (1.15, 1.24). The result was robust in subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis. Conclusion Elevated SIRI level is associated with increased all-cause and CVD mortality among patients with hypertension. SIRI is considered as a potential inflammatory biomarker in the clinical practice. Further large-scale cohort studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songfeng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siyuan Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongkai Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Baorui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Baorui Zhang ✉
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Aihua Liu ✉
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16
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Zhang Z, Zhao L, Zhou X, Meng X, Zhou X. Role of inflammation, immunity, and oxidative stress in hypertension: New insights and potential therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1098725. [PMID: 36703963 PMCID: PMC9871625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1098725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is regarded as the most prominent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which have become a primary cause of death, and recent research has demonstrated that chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Both innate and adaptive immunity are now known to promote the elevation of blood pressure by triggering vascular inflammation and microvascular remodeling. For example, as an important part of innate immune system, classically activated macrophages (M1), neutrophils, and dendritic cells contribute to hypertension by secreting inflammatory cy3tokines. In particular, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) produced by activated T lymphocytes contribute to hypertension by inducing oxidative stress injury and endothelial dysfunction. However, the regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) may have a protective role in hypertension. Although inflammation is related to hypertension, the exact mechanisms are complex and unclear. The present review aims to reveal the roles of inflammation, immunity, and oxidative stress in the initiation and evolution of hypertension. We envisage that the review will strengthen public understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertension and may provide new insights and potential therapeutic strategies for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xu Meng
- *Correspondence: Xianliang Zhou, ; Xu Meng,
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Ertuglu LA, Mutchler AP, Yu J, Kirabo A. Inflammation and oxidative stress in salt sensitive hypertension; The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1096296. [PMID: 36620210 PMCID: PMC9814168 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1096296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt-sensitivity of blood pressure is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and affects approximately half of the hypertensive population. While the precise mechanisms of salt-sensitivity remain unclear, recent findings on body sodium homeostasis and salt-induced immune cell activation provide new insights into the relationship between high salt intake, inflammation, and hypertension. The immune system, specifically antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells, are directly implicated in salt-induced renal and vascular injury and hypertension. Emerging evidence suggests that oxidative stress and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome drive high sodium-mediated activation of APCs and T cells and contribute to the development of renal and vascular inflammation and hypertension. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into our understanding of the mechanisms of salt-sensitive hypertension and discuss the role of inflammasome activation as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale A. Ertuglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United Staes,*Correspondence: Annet Kirabo, ; Lale A. Ertuglu,
| | - Ashley Pitzer Mutchler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Justin Yu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Annet Kirabo, ; Lale A. Ertuglu,
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18
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Yang ZJ, Wang TT, Wang BY, Gao H, He CW, Shang HW, Lu X, Wang Y, Xu JD. Deeper insight into the role of IL-17 in the relationship beween hypertension and intestinal physiology. J Inflamm (Lond) 2022; 19:14. [PMID: 36195874 PMCID: PMC9530412 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-022-00311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With the incidence of hypertension increasing worldwide, more and more the mechanisms of hypertension from the perspective of immunity have found. Intestinal microbiota as well as its metabolites relationship with hypertension has attracted great attention from both clinicians and investigators. However, the associations of hypertension with lesions of a large number of immune factors including IL-17, MCP-1, IL-6, TGF-β, IL-10 and others have not been fully characterized. In this review, after introducing the immune factors as the most potent anti/pro-hypertension agents known, we provide detailed descriptions of the IL-17 involved in the pathology of hypertension, pointing out the underlying mechanisms and suggesting the clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Yang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XClinical Medicine of “5+3”program, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Ya Wang
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Wei He
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XMorphological Experiment Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XMorphological Experiment Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.414373.60000 0004 1758 1243Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Ertuglu LA, Kirabo A. Dendritic Cell Epithelial Sodium Channel in Inflammation, Salt-Sensitive Hypertension, and Kidney Damage. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:1620-1629. [PMID: 36245645 PMCID: PMC9528365 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0001272022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salt-sensitive hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to different individual BP responses to changes in dietary salt remain elusive. Research in the last two decades revealed that the immune system plays a critical role in the development of hypertension and related end organ damage. Moreover, sodium accumulates nonosmotically in human tissue, including the skin and muscle, shifting the dogma on body sodium balance and its regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that high concentrations of extracellular sodium can directly trigger an inflammatory response in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), leading to hypertension and vascular and renal injury. Importantly, sodium entry into APCs is mediated by the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). Although the role of the ENaC in renal regulation of sodium excretion and BP is well established, these new findings imply that the ENaC may also exert BP modulatory effects in extrarenal tissue through an immune-dependent pathway. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of salt-sensitive hypertension with a particular focus on the roles of APCs and the extrarenal ENaC.
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Lu X, Crowley SD. The Immune System in Hypertension: a Lost Shaker of Salt 2021 Lewis K. Dahl Memorial Lecture. Hypertension 2022; 79:1339-1347. [PMID: 35545942 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.18554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The seminal observations of Dr Lewis Dahl regarding renal mechanisms of hypertension remain highly relevant in light of more recent experiments showing that immune system dysfunction contributes to hypertension pathogenesis. Dr Dahl established that inappropriate salt retention in the kidney plays a central role via Ohm's Law in permitting blood pressure elevation. Nevertheless, inflammatory cytokines whose expression is induced in the early stages of hypertension can alter renal blood flow and sodium transporter expression and activity to foster renal sodium retention. By elaborating these cytokines and reactive oxygen species, myeloid cells and T lymphocytes can connect systemic inflammatory signals to aberrant kidney functions that allow sustained hypertension. By activating T lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells represent an afferent sensing mechanism triggering T cell activation, cytokine generation, and renal salt and water reabsorption. Manipulating these inflammatory signals to attenuate hypertension without causing prohibitive systemic immunosuppression will pose a challenge, but disrupting actions of inflammatory mediators locally within the kidney may offer a path through which to target immune-mediated mechanisms of hypertension while capitalizing on Dr Dahl's key recognition of the kidney's importance in blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, NC
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Li S, Li S, Zhang W, Ma T, Wang N, Sun T, Li T, Shao S, Li D. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Ameliorates Endothelin I-Induced Hypertension Partly Through PPAR γ Pathway. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Snyder EC, Abdelbary M, El-Marakby A, Sullivan JC. Treatment of male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats with TNF-α inhibitor etanercept increases markers of renal injury independent of an effect on blood pressure. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:17. [PMID: 35413930 PMCID: PMC9006436 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension remains the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Young females tend to be protected from hypertension compared with age-matched males. Although it has become increasingly clear that the immune system plays a key role in the development of hypertension in both sexes, few studies have examined how cytokines mediate hypertension in males versus females. We previously published that there are sex differences in the levels of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that TNF-α inhibition with etanercept will lower BP in male and female SHR. However, as male SHR have a more pro-inflammatory status than female SHR, we further hypothesize that males will have a greater decrease in BP with TNF-α inhibition than females. Young adult male and female SHR were administered increasing doses of the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept or vehicle twice weekly for 31 days and BP was continuously measured via telemetry. Following treatment, kidneys and urine were collected and analyzed for markers of inflammation and injury. Despite significantly decreasing renal TNF-α levels, renal phospho-NFκB and urinary MCP-1 excretion, etanercept did not alter BP in either male or female SHR. Interestingly, treatment with etanercept increased urinary excretion of protein, creatinine and KIM-1 in both sexes. These results indicate that TNF-α does not contribute to sex differences in BP in SHR but may be vital in the maintenance of renal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Snyder
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd CB-2204, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Mahmoud Abdelbary
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd CB-2204, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ahmed El-Marakby
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd CB-2204, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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23
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Yang X, Geng H, You L, Yuan L, Meng J, Ma Y, Gu X, Lei M. Rhein Protects Against Severe Acute Pancreatitis In vitro and In vivo by Regulating the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:778221. [PMID: 35370748 PMCID: PMC8969574 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.778221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhein is widely used in inflammation treatment in China, but its effects on severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) have not been studied closely. This study investigated rhein’s protective effects against SAP using in vitro and in vivo models to determine whether its protective mechanism regulated the Janus kinase two and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signalling pathway. Thirty-six male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomised into sham operation, SAP and rhein groups. The SAP model was induced by retrograde pancreatic bile duct injection of sodium taurocholate. Serum TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels were determined by ELISA, whereas serum amylase and lipase concentrations were measured using test kits. Western blot and/or immunohistochemistry quantified JAK2 and STAT3 expression. Furthermore, histopathological pancreatic changes were detected by haematoxylin and eosin staining. AR42J cells were randomly divided into the control, cerulein and rhein groups. Amylase activity was assessed using an amylase test kit; the tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). JAK2 and STAT3 protein expression were evaluated by western blot. SAP was concomitant with increased JAK2 and STAT3 expressions in vivo. Pre-treatment with rhein attenuated serum TNF–α and IL-6 levels effectively, and notably reduced p-JAK2, p-STAT3, JAK2 and STAT3 protein expression. Rhein significantly alleviated pancreatic histopathology. Compared to untreated groups, rhein significantly reduced amylase activity in supernatants of AR42J cells induced by cerulein in vitro. Furthermore, rhein altered JAK2 and STAT3 protein levels in AR42J cells after cerulein induction. Overall, rhein exerted protective effect on SAP in vitro and in vivo, possibly through the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Geng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijiao You
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialei Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelian Gu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mining Important Herb Combinations of Traditional Chinese Medicine against Hypertension Based on the Symptom-Herb Network Combined with Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5850899. [PMID: 35360657 PMCID: PMC8964163 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5850899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although data mining methods are extensively used in the rule analysis of famous old traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) experts' prescriptions for the treatment of hypertension, most of them only mine the association between herbs and herbs, ignoring the importance of symptoms in the disease. This study collected 439 cases of hypertension treated by famous old TCM experts from the FangNet platform. Using the structure network algorithm, the symptom-herb network was constructed, which redefined the importance of herb in disease. Based on the network, 21 driver herbs, 76 herb pairs, and 41 symptom-herb associations were mined. Finally, the basic prescription composed of Gouteng (Uncariae Ramulus cum Uncis), Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma), Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma), Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix), Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), and Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix) was found. These herbs are the most significant among all herbs, and they have a potential correlation with each other. To further verify the rationality of the data mining results, we adopted the network pharmacology method. Network pharmacological analysis shows that the five core targets in the basic prescription include IL6, VEGFA, TNF, TP53, and EGF, which link 10 significant active compounds and 7 important KEGG pathways. It was predicted that anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, vascular endothelial protection, emotion regulation, and ion channel intervention might be the main mechanisms of the basic prescription against hypertension. This study reveals the prescription rule of famous old TCM experts for treating hypertension from a new perspective, which provides a new approach to inherit the academic experience of famous old TCM experts and develop new drugs.
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Feng Y, Ye D, Wang Z, Pan H, Lu X, Wang M, Xu Y, Yu J, Zhang J, Zhao M, Xu S, Pan W, Yin Z, Ye J, Wan J. The Role of Interleukin-6 Family Members in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:818890. [PMID: 35402550 PMCID: PMC8983865 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.818890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of human mortality. Cytokines play crucial roles in the development of cardiovascular disease. Interleukin (IL)-6 family members are a series of cytokines, including IL-6, IL-11, IL-30, IL-31, OSM, LIF, CNTF, CT-1, CT-2, and CLC, that regulate multiple biological effects. Experimental and clinical evidence shows that IL-6 family members are closely related to cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, aortic dissection, cardiac fibrosis, and cardiomyopathy. This review mainly discusses the role of IL-6 family members in cardiovascular disease for the sake of identifying possible intervention targets for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiyi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junping Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jishou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuwan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
- Jing Ye
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wan
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Angiotensin II Type I Receptor (AT1R): The Gate towards COVID-19-Associated Diseases. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072048. [PMID: 35408447 PMCID: PMC9000463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein to its cellular receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), causes its downregulation, which subsequently leads to the dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in favor of the ACE-angiotensin II (Ang II)-angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) axis. AT1R has a major role in RAS by being involved in several physiological events including blood pressure control and electrolyte balance. Following SARS-CoV-2 infection, pathogenic episodes generated by the vasoconstriction, proinflammatory, profibrotic, and prooxidative consequences of the Ang II-AT1R axis activation are accompanied by a hyperinflammatory state (cytokine storm) and an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). AT1R, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, modulates Ang II deleterious effects through the activation of multiple downstream signaling pathways, among which are MAP kinases (ERK 1/2, JNK, p38MAPK), receptor tyrosine kinases (PDGF, EGFR, insulin receptor), and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (Src, JAK/STAT, focal adhesion kinase (FAK)), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. COVID-19 is well known for generating respiratory symptoms, but because ACE2 is expressed in various body tissues, several extrapulmonary pathologies are also manifested, including neurologic disorders, vasculature and myocardial complications, kidney injury, gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatic injury, hyperglycemia, and dermatologic complications. Therefore, the development of drugs based on RAS blockers, such as angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), that inhibit the damaging axis of the RAS cascade may become one of the most promising approaches for the treatment of COVID-19 in the near future. We herein review the general features of AT1R, with a special focus on the receptor-mediated activation of the different downstream signaling pathways leading to specific cellular responses. In addition, we provide the latest insights into the roles of AT1R in COVID-19 outcomes in different systems of the human body, as well as the role of ARBs as tentative pharmacological agents to treat COVID-19.
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27
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Murray EC, Nosalski R, MacRitchie N, Tomaszewski M, Maffia P, Harrison DG, Guzik TJ. Therapeutic targeting of inflammation in hypertension: from novel mechanisms to translational perspective. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2589-2609. [PMID: 34698811 PMCID: PMC9825256 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Both animal models and human observational and genetic studies have shown that immune and inflammatory mechanisms play a key role in hypertension and its complications. We review the effects of immunomodulatory interventions on blood pressure, target organ damage, and cardiovascular risk in humans. In experimental and small clinical studies, both non-specific immunomodulatory approaches, such as mycophenolate mofetil and methotrexate, and medications targeting T and B lymphocytes, such as tacrolimus, cyclosporine, everolimus, and rituximab, lower blood pressure and reduce organ damage. Mechanistically targeted immune interventions include isolevuglandin scavengers to prevent neo-antigen formation, co-stimulation blockade (abatacept, belatacept), and anti-cytokine therapies (e.g. secukinumab, tocilizumab, canakinumab, TNF-α inhibitors). In many studies, trial designs have been complicated by a lack of blood pressure-related endpoints, inclusion of largely normotensive study populations, polypharmacy, and established comorbidities. Among a wide range of interventions reviewed, TNF-α inhibitors have provided the most robust evidence of blood pressure lowering. Treatment of periodontitis also appears to deliver non-pharmacological anti-hypertensive effects. Evidence of immunomodulatory drugs influencing hypertension-mediated organ damage are also discussed. The reviewed animal models, observational studies, and trial data in humans, support the therapeutic potential of immune-targeted therapies in blood pressure lowering and in hypertension-mediated organ damage. Targeted studies are now needed to address their effects on blood pressure in hypertensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Murray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, UK
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, UK,Department of Internal Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
| | - Neil MacRitchie
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, UK
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK,Manchester Heart Centre and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, M13 9WL Manchester, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, UK,Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, UK,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbildt University Medical Centre, Nashville, 37232 TN, USA
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Corresponding author. Tel: +44 141 3307590; fax: +44 141 3307590, E-mail:
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Akita K, Isoda K, Ohtomo F, Isobe S, Niida T, Sato-Okabayashi Y, Sano M, Shimada K, Iwakura Y, Minamino T. Blocking of interleukin-1 suppresses angiotensin II-induced renal injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2035-2048. [PMID: 34402864 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical hypertension (HT) is associated with renal inflammation and elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines and plays a crucial role in inflammation. Inhibition of IL-1 may contribute to modulation of the Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced HT response. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of IL-1Ra and anti-IL-1β antibody (01BSUR) on Ang II-induced renal injury. To determine the contribution of IL-1Ra to Ang II-induced renal inflammation, male wildtype (WT) and IL-1Ra-deficient (IL-1Ra-/-) mice were infused with Ang II (1000 ng/kg/min) using subcutaneous osmotic pump for 14 days. We checked renal function, histological change, and several mRNA expressions 14 days after infusion. Fourteen days after infusion, systolic blood pressure (197 ± 5 vs 169 ± 9 mmHg, P<0.05) in IL-1Ra-/- mice significantly increased compared with WT mice. Furthermore, on day 14 of Ang II infusion, plasma IL-6 was 5.9-fold higher in IL-1Ra-/- versus WT mice (P<0.001); renal preproendothelin-1 mRNA expression was also significantly higher in IL-1Ra-/- mice (P<0.05). In addition, renal histology revealed greater damage in IL-1Ra-/- mice compared with WT mice 14 days after infusion. Finally, we administrated 01BSUR to both IL-1Ra-/- and WT mice, and 01BSUR treatment decreased Ang II-induced HT and renal damage (glomerular injury and fibrosis of the tubulointerstitial area) in both IL-1Ra-/- and WT mice compared with IgG2a treatment. Inhibition of IL-1 decreased Ang II-induced HT and renal damage in both IL-1Ra-/- and WT mice, suggesting suppression of IL-1 may provide an additional strategy to protect against renal damage in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Akita
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kikuo Isoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerimaku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Ohtomo
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sarasa Isobe
- Division of Cardiology, Keio University, Shinanomachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomiharu Niida
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Sato-Okabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Division of Cardiology, Keio University, Shinanomachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Teklu M, Parel PM, Mehta NN. Psoriasis and Cardiometabolic Diseases: The Impact of Inflammation on Vascular Health. PSORIASIS-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2021; 11:99-108. [PMID: 34322373 PMCID: PMC8312325 DOI: 10.2147/ptt.s320016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory condition associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Psoriasis confers a dose-dependent increase in risk for the metabolic syndrome and its components. The metabolic syndrome and its components have been associated with higher coronary atherosclerosis in psoriasis and cardiovascular events in the general population. In this review, we discuss the role of inflammation and psoriasis in cardiometabolic diseases with a focus on the metabolic syndrome and its components. We highlight the relationship between psoriasis and important cardiovascular risk factors encompassed by obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hypertension. Furthermore, we briefly highlight literature on anti-inflammatory therapies and their impact on the components of the metabolic syndrome as well as directly quantified coronary atherosclerosis burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meron Teklu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip M Parel
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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30
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Moshfegh CM, Case AJ. The Redox-Metabolic Couple of T Lymphocytes: Potential Consequences for Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:915-935. [PMID: 32237890 PMCID: PMC8035925 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: T lymphocytes, as part of the adaptive immune system, possess the ability to activate and function in extreme cellular microenvironments, which requires these cells to remain highly malleable. One mechanism in which T lymphocytes achieve this adaptability is by responding to cues from both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as metabolic flux, which together fine-tune the functional fate of these adaptive immune cells. Recent Advances: To date, examinations of the redox and metabolic effects on T lymphocytes have primarily investigated these biological processes as separate entities. Given that the redox and metabolic environments possess significant overlaps of pathways and molecular species, it is inevitable that perturbations in one environment affect the other. Recent consideration of this redox-metabolic couple has demonstrated the strong link and regulatory consequences of these two systems in T lymphocytes. Critical Issues: The redox and metabolic control of T lymphocytes is essential to prevent dysregulated inflammation, which has been observed in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. The role of the adaptive immune system in hypertension has been extensively investigated, but the understanding of how the redox and metabolic environments control T lymphocytes in this disease remains unclear. Future Directions: Herein, we provide a discussion of the redox and metabolic control of T lymphocytes as separate entities, as well as coupled to one another, to regulate adaptive immunity. While investigations examining this pair together in T lymphocytes are sparse, we speculate that T lymphocyte destiny is shaped by the redox-metabolic couple. In contrast, disrupting this duo may have inflammatory consequences such as hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Moshfegh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Adam J. Case
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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31
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Pinna G, Sanfilippo L, Bassareo PP, Fanos V, Marcialis MA. COVID-19 and Comorbidities: Is Inflammation the Underlying Condition in Children? A Narrative Review. Curr Pediatr Rev 2021; 17:38-44. [PMID: 33183207 DOI: 10.2174/1573396316666201112093920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the potential link between COVID-19 and the presence of comorbidities and assesses the role of inflammation in this correlation. In COVID-19 patients, the most frequently associated diseases share a pathogenic inflammatory basis and apparently act as a risk factor in the onset of a more severe form of the disease, particularly in adulthood. However, in children, the understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms is often complicated by the milder symptoms presented. A series of theories have, therefore, been put forward with a view of providing a better understanding of the role played by inflammation in this dramatic setting. All evidence available to date on this topic is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pinna
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Pier Paolo Bassareo
- University College of Dublin, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital and Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Kim E, Cho S. CNS and peripheral immunity in cerebral ischemia: partition and interaction. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113508. [PMID: 33065078 PMCID: PMC7750306 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke elicits excessive immune activation in the injured brain tissue. This well-recognized neural inflammation in the brain is not just an intrinsic organ response but also a result of additional intricate interactions between infiltrating peripheral immune cells and the resident immune cells in the affected areas. Given that there is a finite number of immune cells in the organism at the time of stroke, the partitioned immune systems of the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery must appropriately distribute the limited pool of immune cells between the two domains, mounting a necessary post-stroke inflammatory response by supplying a sufficient number of immune cells into the brain while maintaining peripheral immunity. Stroke pathophysiology has mainly been neurocentric in focus, but understanding the distinct roles of the CNS and peripheral immunity in their concerted action against ischemic insults is crucial. This review will discuss stroke-induced influences of the peripheral immune system on CNS injury/repair and of neural inflammation on peripheral immunity, and how comorbidity influences each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States of America; Feil Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America.
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Mikolajczyk TP, Szczepaniak P, Vidler F, Maffia P, Graham GJ, Guzik TJ. Role of inflammatory chemokines in hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 223:107799. [PMID: 33359600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with immune cells activation and their migration into the kidney, vasculature, heart and brain. These inflammatory mechanisms are critical for blood pressure regulation and mediate target organ damage, creating unique novel targets for pharmacological modulation. In response to angiotensin II and other pro-hypertensive stimuli, the expression of several inflammatory chemokines and their receptors is increased in the target organs, mediating homing of immune cells. In this review, we summarize the contribution of key inflammatory chemokines and their receptors to increased accumulation of immune cells in target organs and effects on vascular dysfunction, remodeling, oxidative stress and fibrosis, all of which contribute to blood pressure elevation. In particular, the role of CCL2, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL16, CXCL1, CX3CL1, XCL1 and their receptors in the context of hypertension is discussed. Recent studies have tested the efficacy of pharmacological or genetic targeting of chemokines and their receptors on the development of hypertension. Promising results indicate that some of these pathways may serve as future therapeutic targets to improve blood pressure control and prevent target organ consequences including kidney failure, heart failure, atherosclerosis or cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P Mikolajczyk
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Piotr Szczepaniak
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Francesca Vidler
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; BHF Centre for Excellence Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; BHF Centre for Excellence Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Wang Y, Zhu S, Wei W, Tu Y, Chen C, Song J, Li J, Wang C, Xu Z, Sun S. Interleukin-6 knockout reverses macrophage differentiation imbalance and alleviates cardiac dysfunction in aging mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:20184-20197. [PMID: 33099539 PMCID: PMC7655174 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several interleukins (ILs) have been shown to be involved in aging, but the effects of IL-6 on aging-related cardiac dysfunction remain unknown. In this study, the expression and sources of cardiac IL-6 in aging hearts were investigated for the first time. The results showed that cardiac IL-6 expression in mice gradually increased with age, and the expression at 16 months, 20 months and 25 months was higher than that at 3 months. In addition, cardiac macrophages (Møs) were shown to be the main sources of IL-6 in aging mice. IL-6 knockout (KO) significantly alleviated cardiac dysfunction, increased M2 macrophage (Mø2) differentiation, reduced M1 macrophage (Mø1) differentiation and protected against cardiomyocyte apoptosis in aging mice. IL-6 KO also reversed the stimulatory effect of doxorubicin (DOX) treatment on Mø1s and the inhibitory effect of DOX treatment on Mø2s in vitro. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of both aging markers and apoptosis-related markers was markedly inhibited by IL-6 KO. Our results suggest that aging can be significantly reversed by IL-6 KO and that the mechanisms of this effect are related to alleviation of Mø1/Mø2 imbalance and protection against apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wen Wei
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yi Tu
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Junlong Song
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Changhua Wang
- Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhiliang Xu
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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Penrose HM, Katsurada A, Miyata K, Urushihara M, Satou R. STAT1 regulates interferon-γ-induced angiotensinogen and MCP-1 expression in a bidirectional manner in primary cultured mesangial cells. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2020; 21:1470320320946527. [PMID: 32741247 PMCID: PMC7412908 DOI: 10.1177/1470320320946527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Intrarenal interferon-γ significantly contributes to the development of glomerular injury in which angiotensinogen and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 levels are elevated. However, the exact nature of the role that interferon-γ plays in regulating angiotensinogen and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression has not been fully delineated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role that interferon-γ plays in angiotensinogen and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression. Methods: Primary cultured rat mesangial cells were treated with 0–20 ng/mL interferon-γ for 2, 8 or 24 hours. Expression levels of angiotensinogen, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, suppressors of cytokine signaling 1, an intracellular suppressor of Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling and activity of the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway were evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Results: Interferon-γ increased angiotensinogen expression in mesangial cells with maximal augmentation observed following 5 ng/mL interferon-γ at 8 hours of treatment (1.87 ± 0.05, mRNA, relative ratio). Further increases were reduced or absent using higher concentrations of interferon-γ. Following treatments, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression was induced in a linear dose-dependent manner (6.85 ± 0.62-fold by 20 ng/mL interferon-γ at 24 hours). In addition, interferon-γ induced STAT1 phosphorylation and suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 expression in a linear dose-dependent manner. The suppression of STAT1 and suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 expression by small interference RNAs facilitated an increase in interferon-γ-induced angiotensinogen expression, indicating that these two factors negatively regulate angiotensinogen expression. In contrast, the increase in interferon-γ-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression was attenuated in STAT1-deficient mesangial cells, suggesting that STAT1 positively regulates monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression in mesangial cells. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that while interferon-γ increases both angiotensinogen and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression, STAT1 plays an opposing role in the regulation of each factor in mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison M Penrose
- Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Akemi Katsurada
- Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kayoko Miyata
- Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Maki Urushihara
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
| | - Ryousuke Satou
- Department of Physiology, and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
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36
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de Queiroz TM, Lakkappa N, Lazartigues E. ADAM17-Mediated Shedding of Inflammatory Cytokines in Hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1154. [PMID: 32848763 PMCID: PMC7403492 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of Angiontesin-II (Ang-II), one of the key peptides of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and its binding to the Ang-II type 1 receptor (AT1R) during hypertension is a crucial mechanism leading to AD\AM17 activation. Among the reported membrane anchored proteins cleaved by ADAM17, immunological cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-6, FKN) are the major class of substrates, modulation of which triggers inflammation. The rise in ADAM17 levels has both central and peripheral implications in inflammation-mediated hypertension. This narrative review provides an overview of the role of ADAM17, with a special focus on its cellular regulation on neuronal and peripheral inflammation-mediated hypertension. Finally, it highlights the importance of ADAM17 with regards to the biology of inflammatory cytokines and their roles in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thyago M. de Queiroz
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Navya Lakkappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Zhang Y, You S, Tian Y, Lu S, Cao L, Sun Y, Zhang N. WWP2 regulates SIRT1-STAT3 acetylation and phosphorylation involved in hypertensive angiopathy. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:9041-9054. [PMID: 32627301 PMCID: PMC7417706 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
WWP2 is a HECT‐type E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates various physiological and pathological activities by binding to different substrates, but its function and regulatory mechanism in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are still unknown. Here, we clarified the role of WWP2 in the regulation of SIRT1‐STAT3 and the impact of this regulatory process in VSMCs. We demonstrated that WWP2 expression was significantly increased in angiotensin II‐induced VSMCs model. Knockdown of WWP2 significantly inhibited angiotensin II‐induced VSMCs proliferation, migration and phenotypic transformation, whereas overexpression of WWP2 had opposite effects. In vivo experiments showed that vascular smooth muscle‐specific WWP2 knockout mice significantly relieved angiotensin II‐induced hypertensive angiopathy. Mechanistically, mass spectrometry and co‐immunoprecipitation assays identified that WWP2 is a novel interacting protein of SIRT1 and STAT3. Moreover, WWP2 formed a complex with SIRT1‐STAT3, inhibiting the interaction between SIRT1 and STAT3, then reducing the inhibitory effect of SIRT1 on STAT3, ensuing promoting STAT3‐K685 acetylation and STAT3‐Y705 phosphorylation in angiotensin II‐induced VSMCs and mice. In conclusion, WWP2 modulates hypertensive angiopathy by regulating SIRT1‐STAT3 and WWP2 suppression in VSMCs can alleviate hypertensive angiopathy vitro and vivo. These findings provide new insights into the treatment of hypertensive vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yichen Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Saien Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Ye J, Que B, Huang Y, Lin Y, Chen J, Liu L, Shi Y, Wang Y, Wang M, Zeng T, Wang Z, Hu H, Xu Y, Shi L, Ye D, Liu J, Jiang H, Wan J, Ji Q. Interleukin-12p35 knockout promotes macrophage differentiation, aggravates vascular dysfunction, and elevates blood pressure in angiotensin II-infused mice. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1102-1113. [PMID: 30395167 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Numerous studies have demonstrated that inflammation is involved in the progression of hypertension. Inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-35 belong to the IL-12 cytokine family and share the same IL-12p35 subunit. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that IL-12p35 knockout (IL-12p35 KO) leads to cardiovascular disease by regulating the inflammatory response. This study aimed to investigate whether IL-12p35 KO elevates blood pressure in a hypertension mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice with angiotensin (Ang) II infusion showed marked aortic IL-12p35 expression; thus, aortic macrophages may be the main source of IL-12p35. Wild-type and IL-12p35 KO mice were infused with Ang II or saline. IL-12p35 KO promoted M1 macrophage differentiation, amplified the inflammatory response, aggravated vascular dysfunction, and elevated blood pressure in Ang II-treated mice. Then, some Ang II-infused mice were given phosphate buffer saline, mouse recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12), or rIL-35, and the results showed that rIL-12 but not rIL-35 treatment had an antihypertensive effect on Ang II-infused mice. In addition, detection of human plasma IL-12 levels in hypertensive patients and control subjects showed that IL-12 was significantly increased in hypertensive patients when compared with control subjects. In hypertensive patients, IL-12 levels were positively correlated with blood pressure. CONCLUSION IL-12p35 KO amplifies the inflammatory response and promotes blood pressure elevation in Ang II-treated mice. In addition, IL-12, but not IL-35, plays a protective role in the Ang II-induced hypertension model. Thus, IL-12 may be a novel therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of clinical hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Emergency & Critical Care Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Que
- Emergency & Critical Care Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yingzhong Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jiangbin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiying Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Handan First Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingwei Ji
- Emergency & Critical Care Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
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Silveira-Nunes G, Durso DF, Jr LRADO, Cunha EHM, Maioli TU, Vieira AT, Speziali E, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Franceschi C, Rampelli S, Turroni S, Brigidi P, Faria AMC. Hypertension Is Associated With Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis and Inflammation in a Brazilian Population. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:258. [PMID: 32226382 PMCID: PMC7080704 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major global health challenge, as it represents the main risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular disease. It is a multifactorial clinical condition characterized by high and sustained levels of blood pressure, likely resulting from a complex interplay of endogenous and environmental factors. The gut microbiota has been strongly supposed to be involved but its role in hypertension is still poorly understood. In an attempt to fill this gap, here we characterized the microbial composition of fecal samples from 48 hypertensive and 32 normotensive Brazilian individuals by next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. In addition, the cytokine production of peripheral blood samples was investigated to build an immunological profile of these individuals. We identified a dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota in hypertensive subjects, featured by reduced biodiversity and distinct bacterial signatures compared with the normotensive counterpart. Along with a reduction in Bacteroidetes members, hypertensive individuals were indeed mainly characterized by increased proportions of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia while decreased relative abundances of well-known butyrate-producing commensals, including Roseburia and Faecalibacterium within the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. We also observed an inflamed immune profile in hypertensive individuals with an increase in TNF/IFN-γ ratio, and in TNF and IL-6 production when compared to normotensive ones. Our work provides the first evidence of association of hypertension with altered gut microbiota and inflammation in a Brazilian population. While lending support to the existence of potential microbial signatures of hypertension, likely to be robust to age and geography, our findings point to largely neglected bacteria as potential contributors to intestinal homeostasis loss and emphasize the high vulnerability of hypertensive individuals to inflammation-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Silveira-Nunes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina, Instituto de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Danielle Fernandes Durso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Alves de Oliveira Jr
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiani Uceli Maioli
- Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Angélica Thomaz Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elaine Speziali
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics and Mechanics (ITMM), Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Interleukin-9 Deletion Relieves Vascular Dysfunction and Decreases Blood Pressure via the STAT3 Pathway in Angiotensin II-Treated Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:5741047. [PMID: 32148441 PMCID: PMC7042522 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5741047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple interleukin (IL) family members were reported to be closely related to hypertension. We aimed to investigate whether IL-9 affects angiotensin II- (Ang II-) induced hypertension in mice. Methods Mice were treated with Ang II, and IL-9 expression was determined. In addition, effects of IL-9 knockout (KO) on blood pressure were observed in Ang II-infused mice. To determine whether the effects of IL-9 on blood pressure was mediated by the signal transducer and activator of the transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, Ang II-treated mice were given S31-201. Furthermore, circulating IL-9 levels in patients with hypertension were measured. Results Ang II treatment increased serum and aortic IL-9 expression in a dose-dependent manner; IL-9 levels were the highest in the second week and continued to remain high into the fourth week after the treatment. IL-9 KO downregulated proinflammatory cytokine expression, whereas it upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, relieved vascular dysfunction, and decreased blood pressure in Ang II-infused mice. IL-9 also reduced smooth muscle 22α (SM22α (SM22 Conclusions IL-9 KO alleviates inflammatory response, prevents phenotypic transformation of smooth muscle, reduces vascular dysfunction, and lowers blood pressure via the STAT3 pathway in Ang II-infused mice. IL-9 might be a novel target for the treatment and prevention of clinical hypertension.
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Barbaro NR, Harrison DG. Markers or Makers: Inflammatory Cytokines in Treatment-Resistant Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 73:767-769. [PMID: 30776975 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia R Barbaro
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David G Harrison
- From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Chen L, Wang X, Qu X, Pan L, Wang Z, Lu Y, Hu H. Activation of the STAT3/microRNA-21 pathway participates in angiotensin II-induced angiogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19640-19654. [PMID: 30950039 PMCID: PMC6767590 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) facilitates angiogenesis that is associated with the continuous progression of atherosclerotic plaques, but the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to promote angiogenesis; however, whether miRNAs play a crucial role in AngII-induced angiogenesis remains unclear. This study evaluated the functional involvement of miRNA-21 (miR-21) in the AngII-mediated proangiogenic response in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). We found that AngII exerted a proangiogenic role, indicated by the promotion of proliferation, migration, and tube formation in HMECs. Next, miR-21 was found to be upregulated in AngII-treated HMECs, and its specific inhibitor potently blocked the proangiogenic effects of AngII. Subsequently, we focused on the constitutive activation of STAT3 in the AngII-mediated proangiogenic process. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that STAT3 acted as a transcription factor initiating miR-21 expression, which was verified by ChIP-PCR. A reporter assay further identified three functional binding sites of STAT3 in the miR-21 promoter region. Moreover, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was recognized as a target of miR-21, and STAT3 inhibition restored AngII-induced reduction in PTEN. Similarly, the STAT3/miR-21 axis was shown to mediate AngII-provoked angiogenesis in vivo, which was demonstrated by using the appropriate inhibitors. Our data suggest that AngII was involved in proangiogenic responses through miR-21 upregulation and reduced PTEN expression, which was, at least in part, linked to STAT3 signaling. The present study provides novel insights into AngII-induced angiogenesis and suggests potential treatment strategies for attenuating the progression of atherosclerotic lesions and preventing atherosclerosis complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Yuan Chen
- Department of CardiologySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Occupational HealthThird Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiao‐Long Qu
- Department of CardiologySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Li‐Na Pan
- Department of CardiologySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ze‐Yang Wang
- Department of CardiologySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yong‐Hui Lu
- Department of Occupational HealthThird Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hou‐Yuan Hu
- Department of CardiologySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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Drews HJ, Yenkoyan K, Lourhmati A, Buadze M, Kabisch D, Verleysdonk S, Petschak S, Beer-Hammer S, Davtyan T, Frey WH, Gleiter CH, Schwab M, Danielyan L. Intranasal Losartan Decreases Perivascular Beta Amyloid, Inflammation, and the Decline of Neurogenesis in Hypertensive Rats. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:725-740. [PMID: 30796737 PMCID: PMC6694377 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the local angiotensin receptor system to neuroinflammation, impaired neurogenesis, and amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in hypertension is consistent with the remarkable neuroprotection provided by angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) independent of their blood pressure-lowering effect. Considering the causal relationship between hypertension and AD and that targeting cerebrovascular pathology with ARBs does not necessarily require their systemic effects, we tested intranasal losartan in the rat model of chronic hypertension (spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats, SHRSP). Intranasal losartan at a subdepressor dose decreased mortality, neuroinflammation, and perivascular content of Aβ by enhancing key players in its metabolism and clearance, including insulin-degrading enzyme, neprilysin, and transthyretin. Furthermore, this treatment improved neurologic deficits and increased brain IL-10 concentration, hippocampal cell survival, neurogenesis, and choroid plexus cell proliferation in SHRSP. Losartan (1 μM) also reduced LDH release from cultured astroglial cells in response to toxic glutamate concentrations. This effect was completely blunted by IL-10 antibodies. These findings suggest that intranasal ARB treatment is a neuroprotective, neurogenesis-inducing, and Aβ-decreasing strategy for the treatment of hypertensive stroke and cerebral amyloid angiopathy acting at least partly through the IL-10 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning J Drews
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Yenkoyan
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Ali Lourhmati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marine Buadze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Kabisch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Verleysdonk
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Petschak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICePhA), University of Tuebingen, 72074, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tigran Davtyan
- Analytical Laboratory Branch of E. Gabriyelian Scientific Center of Drug and Medical Technology Expertise of Ministry Health of Armenia, 0051, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - William H Frey
- Center for Memory & Aging, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Christoph H Gleiter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
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44
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Bomfim GF, Cau SBA, Bruno AS, Fedoce AG, Carneiro FS. Hypertension: a new treatment for an old disease? Targeting the immune system. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2028-2048. [PMID: 29969833 PMCID: PMC6534786 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension represents a serious public health problem, being a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The availability of many antihypertensive therapeutic strategies still fails to adequately treat around 20% of hypertensive patients, who are considered resistant to conventional treatment. In the pathogenesis of hypertension, immune system mechanisms are activated and both the innate and adaptive immune responses play a crucial role. However, what, when and how the immune system is triggered during hypertension development is still largely undefined. In this context, this review highlights scientific advances in the manipulation of the immune system in order to attenuate hypertension and end-organ damage. Here, we discuss the potential use of immunosuppressants and immunomodulators as pharmacological tools to control the activation of the immune system, by non-specific and specific mechanisms, to treat hypertension and improve end-organ damage. Nevertheless, more clinical trials should be performed with these drugs to establish their therapeutic efficacy, safety and risk-benefit ratio in hypertensive conditions. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefany Bruno Assis Cau
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological ScienceFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Alexandre Santos Bruno
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological ScienceFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Aline Garcia Fedoce
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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45
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Carnagarin R, Matthews V, Zaldivia MTK, Peter K, Schlaich MP. The bidirectional interaction between the sympathetic nervous system and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1839-1852. [PMID: 30129037 PMCID: PMC6534787 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, evidence has accumulated to suggest that hypertension is, at least in part, an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder. Many links between immunity and hypertension have been established and provide a complex framework of mechanistic interactions contributing to the rise in BP. These include immune-mediated inflammatory processes affecting regulatory brain nuclei and interactions with other mediators of cardiovascular regulation such as the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathoexcitation differentially regulates T-cells based upon activation status of the immune cell as well as the resident organ. Exogenous and endogenous triggers activate signalling pathways in innate and adaptive immune cells resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of T-lymphocytes in the cardiovascular and renal regions, now considered major factors in the development of essential hypertension. The inflammatory cascade is sustained and exacerbated by the immune flow via the brain-bone marrow-spleen-gastrointestinal axis and thereby further aggravating immune-mediated pathways resulting in a vicious cycle of established hypertension and target organ damage. This review summarizes the evidence and recent advances in linking immune-mediated inflammation, sympathetic activation and their bidirectional interactions with the development of hypertension. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Carnagarin
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine – Royal Perth Hospital UnitThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Vance Matthews
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine – Royal Perth Hospital UnitThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Maria T K Zaldivia
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular BiologyBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVicAustralia
- Department of MedicineMonash University, Royal Perth HospitalPerthWAAustralia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular BiologyBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVicAustralia
- Department of MedicineMonash University, Royal Perth HospitalPerthWAAustralia
| | - Markus P Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine – Royal Perth Hospital UnitThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
- Department of CardiologyRoyal Perth HospitalPerthWAAustralia
- Department of NephrologyRoyal Perth HospitalPerthWAAustralia
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46
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Zhou Y, Xu W, Zhu H. CXCL8 (3-72) K11R/G31P protects against sepsis-induced acute kidney injury via NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Biol Res 2019; 52:29. [PMID: 31084615 PMCID: PMC6513525 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI), which is mainly caused by sepsis, has high morbidity and mortality rates. CXCL8(3–72) K11R/G31P (G31P) can exert therapeutic effect on inflammatory diseases and malignancies. We aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of G31P on septic AKI. Methods An AKI mouse model was established, and kidney injury was assessed by histological analysis. The contents of serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured by commercial kits, whereas neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The expressions of CXCL8 in serum and kidney tissues were determined using ELISA and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively. Apoptosis rate of renal tissue was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfer-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis. The expressions of inflammatory cytokines were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The apoptosis-related proteins, JAK2, STAT3, NF-κB and IκB were determined by Western blot. Results G31P could reduce the levels of SCr, BUN, HGAL and KIM-1 and inhibit the renal tissue injury in AKI mice. G31P was also found to suppress the serum and nephric CXCL8 expressions and attenuated the apoptosis rate. The levels of inflammatory cytokines, pro-apoptotic proteins were decreased, while the anti-apoptotic proteins were increased by G31P in AKI mice. G31P also inhibited the activation of JAK2, STAT3 and NF-κB in AKI mice. Conclusion These results suggest that G31P could protect renal function and attenuate the septic AKI. Our findings provide a potential target for the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Zhou
- Department of Intensive Medicine, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenda Xu
- Department of Intensive Medicine, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Ruian People's Hospital, No. 108 Wansong Road, Yuhai Street, Ruian, Wenzhou, 325200, Zhejiang, China.
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47
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Arterial Hypertension and Interleukins: Potential Therapeutic Target or Future Diagnostic Marker? Int J Hypertens 2019; 2019:3159283. [PMID: 31186952 PMCID: PMC6521461 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3159283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension as a multifactorial pathology is one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors, affecting up to 30-40% of the general population. Complex immune responses are involved in the inflammatory mechanism of hypertension, with evidence pointing to increased inflammatory mediators even in prehypertensive patients. Increased vascular permeability, thrombogenesis, and fibrosis, effects that are associated with sustained hypertension, could be attributed to chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation triggers endothelial dysfunction via increased production of ROS through proinflammatory cytokines. Increased serum level of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-23, TGFβ, and TNFα in hypertensive patients has been associated with either increased blood pressure values and/or end-organ damage. Moreover, some cytokines (i.e., IL-6) seem to determine a hypertensive response to angiotensin II, regardless of blood pressure values. Understanding hypertension as an inflammatory-based pathology gives way to new therapeutic targets. As such, conventional cardiovascular drugs (statins, calcium channels blockers, and ACEIs/ARBs) have shown additional anti-inflammatory effects that could be linked to their blood pressure lowering properties. Moreover, anti-inflammatory drugs (mycophenolate mofetil) have been shown to decrease blood pressure in hypertensive patients or prevent its development in normotensive individuals. Further research is needed to evaluate whether drugs targeting hypertensive-linked proinflammatory cytokines, such as monoclonal antibodies, could become a new therapeutic option in treating arterial hypertension.
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48
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Senchenkova EY, Russell J, Yildirim A, Granger DN, Gavins FNE. Novel Role of T Cells and IL-6 (Interleukin-6) in Angiotensin II-Induced Microvascular Dysfunction. Hypertension 2019; 73:829-838. [PMID: 30739537 PMCID: PMC6422352 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is an established risk factor for subsequent cardiovascular diseases, with Ang II (angiotensin II) playing a major role in mediating thrombotic and inflammatory abnormalities. Although T cells and IL-6 (interleukin-6) play an important role in adaptive immune responses, little is known about their role(s) in the thromboinflammatory responses associated with Ang II. Here we show using intravital microscopy coupled with the light/dye injury model that Rag-1 deficient (Rag-1-/-) and IL-6 deficient (IL-6-/-) mice are afforded protection against Ang II-induced thrombosis. Blocking IL-6 receptors (using CD126 and gp130 antibodies) significantly diminished Ang II-mediated thrombosis and inflammatory cell recruitment in mice. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of IL-6-/--derived T cells into Rag-1-/- mice failed to accelerate Ang II-induced thrombosis compared with Rag-1-/- mice reconstituted with wild-type-derived T cells, suggesting T cell IL-6 mediates the thrombotic abnormalities associated Ang II hypertension. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of WT T cells into Rag-1-/-/Ang II mice resulted in increased numbers of immature platelets, which constitutes a more active platelet population, that is, prothrombotic and proinflammatory. To translate our in vivo findings, we used clinical samples to demonstrate that IL-6 also predisposes platelets to an interaction with collagen receptors, thereby increasing the propensity for platelets to aggregate and cause thrombosis. In summary, we provide compelling evidence for the involvement of IL-6, IL-6R, and T-cell-dependent IL-6 signaling in Ang II-induced thromboinflammation, which may provide new therapeutic possibilities for drug discovery programs for the management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y. Senchenkova
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71105, USA
| | - Janice Russell
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71105, USA
| | - Alper Yildirim
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71105, USA
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D. Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71105, USA
| | - Felicity N. E. Gavins
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71105, USA
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Complete blood count-derived inflammatory markers in adolescents with primary arterial hypertension: a preliminary report. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:434-441. [PMID: 30799992 PMCID: PMC6384429 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.81353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study The aim of our study was to evaluate selected inflammatory markers in children with untreated primary hypertension and to establish the relation between inflammatory markers and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and clinical and biochemical parameters. Material and methods In 54 children (15.12 ±2.02 years) with untreated primary hypertension, with excluded overt inflammation, we evaluated: neutrophils (NEU; 1000/μl), lymphocytes (LYM; 1000/μl), platelets (PLT; 1000/μl), mean platelet volume (MPV; fl), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), ABPM (OSCAR 2 SUNTECH), and selected clinical and biochemical parameters. The control group consisted of 20 healthy children (15.55 ±2.27 years). Results Children with primary hypertension had (p < 0.01) higher 24-hour systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure loads, and pulse pressure. Hypertensive children did not differ in inflammatory indicators (NEU, LYM, PLT, MPV, NLR, PLR) from the control group. In 54 hypertensive children we found the following correlations: between office systolic and diastolic blood pressure and MPV (r = 0.35, p = 0.011, r = 0.36, p = 0.008), between 24-hour ambulatory mean arterial pressure Z-score and NLR (r = 0.30, p = 0.030), 24-hour systolic blood pressure load and NLR (r = 0.38, p = 0.005), plasma renin activity and neutrophil count, NLR, PLR (r = 0.47, p = 0.016, r = 0.64, p < 0.001, r = 0.42, p = 0.033), urinary albumin loss and neutrophil count, NLR (r = 0.46, p = 0.001 and r = 0.42, p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis revealed that office SBP Z-score was related to MPV (β = 0.35, p = 0.008) and albuminuria to neutrophil count (β = 0.62, p = 0.018). Conclusions In children with primary arterial hypertension there may be a relation between blood pressure, urinary albumin loss, and subclinical inflammation.
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Vargas-Alarcón G, Pérez-Hernández N, Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Fragoso JM, Posadas-Romero C, López-Bautista F, Vázquez-Vázquez C, Posadas-Sánchez R. Interleukin 27 polymorphisms, their association with insulin resistance and their contribution to subclinical atherosclerosis. The GEA Mexican study. Cytokine 2018; 114:32-37. [PMID: 30594065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous data suggest that the heterodimeric interleukin-27 (IL-27) could participate in the developing of insulin resistance (IR). Our aim was to assess the participation of IL-27p28 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as markers for IR, subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) and cardiovascular risk factors in a Mexican population. Five IL-27p28 SNPs (rs153109, rs40837, rs17855750, rs26528 and rs181206) were genotyped in 856 individuals with IR and 644 participants without IR. Under inheritance models adjusted for confounding factors, the rs153109A (0.78[0.64-0.94] Padditive = 0.008, 0.58[0.41-0.82] Precessive = 0.002, 0.57[0.38-0.83] Pcodominant2 = 0.004), rs26528T (0.78[0.64-0.94] Padditive = 0.008, 0.61[0.43-0.88] Precessive = 0.007, 0.57[0.38-0.84] Pcodominant2 = 0.004) and rs40837A (0.76[0.63-0.92] Padditive = 0.004; 0.60[0.42-0.86] Precessive = 0.005; 0.54[0.37-0.80] Pcodominant2 = 0.002) alleles were related with a decreased risk of IR. Moreover, AAATA haplotype that contains the protector alleles was related with 17% lower risk of presenting IR (0.83 [0.71-0.98], P = 0.023). After adjusting for potential confounding variables, IL-27p28 SNPs were not associated with SA. However, some SNPs were associated with hypertension (rs26528 and rs40837) and increased total abdominal fat (rs17855750) in non-IR individuals, whereas in IR subjects we observed an association of rs26528 and rs40837 with hypoadiponectinemia. Our evidence suggests that rs40837A, rs153109A, and rs26528T alleles could be envisaged as protective markers for IR. Some polymorphisms showed an association with hypertension, low adiponectin levels, and increased total abdominal fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Fragoso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Carlos Posadas-Romero
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Fabiola López-Bautista
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Christian Vázquez-Vázquez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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