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Campos RR. Maternal exposure to LPS results in overactivation of renal sympathetic nerve activity and hypertension in offspring rats. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:2945-2947. [PMID: 39169150 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruy R Campos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo-School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Makuch-Martins M, Vieira-Morais CG, Perego SM, Ruggeri A, Ceroni A, Michelini LC. Angiotensin II, blood-brain barrier permeability, and microglia interplay during the transition from pre-to hypertensive phase in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1452959. [PMID: 39328833 PMCID: PMC11425344 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1452959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is characterized by upregulation of the renin-angiotensin system, increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, microglia activation within autonomic nuclei, and an intense sympathoexcitation. There is no information on the interplay of these events during the development of neurogenic hypertension. We sought to identify the interaction and time-course changes of Ang II availability, barrier dysfunction, microglia activation, and autonomic imbalance within autonomic areas during the development of neurogenic hypertension. Methods Sequential changes of hemodynamic/autonomic parameters, BBB permeability, microglia structure/density (IBA-1), and angiotensin II (Ang II) immunofluorescence were evaluated within the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and rostral ventrolateral medulla of Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) aged 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. The somatosensory cortex and hypoglossal nucleus were also analyzed as non-autonomic control areas. Results Increased brain Ang II availability (4th-5th week) was the first observed change, followed by the incipient BBB leakage and increased microglia density (6th week). From the 5th-6th weeks on, BBB leakage, Ang II, and IBA-1 densities increased continuously, allowing a parallel increase in both Ang II-microglia colocalization and the transition of microglial cells from highly ramified in the basal surveillant condition (4th-5th week) to shorter process arbors, fewer endpoints, and enlarged soma in the disease-associate condition (6th week to the 12th week). Simultaneously with increased Ang II-microglia colocalization and microglia morphologic phenotypic changes, sympathetic activity and pressure variability increased, autonomic control deteriorated, and blood pressure increased. These responses were not specific for autonomic nuclei but also occurred at a lower magnitude in the somatosensory cortex and hypoglossal nucleus, indicating the predominance of hypertension-induced effects on autonomic areas. No changes were observed in age-matched controls where Ang II density did not change. Conclusion Brain Ang II density is the initial stimulus to drive coordinated changes in BBB permeability and microglial reactivity. Increased BBB dysfunction allows access of plasma Ang II and increases its local availability and the colocalization and activation of microglial cells. It is a potent stimulus to augments vasomotor sympathetic activity, autonomic imbalance, and pressure elevation during the establishment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Makuch-Martins
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilla G Vieira-Morais
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sany M Perego
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ruggeri
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ceroni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lisete C Michelini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liu M, Wang D, Qi C, Zou M, Song J, Li L, Xie H, Ren H, Hao H, Yang G, Li Z, Zhang Q, Zhou J, Ai D, Liu Q. Brain ischemia causes systemic Notch1 activity in endothelial cells to drive atherosclerosis. Immunity 2024; 57:2157-2172.e7. [PMID: 39079536 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Stroke leads to persistently high risk for recurrent vascular events caused by systemic atheroprogression that is driven by endothelial cell (EC) activation. However, whether and how stroke induces sustained pro-inflammatory and proatherogenic endothelial alterations in systemic vessels remain poorly understood. We showed that brain ischemia induces persistent activation, the upregulation of adhesion molecule VCAM1, and increased senescence in peripheral ECs until 4 weeks after stroke onset. This aberrant EC activity resulted from sustained Notch1 signaling, which was triggered by increased circulating Notch1 ligands DLL1 and Jagged1 after stroke in mice and humans. Consequently, this led to increased myeloid cell adhesion and atheroprogression by generating a senescent, pro-inflammatory endothelium. Notch1- or VCAM1-blocking antibodies and the genetic ablation of endothelial Notch1 reduced atheroprogression after stroke. Our findings revealed a systemic machinery that induces the persistent activation of peripheral ECs after stroke, which paves the way for therapeutic interventions or the prevention of recurrent vascular events following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Danni Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Caiyun Qi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ming Zou
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jiawei Song
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hengchang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Honglei Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hongying Hao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guili Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zixiao Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Ding Ai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Tianjin & Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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4
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Zou J, Lin R, Miao Y, Xie M, Wang X, Gao L, Huang X, Guo Y. Association between Life's simple 7 and post-stroke depression symptom from 2005-2016 NHANES survey: A cross-sectional study. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 177:346-351. [PMID: 39079467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression symptoms are a common complication of stroke and heart disease and is a predictor of Post-stroke depression (PSD). However, the relationship between overall cardiovascular health indicators and PSD remains unclear. METHODS Data were collected from stroke patients in the 2005-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) survey. Depression was defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score ≥10. In addition, PSD was defined as the coexistence of stroke and depression. Life's Simple 7 (LS7) provides an assessment of cardiovascular health and consists of 7 items. The LS7 scores range from 0 to 14 and can also be categorized into poor (0-7), average (8-10), and ideal (11-14). Logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between LS7 and PSD. RESULTS The average age of participants was 64.2 years, with 45.1% and 34.3 % being male and non-Hispanic whites, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, race, education, and income, the LS7 scores were found to be associated with reduced PSD odds (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.68-0.85, P: <0.001), as well as the number of ideal LS7 metrics (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.56-0.85, P: <0.001). Furthermore, non-poor LS7 was also associated with a lower risk of PSD compared to poor LS7 (OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25-0.91, P: 0.01). This association was stable in stratification analyses. CONCLUSION Cardiovascular health status assessed by LS7 was negatively associated with PSD. Future studies are required to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zou
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Renbao Lin
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Minghan Xie
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Xi Wang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Lijie Gao
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 510282, China.
| | - Yanwu Guo
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
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Zarate SM, Kirabo A, Hinton AO, Santisteban MM. Neuroimmunology of Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2024; 26:339-347. [PMID: 38613621 PMCID: PMC11199253 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-024-01301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death and chronic disability worldwide. Yet, despite extensive intervention strategies the number of persons affected by CVD continues to rise. Thus, there is great interest in unveiling novel mechanisms that may lead to new treatments. Considering this dilemma, recent focus has turned to the neuroimmune mechanisms involved in CVD pathology leading to a deeper understanding of the brain's involvement in disease pathology. This review provides an overview of new and salient findings regarding the neuroimmune mechanisms that contribute to CVD. RECENT FINDINGS The brain contains neuroimmune niches comprised of glia in the parenchyma and immune cells at the brain's borders, and there is strong evidence that these neuroimmune niches are important in both health and disease. Mechanistic studies suggest that the activation of glia and immune cells in these niches modulates CVD progression in hypertension and heart failure and contributes to the inevitable end-organ damage to the brain. This review provides evidence supporting the role of neuroimmune niches in CVD progression. However, additional research is needed to understand the effects of prolonged neuroimmune activation on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Zarate
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, USA
| | - Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Monica M Santisteban
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, USA.
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA.
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Lénárt N, Cserép C, Császár E, Pósfai B, Dénes Á. Microglia-neuron-vascular interactions in ischemia. Glia 2024; 72:833-856. [PMID: 37964690 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a devastating condition that results in impaired blood flow in the brain leading to acute brain injury. As the most common form of stroke, occlusion of cerebral arteries leads to a characteristic sequence of pathophysiological changes in the brain tissue. The mechanisms involved, and comorbidities that determine outcome after an ischemic event appear to be highly heterogeneous. On their own, the processes leading to neuronal injury in the absence of sufficient blood supply to meet the metabolic demand of the cells are complex and manifest at different temporal and spatial scales. While the contribution of non-neuronal cells to stroke pathophysiology is increasingly recognized, recent data show that microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system parenchyma, play previously unrecognized roles in basic physiological processes beyond their inflammatory functions, which markedly change during ischemic conditions. In this review, we aim to discuss some of the known microglia-neuron-vascular interactions assumed to contribute to the acute and delayed pathologies after cerebral ischemia. Because the mechanisms of neuronal injury have been extensively discussed in several excellent previous reviews, here we focus on some recently explored pathways that may directly or indirectly shape neuronal injury through microglia-related actions. These discoveries suggest that modulating gliovascular processes in different forms of stroke and other neurological disorders might have presently unexplored therapeutic potential in combination with neuroprotective and flow restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Shan R, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Wang X, Wang X, Ma G, Li Q. Activation of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor in Microglia Reduces Neuroinflammation through Inhibiting Aerobic Glycolysis to Relieve Hypertension. Biomolecules 2024; 14:333. [PMID: 38540753 PMCID: PMC10967819 DOI: 10.3390/biom14030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that the chronic use of cannabis is associated with a decrease in blood pressure. Our previous studies prove that activating the cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor in the brain can effectively reduce blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats; however, the exact mechanism has not been clarified. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that activation of microglial CB2 receptors can effectively reduce the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) through inhibiting aerobic glycolysis, thereby relieving hypertension. METHODS AngiotensinII (AngII) was administered to BV2 cells and C57 mice to induce hypertension and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. The mRNA and protein expression of the CB2 receptor, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and the PFK and LDHa enzymes were detected using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The Seahorse XF Energy Metabolism Analyzer was used to measure the oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic glycolysis metabolic pathways in BV2 cells. The long-term effects of injecting JWH133, a selective CB2 receptor agonist, intraperitoneally on blood pressure were ascertained. ELISA was used to measure norepinephrine and lactic acid levels while immunofluorescence labeling was used to locate the CB2 receptor and c-Fos. By injecting pAAV-F4/80-GFP-mir30shRNA (AAV2-r-CB2shRNA) into the lateral cerebral ventricle, the CB2 receptor in microglia was specifically knocked down. RESULTS Activation of CB2 receptors by the agonist JWH133 suppressed TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by inhibiting PFK and LDHa enzymes involved in glycolysis, as well as lactic acid accumulation, along with a reduction in glycoPER levels (marks of aerobic glycolysis) in AngII-treated BV2 cells. In AngII-treated mice, the administration of JWH133 specifically activated CB2 receptors on microglia, resulting in decreased expression levels of PFK, LDHa, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, subsequently leading to a decrease in c-Fos protein expression within PVN neurons as well as reduced norepinephrine levels in plasma, ultimately contributing to blood pressure reduction. CONCLUSION The results suggest that activation of the microglia CB2 receptor decreases the neuroinflammation to relieve hypertension; the underlying mechanism is related to inhibiting aerobic glycolysis of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohan Shan
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; (R.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.W.); (G.M.)
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; (R.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.W.); (G.M.)
| | - Yiping Shi
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; (R.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.W.); (G.M.)
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; (R.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.W.); (G.M.)
| | - Xueke Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; (R.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.W.); (G.M.)
| | - Guanying Ma
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; (R.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.W.); (G.M.)
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; (R.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.W.); (X.W.); (G.M.)
- Cardiovascular Research Platform, Institute of Medicine and Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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8
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Xiang C, Cheng Y, Yu X, Mao T, Luo H, Hu H, Wu Y, Sang R, Wang Z, Wang Y, Luo Q, Huang J, Zhao J, Wang J, Wang X, Chen M, Liu W, Zhou L, Wang S, Jiang H. Low-intensity focused ultrasound modulation of the paraventricular nucleus to prevent myocardial infarction-induced ventricular arrhythmia. Heart Rhythm 2024; 21:340-348. [PMID: 38042443 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study showed that light-emitting diode modulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is the control center of the sympathetic nervous system, might attenuate neuroinflammation in the PVN and prevent ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) after myocardial infarction (MI). Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) has deeper penetration than does light-emitting diode, while its effect on the PVN has not been reported. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the effect of LIFU modulation of the PVN on the inducibility of post-MI VAs. METHODS Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into acute control (n = 12, 22.22%), acute MI (AMI, n = 12, 22.22%), AMI + LIFU (n = 12, 22.22%), chronic control (n = 6, 11.11%), chronic MI (CMI, n = 6, 11.11%), and CMI + LIFU (n = 6, 11.11%) groups. MI was induced by left anterior artery ligation, and electrocardiographic recording for 0.5 hours after MI and programmed electrophysiological stimulation were used to test the vulnerability of VAs. Peripheral sympathetic neural activity was assessed by measuring left stellate ganglion neural activity. Finally, hearts and brains were extracted for Western blotting and histopathological analysis, respectively. RESULTS Compared with the AMI group, AMI-induced VAs (P < .05) and left stellate ganglion neural activity (P < .05) were significantly attenuated in the AMI + LIFU group. In addition, LIFU resulted in a significant reduction of microglial activation in the PVN and expression of inflammatory cytokines in the peri-ischemic myocardium. In the CMI + LIFU group, there was no obvious tissue damage in the brain. CONCLUSION LIFU modulation of the PVN may prevent the incidence of post-MI VAs by attenuating MI-induced sympathetic neural activation and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianlong Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoyuan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuzhe Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiqi Sang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinyu Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingxian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Songyun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Research Center of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Xi H, Li X, Zhou Y, Sun Y. The Regulatory Effect of the Paraventricular Nucleus on Hypertension. Neuroendocrinology 2023; 114:1-13. [PMID: 37598678 DOI: 10.1159/000533691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is among the most harmful factors of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and poses an urgent problem for the development of human society. In addition to previous studies on its pathogenesis focusing on the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, investigating the central causes of high blood pressure involving the neuroendocrine and neuroinflammatory mechanisms of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is paramount. This nucleus is considered to regulate the output of neurohormones and sympathetic nerve activity. In this article, we focussed on the neuroendocrine mechanism, primarily exploring the specific contributions and interactions of various neurons and neuroendocrine hormones, including GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, nitric oxide, arginine vasopressin, oxytocin, and the renin-angiotensin system. Additionally, the neuroinflammatory mechanism in the PVN was discussed, encompassing microglia, reactive oxygen species, inflammatory factors, and pathways, as well as immune connections between the brain and extracerebral organs. Notably, the two central mechanisms involved in the PVN not only exist independently but also communicate with each other, jointly maintaining the hypertensive state of the body. Furthermore, we introduce well-known molecules and signal transduction pathways within the PVN that can play a regulatory role in the two mechanisms to provide a basis and inspire ideas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Xi
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xingru Li
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yaojun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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10
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Wang X, Wang T, Lam E, Alvarez D, Sun Y. Ocular Vascular Diseases: From Retinal Immune Privilege to Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12090. [PMID: 37569464 PMCID: PMC10418793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye is an immune privileged tissue that insulates the visual system from local and systemic immune provocation to preserve homeostatic functions of highly specialized retinal neural cells. If immune privilege is breached, immune stimuli will invade the eye and subsequently trigger acute inflammatory responses. Local resident microglia become active and release numerous immunological factors to protect the integrity of retinal neural cells. Although acute inflammatory responses are necessary to control and eradicate insults to the eye, chronic inflammation can cause retinal tissue damage and cell dysfunction, leading to ocular disease and vision loss. In this review, we summarized features of immune privilege in the retina and the key inflammatory responses, factors, and intracellular pathways activated when retinal immune privilege fails, as well as a highlight of the recent clinical and research advances in ocular immunity and ocular vascular diseases including retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (X.W.)
| | - Tianxi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (X.W.)
| | - Enton Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (X.W.)
| | - David Alvarez
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (X.W.)
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11
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Razee A, Banerjee S, Hong J, Magaki S, Fishbein G, Ajijola OA, Umar S. Thoracic Spinal Cord Neuroinflammation as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Pulmonary Hypertension. Hypertension 2023; 80:1297-1310. [PMID: 37092338 PMCID: PMC10192067 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.20782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with aberrant sympathoexcitation leading to right ventricular failure (RVF), arrhythmias, and death. Microglial activation and neuroinflammation have been implicated in sympathoexcitation in experimental PH. We recently reported the first evidence of thoracic spinal cord (TSC) neuroinflammation in PH rats. Here, we hypothesize that PH is associated with increased cardiopulmonary afferent signaling leading to TSC-specific neuroinflammation and sympathoexcitation. Furthermore, inhibition of TSC neuroinflammation rescues experimental PH and RVF. METHODS We performed transcriptomic analysis and its validation on the TSC of monocrotaline (n=8) and Sugen hypoxia (n=8) rat models of severe PH-RVF. A group of monocrotaline rats received either daily intrathecal microglial activation inhibitor minocycline (200 μg/kg per day, n=5) or PBS (n=5) from day 14 through 28. Echocardiography and right ventricle-catheterization were performed terminally. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR, immunolocalization, microglia+astrocyte quantification, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling were assessed. Plasma catecholamines were measured by ELISA. Human spinal cord autopsy samples (Control n=3; pulmonary arterial hypertension n=3) were assessed to validate preclinical findings. RESULTS Increased cardiopulmonary afferent signaling was demonstrated in preclinical and clinical PH. Our findings delineated common dysregulated genes and pathways highlighting neuroinflammation and apoptosis in the remodeled TSC and highlighted increased sympathoexcitation in both rat models. Moreover, we validated significantly increased microglial and astrocytic activation and CX3CL1 expression in TSC of human pulmonary arterial hypertension. Finally, amelioration of TSC neuroinflammation by minocycline in monocrotaline rats inhibited microglial activation, decreased proinflammatory cytokines, sympathetic nervous system activation and significantly attenuated PH and RVF. CONCLUSIONS Targeting neuroinflammation and associated molecular pathways and genes in the TSC may yield novel therapeutic strategies for PH and RVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Razee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Division of Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Somanshu Banerjee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Division of Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Hong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shino Magaki
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Greg Fishbein
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olujimi A. Ajijola
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Soban Umar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Division of Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Wang L, Liu T, Wang X, Tong L, Chen G, Zhou S, Zhang H, Liu H, Lu W, Wang G, Zhang S, Du D. Microglia-derived TNF-α contributes to RVLM neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction via blocking the AMPK-Sirt3 pathway in stress-induced hypertension. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:137. [PMID: 37264405 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) has been associated with the pathogenesis of stress-induced hypertension (SIH). Neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in many pathological and physiological processes. However, the impact of neuroinflammation on neuronal mitochondrial homeostasis and the involved signaling pathway in the RVLM during SIH are largely unknown. METHODS The morphology and phenotype of microglia and the neuronal mitochondrial injury in vivo were analyzed by immunofluorescence, Western blot, RT-qPCR, transmission electron microscopy, and kit detection. The underlying mechanisms of microglia-derived tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on neuronal mitochondrial function were investigated through in vitro and in vivo experiments such as immunofluorescence and Western blot. The effect of TNF-α on blood pressure (BP) regulation was determined in vivo via intra-RVLM microinjection of TNF-α receptor antagonist R7050. RESULTS The results demonstrated that BP, heart rate (HR), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), plasma norepinephrine (NE), and electroencephalogram (EEG) power increased in SIH rats. Furthermore, the branching complexity of microglia in the RVLM of SIH rats decreased and polarized into M1 phenotype, accompanied by upregulation of TNF-α. Increased neuronal mitochondria injury was observed in the RVLM of SIH rats. Mechanistically, Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) and p-AMPK expression were markedly downregulated in both SIH rats and TNF-α-treated N2a cells. AMPK activator A769662 upregulated AMPK-Sirt3 signaling pathway and consequently reversed TNF-α-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Microinjection of TNF-α receptor antagonist R7050 into the RVLM of SIH rats significantly inhibited the biological activities of TNF-α, increased p-AMPK and Sirt3 levels, and alleviated neuronal mitochondrial injury, thereby reducing c-FOS expression, RSNA, plasma NE, and BP. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that microglia-derived TNF-α in the RVLM impairs neuronal mitochondrial function in SIH possibly through inhibiting the AMPK-Sirt3 pathway. Therefore, microglia-derived TNF-α in the RVLM may be a possible therapeutic target for the intervention of SIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linping Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianfeng Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueping Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tong
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaojun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shumin Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Haisheng Liu
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Lu
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- International Cooperation Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dongshu Du
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong, China.
- Shaoxing Institute of Shanghai University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Shvachiy L, Amaro-Leal Â, Outeiro TF, Rocha I, Geraldes V. Intermittent Lead Exposure Induces Behavioral and Cardiovascular Alterations Associated with Neuroinflammation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050818. [PMID: 36899953 PMCID: PMC10000953 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is the primary target for lead exposure and the developing brain appears to be especially susceptible, namely the hippocampus. The mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity remain unclear, but microgliosis and astrogliosis are potential candidates, leading to an inflammatory cascade and interrupting the pathways involved in hippocampal functions. Moreover, these molecular changes can be impactful as they may contribute to the pathophysiology of behavioral deficits and cardiovascular complications observed in chronic lead exposure. Nevertheless, the health effects and the underlying influence mechanism of intermittent lead exposure in the nervous and cardiovascular systems are still vague. Thus, we used a rat model of intermittent lead exposure to determine the systemic effects of lead and on microglial and astroglial activation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout time. In this study, the intermittent group was exposed to lead from the fetal period until 12 weeks of age, no exposure (tap water) until 20 weeks, and a second exposure from 20 to 28 weeks of age. A control group (without lead exposure) matched in age and sex was used. At 12, 20 and 28 weeks of age, both groups were submitted to a physiological and behavioral evaluation. Behavioral tests were performed for the assessment of anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity (open-field test), and memory (novel object recognition test). In the physiological evaluation, in an acute experiment, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and heart and respiratory rates were recorded, and autonomic reflexes were evaluated. The expression of GFAP, Iba-1, NeuN and Synaptophysin in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was assessed. Intermittent lead exposure induced microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus of rats and changes in behavioral and cardiovascular function. We identified increases in GFAP and Iba1 markers together with presynaptic dysfunction in the hippocampus, concomitant with behavioral changes. This type of exposure produced significant long-term memory dysfunction. Regarding physiological changes, hypertension, tachypnea, baroreceptor reflex impairment and increased chemoreceptor reflex sensitivity were observed. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the potential of lead intermittent exposure inducing reactive astrogliosis and microgliosis, along with a presynaptic loss that was accompanied by alterations of homeostatic mechanisms. This suggests that chronic neuroinflammation promoted by intermittent lead exposure since fetal period may increase the susceptibility to adverse events in individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular disease and/or in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Shvachiy
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ângela Amaro-Leal
- Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Natural Science, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Rocha
- Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vera Geraldes
- Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-217999435
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14
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Pilipović I, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Leposavić G. Adrenoceptors as potential target for add-on immunomodulatory therapy in multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108358. [PMID: 36804434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent findings related to the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its commonly used experimental model - experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). They indicate that noradrenaline, the key end-point mediator of the SNS, acting through β-adrenoceptor, has a contributory role in the early stages of MS/EAE development. This stage is characterized by the SNS hyperactivity (increased release of noradrenaline) reflecting the net effect of different factors, such as the disease-associated inflammation, stress, vitamin D hypovitaminosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection and dysbiosis. Thus, the administration of propranolol, a non-selective β-adrenoceptor blocker, readily crossing the blood-brain barrier, to experimental rats before the autoimmune challenge and in the early (preclinical/prodromal) phase of the disease mitigates EAE severity. This phenomenon has been ascribed to the alleviation of neuroinflammation (due to attenuation of primarily microglial activation/proinflammatory functions) and the diminution of the magnitude of the primary CD4+ T-cell autoimmune response (the effect associated with impaired autoantigen uptake by antigen presenting cells and their migration into draining lymph nodes). The former is partly related to breaking of the catecholamine-dependent self-amplifying microglial feed-forward loop and the positive feedback loop between microglia and the SNS, leading to down-regulation of the SNS hyperactivity and its enhancing influence on microglial activation/proinflammatory functions and the magnitude of autoimmune response. The effects of propranolol are shown to be more prominent in male EAE animals, the phenomenon important as males (like men) are likely to develop clinically more severe disease. Thus, these findings could serve as a firm scientific background for formulation of a new sex-specific immune-intervention strategy for the early phases of MS (characterized by the SNS hyperactivity) exploiting anti-(neuro)inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of propranolol and other relatively cheap and safe adrenergic drugs with similar therapeutic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pilipović
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathobiology, Belgrade, Serbia.
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15
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Neurovascular Coupling in Hypertension Is Impaired by IL-17A through Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043959. [PMID: 36835372 PMCID: PMC9967204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension, a multifactorial chronic inflammatory condition, is an important risk factor for neurovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke and Alzheimer's disease. These diseases have been associated with higher concentrations of circulating interleukin (IL)-17A. However, the possible role that IL-17A plays in linking hypertension with neurodegenerative diseases remains to be established. Cerebral blood flow regulation may be the crossroads of these conditions because regulating mechanisms may be altered in hypertension, including neurovascular coupling (NVC), known to participate in the pathogenesis of stroke and Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, the role of IL-17A on NVC impairment induced by angiotensin (Ang) II in the context of hypertension was examined. Neutralization of IL-17A or specific inhibition of its receptor prevents the NVC impairment (p < 0.05) and cerebral superoxide anion production (p < 0.05) induced by Ang II. Chronic administration of IL-17A impairs NVC (p < 0.05) and increases superoxide anion production. Both effects were prevented with Tempol and NADPH oxidase 2 gene deletion. These findings suggest that IL-17A, through superoxide anion production, is an important mediator of cerebrovascular dysregulation induced by Ang II. This pathway is thus a putative therapeutic target to restore cerebrovascular regulation in hypertension.
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16
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Yu H, Yu Q, Mi Y, Wang P, Jin S, Xiao L, Guo Q, Wu Y. Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibited Sympathetic Activation in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Rats by Upregulating Klotho and Inhibiting Inflammation in the Paraventricular Nucleus. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020566. [PMID: 36831102 PMCID: PMC9953477 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the central relationship between cardiovascular conditions and aging. D-galactose (D-gal) was utilized to induce an accelerated aging model and to evaluate the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on aging-related cardiovascular risk factors and mechanisms. Eight-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of 250 mg/kg D-gal every day with or without H2S (56 μmol/kg) for 12 weeks. We found that D-gal treatment induced a noticeably aging-related increase in p16, p53 and p21 protein levels and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining. In addition, the level of noradrenalin was increased, accompanied by enhanced blood pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity in aged rats. The greater sympathetic responses were related with the increased level of inflammation. The decreased level of klotho in the paraventricular nucleus neuron also contributed to sympathetic activation in D-gal-induced aged rats. However, the exogenous administration of H2S attenuated the sympathetic activity in aged rats, as evidenced by the decreased blood pressure, renal sympathetic nerve activity and noradrenalin level. The ameliorated cellular senescence, inflammation and heightened klotho in the paraventricular nucleus were attributed to the protective effects of H2S. The present study provides further evidence for the drug development of H2S for the prevention or treatment of the aging-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Qiyao Yu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Department of Research, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Yuan Mi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Department of Emergency, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Sheng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Experimental Center for Teaching, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Correspondence: (Q.G.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-311-8626-1288 (Y.W.)
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
- Correspondence: (Q.G.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-311-8626-1288 (Y.W.)
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17
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Effects of probiotics on hypertension. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1107-1117. [PMID: 36646911 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging data have suggested that probiotics had good potential in regulating intestinal flora and preventing hypertension. Some studies in human and animal models have demonstrated probiotic intervention could attenuate hypertension, regulate intestinal flora to increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and regulate intestinal microbial metabolites such as trimethylamine oxide, short-chain fatty acids, and polyphenols. However, there is still some debate as to whether probiotics exert effective benefits. These recently published reviews did not systematically expound on the heterogeneity between the effect and mechanism of probiotics with different types, doses, and carriers to exert antihypertensive effects, as well as the possible application of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of hypertension in food and clinic. Here we try to systematically review the association between hypertension and intestinal microflora, the effect of probiotics and their metabolites on hypertension, and the recent research progress on the specific mechanism of probiotics on hypertension. In addition, we also summarized the potential application of probiotics in antihypertension. Future challenges include elucidating the functions of metabolites produced by microorganisms and their downstream pathway or molecules, identifying specific strains, not just microbial communities, and developing therapeutic interventions that target hypertension by modulation of gut microbes and metabolites.
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18
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Li X, Ren C, Li S, Zhao W, Wang P, Ji X. The antihypertensive effect of remote ischemic conditioning in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1093262. [PMID: 36713422 PMCID: PMC9878686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1093262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Limb remote ischemic conditioning (LRIC) may be an effective method to control hypertension. This study investigated whether LRIC decreases blood pressure by regulating the hypertensive inflammatory response in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Method The SHR and aged-matched Wistar rats with different ages were randomly assigned to the SHR group, SHR+LRIC group, Wistar group, and Wistar + LRIC group. LRIC was conducted by tightening a tourniquet around the upper thigh and releasing it for three cycles daily (10 mins x3 cycles). Blood pressure, the percentage of monocytes and T lymphocytes, and the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the blood were analyzed. Results The blood pressure of SHR was significantly higher than that of age-matched Wistar rats. LRIC decreased blood pressure in SHR at different ages (4, 8, and 16 weeks old), but had no effect on the blood pressure in Wistar rats. Flow cytometry analysis showed that blood monocytes and CD8 T cells of SHR were higher than those of Wistar rats. LRIC significantly decreased the percentage of monocytes and CD8 T cells in SHR. Consistent with the changes of immune cells, the levels of plasma IL-6 and TNF-α in SHR were also higher. And LRIC attenuated the plasma IL-6 and TNF-α levels in SHR. Conclusion LRIC may decreased the blood pressure via modulation of the inflammatory response in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace center Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorder, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peifu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorder, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhang Z, Zhao L, Zhou X, Meng X, Zhou X. Role of inflammation, immunity, and oxidative stress in hypertension: New insights and potential therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1098725. [PMID: 36703963 PMCID: PMC9871625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1098725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is regarded as the most prominent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which have become a primary cause of death, and recent research has demonstrated that chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Both innate and adaptive immunity are now known to promote the elevation of blood pressure by triggering vascular inflammation and microvascular remodeling. For example, as an important part of innate immune system, classically activated macrophages (M1), neutrophils, and dendritic cells contribute to hypertension by secreting inflammatory cy3tokines. In particular, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) produced by activated T lymphocytes contribute to hypertension by inducing oxidative stress injury and endothelial dysfunction. However, the regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) may have a protective role in hypertension. Although inflammation is related to hypertension, the exact mechanisms are complex and unclear. The present review aims to reveal the roles of inflammation, immunity, and oxidative stress in the initiation and evolution of hypertension. We envisage that the review will strengthen public understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertension and may provide new insights and potential therapeutic strategies for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xu Meng
- *Correspondence: Xianliang Zhou, ; Xu Meng,
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20
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Abstract
Hypertension affects a significant proportion of the adult and aging population and represents an important risk factor for vascular cognitive impairment and late-life dementia. Chronic high blood pressure continuously challenges the structural and functional integrity of the cerebral vasculature, leading to microvascular rarefaction and dysfunction, and neurovascular uncoupling that typically impairs cerebral blood supply. Hypertension disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity, promotes neuroinflammation, and may contribute to amyloid deposition and Alzheimer pathology. The mechanisms underlying these harmful effects are still a focus of investigation, but studies in animal models have provided significant molecular and cellular mechanistic insights. Remaining questions relate to whether adequate treatment of hypertension may prevent deterioration of cognitive function, the threshold for blood pressure treatment, and the most effective antihypertensive drugs. Recent advances in neurovascular biology, advanced brain imaging, and detection of subtle behavioral phenotypes have begun to provide insights into these critical issues. Importantly, a parallel analysis of these parameters in animal models and humans is feasible, making it possible to foster translational advancements. In this review, we provide a critical evaluation of the evidence available in experimental models and humans to examine the progress made and identify remaining gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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21
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Sabharwal R, Chapleau MW, Gerhold TD, Baumbach GL, Faraci FM. Plasticity of cerebral microvascular structure and mechanics during hypertension and following recovery of arterial pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H1108-H1117. [PMID: 36269650 PMCID: PMC9678426 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00292.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in vascular structure contribute to vascular events and loss of brain health. We examined changes in cerebral arterioles at the onset of hypertension and the hypothesis that alterations during hypertension would recover with the return of mean arterial pressure (MAP) to normal. MAP was measured with radiotelemetry in awake male C57BL/6J mice at baseline and during infusion of vehicle or angiotensin II (ANG II, 1.4 mg/kg/day using osmotic pumps) for 28 days, followed by a 28-day recovery. With ANG II treatment, MAP increased through day 28. On day 30, MAP began to recover, reaching levels not different from vehicle on day 37. We measured intravascular pressure, diameter, wall thickness (WT), wall:lumen ratio (W:L), cross-sectional area (CSA), and slope of the tangential elastic modulus (ET) in maximally dilated arterioles. Variables were similar in both groups at day 1, with no significant change with vehicle treatment. With ANG II treatment, CSA, WT, and W:L increased on days 7-28. Internal and external diameter was reduced at 14 and 28 days. ET versus wall stress was reduced on days 7-28. During recovery, the diameter remained at days 14 and 28 values, whereas other variables returned partly or completely to normal. Thus, CSA, WT, W:L, and ET versus wall stress changed rapidly during hypertension and recovered with MAP. In contrast, inward remodeling developed slowly and did not recover. This lack of recovery has mechanistic implications for the long-term impact of hypertension on vascular determinants of brain health.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Changes in vascular structure contribute to vascular events and loss of brain health. We examined the inherent structural plasticity of cerebral arterioles during and after a period of hypertension. Arteriolar wall thickness, diameter, wall-to-lumen ratio, and biological stiffness changed rapidly during hypertension and recovered with blood pressure. In contrast, inward remodeling developed slowly and did not recover. This lack of recovery of arteriolar diameter has implications for the long-term impact of hypertension on vascular determinants of brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasna Sabharwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mark W Chapleau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas D Gerhold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gary L Baumbach
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Frank M Faraci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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22
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Frąk W, Wojtasińska A, Lisińska W, Młynarska E, Franczyk B, Rysz J. Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases: New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis, Arterial Hypertension, and Coronary Artery Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081938. [PMID: 36009488 PMCID: PMC9405799 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are disorders associated with the heart and circulatory system. Atherosclerosis is its major underlying cause. CVDs are chronic and can remain hidden for a long time. Moreover, CVDs are the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, thus creating a major public health concern. This review summarizes the available information on the pathophysiological implications of CVDs, focusing on coronary artery disease along with atherosclerosis as its major cause and arterial hypertension. We discuss the endothelium dysfunction, inflammatory factors, and oxidation associated with atherosclerosis. Mechanisms such as dysfunction of the endothelium and inflammation, which have been identified as critical pathways for development of coronary artery disease, have become easier to diagnose in recent years. Relatively recently, evidence has been found indicating that interactions of the molecular and cellular elements such as matrix metalloproteinases, elements of the immune system, and oxidative stress are involved in the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension. Many studies have revealed several important inflammatory and genetic risk factors associated with CVDs. However, further investigation is crucial to improve our knowledge of CVDs progression and, more importantly, accelerate basic research to improve our understanding of the mechanism of pathophysiology.
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23
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Ferro A, Cheadle L. When the levee of sympathetic outflow breaks. Immunity 2022; 55:1334-1336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Zhu X, Xing P, Zhang P, Zhang M, Shen H, Chen L, Shen F, Jiang Y, Yuan H, Zhang L, Wang J, Wu X, Zhou Y, Wu T, Deng B, Liu J, Zhang Y, Yang P. Fine-tuning of microglia polarization prevents diabetes-associated cerebral atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948457. [PMID: 35935990 PMCID: PMC9353938 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes increases the occurrence and severity of atherosclerosis. When plaques form in brain vessels, cerebral atherosclerosis causes thickness, rigidity, and unstableness of cerebral artery walls, leading to severe complications like stroke and contributing to cognitive impairment. So far, the molecular mechanism underlying cerebral atherosclerosis is not determined. Moreover, effective intervention strategies are lacking. In this study, we showed that polarization of microglia, the resident macrophage in the central nervous system, appeared to play a critical role in the pathological progression of cerebral atherosclerosis. Microglia likely underwent an M2c-like polarization in an environment long exposed to high glucose. Experimental suppression of microglia M2c polarization was achieved through transduction of microglia with an adeno-associated virus (serotype AAV-PHP.B) carrying siRNA for interleukin-10 (IL-10) under the control of a microglia-specific TMEM119 promoter, which significantly attenuated diabetes-associated cerebral atherosclerosis in a mouse model. Thus, our study suggests a novel translational strategy to prevent diabetes-associated cerebral atherosclerosis through in vivo control of microglia polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pengfei Yang
- *Correspondence: Yongwei Zhang, ; Pengfei Yang, ;
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25
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Bi Q, Wang C, Cheng G, Chen N, Wei B, Liu X, Li L, Lu C, He J, Weng Y, Yin C, Lin Y, Wan S, Zhao L, Xu J, Wang Y, Gu Y, Shen XZ, Shi P. Microglia-derived PDGFB promotes neuronal potassium currents to suppress basal sympathetic tonicity and limit hypertension. Immunity 2022; 55:1466-1482.e9. [PMID: 35863346 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have addressed the regulatory circuits affecting neuronal activities, local non-synaptic mechanisms that determine neuronal excitability remain unclear. Here, we found that microglia prevented overactivation of pre-sympathetic neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) at steady state. Microglia constitutively released platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B, which signaled via PDGFRα on neuronal cells and promoted their expression of Kv4.3, a key subunit that conducts potassium currents. Ablation of microglia, conditional deletion of microglial PDGFB, or suppression of neuronal PDGFRα expression in the PVN elevated the excitability of pre-sympathetic neurons and sympathetic outflow, resulting in a profound autonomic dysfunction. Disruption of the PDGFBMG-Kv4.3Neuron pathway predisposed mice to develop hypertension, whereas central supplementation of exogenous PDGFB suppressed pressor response when mice were under hypertensive insult. Our results point to a non-immune action of resident microglia in maintaining the balance of sympathetic outflow, which is important in preventing cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Bi
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ningting Chen
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuancheng Weng
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chunyou Yin
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yunfan Lin
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China
| | - Shu Wan
- Brain Center, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shanxi 710061, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Xiao Z Shen
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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26
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Du J, Wang P, Gou Q, Jin S, Xue H, Li D, Tian D, Sun J, Zhang X, Teng X, Wu Y. Hydrogen sulfide ameliorated preeclampsia via suppression of toll-like receptor 4-activated inflammation in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113018. [PMID: 35483194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine whether toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammation in rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) causes sympathetic overactivity leading to preeclampsia (PE) and if TLR4 inhibition with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) would reduce PE severity. Thirty patients with PE and 30 pregnant controls were involved. PE in rats was induced through deoxycorticosterone acetate and normal saline. NaHS (donor of H2S), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR4 agonist), and TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor) were injected in lateral cerebral ventricle to investigate their effect on microglia-mediated inflammation in RVLM, sympathetic activation, and PE symptoms. In patients with PE, plasma levels of NE, TNF-α, and interleukin-1β were high compared with those of controls, whereas levels of H2S were low. Rats with PE showed an increased amount of renal sympathetic nerve activity and plasma levels of NE, with decreased H2S levels in RVLM. Microglia-mediated inflammation was observed in the RVLM of PE rats. Central infusion of LPS in pregnant rats induced microglia-mediated inflammation, sympathetic nervous tension, and PE-like symptoms, whereas TAK-242 reduced PE symptoms. NaHS treatment lessened microglia-mediated inflammation in the RVLM, sympathetic tension, and symptoms of PE both in PE rats and LPS-treating pregnant rats.These results suggest that inflammation in the RVLM caused by microglial activation might contribute to the progression of PE via an overactive sympathetic system. H2S could reduce PE via inhibiting inflammation in the RVLM. These results might provide a new target for the treatment of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexian Du
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qi Gou
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sheng Jin
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongmei Xue
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Desi Li
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Department of Medical, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Danyang Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianping Sun
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xu Teng
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yuming Wu
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China.
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27
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Wang M, Pan W, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wan J, Jiang H. Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3083-3094. [PMID: 35642214 PMCID: PMC9148574 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s350109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, microglia play an important role in the monitoring and intervention of synaptic and neuron-level activities. Interventions targeting microglia have been shown to improve the prognosis of various neurological diseases. Recently, studies have observed the activation of microglia in different cardiovascular diseases. In addition, different approaches that regulate the activity of microglia have been shown to modulate the incidence and progression of cardiovascular diseases. The change in autonomic nervous system activity after neuroinflammation may be a potential intermediate link between microglia and cardiovascular diseases. Here, in this review, we will discuss recent updates on the regulatory role of microglia in hypertension, myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion injury. We propose that microglia serve as neuroimmune modulators and potential targets for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jishou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hong Jiang; Jun Wan, Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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28
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Abstract
Hypertension is a worldwide problem with major impacts on health including morbidity and mortality, as well as consumption of health care resources. Nearly 50% of American adults have high blood pressure, and this rate is rising. Even with multiple antihypertensive drugs and aggressive lifestyle modifications, blood pressure is inadequately controlled in about 1 of 5 hypertensive individuals. This review highlights a hypothesis for hypertension that suggests alternative mechanisms for blood pressure elevation and maintenance. A better understanding of these mechanisms could open avenues for more successful treatments. The hypothesis accounts for recent understandings of the involvement of gut physiology, gut microbiota, and neuroinflammation in hypertension. It includes bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and gut epithelium in the gut-brain axis that is involved in regulation of autonomic nervous system activity and blood pressure control. Dysfunction of this gut-brain axis, including dysbiosis of gut microbiota, gut epithelial dysfunction, and deranged input to the brain, contributes to hypertension via inflammatory mediators, metabolites, bacteria in the circulation, afferent information alterations, etc resulting in neuroinflammation and unbalanced autonomic nervous system activity that elevates blood pressure. This in turn negatively affects gut function and its microbiota exacerbating the problem. We focus this review on the gut-brain axis hypothesis for hypertension and possible contribution to racial disparities in hypertension. A novel idea, that immunoglobulin A-coated bacteria originating in the gut with access to the brain could be involved in hypertension, is raised. Finally, minocycline, with its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, is evaluated as a potential antihypertensive drug acting on this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Richards
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bruce R Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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29
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Renal denervation: basic and clinical evidence. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:198-209. [PMID: 34921299 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Renal nerves have critical roles in regulating blood pressure and fluid volume, and their dysfunction is closely related with cardiovascular diseases. Renal nerves are composed of sympathetic efferent and sensory afferent nerves. Activation of the efferent renal sympathetic nerves induces renin secretion, sodium absorption, and increased renal vascular resistance, which lead to increased blood pressure and fluid retention. Afferent renal sensory nerves, which are densely innervated in the renal pelvic wall, project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the brain to modulate sympathetic outflow to the periphery, including the heart, kidneys, and arterioles. The effects of renal denervation on the cardiovascular system are mediated by both efferent denervation and afferent denervation. The first half of this review focuses on basic research using animal models of hypertension and heart failure, and addresses the therapeutic effects of renal denervation for hypertension and heart failure, including underlying mechanisms. The second half of this review focuses on clinical research related to catheter-based renal denervation in patients with hypertension. Randomized sham-controlled trials using second-generation devices, endovascular radiofrequency-based devices and ultrasound-based devices are reviewed and their results are assessed. This review summarizes the basic and clinical evidence of renal denervation to date, and discusses future prospects and potential developments in renal denervation therapy for cardiovascular diseases.
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30
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The Bidirectional Signal Communication of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2022; 2021:8174789. [PMID: 34970454 PMCID: PMC8714396 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8174789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a critical risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. A new concept of microbiota-gut-brain axis has been established recently, mediating the bidirectional communication between the gut and its microbiome and the brain. Alterations in bidirectional interactions are believed to be involved in the blood pressure regulation. Neuroinflammation and increased sympathetic outflow act as the descending innervation signals from the brain. Increased sympathetic activation plays a recognized role in the genesis of hypertension. The present evidence demonstrates that gut dysbiosis is associated with central nervous system neuroinflammation. However, how the gut influences the brain remains unclear. We reviewed the roles of neuroinflammation and gut microbiota and their interactions in the pathogenesis of hypertension and described the ascending signaling mechanisms behind the microbiota-gut-brain axis in detail. Additionally, the innovative prohypertensive mechanisms of dietary salt through the microbiota-gut-brain axis are summarized. The bidirectional communication mechanisms were proposed for the first time that the descending signals from the brain and the ascending connections from the gut form a vicious circle of hypertension progression, acting as a premise for hypertension therapy.
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31
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Han TH, Lee HW, Kang EA, Song MS, Lee SY, Ryu PD. Microglial activation induced by LPS mediates excitation of neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus projecting to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34814975 PMCID: PMC8728541 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are known to be activated in the hypothalamic para-ventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats with cardiovascular diseases. However, the exact role of microglial activation in the plasticity of presympathetic PVN neurons associated with the modulation of sympathetic outflow remains poorly investigated. In this study, we analyzed the direct link between microglial activation and spontaneous firing rate along with the underlying synaptic mechanisms in PVN neurons projecting to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Systemic injection of LPS induced microglial activation in the PVN, increased the frequency of spontaneous firing activity of PVN-RVLM neurons, reduced GABAergic inputs into these neurons, and increased plasma NE levels and heart rate. Systemic minocycline injection blocked all the observed LPS-induced effects. Our results indicate that LPS increases the firing rate and decreases GABAergic transmission in PVN-RVLM neurons associated with sympathetic outflow and the alteration is largely attributed to the activation of microglia. Our findings provide some insights into the role of microglial activation in regulating the activity of PVN-RVLM neurons associated with modulation of sympathetic outflow in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hee Han
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Heow Won Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eun A Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min Seok Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - So Yeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Pan Dong Ryu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Bhusal A, Rahman MH, Suk K. Hypothalamic inflammation in metabolic disorders and aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:32. [PMID: 34910246 PMCID: PMC11071926 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a critical brain region for the regulation of energy homeostasis. Over the years, studies on energy metabolism primarily focused on the neuronal component of the hypothalamus. Studies have recently uncovered the vital role of glial cells as an additional player in energy balance regulation. However, their inflammatory activation under metabolic stress condition contributes to various metabolic diseases. The recruitment of monocytes and macrophages in the hypothalamus helps sustain such inflammation and worsens the disease state. Neurons were found to actively participate in hypothalamic inflammatory response by transmitting signals to the surrounding non-neuronal cells. This activation of different cell types in the hypothalamus leads to chronic, low-grade inflammation, impairing energy balance and contributing to defective feeding habits, thermogenesis, and insulin and leptin signaling, eventually leading to metabolic disorders (i.e., diabetes, obesity, and hypertension). The hypothalamus is also responsible for the causation of systemic aging under metabolic stress. A better understanding of the multiple factors contributing to hypothalamic inflammation, the role of the different hypothalamic cells, and their crosstalks may help identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells in establishing a cause-effect relationship between hypothalamic inflammation and the development of metabolic diseases. We also cover the role of other cell types and discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting hypothalamic inflammation as a valid therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang S, Hu L, Han C, Huang R, Ooi K, Qian X, Ren X, Chu D, Zhang H, Du D, Xia C. PLIN2 Mediates Neuroinflammation and Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress via Downregulating Phosphatidylethanolamine in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla of Stressed Hypertensive Rats. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6331-6348. [PMID: 34880641 PMCID: PMC8646230 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s329230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxidative/nitrosative stress, neuroinflammation and their intimate interactions mediate sympathetic overactivation in hypertension. An immoderate inflammatory response is characterized not only by elevated proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) but by increases in mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO). Recent data pinpoint that both the phospholipid and lipid droplets (LDs) are potent modulators of microglia physiology. Methods Stress rats underwent compound stressors for 15 days with PLIN2-siRNA or scrambled-siRNA (SC-siRNA) administrated into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Lipids were analyzed by mass spectroscopy-based quantitative lipidomics. The phenotypes and proliferation of microglia, LDs, in the RVLM of rats were detected; blood pressure (BP) and myocardial injury in rats were evaluated. The anti-oxidative/nitrosative stress effect of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was explored in cultured primary microglia. Results Lipidomics analysis showed that 75 individual lipids in RVLM were significantly dysregulated by stress [PE was the most one], demonstrating that lipid composition changed with stress. In vitro, prorenin stress induced the accumulation of LDs, increased PICs, which could be blocked by siRNA-PLIN2 in microglia. PLIN2 knockdown upregulated the PE synthesis in microglia. Anti-oxidative/nitrosative stress effect of PE delivery was confirmed by the decrease of ROS and decrease in 3-NT and MDA in prorenin-treated microglia. PLIN2 knockdown in the RVLM blocked the number of iNOS+ and PCNA+ microglia, decreased BP, alleviated cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in stressed rats. Conclusion PLIN2 mediates microglial polarization/proliferation via downregulating PE in the RVLM of stressed rats. Delivery of PE is a promising strategy for combating neuroinflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress in stress-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhi Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Renhui Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Kokwin Ooi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Qian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Ren
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechang Chu
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, 274000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haili Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, 274000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongshu Du
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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Mowry FE, Peaden SC, Stern JE, Biancardi VC. TLR4 and AT1R mediate blood-brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, and autonomic dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105877. [PMID: 34610452 PMCID: PMC8648989 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) is implicated in neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and autonomic dysfunction in hypertension. We have previously shown that exogenous AngII stimulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) via AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R), inducing activation of hypothalamic microglia ex vivo, and that AngII-AT1R signaling is necessary for the loss of BBB integrity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Herein, we hypothesized that microglial TLR4 and AT1R signaling interactions represent a crucial mechanistic link between AngII-mediated neuroinflammation and BBB disruption, thereby contributing to sympathoexcitation in SHRs. Male SHRs were treated with TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor; 2 weeks), Losartan (AT1R inhibitor; 4 weeks), or vehicle, and age-matched to control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs). TLR4 and AT1R inhibitions normalized increased TLR4, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α protein densities in SHR cardioregulatory nuclei (hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus [PVN], rostral ventrolateral medulla [RVLM], and nucleus tractus solitarius [NTS]), and abolished enhanced microglial activation. PVN, RVLM, and NTS BBB permeability analyses revealed complete restoration after TAK-242 treatment, whereas SHRs presented with elevated dye leakage. Mean arterial pressure was normalized in Losartan-treated SHRs, and attenuated with TLR4 inhibition. In conscious assessments, TLR4 blockade rescued SHR baroreflex sensitivity to vasoactive drugs, and reduced the SHR pressor response to ganglionic blockade to normal levels. These data suggest that TLR4 activation plays a substantial role in mediating a feed-forward pro-hypertensive cycle involving BBB disruption, neuroinflammation, and autonomic dysfunction, and that TLR4-specific therapeutic interventions may represent viable alternatives in the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca E Mowry
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Center for Neurosciences Initiative, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sarah C Peaden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Javier E Stern
- Center for Neuroinflammation, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vinicia C Biancardi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Center for Neurosciences Initiative, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Sun GC, Tse J, Hsu YH, Ho CY, Tseng CJ, Cheng PW. μ-Opioid Receptor-Mediated AT1R-TLR4 Crosstalk Promotes Microglial Activation to Modulate Blood Pressure Control in the Central Nervous System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111784. [PMID: 34829655 PMCID: PMC8615018 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids, a kind of peptide hormone involved in the development of hypertension, cause systemic and cerebral inflammation, and affects regions of the brain that are important for blood pressure (BP) control. A cause-and-effect relationship exists between hypertension and inflammation; however, the role of blood pressure in cerebral inflammation is not clear. Evidence showed that AT1R and μOR heterodimers’ formation in the NTS might lead to the progression of hypertension. In this study, we investigated the formation of the μOR/AT1R heterodimer, determined its correlation with μORs level in the NTS, and explored the role of TLR4-dependent inflammation in the development of hypertension. Results showed that Ang II increased superoxide and Iba-1 (microgliosis marker: ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule (1) levels in the NTS of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The AT1R II inhibitor, losartan, significantly decreased BP and abolished superoxide, Iba-1, TLR4 expression induced by Ang II. Furthermore, losartan significantly increased nNsOSS1416 phosphorylation. Administration of a μOR agonist or antagonist in the NTS of WKY and SHRs increased endogenous μ-opioids, triggered the formation of μOR/AT1R heterodimers and the TLR4-dependent inflammatory pathway, and attenuated the effect of depressor nitric oxide (NO). These results imply an important link between neurotoxicity and superoxides wherein abnormal increases in NTS endogenous μ-opioids promote the interaction between Ang II and μOR, the binding of Ang II to AT1R, and the activation of microglia. In addition, the interaction between Ang II and μOR enhanced the formation of the AT1R and μOR heterodimers, and inactivated nNOS-derived NO, leading to the development of progressive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwo-Ching Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (J.T.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-J.T.)
| | - Jockey Tse
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (J.T.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ho Hsu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (J.T.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yi Ho
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-J.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jiunn Tseng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-J.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-J.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3422121 (ext. 71593); Fax: +886-7-3468056
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Renal denervation based on experimental rationale. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:1385-1394. [PMID: 34518650 PMCID: PMC9577563 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system is one of the pathophysiological hallmarks of hypertension and heart failure. Within the central nervous system, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the brain stem play critical roles in the regulation of sympathetic outflow to peripheral organs. Information from the peripheral circulation, including serum concentrations of sodium and angiotensin II, is conveyed to the PVN via adjacent structures with a weak blood-brain barrier. In addition, signals from baroreceptors, chemoreceptors and cardiopulmonary receptors as well as afferent input via the renal nerves are all integrated at the level of the PVN. The brain renin-angiotensin system and the balance between nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in these brain areas also determine the final sympathetic outflow. Additionally, brain inflammatory responses have been shown to modulate these processes. Renal denervation interrupts both the afferent inputs from the kidney to the PVN and the efferent outputs from the PVN to the kidney, resulting in the suppression of sympathetic outflow and eliciting beneficial effects on both hypertension and heart failure.
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Youwakim J, Girouard H. Inflammation: A Mediator Between Hypertension and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:1014-1030. [PMID: 34136907 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent and modifiable risk factor for stroke, vascular cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanistic link between hypertension and neurodegenerative diseases remains to be understood. Recent evidence indicates that inflammation is a common pathophysiological trait for both hypertension and neurodegenerative diseases. Low-grade chronic inflammation at the systemic and central nervous system levels is now recognized to contribute to the physiopathology of hypertension. This review speculates that inflammation represents a mediator between hypertension and neurodegenerative diseases, either by a decrease in cerebral blood flow or a disruption of the blood-brain barrier which will, in turn, let inflammatory cells and neurotoxic molecules enter the brain parenchyma. This may impact brain functions including cognition and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. This review will thus discuss the relationship between hypertension, systemic inflammation, cerebrovascular functions, neuroinflammation, and brain dysfunctions. The potential clinical future of immunotherapies against hypertension and associated cerebrovascular risks will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Youwakim
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage (CIRCA); Montreal, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Girouard
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage (CIRCA); Montreal, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériaterie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Cheshire WP. Salt: The paradoxical philosopher's stone of autonomic medicine. Auton Neurosci 2021; 236:102895. [PMID: 34655930 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sodium chloride, or common table salt, for millennia has played a prominent role in human affairs. Salt is also a key molecule for regulating intravascular fluid volume in patients with orthostatic disorders. In this first article of a special issue of the journal focusing on salt and the autonomic nervous system, the historical and physiologic significance of salt is reviewed, highlighting its importance to society and to medicine. The relevance of salt both for civilization and for autonomic physiology penetrates into nearly every aspect of life and health. Replacing salt that has been depleted or administering salt to expand intravascular volume is considered standard treatment for patients with orthostatic hypotension and syndromes of orthostatic intolerance. The potential longterm effects of added salt, including effects unrelated to intravascular volume, have been insufficiently studied in patients with autonomic disorders. A salient concern is the potential increased risk of developing hypertension. Underappreciated aspects of salt include its ability to increase anxiety and through nonosmotic mechanisms to contribute to local tissue inflammation. Salt may be either salubrious or detrimental, or possibly both at the same time, depending on the clinical conditions. Reconciling these opposite effects in clinical practice requires weighing benefits against potential risks, assessing what is known alongside what is uncertain, and titrating treatment decisions to the particular needs of each individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Cheshire
- Division of Autonomic Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States of America.
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Donertas Ayaz B, Oliveira AC, Malphurs WL, Redler T, de Araujo AM, Sharma RK, Sirmagul B, Zubcevic J. Central Administration of Hydrogen Sulfide Donor NaHS Reduces Iba1-Positive Cells in the PVN and Attenuates Rodent Angiotensin II Hypertension. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:690919. [PMID: 34602965 PMCID: PMC8479468 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.690919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule with neuromodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypertensive effects. Here, we investigate whether chronic intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), an H2S donor, can alleviate angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension (HTN), improve autonomic function, and impact microglia in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, a brain region associated with autonomic control of blood pressure (BP) and neuroinflammation in HTN. Chronic delivery of Ang II (200 ng/kg/min, subcutaneous) for 4 weeks produced a typical increase in BP and sympathetic drive and elevated the number of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1-positive (Iba1+) cells in the PVN of male, Sprague-Dawley rats. ICV co-infusion of NaHS (at 30 and/or 60 nmol/h) significantly attenuated these effects of Ang II. Ang II also increased the abundance of cecal Deltaproteobacteria and Desulfovibrionales, among others, which was prevented by ICV NaHS co-infusion at 30 and 60 nmol/h. We observed no differences in circulating H2S between the groups. Our results suggest that central H2S may alleviate rodent HTN independently from circulating H2S via effects on autonomic nervous system and PVN microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Donertas Ayaz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Aline C. Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wendi L. Malphurs
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ty Redler
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alan Moreira de Araujo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ravindra K. Sharma
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Basar Sirmagul
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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Rong J, Tao X, Lin Y, Zheng H, Ning L, Lu HS, Daugherty A, Shi P, Mullick AE, Chen S, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Wang J. Loss of Hepatic Angiotensinogen Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction. Circ Res 2021; 129:547-564. [PMID: 34238019 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a complex regulatory network that maintains normal physiological functions. The role of the RAS in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) is poorly defined. Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the unique precursor of the RAS and gives rise to all angiotensin peptides. The effects and mechanisms of AGT in development of SIMD have not been defined. Objective: To determine a role of AGT in SIMD and investigate the underlying mechanisms. Methods and Results: Either intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) significantly enhanced AGT abundances in liver, heart, and plasma. Deficiency of hepatocyte-derived AGT (hepAGT), rather than cardiomyocyte-derived AGT (carAGT), alleviated septic cardiac dysfunction in mice and prolonged survival time. Further investigations revealed that the effects of hepAGT on SIMD were partially associated with augmented angiotensin II (AngII) production in circulation. In addition, hepAGT was internalized by LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in cardiac fibroblasts (CF), and subsequently activated NLRP3 inflammasome via an AngII-independent pathway, ultimately promoting SIMD by suppressing Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) abundances in cardiomyocytes (CM). Conclusions: HepAGT promoted SIMD via both AngII-dependent and AngII-independent pathways. We identified a liver-heart axis by which AGT regulated development of SIMD. Our study may provide a potential novel therapeutic target for SIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Rong
- Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Xinran Tao
- Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Yao Lin
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Haiqiong Zheng
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang university, CHINA
| | - Le Ning
- Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Hong S Lu
- Physiology, University of Kentucky, UNITED STATES
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, UNITED STATES
| | - Peng Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, CHINA
| | - Adam E Mullick
- Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, UNITED STATES
| | - Sicong Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Zhaocai Zhang
- Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Yinchuan Xu
- Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang university, CHINA
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, CHINA
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Fujiu K, Manabe I. Nerve-macrophage interactions in cardiovascular disease. Int Immunol 2021; 34:81-95. [PMID: 34173833 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is highly innervated by autonomic neurons, and dynamic autonomic regulation of the heart and blood vessels is essential for animals to carry out the normal activities of life. Cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure and myocardial infarction, are often characterized in part by an imbalance in autonomic nervous system activation, with excess sympathetic and diminished parasympathetic activation. Notably, however, this is often accompanied by chronic inflammation within the cardiovascular tissues, which suggests there are interactions between autonomic dysregulation and inflammation. Recent studies have been unraveling the mechanistic links between autonomic nerves and immune cells within cardiovascular disease. The autonomic nervous system and immune system also act in concert to coordinate the actions of multiple organs that not only maintain homeostasis but also likely play key roles in disease-disease interactions, such as cardiorenal syndrome and multimorbidity. In this review, we summarize the physiological and pathological interactions between autonomic nerves and macrophages in the context of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Fujiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Cardiology, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Systems Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
Microglial cells are derived from myelogenous cells and their chronic activation elicits brain inflammation, which influences neurological activity. Comprehensive understanding of the regulation of microglial activation could therefore contribute to overcoming neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently, the importance of serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinases (SGKs) has been explored in immune cells such as T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. We have already shown that SGK1 and SGK3 are expressed in microglial cells and associated with the regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory molecules. Here we investigate whether salt load influences expression of SGK1 and inflammatory responses in murine primary microglia and an immortalized microglial cell line, BV-2. Additional amounts of NaCl were administrated and immunoblotting was carried out, and SGK1 was induced in dose- and time-dependent manners. Next, the dynamics of inflammatory mediators iNOS and TNFα were investigated by administration of LPS. iNOS mRNA was induced by LPS application and enhanced by NaCl preload. In support of these results, nitric oxide was produced by LPS and accelerated by NaCl preload. In contrast, however, NaCl preload reduced the release of TNFα, suggesting the modulation of immune responses by salt load. The effects of salt load on both cases were attenuated in SGK1-deleted cells. Taken together, these results indicate that salt load modulates inflammatory responses and that SGK1 assists salt load-induced inflammatory responses.
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Candelario-Jalil E, Paul S. Impact of aging and comorbidities on ischemic stroke outcomes in preclinical animal models: A translational perspective. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113494. [PMID: 33035516 PMCID: PMC7874968 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a highly complex and devastating neurological disease. The sudden loss of blood flow to a brain region due to an ischemic insult leads to severe damage to that area resulting in the formation of an infarcted tissue, also known as the ischemic core. This is surrounded by the peri-infarct region or penumbra that denotes the functionally impaired but potentially salvageable tissue. Thus, the penumbral tissue is the main target for the development of neuroprotective strategies to minimize the extent of ischemic brain damage by timely therapeutic intervention. Given the limitations of reperfusion therapies with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator or mechanical thrombectomy, there is high enthusiasm to combine reperfusion therapy with neuroprotective strategies to further reduce the progression of ischemic brain injury. Till date, a large number of candidate neuroprotective drugs have been identified as potential therapies based on highly promising results from studies in rodent ischemic stroke models. However, none of these interventions have shown therapeutic benefits in stroke patients in clinical trials. In this review article, we discussed the urgent need to utilize preclinical models of ischemic stroke that more accurately mimic the clinical conditions in stroke patients by incorporating aged animals and animal stroke models with comorbidities. We also outlined the recent findings that highlight the significant differences in stroke outcome between young and aged animals, and how major comorbid conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and hyperlipidemia dramatically increase the vulnerability of the brain to ischemic damage that eventually results in worse functional outcomes. It is evident from these earlier studies that including animal models of aging and comorbidities during the early stages of drug development could facilitate the identification of neuroprotective strategies with high likelihood of success in stroke clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Kim E, Cho S. CNS and peripheral immunity in cerebral ischemia: partition and interaction. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113508. [PMID: 33065078 PMCID: PMC7750306 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke elicits excessive immune activation in the injured brain tissue. This well-recognized neural inflammation in the brain is not just an intrinsic organ response but also a result of additional intricate interactions between infiltrating peripheral immune cells and the resident immune cells in the affected areas. Given that there is a finite number of immune cells in the organism at the time of stroke, the partitioned immune systems of the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery must appropriately distribute the limited pool of immune cells between the two domains, mounting a necessary post-stroke inflammatory response by supplying a sufficient number of immune cells into the brain while maintaining peripheral immunity. Stroke pathophysiology has mainly been neurocentric in focus, but understanding the distinct roles of the CNS and peripheral immunity in their concerted action against ischemic insults is crucial. This review will discuss stroke-induced influences of the peripheral immune system on CNS injury/repair and of neural inflammation on peripheral immunity, and how comorbidity influences each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States of America; Feil Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America.
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Zhang RM, McNerney KP, Riek AE, Bernal‐Mizrachi C. Immunity and Hypertension. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13487. [PMID: 32359222 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the primary cause of cardiovascular mortality. Despite multiple existing treatments, only half of those with the disease achieve adequate control. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms causing hypertension is essential for the development of novel therapies. Many studies demonstrate that immune cell infiltration of the vessel wall, kidney and central nervous system, as well as their counterparts of oxidative stress, the renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and sympathetic tone play a critical role in the development of hypertension. Genetically modified mice lacking components of innate and/or adaptive immunity confirm the importance of chronic inflammation in hypertension and its complications. Depletion of immune cells improves endothelial function, decreases oxidative stress, reduces vascular tone and prevents renal interstitial infiltrates, sodium retention and kidney damage. Moreover, the ablation of microglia or central nervous system perivascular macrophages reduces RAS-induced inflammation and prevents sympathetic nervous system activation and hypertension. Therefore, understanding immune cell functioning and their interactions with tissues that regulate hypertensive responses may be the future of novel antihypertensive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong M. Zhang
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Kyle P. McNerney
- Department of Pediatrics Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Amy E. Riek
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Carlos Bernal‐Mizrachi
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
- Department of Medicine VA Medical Center St. Louis MO USA
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Feng Y, Guo M, Zhao H, Han S, Dong Q, Cui M. Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mitigate Trained Immunity in the Brain. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:599058. [PMID: 33330429 PMCID: PMC7710545 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.599058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trained immunity was recently discovered in innate immune cells and shown to facilitate the clearance of pathogens at the time of occurrence of the second insult. However, it exacerbates several aspects of neuropathologies, and proper therapy is needed to rectify this abnormal immune reaction. Mesenchymal-stem cells (MSCs) exhibit a distinct capability for brain repair but are associated with safety concerns. Extracellular vesicles derived from MSCs are a promising alternative therapy. In this study, we used lipopolysaccharides to activate trained immunity in the brain and examined the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in mitigating the trained-immunity-induced exacerbated neuropathology. We found that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles showed comparable effects to those of MSCs in the mitigation of trained immunity in the brain. Moreover, the administration of MCS-derived extracellular vesicles mitigated the aggregated inflammatory responses in the acute stage of stroke and alleviated the trained-immunity-induced increased load of amyloid-β in APP/PS1 mice. We further investigated the molecular machinery of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles and found that IL-10 is important for the mediation of the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles toward the alleviation of trained immunity. Our study indicates that extracellular-vesicle-based regenerative strategies might be useful to mitigate trained immunity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Feng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sida Han
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wu Q, Chen Y, Zhang W, Song S, Xu Z, Zhang H, Liu L, Sun J. Upregulation of Chemokines in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus in Rats with Stress-Induced Hypertension. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e926807. [PMID: 33199674 PMCID: PMC7680658 DOI: 10.12659/msm.926807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neuroinflammation of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus has been implicated in the development of hypertension. The promoted invasion of peripheral immune cells into PVN may be attributed to the upregulation of chemokines, then exacerbating neuroinflammation. We studied the expressions of chemokines, activation of microglial cells, and inflammatory mediators in PVN of rats with stress-induced hypertension (SIH). Material/Methods SIH was induced by electrical foot shock combined with noise for 2 h twice a day, at an interval of 4 h for 14 consecutive days. At the end of the 14th day, fresh PVN tissues were collected to measure the expressions of chemokines using the RayBiotech antibody array. Results We are the first to report that the expression of CXCL7 was extremely high in PVN of control rats, and was significantly lower in SIH rats. The expressions of CCL2 and CX3CL1 in PVN of SIH rats significantly exceeded those of control rats. The numbers of CX3CR1 (receptor of CX3CL1)-immunostained cells and oxycocin-42 (OX-42, marker of microglia)-positive cells increased in PVN of the SIH rats. The stress enhanced the protein expressions of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17 and reduced those of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10 in PVN. Conclusions In PVN of SIH rats, chronic stress induced neuroinflammation characterized by the activated microglia and upregulated proinflammatory cytokines. Expressions of chemokines CXCL7, CX3CL1, and CCL2 were altered. The causal link of chemokines to PVN neuroinflammation and hypertension remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- Medical College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yuping Chen
- Basic Medical Science, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Department of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Siyuan Song
- Department of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Department of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Medical Technology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Liping Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jihu Sun
- Department of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Hirooka Y. Sympathetic Activation in Hypertension: Importance of the Central Nervous System. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:914-926. [PMID: 32374869 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The central nervous system (CNS) organizes the sympathetic outflow and various inputs from the periphery. The brain renin-angiotensin system has been studied in various regions involved in controlling sympathetic outflow. Recent progress in cardiovascular research, particularly in vascular biology and neuroscience, as well as in traditional physiological approaches, has advanced the field of the neural control of hypertension in which the CNS plays a vital role. Cardiovascular research relating to hypertension has focused on the roles of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunity, and the network among various organs, including the heart, kidney, spleen, gut, and vasculature. The CNS mechanisms are similarly networked with these factors and are widely studied in neuroscience. In this review, I describe the development of the conceptual flow of this network in the field of hypertension on the basis of several important original research articles and discuss potential future breakthroughs leading to clinical precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hirooka
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa City, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hypertension and Heart Failure Center, Takagi Hospital, Okawa City, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ahmari N, Hayward LF, Zubcevic J. The importance of bone marrow and the immune system in driving increases in blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity in hypertension. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1815-1826. [PMID: 32964557 DOI: 10.1113/ep088247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This manuscript provides a review of the current understanding of the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of bone marrow-derived immune cells and the effect that the infiltrating bone marrow cells may have on perpetuation of the sympathetic over-activation in hypertension. What advances does it highlight? We highlight the recent advances in understanding of the neuroimmune interactions both peripherally and centrally as they relate to blood pressure control. ABSTRACT The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological homeostasis, in part by regulating, integrating and orchestrating processes between many physiological systems, including the immune system. Sympathetic nerves innervate all primary and secondary immune organs, and all cells of the immune system express β-adrenoreceptors. In turn, immune cells can produce cytokines, chemokines and neurotransmitters capable of modulating neuronal activity and, ultimately, SNS activity. Thus, the essential role of the SNS in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune functions is mediated, in part, via β-adrenoreceptor-induced activation of bone marrow cells by noradrenaline. Interestingly, both central and systemic inflammation are well-established hallmarks of hypertension and its co-morbidities, including an inflammatory process involving the transmigration and infiltration of immune cells into tissues. We propose that physiological states that prolong β-adrenoreceptor activation in bone marrow can disrupt neuroimmune homeostasis and impair communication between the immune system and SNS, leading to immune dysregulation, which, in turn, is sustained via a central mechanism involving neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niousha Ahmari
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Linda F Hayward
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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50
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Salt-dependent hypertension and inflammation: targeting the gut-brain axis and the immune system with Brazilian green propolis. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1163-1182. [PMID: 32785827 PMCID: PMC8826348 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a major health problem around the world and its development has been associated with exceeding salt consumption by the modern society. The mechanisms by which salt consumption increase blood pressure (BP) involve several homeostatic systems but many details have not yet been fully elucidated. Evidences accumulated over the last 60 decades raised the involvement of the immune system in the hypertension development and opened a range of possibilities for new therapeutic targets. Green propolis is a promising natural product with potent anti-inflammatory properties acting on specific targets, most of them participating in the gut-brain axis of the sodium-dependent hypertension. New anti-hypertensive products reinforce the therapeutic arsenal improving the corollary of choices, especially in those cases where patients are resistant or refractory to conventional therapy. This review sought to bring the newest advances in the field articulating evidences that show a cross-talking between inflammation and the central mechanisms involved with the sodium-dependent hypertension as well as the stablished actions of green propolis and some of its biologically active compounds on the immune cells and cytokines that would be involved with its anti-hypertensive properties.
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