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Sahebi K, Foroozand H, Amirsoleymani M, Eslamzadeh S, Negahdaripour M, Tajbakhsh A, Rahimi Jaberi A, Savardashtaki A. Advancing stroke recovery: unlocking the potential of cellular dynamics in stroke recovery. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:321. [PMID: 38992073 PMCID: PMC11239950 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke stands as a predominant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and there is a pressing need for effective therapies to improve outcomes and enhance the quality of life for stroke survivors. In this line, effective efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells, plays a crucial role in neuroprotection and immunoregulation. This process involves specialized phagocytes known as "professional phagocytes" and consists of four steps: "Find-Me," "Eat-Me," engulfment/digestion, and anti-inflammatory responses. Impaired efferocytosis can lead to secondary necrosis and inflammation, resulting in adverse outcomes following brain pathologies. Enhancing efferocytosis presents a potential avenue for improving post-stroke recovery. Several therapeutic targets have been identified, including osteopontin, cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor, the µ opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine, and PPARγ and RXR agonists. Ferroptosis, defined as iron-dependent cell death, is now emerging as a novel target to attenuate post-stroke tissue damage and neuronal loss. Additionally, several biomarkers, most importantly CD163, may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for acute ischemic stroke, aiding in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Non-pharmacological approaches involve physical rehabilitation, hypoxia, and hypothermia. Mitochondrial dysfunction is now recognized as a major contributor to the poor outcomes of brain stroke, and medications targeting mitochondria may exhibit beneficial effects. These strategies aim to polarize efferocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, limit the ingestion of distressed but viable neurons, and stimulate efferocytosis in the late phase of stroke to enhance post-stroke recovery. These findings highlight promising directions for future research and development of effective stroke recovery therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Sahebi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Foroozand
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Saghi Eslamzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Rahimi Jaberi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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2
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Veeravalli KK. Implications of MMP-12 in the pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2024; 9:97-107. [PMID: 37336584 PMCID: PMC11103161 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2023-002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the emerging role of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) in ischaemic stroke (IS). MMP-12 expression in the brain increases dramatically in animal models of IS, and its suppression reduces brain damage and promotes neurological, sensorimotor and cognitive functional outcomes. Thus, MMP-12 could represent a potential target for the management of IS. This article provides an overview of MMP-12 upregulation in the brain following IS, its deleterious role in the post-stroke pathogenesis (blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, apoptosis and demyelination), possible molecular interactions and mechanistic insights, its involvement in post-ischaemic functional deficits and recovery as well as the limitations, perspectives, challenges and future directions for further research. Prior to testing any MMP-12-targeted therapy in patients with acute IS, additional research is needed to establish the effectiveness of MMP-12 suppression against IS in older animals and in animals with comorbidities. This article also examines the clinical implications of suppressing MMP-12 alone or in combination with MMP-9 for extending the currently limited tissue plasminogen activator therapy time window. Targeting of MMP-12 is expected to have a profound influence on the therapeutic management of IS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA
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3
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Romaus-Sanjurjo D, Castañón-Apilánez M, López-Arias E, Custodia A, Martin-Martín C, Ouro A, López-Cancio E, Sobrino T. Neuroprotection Afforded by an Enriched Mediterranean-like Diet Is Modified by Exercise in a Rat Male Model of Cerebral Ischemia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:138. [PMID: 38397735 PMCID: PMC10885962 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is an important cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Given that current treatments do not allow a remarkably better outcome in patients after stroke, it is mandatory to seek new approaches to preventing stroke and/or complementing the current treatments or ameliorating the ischemic insult. Multiple preclinical and clinical studies highlighted the potential beneficial roles of exercise and a Mediterranean diet following a stroke. Here, we investigated the effects of a pre-stroke Mediterranean-like diet supplemented with hydroxytyrosol and with/without physical exercise on male rats undergoing transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). We also assessed a potential synergistic effect with physical exercise. Our findings indicated that the diet reduced infarct and edema volumes, modulated acute immune response by altering cytokine and chemokine levels, decreased oxidative stress, and improved acute functional recovery post-ischemic injury. Interestingly, while physical exercise alone improved certain outcomes compared to control animals, it did not enhance, and in some aspects even impaired, the positive effects of the Mediterranean-like diet in the short term. Overall, these data provide the first preclinical evidence that a preemptive enriched Mediterranean diet modulates cytokines/chemokines levels downwards which eventually has an important role during the acute phase following ischemic damage, likely mediating neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Romaus-Sanjurjo
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.R.-S.); (E.L.-A.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Castañón-Apilánez
- Departament of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Esteban López-Arias
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.R.-S.); (E.L.-A.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Antía Custodia
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.R.-S.); (E.L.-A.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martin-Martín
- Translational Immmunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Alberto Ouro
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.R.-S.); (E.L.-A.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena López-Cancio
- Departament of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.R.-S.); (E.L.-A.); (A.C.); (T.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Staszewski J, Stȩpień A, Piusińska-Macoch R, Dȩbiec A, Gniadek-Olejniczak K, Frankowska E, Maliborski A, Chadaide Z, Balo D, Król B, Namias R, Harston G, Mróz J, Piasecki P. Efficacy of Cerebrolysin Treatment as an Add-On Therapy to Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke Due to Large Vessel Occlusion: Study Protocol for a Prospective, Open Label, Single-Center Study With 12 Months of Follow-Up. Front Neurol 2022; 13:910697. [PMID: 35860483 PMCID: PMC9289167 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.910697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is designed to determine the efficacy of Cerebrolysin treatment as an add-on therapy to mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in reducing global disability in subjects with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We have planned a single center, prospective, open-label, single-arm study with a 12-month follow-up of 50 patients with moderate to severe AIS, with a small established infarct core and with good collateral circulation who achieve significant reperfusion following MT and who receive additional Cerebrolysin within 8 h of stroke onset compared to 50 historical controls treated with MT alone, matched for age, clinical severity, occlusion location, baseline perfusion lesion volume, onset to reperfusion time, and use of iv thrombolytic therapy. The primary outcome measure will be the overall proportion of subjects receiving Cerebrolysin compared to the control group experiencing a favorable functional outcome (by modified Rankin Scale 0-2) at 90 days, following stroke onset. The secondary objectives are to determine the efficacy of Cerebrolysin as compared to the control group in reducing the risk of symptomatic secondary hemorrhagic transformation, improving neurological outcomes (NIHSS 0-2 at day 7, day 30, and 90), reducing mortality rates (over the 90-day and 12 months study period), and improving: activities of daily living (by Barthel Index), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L) assessed at day 30, 90, and at 12 months. The other measures of efficacy in the Cerebrolysin group will include: assessment of final stroke volume and penumbral salvage (measured by CT/CTP at 30 days) and its change compared to baseline volume, changes over time in language function (by the 15-item Boston Naming Test), hemispatial neglect (by line bisection test), global cognitive function (by The Montreal Cognitive Assessment), and depression (by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) between day 30 and day 90 assessments). The patients will receive 30 ml of Cerebrolysin within 8 h of AIS stroke onset and continue treatment once daily until day 21 (first cycle) and they will receive a second cycle of treatment (30 ml/d for 21 days given in the Outpatient Department or Neurorehabilitation Clinic) from day 69 to 90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Staszewski
- Clinic of Neurology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Stȩpień
- Clinic of Neurology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Emilia Frankowska
- Department of Radiology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Maliborski
- Department of Radiology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zoltan Chadaide
- Brainomix Ltd., and Oxford University Hospitals NHSFT, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Balo
- Brainomix Ltd., and Oxford University Hospitals NHSFT, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beata Król
- Brainomix Ltd., and Oxford University Hospitals NHSFT, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Namias
- Brainomix Ltd., and Oxford University Hospitals NHSFT, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George Harston
- Brainomix Ltd., and Oxford University Hospitals NHSFT, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Józef Mróz
- Neurorehabilitation Clinic, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Piasecki
- Department of Radiology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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Friedrich J, Lindauer U, Höllig A. Procedural and Methodological Quality in Preclinical Stroke Research-A Cohort Analysis of the Rat MCAO Model Comparing Periods Before and After the Publication of STAIR/ARRIVE. Front Neurol 2022; 13:834003. [PMID: 35707032 PMCID: PMC9190283 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.834003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The translation of preclinical stroke research into successful human clinical trials remains a challenging task. The first Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) recommendations for preclinical research and several other guidelines were published to address these challenges. Most guidelines recommend the use of physiological monitoring to detect the occurrence of undesired pathologies such as subarachnoid hemorrhage and to limit the variability of the infarct volume and–therefore-homogenize the experimental result for complete reporting particularly with respect to transparency and methodological rigor. From the years 2009 and 2019, 100 published articles each using a rat stroke model were analyzed to quantify parameters related to anesthesia, physiological monitoring, stroke model type, ischemia verification, and overall study quality over time. No significant difference in the frequency of cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements over time (28/34% for 2009/2019) was found. Notably, significantly fewer studies reported temperature, blood pressure, and blood gas monitoring data in 2019 compared to 2009. On the other hand, an increase in general study quality parameters (e.g., randomization, reporting of approval) was seen. In conclusion, the frequency of periinterventional monitoring has decreased over time. Some general methodological quality aspects, however, partially have increased. CBF measurement–the gold standard for ischemia verification-was applied rarely. Despite the growing recognition of current guidelines such as STAIR and ARRIVE (both widely approved in 2019) reporting, methods and procedures mostly do not follow these guidelines. These deficits may contribute to the translational failure of preclinical stroke research in search for neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ute Lindauer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Höllig
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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6
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Zhou M, Zhang T, Zhang B, Zhang X, Gao S, Zhang T, Li S, Cai X, Lin Y. A DNA Nanostructure-Based Neuroprotectant against Neuronal Apoptosis via Inhibiting Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling Pathway in Acute Ischemic Stroke. ACS NANO 2021; 16:1456-1470. [PMID: 34967217 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a main cause of cognitive neurological deficits and disability worldwide due to a plethora of neuronal apoptosis. Unfortunately, numerous neuroprotectants for neurons have failed because of biological toxicity, severe side effects, and poor efficacy. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) possess excellent biocompatibility and various biological functions. Here, we tested the efficacy of a tFNA for providing neuroprotection against neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. The tFNA prevented apoptosis of neurons (SHSY-5Y cells) caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation through interfering with ischemia cascades (excitotoxicity and oxidative stress) in vitro. It effectively ameliorated the microenvironment of the ischemic hemisphere by upregulating expression of erythropoietin and inhibiting inflammation, which reversed neuronal loss, alleviated cell apoptosis, significantly shrank the infarction volume from 33.9% to 2.7%, and attenuated neurological deficits in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) rat models in vivo. In addition, blocking the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway is a potential mechanism of the neuroprotection by tFNA in ischemic stroke. These findings indicate that tFNA is a safe pleiotropic nanoneuroprotectant and a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaojingya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Lee JM, Fernandez Cadenas I, Lindgren A. Using Human Genetics to Understand Mechanisms in Ischemic Stroke Outcome: From Early Brain Injury to Long-Term Recovery. Stroke 2021; 52:3013-3024. [PMID: 34399587 PMCID: PMC8938679 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.032622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical need to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying brain injury, repair, and recovery following ischemic stroke-a global health problem with major social and economic impact. Despite 5 decades of intensive research, there are no widely accepted neuroprotective drugs that mitigate ischemic brain injury, or neuroreparative drugs, or personalized approaches that guide therapies to enhance recovery. We here explore novel reverse translational approaches that will complement traditional forward translational methods in identifying mechanisms relevant to human stroke outcome. Although genome-wide association studies have yielded over 30 genetic loci that influence ischemic stroke risk, only a few genome-wide association studies have been performed for stroke outcome. We discuss important considerations for genetic studies of ischemic stroke outcome-including carefully designed phenotypes that capture injury/recovery mechanisms, anchored in time to stroke onset. We also address recent genome-wide association studies that provide insight into mechanisms underlying brain injury and repair. There are several ongoing initiatives exploring genomic associations with novel phenotypes related to stroke outcome. To improve the understanding of the genetic architecture of ischemic stroke outcome, larger studies using standardized phenotypes, preferably embedded in standard-of-care measures, are needed. Novel techniques beyond genome-wide association studies-including exploiting informatics, multi-omics, and novel analytics-promise to uncover genetic and molecular pathways from which drug targets and other new interventions may be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Moo Lee
- The Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Israel Fernandez Cadenas
- Stroke pharmacogenomics and genetics group. Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arne Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University; Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Dopico-López A, Pérez-Mato M, da Silva-Candal A, Iglesias-Rey R, Rabinkov A, Bugallo-Casal A, Sobrino T, Mirelman D, Castillo J, Campos F. Inhibition of endogenous blood glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase enhances the ischemic damage. Transl Res 2021; 230:68-81. [PMID: 33132087 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1) enzyme plays a critical role in the cell metabolism by participating in the carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In ischemic stroke, we have demonstrated that recombinant GOT1 acts as a novel neuroprotective treatment against the excess of extracellular glutamate that accumulates in the brain following ischemic stroke. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of GOT1 on brain metabolism and on the ischemic damage in a rat model of ischemic stroke by means of a specific antibody developed against this enzyme. Inhibition of GOT1 caused higher brain glutamate and lactate levels and this response was associated with larger ischemic lesion. This study represents the first demonstration that the inhibition of the blood GOT1 activity leads to more severe ischemic damage and poorer outcome and supports the protective role of GOT1 against ischemic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dopico-López
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Pérez-Mato
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrés da Silva-Candal
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramón Iglesias-Rey
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Aharon Rabinkov
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ana Bugallo-Casal
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - David Mirelman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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9
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Huang D, Zhou J, Li W, Zhang L, Wang X, Liu Q. Casticin protected against neuronal injury and inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB pathway after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00752. [PMID: 33704926 PMCID: PMC7948701 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although stroke is a major human neurological disease, there is a paucity of effective neuroprotectants that can improve its treatment. Casticin is a natural monomer drug with many biological effects such as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor actions. However, it is not clear whether it has a neuroprotective effect in ischemic stroke. In this study, the neuroprotective effect of casticin in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was investigated. Results showed that casticin reduced the volume of the cerebral infarction, mNSS scores, swimming distance, time to find the submerged platform, and serum concentrations of TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6 in MCAO rats. Moreover, casticin also decreased the expression of TLR4, NF-κB p65, and NF-κB p50 proteins and reversed the reduced expression of IκB protein in the brain tissue of MCAO rats. The in vitro study revealed that casticin decreased apoptosis of OGD/R-PC12 cells, reduced the expression of TLR4, NF-κB p65, and NF-κB p50, while increased IκB protein expression. In conclusion, casticin improved the neurological functions of MCAO rats via inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and might have the potential to be developed into a neuroprotective agent for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiafan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Qionghai People's Hospital, Qionghai, China
| | - Wenning Li
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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10
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Candelario-Jalil E, Paul S. Impact of aging and comorbidities on ischemic stroke outcomes in preclinical animal models: A translational perspective. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113494. [PMID: 33035516 PMCID: PMC7874968 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a highly complex and devastating neurological disease. The sudden loss of blood flow to a brain region due to an ischemic insult leads to severe damage to that area resulting in the formation of an infarcted tissue, also known as the ischemic core. This is surrounded by the peri-infarct region or penumbra that denotes the functionally impaired but potentially salvageable tissue. Thus, the penumbral tissue is the main target for the development of neuroprotective strategies to minimize the extent of ischemic brain damage by timely therapeutic intervention. Given the limitations of reperfusion therapies with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator or mechanical thrombectomy, there is high enthusiasm to combine reperfusion therapy with neuroprotective strategies to further reduce the progression of ischemic brain injury. Till date, a large number of candidate neuroprotective drugs have been identified as potential therapies based on highly promising results from studies in rodent ischemic stroke models. However, none of these interventions have shown therapeutic benefits in stroke patients in clinical trials. In this review article, we discussed the urgent need to utilize preclinical models of ischemic stroke that more accurately mimic the clinical conditions in stroke patients by incorporating aged animals and animal stroke models with comorbidities. We also outlined the recent findings that highlight the significant differences in stroke outcome between young and aged animals, and how major comorbid conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and hyperlipidemia dramatically increase the vulnerability of the brain to ischemic damage that eventually results in worse functional outcomes. It is evident from these earlier studies that including animal models of aging and comorbidities during the early stages of drug development could facilitate the identification of neuroprotective strategies with high likelihood of success in stroke clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Patel AMR, Apaijai N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The Protective and Reparative Role of Colony-Stimulating Factors in the Brain with Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:1029-1065. [PMID: 33075777 DOI: 10.1159/000512367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating disease and has the ability to culminate in devastating clinical outcomes. Ischemic stroke followed by reperfusion entrains cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is a complex pathological process and is associated with serious clinical manifestations. Therefore, the development of a robust and effective poststroke therapy is crucial. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) and erythropoietin (EPO), originally discovered as hematopoietic growth factors, are versatile and have transcended beyond their traditional role of orchestrating the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic progenitors to one that fosters brain protection/neuroregeneration. The clinical indication regarding GCSF and EPO as an auspicious therapeutic strategy is conferred in a plethora of illnesses, including anemia and neutropenia. EPO and GCSF alleviate cerebral I/R injury through a multitude of mechanisms, involving antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neurogenic, and angiogenic effects. Despite bolstering evidence from preclinical studies, the multiple brain protective modalities of GCSF and EPO failed to translate in clinical trials and thereby raises several questions. The present review comprehensively compiles and discusses key findings from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data pertaining to the administration of EPO, GCSF, and other drugs, which alter levels of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) in the brain following cerebral I/R injury, and elaborates on the contributing factors, which led to the lost in translation of CSFs from bench to bedside. Any controversial findings are discussed to enable a clear overview of the role of EPO and GCSF as robust and effective candidates for poststroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Mohamed Rafik Patel
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,
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Liebenstund L, Coburn M, Fitzner C, Willuweit A, Langen KJ, Liu J, Veldeman M, Höllig A. Predicting experimental success: a retrospective case-control study using the rat intraluminal thread model of stroke. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm044651. [PMID: 33093066 PMCID: PMC7790196 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor translational success rate of preclinical stroke research may partly be due to inaccurate modelling of the disease. We provide data on transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) experiments, including detailed intraoperative monitoring to elaborate predictors indicating experimental success (ischemia without occurrence of confounding pathologies). The tMCAO monitoring data (bilateral cerebral blood flow, CBF; heart rate, HR; and mean arterial pressure, MAP) of 16 animals with an 'ideal' outcome (MCA-ischemia), and 48 animals with additional or other pathologies (subdural haematoma or subarachnoid haemorrhage), were checked for their prognostic performance (receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve, AUC). Animals showing a decrease in the contralateral CBF at the time of MCA occlusion suffered from unintended pathologies. Implementation of baseline MAP, in addition to baseline HR (AUC, 0.83, 95% c.i. 0.68 to 0.97), increased prognostic relevance (AUC, 0.89, 95% c.i. 0.79 to 0.98). Prediction performance improved when two additional predictors referring to differences in left and right CBF were considered (AUC, 1.00, 95% c.i. 1.0 to 1.0). Our data underline the importance of peri-interventional monitoring to verify a successful experimental performance in order to ensure a disease model as homogeneous as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Liebenstund
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Coburn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Fitzner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- 3CARE, Cardiovascular Critical Care & Anesthesia Research, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, D-52047 Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, D-52047 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jingjin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Veldeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, D-52047 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Höllig
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, D-52047 Aachen, Germany
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Zorina II, Fokina EA, Zakharova IO, Bayunova LV, Shpakov AO. Characteristics of Changes in Lipid Peroxidation and Na+/K+-ATPase Activity in the Cortex of Old Rats in Conditions of Two-Vessel Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057020020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen X, Cheng C, Zuo X, Huang W. Astragalin alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by improving anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and inhibiting apoptosis pathway in rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:120. [PMID: 32316944 PMCID: PMC7171805 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astragalin (AG), a flavonoid from many traditional herbs and medicinal plants, has been described to exhibit in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. The paper aimed to study the effects of astragalin on anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative ability and apoptosis signaling pathway in brain tissue of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and to explore its possible mechanism. METHODS The rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was established by suture method. It was randomly divided into 5 groups, sham operation group, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) treatment group, and astragalin treatment I / R group (12.5, 25, 50 mg / kg). After 24 h of reperfusion, the neurological deficits of the rats were analyzed and HE staining was performed. The volume of cerebral infarction was calculated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and the apoptosis of nerve cells was detected by TUNEL staining. In addition, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) assay and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured in rat brain tissue. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of related proteins. RESULTS Compared with I/R group, the neurological deficit score and infarct volume of I/R rats were reduced in the astragalin treatment group. In the astragalin treatment group, MDA and NO levels in I/R rats were reduced, antioxidant enzymes and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were increased. In the astragalin treatment group, NF-κB (p65) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression levels were down-regulated, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nucleus and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression levels were up-regulated. In addition, the astragalin treatment can inhibit apoptosis, down-regulate Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression, up-regulate Bcl-Xl expression. CONCLUSION The antioxidant properties of astragalin may play an important role in improving cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, No.83 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Chang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, No.83 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xuzheng Zuo
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of southern Theatre Command, Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, No.83 Xinqiao Main Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Johnson LSM. The Trouble with Animal Models in Brain Research. NEUROETHICS AND NONHUMAN ANIMALS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31011-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Opportunities and Limitations of Vascular Risk Factor Models in Studying Plasticity-Promoting and Restorative Ischemic Stroke Therapies. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:9785476. [PMID: 31827502 PMCID: PMC6885287 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9785476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Major efforts are currently made promoting neuronal plasticity and brain remodeling in the postacute stroke phase. Experimental studies evaluating new stroke therapies are mostly performed in rodents, which compared to humans exhibit a short lifespan. These studies widely employ young, otherwise healthy, rodents that lack the vascular risk factors and comorbidities of stroke patients. These risk factors compromise postischemic neurological recovery and brain plasticity and in several contexts reduce the brain responsiveness to recovery-inducing plasticity-promoting treatments. By examining risk factor models, which have hitherto been used for studying experimentally induced ischemic stroke, this review outlines the possibilities and limitations of risk factor models in the evaluation of plasticity-promoting and restorative stroke treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Hermann DM, Kleinschnitz C. Modeling Vascular Risk Factors for the Development of Ischemic Stroke Therapies. Stroke 2019; 50:1310-1317. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.024673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M. Hermann
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Germany
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Morris DC, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. Thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke: neurorestorative or neuroprotective? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:149-158. [PMID: 30063858 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1484100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 5K peptide which influences cellular migration by inhibiting organization of the actin-cytoskeleton. Treatment of acute stroke presently involves use of rt-PA and/or endovascular treatment with thrombectomy, both of which have time limitations. Therefore, development of a treatment beyond these times is necessary as most stroke patients present beyond these time limits. A drug which could be administered within 24 h from symptom onset would provide substantial benefit. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the data and results of two in-vivo studies testing Tβ4 in an embolic stroke model of young and aged rats. In addition, we describe in-vitro investigations of the neurorestorative and neuroprotective properties of Tβ4 in a variety of neuroprogenitor and oligoprogenitor cell models. EXPERT OPINION Tβ4 acts as a neurorestorative agent when employed in a young male rat model of embolic stroke while in an aged model it acts a neuroprotectant. However evaluation of Tβ4 as a treatment of stroke requires further preclinical evaluation in females and in males and females with comorbidities such as, hypertension and diabetes in models of embolic stroke to further define the mechanism of action and potential as a treatment of stroke in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Morris
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Henry Ford Health Systems , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Zheng G Zhang
- b Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health Systems , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- b Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health Systems , Detroit , MI , USA.,c Department of Physics , Oakland University , Rochester , MI , USA
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Lindner MD, Torralba KD, Khan NA. Scientific productivity: An exploratory study of metrics and incentives. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195321. [PMID: 29614101 PMCID: PMC5882165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive pressure to maximize the current bibliometric measures of productivity is jeopardizing the integrity of the scientific literature. Efforts are underway to address the ‘reproducibility crisis’ by encouraging the use of more rigorous, confirmatory methods. However, as long as productivity continues to be defined by the number of discoveries scientists publish, the impact factor of the journals they publish in and the number of times their papers are cited, they will be reluctant to accept high quality methods and consistently conduct and publish confirmatory/replication studies. This exploratory study examined a sample of rigorous Phase II-IV clinical trials, including unpublished studies, to determine if more appropriate metrics and incentives can be developed. The results suggest that rigorous procedures will help reduce false positives, but to the extent that higher quality methods are accepted as the standard of practice, the current bibliometric incentives will discourage innovative studies and encourage scientists to shift their research to less informative studies of subjects that are already being more actively investigated. However, the results also suggest that it is possible to develop a more appropriate system of rewards. In contrast to the current bibliometric incentives, evaluations of the quality of the methods and reproducibility of the results, innovation and diversity of thought, and amount of information produced may serve as measures and incentives that maintain the integrity of the scientific literature and maximize scientific progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Lindner
- Center for Scientific Review, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Karina D. Torralba
- Division of Rheumatology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Nasim A. Khan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas, United States of America
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
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21
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Vink R, Turner RJ. Large animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury as translational tools. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29537289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute central nervous system injury, encompassing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, accounts for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in animal models have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex pathophysiology that underlies TBI and stroke and enabled the preclinical screening of over 1,000 novel therapeutic agents. Despite this, the translation of novel therapeutics from experimental models to clinical therapies has been extremely poor. One potential explanation for this poor clinical translation is the choice of experimental model, given that the majority of preclinical TBI and ischemic stroke studies have been conducted in small animals, such as rodents, which have small lissencephalic brains. However, the use of large animal species such as nonhuman primates, sheep, and pigs, which have large gyrencephalic human-like brains, may provide an avenue to improve clinical translation due to similarities in neuroanatomical structure when compared with widely adopted rodent models. This purpose of this review is to provide an overview of large animal models of TBI and ischemic stroke, including the surgical considerations, key benefits, and limitations of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J Sorby-Adams
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
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Shmonin AA, Maltseva MN, Melnikova EV, Vlasov TD. [Preclinical studies of drugs on animal stroke models]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 117:45-52. [PMID: 29411745 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201711712245-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies are studies using experimental models of stroke in animals as well as on neurons, cell neuronal cultures and surviving brain slices. They directed both towards testing the efficacy and evaluation of the mechanisms of action of drugs, and the study of the mechanisms of ischemic damage to search for new targets for stroke treatment. This article shows the basic principles of the organization and planning of animal models of ischemic stroke. Modeling of cerebral ischemia on the different models and animal species, the modern principles of assessment of brain damage are considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Shmonin
- Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M N Maltseva
- Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E V Melnikova
- Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T D Vlasov
- Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Yang W, Paschen W. Is age a key factor contributing to the disparity between success of neuroprotective strategies in young animals and limited success in elderly stroke patients? Focus on protein homeostasis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3318-3324. [PMID: 28752781 PMCID: PMC5624400 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17723783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotection strategies to improve stroke outcome have been successful in the laboratory but not in clinical stroke trials, and thus have come under scrutiny by the medical community. Experimental stroke investigators are therefore under increased pressure to resolve this problem. Acute ischemic stroke represents a severe form of metabolic stress that activates many pathological processes and thereby impairs cellular functions. Traditionally, neuroprotection strategies were designed to improve stroke outcome by interfering with pathological processes triggered by ischemia. However, stroke outcome is also dependent on the brain's capacity to restore cellular functions impaired by ischemia, and this capacity declines with age. It is, therefore, conceivable that this age-dependent decline in the brain's self-healing capacity contributes to the disparity between the success of neuroprotective strategies in young animals, and limited success in elderly stroke patients. Here, prosurvival pathways that restore protein homeostasis impaired by ischemic stress should be considered, because their capacity decreases with increasing age, and maintenance of proteome fidelity is pivotal for cell survival. Boosting such prosurvival pathways pharmacologically to restore protein homeostasis and, thereby, cellular functions impaired by ischemic stress is expected to counterbalance the compromised self-healing capacity of aged brains and thereby help to improve stroke outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wulf Paschen
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,2 Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Zhao ZY, Gao YY, Gao L, Zhang M, Wang H, Zhang CH. Protective effects of bellidifolin in hypoxia-induced in pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) and underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:1187-1192. [PMID: 28895799 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1367114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bellidifolin, a xanthone compound derived from plants of Gentiana species, is known to exert a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory and antitumor actions as well as a protective effect on cerebral ischemic nerve injury. The aim of this study was to examine the protective effects of bellidifolin on nerve injury produced by hypoxia and possible underlying mechanisms using pheochromocytoma cells (PC12). Data showed that the viability of PC12 cells subjected to hypoxia resulted in a significant decrease; however; pretreatment with certain concentrations of bellidifolin (20 or 40 μmol/L) prior to hypoxia significantly increased the survival rate. The results of immunohistochemical staining analysis revealed that there were no marked alterations in the expression of pERK protein between all bellidifolin groups while the expression of p-p38MAPK protein was significantly enhanced by hypoxia. Pretreatment with different concentrations of bellidifolin followed by hypoxia significantly decreased the expression of p-p38MAPK protein. The results of western blot analysis showed that hypoxia induced the expression of the MAPK signaling pathway downstream of the key apoptosis factor caspase-3. Compared to hypoxia, the expression of caspase-3 in the presence of belliidifolin was significantly lower. Data suggest that bellidifolin may contribute to the protective effects associated with nerve injury initiated by hypoxia by mechanisms related to inhibition of cell apoptosis independent of the ERK pathway, but may involve blockade of p38MAPK signaling pathway activation and downstream caspase-3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ying Zhao
- a Department of Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Yang-Yang Gao
- a Department of Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Li Gao
- b The third affiliated hospital , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - Ming Zhang
- a Department of Anatomy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
| | - He Wang
- c School of Health Sciences , University of Newcastle , Newcastle , Australia
| | - Chun-Hong Zhang
- d Department of Pharmacy , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , China
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Gribkoff VK, Kaczmarek LK. The need for new approaches in CNS drug discovery: Why drugs have failed, and what can be done to improve outcomes. Neuropharmacology 2017; 120:11-19. [PMID: 26979921 PMCID: PMC5820030 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of biomedical research is to translate basic research findings into useful medical advances. In the field of neuropharmacology this requires understanding disease mechanisms as well as the effects of drugs and other compounds on neuronal function. Our hope is that this information will result in new or improved treatment for CNS disease. Despite great progress in our understanding of the structure and functions of the CNS, the discovery of new drugs and their clinical development for many CNS disorders has been problematic. As a result, CNS drug discovery and development programs have been subjected to significant cutbacks and eliminations over the last decade. While there has been recent resurgence of interest in CNS targets, these past changes in priority of the pharmaceutical and biotech industries reflect several well-documented realities. CNS drugs in general have higher failure rates than non-CNS drugs, both preclinically and clinically, and in some areas, such as the major neurodegenerative diseases, the clinical failure rate for disease-modifying treatments has been 100%. The development times for CNS drugs are significantly longer for those drugs that are approved, and post-development regulatory review is longer. In this introduction we review some of the reasons for failure, delineating both scientific and technical realities, some unique to the CNS, that have contributed to this. We will focus on major neurodegenerative disorders, which affect millions, attract most of the headlines, and yet have witnessed the fewest successes. We will suggest some changes that, when coupled with the approaches discussed in the rest of this special volume, may improve outcomes in future CNS-targeted drug discovery and development efforts. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Beyond small molecules for neurological disorders".
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin K Gribkoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Leonard K Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Rodríguez JA, Sobrino T, López-Arias E, Ugarte A, Sánchez-Arias JA, Vieites-Prado A, de Miguel I, Oyarzabal J, Páramo JA, Campos F, Orbe J, Castillo J. CM352 Reduces Brain Damage and Improves Functional Recovery in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e006042. [PMID: 28572282 PMCID: PMC5669199 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an acute neurological disorder with high mortality and no effective treatment. In addition to the initial bleeding event, rebleeding and hematoma expansion are associated with poor outcome in these patients. We studied the effectiveness of the new antifibrinolytic agent CM352, a short-half-life matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, for achieving early hemostasis and improving functional recovery in a rat model of collagenase-induced ICH. METHODS AND RESULTS ICH was induced by striatal injection of collagenase, and 1 hour later, rats received an intravenous injection of saline (n=6) or CM352 (1 mg/kg, n=6). Hematoma (basal and after 3 and 24 hours) and lesion (14 days) volumes were quantified on T2-weighted (T2) magnetic resonance images. Neurological and functional recovery was evaluated by using Bederson score and a cylinder test (basal, 24 hours, and 14 days). Early treatment (1 hour) with CM352 was efficient reducing hematoma expansion at 3 hours (P<0.01) and, more markedly, at 24 hours (P<0.01). Decreased bleeding after antifibrinolytic treatment was accompanied by reduced interleukin-6 levels at 3 hours (P<0.05) and smaller lesion volume at 14 days (P<0.01). CM352 drastically reduced sensorimotor impairment (cylinder test) after ICH in rats at 24 hours (P<0.01) and 14 days (P<0.01). Similarly, it also attenuated neurological deficit (Bederson scale) at 24 hours (P<0.01) and 14 days (P<0.01). Interestingly, late (3 hours) CM352 administration also resulted in reduced lesion size and better functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS CM352, a new antifibrinolytic agent and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, effectively prevented hematoma growth and reduced lesion size in ICH in association with improved functional and neurological recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Rodríguez
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Navarra-IdiSNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esteban López-Arias
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Ugarte
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, Health Research Institute of Navarra-IdiSNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan A Sánchez-Arias
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, Health Research Institute of Navarra-IdiSNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alba Vieites-Prado
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Irene de Miguel
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, Health Research Institute of Navarra-IdiSNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, Health Research Institute of Navarra-IdiSNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José A Páramo
- Hematology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Health Research Institute of Navarra-IdiSNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Josune Orbe
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Navarra-IdiSNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Christophe BR, Mehta SH, Garton ALA, Sisti J, Connolly ES. Current and future perspectives on the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:573-580. [PMID: 28393614 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1309022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After heart disease and combined forms of cancer, stroke is the leading cause of death in the United States. Currently, tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) thrombolysis is the only thrombolytic therapy that has been shown to improve patient outcome. Presently, the only antithrombotic drug treatment that has proven effective at improving acute ischemic stroke patient outcome is aspirin administration. Despite these studies, no clinical trials have yet demonstrated a reliably effective pharmacological treatment. Areas covered: We conducted a search of recent drug studies for ischemic stroke on clinicaltrials.gov in addition to a literature search for acute ischemic stroke therapy using PubMed. This review details our findings of recent advancements in the pharmacological treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Expert commentary: We concluded that recent attempts to establish new pharmacological treatment protocols for acute ischemic stroke have had limited success, but many Phase III and Phase IV clinical trials demonstrate promise. Moreover, several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of dual-antiplatelet therapies at reducing risk of secondary stroke. Studies for novel therapeutic targets for neuroprotection have been largely unsuccessful. Some trials had positive results; however, there is much room for improvement and other studies show promise in their preliminary stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Christophe
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Shyle H Mehta
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Andrew L A Garton
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Jonathan Sisti
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - E Sander Connolly
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , Columbia University Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
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Wang L, Li M, Xie Y, Xu L, Ye R, Liu X. Preclinical efficacy of human Albumin in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroscience 2017; 344:255-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vognsen M, Fabian-Jessing BK, Secher N, Løfgren B, Dezfulian C, Andersen LW, Granfeldt A. Contemporary animal models of cardiac arrest: A systematic review. Resuscitation 2017; 113:115-123. [PMID: 28214538 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Animal models are widely used in cardiac arrest research. This systematic review aimed to provide an overview of contemporary animal models of cardiac arrest. METHODS Using a comprehensive research strategy, we searched PubMed and EMBASE from March 8, 2011 to March 8, 2016 for cardiac arrest animal models. Two investigators reviewed titles and abstracts for full text inclusion from which data were extracted according to pre-defined definitions. RESULTS Search criteria yielded 1741 unique titles and abstracts of which 490 full articles were included. The most common animals used were pigs (52%) followed by rats (35%) and mice (6%). Studies favored males (52%) over females (16%); 17% of studies included both sexes, while 14% omitted to report on sex. The most common methods for induction of cardiac arrest were either electrically-induced ventricular fibrillation (54%), asphyxia (25%), or potassium (8%). The median no-flow time was 8min (quartiles: 5, 8, range: 0-37min). The majority of studies used adrenaline during resuscitation (64%), while bicarbonate (17%), vasopressin (8%) and other drugs were used less prevalently. In 53% of the studies, the post-cardiac arrest observation time was ≥24h. Neurological function was an outcome in 48% of studies while 43% included assessment of a cardiac outcome. CONCLUSIONS Multiple animal models of cardiac arrest exist. The great heterogeneity of these models along with great variability in definitions and reporting make comparisons between studies difficult. There is a need for standardization of animal cardiac arrest research and reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Vognsen
- Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Secher
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bo Løfgren
- Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital of Randers, Randers, Denmark
| | - Cameron Dezfulian
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Vascular Medicine Institute and Critical Care Medicine Department, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lars W Andersen
- Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Asger Granfeldt
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Evolution of ischemic damage and behavioural deficit over 6 months after MCAo in the rat: Selecting the optimal outcomes and statistical power for multi-centre preclinical trials. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171688. [PMID: 28182727 PMCID: PMC5300105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Key disparities between the timing and methods of assessment in animal stroke studies and clinical trial may be part of the reason for the failure to translate promising findings. This study investigates the development of ischemic damage after thread occlusion MCAo in the rat, using histological and behavioural outcomes. Using the adhesive removal test we investigate the longevity of behavioural deficit after ischemic stroke in rats, and examine the practicality of using such measures as the primary outcome for future studies. Ischemic stroke was induced in 132 Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats which were assessed for behavioural and histological deficits at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days, 12 and 24 weeks (n>11 per timepoint). The basic behavioural score confirmed induction of stroke, with deficits specific to stroke animals. Within 7 days, these deficits resolved in 50% of animals. The adhesive removal test revealed contralateral neglect for up to 6 months following stroke. Sample size calculations to facilitate the use of this test as the primary experimental outcome resulted in cohort sizes much larger than are the norm for experimental studies. Histological damage progressed from a necrotic infarct to a hypercellular area that cleared to leave a fluid filled cavity. Whilst absolute volume of damage changed over time, when corrected for changes in hemispheric volume, an equivalent area of damage was lost at all timepoints. Using behavioural measures at chronic timepoints presents significant challenges to the basic science community in terms of the large number of animals required and the practicalities associated with this. Multicentre preclinical randomised controlled trials as advocated by the MultiPART consortium may be the only practical way to deal with this issue.
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Gomez-Smith M, Karthikeyan S, Jeffers MS, Janik R, Thomason LA, Stefanovic B, Corbett D. A physiological characterization of the Cafeteria diet model of metabolic syndrome in the rat. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:382-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fit for purpose application of currently existing animal models in the discovery of novel epilepsy therapies. Epilepsy Res 2016; 126:157-84. [PMID: 27505294 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Animal seizure and epilepsy models continue to play an important role in the early discovery of new therapies for the symptomatic treatment of epilepsy. Since 1937, with the discovery of phenytoin, almost all anti-seizure drugs (ASDs) have been identified by their effects in animal models, and millions of patients world-wide have benefited from the successful translation of animal data into the clinic. However, several unmet clinical needs remain, including resistance to ASDs in about 30% of patients with epilepsy, adverse effects of ASDs that can reduce quality of life, and the lack of treatments that can prevent development of epilepsy in patients at risk following brain injury. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the translational value of currently used animal models of seizures and epilepsy, particularly what animal models can tell us about epilepsy therapies in patients and which limitations exist. Principles of translational medicine will be used for this discussion. An essential requirement for translational medicine to improve success in drug development is the availability of animal models with high predictive validity for a therapeutic drug response. For this requirement, the model, by definition, does not need to be a perfect replication of the clinical condition, but it is important that the validation provided for a given model is fit for purpose. The present review should guide researchers in both academia and industry what can and cannot be expected from animal models in preclinical development of epilepsy therapies, which models are best suited for which purpose, and for which aspects suitable models are as yet not available. Overall further development is needed to improve and validate animal models for the diverse areas in epilepsy research where suitable fit for purpose models are urgently needed in the search for more effective treatments.
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Neuroprotective actions of taurine on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. Brain Res Bull 2016; 124:295-305. [PMID: 27345710 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Taurine is an abundant amino acid in the nervous system, which has been proved to possess antioxidation, osmoregulation and membrane stabilization. Previously it has been demonstrated that taurine exerts ischemic brain injury protective effect. This study was designed to investigate whether the protective effect of taurine has the possibility to be applied to treat neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with left carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to 8% oxygen to generate the experimental group. The cerebral damage area was measured after taurine post-treatment with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, Hematoxyline-Eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), myeloperoxtidase (MPO), ATP and Lactic Acid productions were assayed with ipsilateral hemisphere homogenates. Western-blot and immunofluorescence assay were processed to detect the expressions of AIF, Cyt C, Bax, Bcl-2 in brain. We found that taurine significantly reduced brain infarct volume and ameliorated morphological injury obviously reversed the changes of SOD, MDA, GSH-Px, T-AOC, ATP, MPO, and Lactic Acid levels. Compared with hypoxic-ischemic group, it showed marked reduction of AIF, Cyt C and Bax expressions and increase of Bcl-2 after post-treatment. We conclude that taurine possesses an efficacious neuroprotective effect after cerebral hypoxic-ischemic damage in neonatal rats.
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Castillo J, Loza MI, Mirelman D, Brea J, Blanco M, Sobrino T, Campos F. A novel mechanism of neuroprotection: Blood glutamate grabber. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:292-301. [PMID: 26661174 PMCID: PMC4759671 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15606721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is a primary contributor of ischemic neuronal death and other cellular components of the neurovascular unit. Several strategies have been developed against glutamate excitotoxicity, however none of them have not shown positive results in the clinical practice so far. Nowadays, the concept of blood/brain glutamate grabbing or scavenging is well recognized as a novel and attractive protective strategy to reduce the excitotoxic effect of excess extracellular glutamate that accumulates in the brain following an ischemic stroke. The main advantage of this novel therapeutic strategy is that it occurs in the blood circulation and therefore does not affect the normal brain neurophysiology, as it has been described for other drug treatments used against glutamate excitotoxicity. In this work we report all experimental data from the beginning of our studies, focused on stroke pathology, and we describe new findings about the potential application of this therapy. Future clinical trials will allow to know the real efficacy of this novel therapeutic strategy in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Castillo
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Discovery group BioFarma, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain BioFarma Research Group, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - David Mirelman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - José Brea
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Discovery group BioFarma, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain BioFarma Research Group, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Henninger N, Fisher M. Extending the Time Window for Endovascular and Pharmacological Reperfusion. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:284-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-015-0444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Aung A, Bhullar IS, Theprungsirikul J, Davey SK, Lim HL, Chiu YJ, Ma X, Dewan S, Lo YH, McCulloch A, Varghese S. 3D cardiac μtissues within a microfluidic device with real-time contractile stress readout. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:153-62. [PMID: 26588203 PMCID: PMC4681661 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00820d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of three-dimensional (3D) cardiac microtissues within a microfluidic device with the ability to quantify real-time contractile stress measurements in situ. Using a 3D patterning technology that allows for the precise spatial distribution of cells within the device, we created an array of 3D cardiac microtissues from neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We integrated the 3D micropatterning technology with microfluidics to achieve perfused cell-laden structures. The cells were encapsulated within a degradable gelatin methacrylate hydrogel, which was sandwiched between two polyacrylamide hydrogels. The polyacrylamide hydrogels were used as "stress sensors" to acquire the contractile stresses generated by the beating cardiac cells. The cardiac-specific response of the engineered 3D system was examined by exposing it to epinephrine, an adrenergic neurotransmitter known to increase the magnitude and frequency of cardiac contractions. In response to exogenous epinephrine the engineered cardiac tissues exhibited an increased beating frequency and stress magnitude. Such cost-effective and easy-to-adapt 3D cardiac systems with real-time functional readout could be an attractive technological platform for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aereas Aung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Minnerup J, Zentsch V, Schmidt A, Fisher M, Schäbitz WR. Methodological Quality of Experimental Stroke Studies Published in the
Stroke
Journal. Stroke 2016; 47:267-72. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.011695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Minnerup
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (J.M., V.Z., A.S.); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.F.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-Evangelisches Krankenhaus, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S)
| | - Verena Zentsch
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (J.M., V.Z., A.S.); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.F.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-Evangelisches Krankenhaus, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S)
| | - Antje Schmidt
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (J.M., V.Z., A.S.); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.F.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-Evangelisches Krankenhaus, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S)
| | - Marc Fisher
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (J.M., V.Z., A.S.); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.F.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-Evangelisches Krankenhaus, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S)
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Schäbitz
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (J.M., V.Z., A.S.); Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.F.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-Evangelisches Krankenhaus, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S)
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Kleikers PWM, Hooijmans C, Göb E, Langhauser F, Rewell SSJ, Radermacher K, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Howells DW, Kleinschnitz C, HHW Schmidt H. A combined pre-clinical meta-analysis and randomized confirmatory trial approach to improve data validity for therapeutic target validation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13428. [PMID: 26310318 PMCID: PMC4550831 DOI: 10.1038/srep13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research suffers from a dramatically poor translational success. For example, in ischemic stroke, a condition with a high medical need, over a thousand experimental drug targets were unsuccessful. Here, we adopt methods from clinical research for a late-stage pre-clinical meta-analysis (MA) and randomized confirmatory trial (pRCT) approach. A profound body of literature suggests NOX2 to be a major therapeutic target in stroke. Systematic review and MA of all available NOX2(-/y) studies revealed a positive publication bias and lack of statistical power to detect a relevant reduction in infarct size. A fully powered multi-center pRCT rejects NOX2 as a target to improve neurofunctional outcomes or achieve a translationally relevant infarct size reduction. Thus stringent statistical thresholds, reporting negative data and a MA-pRCT approach can ensure biomedical data validity and overcome risks of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela WM. Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Hooijmans
- SYRCLE at Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Göb
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universitätsklinik Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Langhauser
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universitätsklinik Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah SJ. Rewell
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga
- SYRCLE at Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David W. Howells
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Harald HHW Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Activation of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels inhibits glutamate-induced oxidative stress through attenuating ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:28-35. [PMID: 26163046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (BK channels) are widely expressed throughout the vertebrate nervous system, and are involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability. Here, the neuroprotective effects of NS11021, a selective and chemically unrelated BK channel activator, and potential molecular mechanism involved have been studied in rat cortical neurons exposed to glutamate in vitro. Pretreatment with NS11021 significantly inhibited the loss of neuronal viability, LDH release and neuronal apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. All these protective effects were fully antagonized by the BK-channel inhibitor paxilline. NS11021-induced neuroprotection was associated with reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation and preserved activity of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, NS11021 significantly attenuated the glutamate-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium release and activation of ER stress markers, including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12. Pretreatment with NS11021 also mitigated the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, cytochrome c release, and preserved mitochondrial Ca(2+) buffering capacity and ATP synthesis after glutamate exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of BK channels via NS11021 protects cortical neurons against glutamate-induced excitatory damage, which may be dependent on the inhibition of ER stress and preservation of mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Venna VR, Benashski SE, Chauhan A, McCullough LD. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β enhances cognitive recovery after stroke: the role of TAK1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:336-43. [PMID: 26077686 PMCID: PMC4478333 DOI: 10.1101/lm.038083.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Memory deficits are common among stroke survivors. Identifying neuroprotective agents that can prevent memory impairment or improve memory recovery is a vital area of research. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is involved in several essential intracellular signaling pathways. Unlike many other kinases, GSK-3β is active only when dephosphorylated and activation promotes inflammation and apoptosis. In contrast, increased phosphorylation leads to reduced GSK-3β (pGSK-3β) activity. GSK-3β inhibition has beneficial effects on memory in other disease models. GSK-3β regulates both the 5'AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase (TAK1) pathways. In this work, we examined the effect of GSK-3β inhibition, both independently, in conjunction with a TAK inhibitor, and in AMPK-α2 deficient mice, after stroke to investigate mechanistic interactions between these pathways. GSK-3β inhibition was neuroprotective and ameliorated stroke-induced cognitive impairments. This was independent of AMPK signaling as the protective effects of GSK-3β inhibition were seen in AMPK deficient mice. However, GSK-3β inhibition provided no additive protection in mice treated with a TAK inhibitor suggesting that TAK1 is an upstream regulator of GSK-3β. Targeting GSK-3β could be a novel therapeutic strategy for post-stroke cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Reddy Venna
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Sharon E Benashski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA MC-1840, Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA The Stroke Center at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06102, USA
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41
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Neuroprotection for ischaemic stroke: Current status and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 146:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lazic SE, Fuss J, Gass P. Quantifying the behavioural relevance of hippocampal neurogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113855. [PMID: 25426717 PMCID: PMC4245232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies that examine the neurogenesis-behaviour relationship formally establish covariation between neurogenesis and behaviour or rule out competing explanations. The behavioural relevance of neurogenesis might therefore be overestimated if other mechanisms account for some, or even all, of the experimental effects. A systematic review of the literature was conducted and the data reanalysed using causal mediation analysis, which can estimate the behavioural contribution of new hippocampal neurons separately from other mechanisms that might be operating. Results from eleven eligible individual studies were then combined in a meta-analysis to increase precision (representing data from 215 animals) and showed that neurogenesis made a negligible contribution to behaviour (standarised effect = 0.15; 95% CI = -0.04 to 0.34; p = 0.128); other mechanisms accounted for the majority of experimental effects (standardised effect = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.74 to 1.38; p = 1.7×10-11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley E. Lazic
- In Silico Lead Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Fuss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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43
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[Animal experimentation and progress in medicine]. Med Clin (Barc) 2014; 143:448-54. [PMID: 24854194 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Forny-Germano L, Lyra e Silva NM, Batista AF, Brito-Moreira J, Gralle M, Boehnke SE, Coe BC, Lablans A, Marques SA, Martinez AMB, Klein WL, Houzel JC, Ferreira ST, Munoz DP, De Felice FG. Alzheimer's disease-like pathology induced by amyloid-β oligomers in nonhuman primates. J Neurosci 2014; 34:13629-43. [PMID: 25297091 PMCID: PMC6608380 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1353-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder and a major medical problem. Here, we have investigated the impact of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers, AD-related neurotoxins, in the brains of rats and adult nonhuman primates (cynomolgus macaques). Soluble Aβ oligomers are known to accumulate in the brains of AD patients and correlate with disease-associated cognitive dysfunction. When injected into the lateral ventricle of rats and macaques, Aβ oligomers diffused into the brain and accumulated in several regions associated with memory and cognitive functions. Cardinal features of AD pathology, including synapse loss, tau hyperphosphorylation, astrocyte and microglial activation, were observed in regions of the macaque brain where Aβ oligomers were abundantly detected. Most importantly, oligomer injections induced AD-type neurofibrillary tangle formation in the macaque brain. These outcomes were specifically associated with Aβ oligomers, as fibrillar amyloid deposits were not detected in oligomer-injected brains. Human and macaque brains share significant similarities in terms of overall architecture and functional networks. Thus, generation of a macaque model of AD that links Aβ oligomers to tau and synaptic pathology has the potential to greatly advance our understanding of mechanisms centrally implicated in AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, development of disease-modifying therapeutics for AD has been hampered by the difficulty in translating therapies that work in rodents to humans. This new approach may be a highly relevant nonhuman primate model for testing therapeutic interventions for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Forny-Germano
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan E Boehnke
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ann Lablans
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Suelen A Marques
- Departament of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, 24020-140 Brazil, and
| | - Ana Maria B Martinez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Jean-Christophe Houzel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-590, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada,
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45
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The temporo-spatial localization of polymorphonuclear cells related to the neurovascular unit after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2014; 1586:184-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Herson PS, Traystman RJ. Animal models of stroke: translational potential at present and in 2050. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014; 9:541-551. [PMID: 25530721 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Translation from basic science bench research in ischemic stroke to bedside treatment of patients suffering ischemic stroke remains a difficult challenge. Despite literally hundreds of compounds and interventions that provide benefit in experimental models of cerebral ischemia, efficacy in humans remains to be demonstrated. The reasons for failure to translate the extensive positive basic science findings to successful clinical trials have been the focus of discussion for years. Some attribute the failure to flaws in clinical trial design, others question the predictive value of current animal models and some question the quality of preclinical data. It is likely that a combination of all these shortcomings have ultimately led to the failure. The purpose of this review is to analyze the commonly used animal models used in the field today, provide a framework for understanding the current state of basic science research in the ischemic stroke field and discuss a path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paco S Herson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard J Traystman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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47
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Berry SC. Reproducibility in experimentation – the implications for regulatory toxicology. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00069b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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48
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Ye R, Zhao G, Liu X. Ginsenoside Rd for acute ischemic stroke: translating from bench to bedside. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:603-13. [PMID: 23738998 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have identified pathophysiological mechanisms of acute ischemic stroke and have provided proof-of-principle evidence that strategies designed to impede the ischemic cascade, namely neuroprotection, can protect the ischemic brain. However, the translation of these therapeutic agents to the clinic has not been successful. Ginsenoside Rd, a dammarane-type steroid glycoside extracted from ginseng plants, has exhibited an encouraging neuroprotective efficacy in both laboratory and clinical studies. This article attempts to provide a synopsis of the physiochemical profile, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, safety and putative therapeutic mechanisms of Rd. Finally, the authors discuss the validity of Rd as a neuroprotective agent for acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
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49
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Pérez-Mato M, Ramos-Cabrer P, Sobrino T, Blanco M, Ruban A, Mirelman D, Menendez P, Castillo J, Campos F. Human recombinant glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1) supplemented with oxaloacetate induces a protective effect after cerebral ischemia. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e992. [PMID: 24407245 PMCID: PMC4040715 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Blood glutamate scavenging is a novel and attractive protecting strategy to reduce the excitotoxic effect of extracellular glutamate released during ischemic brain injury. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1) activation by means of oxaloacetate administration has been used to reduce the glutamate concentration in the blood. However, the protective effect of the administration of the recombinant GOT1 (rGOT1) enzyme has not been yet addressed in cerebral ischemia. The aim of this study was to analyze the protective effect of an effective dose of oxaloacetate and the human rGOT1 alone and in combination with a non-effective dose of oxaloacetate in an animal model of ischemic stroke. Sixty rats were subjected to a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Infarct volumes were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before treatment administration, and 24 h and 7 days after MCAO. Brain glutamate levels were determined by in vivo MR spectroscopy (MRS) during artery occlusion (80 min) and reperfusion (180 min). GOT activity and serum glutamate concentration were analyzed during the occlusion and reperfusion period. Somatosensory test was performed at baseline and 7 days after MCAO. The three treatments tested induced a reduction in serum and brain glutamate levels, resulting in a reduction in infarct volume and sensorimotor deficit. Protective effect of rGOT1 supplemented with oxaloacetate at 7 days persists even when treatment was delayed until at least 2 h after onset of ischemia. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the combination of human rGOT1 with low doses of oxaloacetate seems to be a successful approach for stroke treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pérez-Mato
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - P Ramos-Cabrer
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T Sobrino
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Blanco
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Ruban
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - D Mirelman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - P Menendez
- 1] Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Castillo
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F Campos
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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50
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Abstract
AbstractPrevious reports revealed that middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models in rats were very diverse in nature, and experimental stroke of a more homogenous nature had not been previously documented. This paper aims to present our novel observations of experimental stroke in rats with similar MRI characteristics after MCAO. Immediately after MCAO, 19 rats were placed into a 4.7 T MRI scanner, and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) of axial and coronal planes was repeated every 10 minutes up to post-occlusion 115 minutes. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the ischemic lesions were calculated and compared to those of the unaffected contra-lateral hemispheres. Successful MCAO was defined when the whole left MCA territory showed ADC abnormality on DWI. Percentage of hemispheric lesion volume (% HLV), relative ADC value (rADC), and relative DWI signal intensity (rDWI) were serially evaluated for quantitative analysis of ADC-derived lesion characteristics. Successful MCA territorial infarction was induced in nine rats (9/19, 47.4%). In quantitative analysis of ADC-derived lesion characteristics, lesion volumes of seven rats (group 1) were very similar, but larger than those of the other two rats (group 2): % HLV of initial MRI = 45.4 ± 2.5 / 19.1 ± 6.6. rADCs and rDWIs of group 1 showed similar patterns of temporal change, which was different from those of group 2. Using prospective diffusion MRI after MCAO in rats, we identified territorial hyperacute ischemic lesions with similar MRI characteristics. This observation would contribute to the establishment of more homogenous rodent models for ischemic stroke translational research.
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