1
|
Chen J, Li Y, Quan X, Chen J, Han Y, Yang L, Zhou M, Mok GSP, Wang R, Zhao Y. Utilizing engineered extracellular vesicles as delivery vectors in the management of ischemic stroke: a special outlook on mitochondrial delivery. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:2181-2198. [PMID: 39101653 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide, imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society. Extracellular vesicles, serving as natural nano-carriers for drug delivery, exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo and have significant advantages in the management of ischemic stroke. However, the uncertain distribution and rapid clearance of extracellular vesicles impede their delivery efficiency. By utilizing membrane decoration or by encapsulating therapeutic cargo within extracellular vesicles, their delivery efficacy may be greatly improved. Furthermore, previous studies have indicated that microvesicles, a subset of large-sized extracellular vesicles, can transport mitochondria to neighboring cells, thereby aiding in the restoration of mitochondrial function post-ischemic stroke. Small extracellular vesicles have also demonstrated the capability to transfer mitochondrial components, such as proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid, or their sub-components, for extracellular vesicle-based ischemic stroke therapy. In this review, we undertake a comparative analysis of the isolation techniques employed for extracellular vesicles and present an overview of the current dominant extracellular vesicle modification methodologies. Given the complex facets of treating ischemic stroke, we also delineate various extracellular vesicle modification approaches which are suited to different facets of the treatment process. Moreover, given the burgeoning interest in mitochondrial delivery, we delved into the feasibility and existing research findings on the transportation of mitochondrial fractions or intact mitochondria through small extracellular vesicles and microvesicles to offer a fresh perspective on ischemic stroke therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xingping Quan
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jinfen Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yan Han
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Manfei Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Greta Seng Peng Mok
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Xu X, Wu X, Li J, Chen S, Chen D, Li G, Tang Z. Cell polarization in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and advances. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:632-645. [PMID: 38886930 PMCID: PMC11433909 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a cerebrovascular disease associated with high mortality and disability rates. Since the inflammation and immune response play a central role in driving ischemic damage, it becomes essential to modulate excessive inflammatory reactions to promote cell survival and facilitate tissue repair around the injury site. Various cell types are involved in the inflammatory response, including microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils, each exhibiting distinct phenotypic profiles upon stimulation. They display either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory states, a phenomenon known as 'cell polarization.' There are two cell polarization therapy strategies. The first involves inducing cells into a neuroprotective phenotype in vitro, then reintroducing them autologously. The second approach utilizes small molecular substances to directly affect cells in vivo. In this review, we elucidate the polarization dynamics of the three reactive cell populations (microglia, astrocytes, and neutrophils) in the context of ischemic stroke, and provide a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms involved in their phenotypic switching. By unraveling the complexity of cell polarization, we hope to offer insights for future research on neuroinflammation and novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shiling Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Danyang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gaigai Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fang H, Fan LL, Ding YL, Wu D, Zheng JY, Cai YF, Huang Y, Qiao LJ, Zhang SJ, Zhan J. Pre-electroacupuncture Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Microglial RhoA/pyrin/GSDMD Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:3105-3117. [PMID: 39167346 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury is a severe neurological impairment that occurs after blood flow reconstruction in stroke, and microglia cell pyroptosis is one of its important mechanisms. Electroacupuncture has been shown to be effective in mitigating and alleviating cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuroinflammation, reducing cellular pyroptosis, and improving neurological function. In this experiment, we divided the rats into three groups, including the sham operation (Sham) group, the middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) group, and the pre-electroacupuncture (EAC) group. Pre-electroacupuncture group was stimulated with electroacupuncture of a certain intensity on the Baihui (GV 20) and Dazhui (GV 14) of the rat once a day from the 7th day to the 1st day before the MCAO/R operation. The extent of cerebral infarction was detected by TTC staining. A modified Zea-Longa five-point scale scoring system was used to determine neurologic function in MCAO rats. The number of neurons and morphological changes were accessed by Nissl staining and HE staining. The cellular damage was detected by TUNEL staining. In addition, the expression levels of RhoA, pyrin, GSDMD, Caspase1, cleaved-Caspase1, Iba-1, CD206, and ROCK2 were examined by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The results found that pre-electroacupuncture significantly attenuated neurological impairment and cerebral infarction compared to the post-MCAO/R rats. In addition, pre-electroacupuncture therapy promoted polarization of microglia to the neuroprotective (M2) phenotype. In addition, pre-electroacupuncture inhibited microglia pyroptosis by inhibiting RhoA/pyrin/GSDMD signaling pathway, thereby reducing neuronal injury and increasing neuronal survival in the MCAO/R rats. Taken together, these results demonstrated that pre-acupuncture could attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting microglial pyroptosis. Therefore, pre-electroacupuncture might be a potential preventive strategy for ischemic stroke patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Ling-Ling Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Ye-Ling Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Ye-Feng Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Li-Jun Qiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Jie Zhan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xie XD, Dong SS, Liu RJ, Shi LL, Zhu T. Mechanism of Efferocytosis in Determining Ischaemic Stroke Resolution-Diving into Microglia/Macrophage Functions and Therapeutic Modality. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:7583-7602. [PMID: 38409642 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
After ischaemic cerebral vascular injury, efferocytosis-a process known as the efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) by various phagocytes in both physiological and pathological states-is crucial for maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and regaining prognosis. The mechanisms of efferocytosis in ischaemic stroke and its influence on preventing inflammation progression from secondary injury were still not fully understood, despite the fact that the fundamental process of efferocytosis has been described in a series of phases, including AC recognition, phagocyte engulfment, and subsequent degradation. The genetic reprogramming of macrophages and brain-resident microglia after an ischaemic stroke has been equated by some researchers to that of the peripheral blood and brain. Based on previous studies, some molecules, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG), CD300A, and sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (SIGMAR1), were discovered to be largely associated with aspects of apoptotic cell elimination and accompanying neuroinflammation, such as inflammatory cytokine release, phenotype transformation, and suppressing of antigen presentation. Exacerbated stroke outcomes are brought on by defective efferocytosis and improper modulation of pertinent signalling pathways in blood-borne macrophages and brain microglia, which also results in subsequent tissue inflammatory damage. This review focuses on recent researches which contain a number of recently discovered mechanisms, such as studies on the relationship between benign efferocytosis and the regulation of inflammation in ischaemic stroke, the roles of some risk factors in disease progression, and current immune approaches that aim to promote efferocytosis to treat some autoimmune diseases. Understanding these pathways provides insight into novel pathophysiological processes and fresh characteristics, which can be used to build cerebral ischaemia targeting techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Di Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ru-Juan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liu-Liu Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamaguchi M, Nakao S, Arima M, Little K, Singh A, Wada I, Kaizu Y, Zandi S, Garweg JG, Matoba T, Shiraishi W, Yamasaki R, Shibata K, Go Y, Ishibashi T, Uemura A, Stitt AW, Sonoda KH. Heterotypic macrophages/microglia differentially contribute to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation. Diabetologia 2024; 67:2329-2345. [PMID: 38977459 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by neuroinflammation that drives neuronal and vascular degenerative pathology, which in many individuals can lead to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation. Infiltrating macrophages and activated retina-resident microglia have been implicated in the progression of diabetic retinopathy, although the distinct roles of these immune cells remain ill-defined. Our aim was to clarify the distinct roles of macrophages/microglia in the pathogenesis of proliferative ischaemic retinopathies. METHODS Murine oxygen-induced retinopathy is commonly used as a model of ischaemia-induced proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). We evaluated the phenotype macrophages/microglia by immunostaining, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry and scRNA-seq analysis. In clinical imaging studies of diabetic retinopathy, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography. RESULTS Immunostaining, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry showed expression levels of M1-like macrophages/microglia markers (CD80, CD68 and nitric oxide synthase 2) and M2-like macrophages/microglia markers (CD206, CD163 and macrophage scavenger receptor 1) were upregulated in areas of retinal ischaemia and around neo-vessels, respectively. scRNA-seq analysis of the ischaemic retina revealed distinct ischaemia-related clusters of macrophages/microglia that express M1 markers as well as C-C chemokine receptor 2. Inhibition of Rho-kinase (ROCK) suppressed CCL2 expression and reduced CCR2-positive M1-like macrophages/microglia in areas of ischaemia. Furthermore, the area of retinal ischaemia was reduced by suppressing blood macrophage infiltration not only by ROCK inhibitor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 antibody but also by GdCl3. Clinical imaging studies of diabetic retinopathy using OCT indicated potential involvement of macrophages/microglia represented by hyperreflective foci in areas of reduced perfusion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results collectively indicated that heterotypic macrophages/microglia differentially contribute to retinal ischaemia and neovascularisation in retinal vascular diseases including diabetic retinopathy. This adds important new information that could provide a basis for a more targeted, cell-specific therapeutic approach to prevent progression to sight-threatening PDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muneo Yamaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Arima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Karis Little
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aditi Singh
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Iori Wada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kaizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Souska Zandi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of BioMedical Sciences, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Justus G Garweg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of BioMedical Sciences, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Shiraishi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shibata
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Yamaguchi, Ube, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Go
- Cognitive Genomics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Behavioral Development, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Alan W Stitt
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tang X, Liu W, Liang J, Zhu X, Ge X, Fang D, Ling L, Yuan F, Zeng K, Chen Q, Zhang G, Gong L, Zhang S. Triamcinolone Acetonide Protects Against Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration by Activating Anti-Inflammatory STAT6/Arg1 Signaling in Microglia. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02152-w. [PMID: 39340587 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Tang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, JinanUniversity, 18 Zetian Road, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Liang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, JinanUniversity, 18 Zetian Road, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingfei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangyu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Fang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, JinanUniversity, 18 Zetian Road, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Lirong Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanglan Yuan
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, JinanUniversity, 18 Zetian Road, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Zeng
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, JinanUniversity, 18 Zetian Road, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingshan Chen
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, JinanUniversity, 18 Zetian Road, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoming Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, JinanUniversity, 18 Zetian Road, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, JinanUniversity, 18 Zetian Road, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Deng JL, Huang LF, Bian ZY, Feng XY, Qi RY, Dong WX, Gao JM, Tang JJ. A new neuroprotective candidate TJ1 targeting amyloidogenesis in 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112653. [PMID: 38996664 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
As one of the main pathmechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid-β (Aβ) is widely considered to be the prime target for the development of AD therapy. Recently, imidazolylacetophenone oxime ethers or esters (IOEs) have shown neuroprotective effects against neuronal cells damage, suggesting their potential use in the prevention and treatment of AD. Thirty IOEs compounds from our lab in-house library were constructed and screened for the inhibitory effects on Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity. Among them, TJ1, as a new IOEs hit, preliminarily showed the effect on inhibiting Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of TJ1 on Aβ42 aggregation were tested by ThT assays and TEM. The neuroprotective effects of TJ1 were evaluated in Aβ42-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells, LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells, and H2O2- and RSL3-stimulated PC12 cells. The cognitive improvement of TJ1 was assessed in 5xFAD (C57BL/6J) transgenic mouse. These results showed that TJ1 had strong neuroprotective effects and high blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability without obvious cytotoxicity. TJ1 impeded the self-accumulation process of Aβ42 by acting on Aβ oligomerization and fibrilization. Besides, TJ1 reversed Aβ-, H2O2- and RSL3-induced neuronal cell damage and decreased neuroinflammation. In 5xFAD mice, TJ1 improved cognitive impairment, increased GSH level, reduced the level of Aβ42 and Aβ plaques, and attenuated the glia reactivation and inflammatory response in the brain,. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TJ1 improves cognitive impairments as a new neuroprotective candidate via targeting amyloidogenesis, which suggests the potential of TJ1 as a treatment for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lan-Fang Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhao-Yuan Bian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xu-Yao Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wei-Xuan Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei W, Lattau SSJ, Xin W, Pan Y, Tatenhorst L, Zhang L, Graf I, Kuang Y, Zheng X, Hao Z, Popa-Wagner A, Gerner ST, Huber S, Nietert M, Klose C, Kilic E, Hermann DM, Bähr M, Huttner HB, Liu H, Fitzner D, Doeppner TR. Dynamic Brain Lipid Profiles Modulate Microglial Lipid Droplet Accumulation and Inflammation Under Ischemic Conditions in Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2306863. [PMID: 39252446 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are critically involved in post-stroke inflammation affecting neurological outcomes. Lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in microglia results in a dysfunctional and pro-inflammatory state in the aged brain and worsens the outcome of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of LD-rich microglia (LDRM) under stroke conditions is unknown. Using in vitro and in vivo stroke models, herein accumulation patterns of microglial LD and their corresponding microglial inflammatory signaling cascades are studied. Interactions between temporal and spatial dynamics of lipid profiles and microglial phenotypes in different post-stroke brain regions are found. Hence, microglia display enhanced levels of LD accumulation and elevated perilipin 2 (PLIN2) expression patterns when exposed to hypoxia or stroke. Such LDRM exhibit high levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β as well as a pro-inflammatory phenotype and differentially expressed lipid metabolism-related genes. These post-ischemic alterations result in distinct lipid profiles with spatial and temporal dynamics, especially with regard to cholesteryl ester and triacylglycerol levels, further exacerbating post-ischemic inflammation. The present study sheds new light on the dynamic changes of brain lipid profiles and aggregation patterns of LD in microglia exposed to ischemia, demonstrating a mutual mechanism between microglial phenotype and function, which contributes to progression of brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | | | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yongli Pan
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Irina Graf
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yaoyun Kuang
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhongnan Hao
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Huber
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Nietert
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, UMG, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, 34720, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Dirk Fitzner
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Giessen Medical School, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, Varna, 9002, Bulgaria
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35037, Giessen, Germany
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Medipol University, Istanbul, 34810, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ardic AF, Ardic N. Role of Neutrophils as Therapeutic Targets in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2024; 58:807-816. [PMID: 38753134 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-024-00668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major health problem. It is one of the most common types of stroke and results in mortality in approximately half of patients. More than half of the fatalities occur in the first 2 days. In addition to the mass effect after ICH hemorrhage, complex pathophysiological mechanisms such as intracranial vessel vasospasm, microthrombosis, and inflammatory immune reaction also increase brain damage. Both resident (including microglia and astrocytes) and circulating immune cells (including neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes) involved in the inflammatory process. The inflammatory response is especially harmful in the acute phase due to harmful substances secreted by infiltrating immune cells. The inflammatory response also has beneficial effects, especially in the later stages. Their role in pathophysiology makes immune cells important therapeutic targets. General immunosuppressive approaches and depleting cell groups such as neutrophils or keeping them away from the lesion site may not be sufficient to prevent poor outcomes after ICH. This is most likely because they suppress anti-inflammatory activities and pro-inflammatory effects. Instead, directing immune cells to the beneficial subpopulation seems like a more rational solution. The pro-inflammatory N1 subpopulation of neutrophils damages the tissue surrounding ICH. In contrast, the N2 subpopulation is associated with anti-inflammatory reactions and tissue repair. Studies show that when neutrophils are polarized toward the N2 subpopulation, clinical outcomes improve and the volume of the infarct decreases. However, more research is still needed. This study aims to evaluate the role of neutrophils as immunotherapeutic targets in ICH in light of current knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alper Fatih Ardic
- Asklepios Kliniken Schildautal Seesen, Neurology Clinic, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Nurittin Ardic
- Med-International UK Health Agency Ltd, Leicestershire, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ulger O, Eş I, Proctor CM, Algin O. Stroke studies in large animals: Prospects of mitochondrial transplantation and enhancing efficiency using hydrogels and nanoparticle-assisted delivery. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102469. [PMID: 39191353 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
One of the most frequent reasons for mortality and disability today is acute ischemic stroke, which occurs by an abrupt disruption of cerebral circulation. The intricate damage mechanism involves several factors, such as inflammatory response, disturbance of ion balance, loss of energy production, excessive reactive oxygen species and glutamate release, and finally, neuronal death. Stroke research is now carried out using several experimental models and potential therapeutics. Furthermore, studies are being conducted to address the shortcomings of clinical care. A great deal of research is being done on novel pharmacological drugs, mitochondria targeting compounds, and different approaches including brain cooling and new technologies. Still, there are many unanswered questions about disease modeling and treatment strategies. Before these new approaches may be used in therapeutic settings, they must first be tested on large animals, as most of them have been done on rodents. However, there are several limitations to large animal stroke models used for research. In this review, the damage mechanisms in acute ischemic stroke and experimental acute ischemic stroke models are addressed. The current treatment approaches and promising experimental methods such as mitochondrial transplantation, hydrogel-based interventions, and strategies like mitochondria encapsulation and chemical modification, are also examined in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oner Ulger
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06010, Turkiye; Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06010, Turkiye.
| | - Ismail Eş
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Christopher M Proctor
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Oktay Algin
- Interventional MR Clinical R&D Institute, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkiye; Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkiye; National MR Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkiye
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Hu J, Xie S, Li W, Zhang H, Huang L, Qian Z, Zhao C, Zhang L. Hidden role of microglia during neurodegenerative disorders and neurocritical care: A mitochondrial perspective. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113024. [PMID: 39217875 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of aging-related neurodegenerative disorders and neurocritical care diseases is increasing worldwide. Microglia, the main inflammatory cells in the brain, could be potential viable therapeutic targets for treating neurological diseases. Interestingly, mitochondrial functions, including energy metabolism, mitophagy and transfer, fission and fusion, and mitochondrial DNA expression, also change in activated microglia. Notably, mitochondria play an active and important role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders and neurocritical care diseases. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge on mitochondrial dysfunction in microglia in neurodegenerative disorders and neurocritical care diseases and comprehensively discusses the prospects of the application of neurological injury prevention and treatment targets by mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrun Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jiyun Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shucai Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Haisong Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Qian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Chunguang Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma Y, Zheng K, Zhao C, Chen J, Chen L, Zhang Y, Chen T, Yao X, Cai Y, Wu J. Microglia LILRB4 upregulation reduces brain damage after acute ischemic stroke by limiting CD8 + T cell recruitment. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:214. [PMID: 39217343 PMCID: PMC11366150 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) plays a significant role in regulating immune responses. LILRB4 in microglia might influence the infiltration of peripheral T cells. However, whether and how LILRB4 expression aggravates brain damage after acute ischemic stroke remains unclear. This study investigates the role of LILRB4 in modulating the immune response and its potential protective effects against ischemic brain injury in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Microglia-specific LILRB4 conditional knockout (LILRB4-KO) and overexpression transgenic (LILRB4-TG) mice were constructed by a Cre-loxP system. Then, they were used to investigate the role of LILRB4 after ischemic stroke using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model. Spatial transcriptomics analysis revealed increased LILRB4 expression in the ischemic hemisphere. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) identified microglia-cluster3, an ischemia-associated microglia subcluster with elevated LILRB4 expression in the ischemic brain. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining showed increased CD8+ T cell infiltration into the brain in LILRB4-KO-tMCAO mice. Behavioral tests, cortical perfusion maps, and infarct size measurements indicated that LILRB4-KO-tMCAO mice had more severe functional deficits and larger infarct sizes compared to Control-tMCAO and LILRB4-TG-tMCAO mice. T cell migration assays demonstrated that LILRB4-KD microglia promoted CD8+ T cell recruitment and activation in vitro, which was mitigated by CCL2 inhibition and recombinant arginase-1 addition. The scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics identified CCL2 was predominantly secreted from activated microglia/macrophage and increased CCL2 expression in LILRB4-KD microglia, suggesting a chemokine-mediated mechanism of LILRB4. CONCLUSION LILRB4 in microglia plays a crucial role in modulating the post-stroke immune response by regulating CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation. Knockout of LILRB4 exacerbates ischemic brain injury by promoting CD8+ T cell recruitment. Overexpression of LILRB4, conversely, offers neuroprotection. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting LILRB4 and its downstream pathways to mitigate immune-mediated damage in ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Ma
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhao
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuhua Yao
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jialing Wu
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu H, Zhang H, Zhao XJ, Zhang L, Liu X, Zhang ZY, Ren YZ, Feng Y. Tetramerization of PKM2 Alleviates Traumatic Brain Injury by Ameliorating Mitochondrial Damage in Microglia. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:48. [PMID: 39196455 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Microglial activation and neuroinflammation are key cellular events that determine the outcome of TBI, especially neuronal and cognitive function. Studies have suggested that the metabolic characteristics of microglia dictate their inflammatory response. The pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2), a key glycolytic enzyme, is involved in the regulation of various cellular metabolic processes, including mitochondrial metabolism. This suggests that PKM2 may also participate in the regulation of microglial activation during TBI. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the role of PKM2 in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation and its effects on cognitive function following TBI. A controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse model and inflammation-induced primary mouse microglial cells in vitro were used to investigate the potential effects of PKM2 inhibition and regulation. PKM2 was significantly increased during the acute and subacute phases of TBI and was predominantly detected in microglia rather than in neurons. Our results demonstrate that shikonin and TEPP-46 can inhibit microglial inflammation, improving mitochondria, improving mouse behavior, reducing brain defect volume, and alleviating pathological changes after TBI. There is a difference in the intervention of shikonin and TEPP-46 on PKM2. Shikonin directly inhibits General PKM2; TEPP-46 can promote the expression of PKM2 tetramer. In vitro experiments, TEPP-46 can promote the expression of PKM2 tetramer, enhance the interaction between PKM2 and MFN2, improve mitochondria, alleviate neuroinflammation. General inhibition and tetramerization activation of PKM2 attenuated cognitive function caused by TBI, whereas PKM2 tetramerization exhibited a better treatment effect. Our experiments demonstrated the non-metabolic role of PKM2 in the regulation of microglial activation following TBI. Both shikonin and TEPP-46 can inhibit pro-inflammatory factors, but only TEPP-46 can promote PKM2 tetramerization and upregulate the release of anti-inflammatory factors from microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Lingyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xue Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Ren
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, China, 262 North Zhongshan Road.
| | - Yong Feng
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research &, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China, Baiziting 42.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Roseborough AD, Ollen-Bittle N, Whitehead SN. Using microglia-derived extracellular vesicles to capture diversity of microglial activation phenotypes following neurological injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1633-1634. [PMID: 38103216 PMCID: PMC10960273 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Austyn D. Roseborough
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, OH, Canada
| | - Nikita Ollen-Bittle
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, OH, Canada
| | - Shawn N. Whitehead
- Vulnerable Brain Laboratory, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, OH, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Goh AR, Park J, Sim AY, Koo BN, Lee YH, Kim JY, Lee JE. Modulating monocyte-derived macrophage polarization in cerebral ischemic injury with hyperglycemia. Exp Neurol 2024; 378:114824. [PMID: 38777250 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), characterized by high mortality rate, occurs owing to diminished or blocked blood flow to the brain. Hyperglycemia (HG) is a major contributor to the risk of IS. HG induces augmented oxidative stress and Blood-Brain Barrier breakdown, which increases the influx of blood-derived myeloid cells into the brain parenchyma. In cerebral ischemia, infiltrating monocytes undergo differentiation into pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory macrophages, having a large effect on outcomes of ischemic stroke. In addition, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) engage in post-ischemia repair by polarizing the infiltrating monocytes into an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of phenotypic polarization of monocyte-derived macrophages on the prognosis of IS with HG (HG-IS). We first established a hyperglycemic mouse model using streptozotocin (150 mg/kg) and induced transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. We observed that blood-brain barrier permeability increased in HG-IS mice, as per two-photon live imaging and Evans blue staining. We also confirmed the increased infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages and the downregulation of anti-inflammatory macrophages related to tissue remodeling after inflammation in HG-IS mice through immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and flow cytometry. We observed phenotypic changes in monocyte-derived macrophages, alleviated infarct volume, and improved motor function in HG-IS mice treated with IL-4 and IL-13. These findings suggest that the modulation of phenotypic changes in monocyte-derived macrophages following IS in hyperglycemic mice may influence ischemic recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ra Goh
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyun Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Sim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Nyeo Koo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Systems Biology, Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu X, Wang J, Jin J, Hu Q, Zhao T, Wang J, Gao J, Man J. S100A9 deletion in microglia/macrophages ameliorates brain injury through the STAT6/PPARγ pathway in ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14881. [PMID: 39107960 PMCID: PMC11303267 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia and infiltrated macrophages (M/M) are integral components of the innate immune system that play a critical role in facilitating brain repair after ischemic stroke (IS) by clearing cell debris. Novel therapeutic strategies for IS therapy involve modulating M/M phenotype shifting. This study aims to elucidate the pivotal role of S100A9 in M/M and its downstream STAT6/PPARγ signaling pathway in neuroinflammation and phagocytosis after IS. METHODS In the clinical study, we initially detected the expression pattern of S100A9 in monocytes from patients with acute IS and investigated its association with the long-term prognosis. In the in vivo study, we generated the S100A9 conditional knockout (CKO) mice and compared the stroke outcomes with the control group. We further tested the S100A9-specific inhibitor paqunimod (PQD), for its pharmaceutical effects on stroke outcomes. Transcriptomics and in vitro studies were adopted to explore the mechanism of S100A9 in modulating the M/M phenotype, which involves the regulation of the STAT6/PPARγ signaling pathway. RESULTS S100A9 was predominantly expressed in classical monocytes and was correlated with unfavorable outcomes in patients of IS. S100A9 CKO mitigated infarction volume and white matter injury, enhanced cerebral blood flow and functional recovery, and prompted anti-inflammation phenotype and efferocytosis after tMCAO. The STAT6/PPARγ pathway, an essential signaling cascade involved in immune response and inflammation, might be the downstream target mediated by S100A9 deletion, as evidenced by the STAT6 phosphorylation inhibitor AS1517499 abolishing the beneficial effect of S100A9 inhibition in tMCAO mice and cell lines. Moreover, S100A9 inhibition by PQD treatment protected against neuronal death in vitro and brain injuries in vivo. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for the first time that S100A9 in classical monocytes could potentially be a biomarker for predicting IS prognosis and reveals a novel therapeutic strategy for IS. By demonstrating that S100A9-mediated M/M polarization and phagocytosis can be reversed by S100A9 inhibition in a STAT6/PPARγ pathway-dependent manner, this study opens up new avenues for drug development in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jian Jin
- MRI imaging core, Medical Research CenterThird Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Qiongqiong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Central HospitalZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of NeurologyPeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jianbo Gao
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jiang Man
- Department of RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Du L, He X, Xiong X, Zhang X, Jian Z, Yang Z. Vagus nerve stimulation in cerebral stroke: biological mechanisms, therapeutic modalities, clinical applications, and future directions. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1707-1717. [PMID: 38103236 PMCID: PMC10960277 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major disorder of the central nervous system that poses a serious threat to human life and quality of life. Many stroke victims are left with long-term neurological dysfunction, which adversely affects the well-being of the individual and the broader socioeconomic impact. Currently, post-stroke brain dysfunction is a major and difficult area of treatment. Vagus nerve stimulation is a Food and Drug Administration-approved exploratory treatment option for autism, refractory depression, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. It is expected to be a novel therapeutic technique for the treatment of stroke owing to its association with multiple mechanisms such as altering neurotransmitters and the plasticity of central neurons. In animal models of acute ischemic stroke, vagus nerve stimulation has been shown to reduce infarct size, reduce post-stroke neurological damage, and improve learning and memory capacity in rats with stroke by reducing the inflammatory response, regulating blood-brain barrier permeability, and promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis. At present, vagus nerve stimulation includes both invasive and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation. Clinical studies have found that invasive vagus nerve stimulation combined with rehabilitation therapy is effective in improving upper limb motor and cognitive abilities in stroke patients. Further clinical studies have shown that non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation, including ear/cervical vagus nerve stimulation, can stimulate vagal projections to the central nervous system similarly to invasive vagus nerve stimulation and can have the same effect. In this paper, we first describe the multiple effects of vagus nerve stimulation in stroke, and then discuss in depth its neuroprotective mechanisms in ischemic stroke. We go on to outline the results of the current major clinical applications of invasive and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation. Finally, we provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of different types of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of cerebral ischemia and provide an outlook on the developmental trends. We believe that vagus nerve stimulation, as an effective treatment for stroke, will be widely used in clinical practice to promote the recovery of stroke patients and reduce the incidence of disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xuan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Y, Li D, Gao H, Zhao H, Zhang S, Li T. Rapamycin Alleviates Neuronal Injury and Modulates Microglial Activation After Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5699-5717. [PMID: 38224443 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Neurons and microglia are sensitive to cerebral microcirculation and their responses play a crucial part in the pathological processes, while they are also the main target cells of many drugs used to treat brain diseases. Rapamycin exhibits beneficial effects in many diseases; however, whether it can affect neuronal injury or alter the microglial activation after global cerebral ischemia remains unclear. In this study, we performed global cerebral ischemia combined with rapamycin treatment in CX3CR1GFP/+ mice and explored the effects of rapamycin on neuronal deficit and microglial activation. Our results showed that rapamycin reduced neuronal loss, neurodegeneration, and ultrastructural damage after ischemia by histological staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interestingly, rapamycin suppressed de-ramification and proliferation of microglia and reduced the density of microglia. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that rapamycin skewed microglial polarization toward an anti-inflammatory state. Furthermore, rapamycin as well suppressed the activation of astrocytes. Meanwhile, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed a significant reduction of pro-inflammatory factors as well as an elevation of anti-inflammatory factors upon rapamycin treatment. As a result of these effects, behavioral tests showed that rapamycin significantly alleviated the brain injury after stroke. Together, our study suggested that rapamycin attenuated neuronal injury, altered microglial activation state, and provided a more beneficial immune microenvironment for the brain, which could be used as a promising therapeutic approach to treat ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Donghai Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Haiyu Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| | - Ting Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Poitras M, Doiron A, Plamondon H. Selective estrogen receptor activation prior to global cerebral ischemia in female rats impacts microglial activation and anxiety-like behaviors without effects on CA1 neuronal injury. Behav Brain Res 2024; 470:115094. [PMID: 38844057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) activation by 17-ß estradiol (E2) can attenuate neuronal injury and behavioral impairments following global cerebral ischemia (GCI) in rodents. This study sought to further examine the discrete roles of ERs through characterization of the effects of selective ER activation on post-ischemic pro-inflammatory microglial activation, hippocampal neuronal injury, and anxiety-like behaviors. Forty-six ovariectomized (OVX) adult female Wistar rats received daily s.c injections (100 μg/kg/day) of propylpyrazole triol (PPT; ERα agonist), diarylpropionitrile (DPN; ERβ agonist), G-1 (G-protein coupled ER agonist; GPER), E2 (activating all receptors), or vehicle solution (VEH) for 21 days. After final injection, rats underwent GCI via 4-vessel occlusion (n=8 per group) or sham surgery (n=6, vehicle injections). The Open Field Test (OFT), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and Hole Board Test (HBT) assessed anxiety-like behaviors. Microglial activation (Iba1, CD68, CD86) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), CA1 of the hippocampus, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) was determined 8 days post-ischemia. Compared to sham rats, Iba1 activation and CA1 neuronal injury were increased in all ischemic groups except DPN-treated rats, with PPT-treated ischemic rats also showing increased PVN Iba1-ir expression. Behaviorally, VEH ischemic rats showed slightly elevated anxiety in the EPM compared to sham counterparts, with no significant effects of agonists. While no changes were observed in the OFT, emotion regulation via grooming in the HBT was increased in G-1 rats compared to E2 rats. Our findings support selective ER activation to regulate post-ischemic microglial activation and coping strategies in the HBT, despite minimal impact on hippocampal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Poitras
- Cerebro Vascular Accidents and Behavioral Recovery Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alexandra Doiron
- Cerebro Vascular Accidents and Behavioral Recovery Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hélène Plamondon
- Cerebro Vascular Accidents and Behavioral Recovery Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cao G, Guo J, Yang K, Xu R, Jia X, Wang X. DCPIB Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Microglial M1/M2 Polarization and Oxidative Stress. Neuroscience 2024; 551:119-131. [PMID: 38734301 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The inflammatory response plays an indispensable role in ischemia-reperfusion injury, the most significant of which is the inflammatory response caused by microglial polarization. Anti-inflammatory therapy is also an important remedial measure after failed vascular reconstruction. Maintaining the internal homeostasis of the brain is a crucial measure for suppressing the inflammatory response. The mechanism underlying the relationship between DCPIB, a selective blocker of volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC), and inflammation induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is currently unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between DCPIB and microglial M1/M2 polarization-mediated inflammation after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). DCPIB was administered by a lateral ventricular injection within 5 min after reperfusion. Behavioral assessments were conducted at 1, 3, and 7 days after tMCAO/R. Pathological injuries were evaluated using TTC assay, HE and Nissl staining, brain water content measurement, and immunofluorescence staining. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were analyzed using qPCR and ELISA. Additionally, the phenotypic variations of microglia were examined using immunofluorescence staining. In mouse tMCAO/R model, DCPIB administration markably reduced mortality, improved behavioral performance, and alleviated pathological injury. DCPIB treatment significantly inhibited the inflammatory response, promoted the conversion of M1 microglia to M2 microglia via the MAPK signaling pathway, and ultimately protected neurons from the microglia-mediated inflammatory response. In addition, DCPIB inhibited oxidative stress induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In conclusion, DCPIB attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianbin Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kaikai Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xin Jia
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li L, Wang Y. Identification of Potential Biomarkers for Patients with DWI-Negative Ischemic Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:68. [PMID: 38995420 PMCID: PMC11245437 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability in adults, accounting for 80% of stroke cases. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) examination is the main test for acute ischemic stroke, but in recent years, several studies have shown that some patients show negative DWI examination after the onset of ischemic stroke with symptoms of significant neurological deficits. In this study, we investigated potential biomarkers related to immune metabolism in the peripheral blood of DWI-negative versus DWI-positive patients after ischemic stroke and explored their possible regulatory processes in ischemic stroke. The datasets related to ischemic stroke were downloaded from the GEO database, immune-related genes and metabolism-related genes were obtained from the ImmPort database and MSigDB database, respectively, and immune-related differential genes were obtained based on immune scores using the algorithm of the R software package "GSVA." Candidate genes were selected based on intersections, hub genes were screened using the algorithm in Cytoscape software, and finally, GeneMANIA analysis, GSEA enrichment analysis, subcellular localization, gene transcription factor and gene-drug interaction networks, and disease correlation analyses were performed for the hub genes. Five hub genes (GART, TYMS, PPAT, CTPS1, and PAICS) were obtained by PPI network analysis and software analysis. Among them, PPAT and PAICS may be the real hub genes with consistent and significantly differentiated results from the discovery and validation sets. The functions of these hub genes may be related to pathways such as nucleotide biosynthetic processes. The constructed hub gene ceRNA network showed that hsa-10a-5p is the key miRNA connecting PAICS and multiple lncRNAs in this study. Differential genes related to immunity and metabolism in DWI-negative and DWI-positive patients after IS were identified using bioinformatics analysis, and their pathways and related TF-RNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs were identified. These genes may be considered effective targets for the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 6500032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 6500032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu JA, Walker WH, Meléndez-Fernández OH, Bumgarner JR, Zhang N, Walton JC, Meares GP, DeVries AC, Nelson RJ. Dim light at night shifts microglia to a pro-inflammatory state after cerebral ischemia, altering stroke outcome in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114796. [PMID: 38677449 PMCID: PMC11404552 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous biological cycles that regulate physiology and behavior and are set to precisely 24-h by light exposure. Light at night (LAN) dysregulates physiology and function including immune response; a critical component that contributes to stroke pathophysiological progression of neuronal injury and may impair recovery from injury. The goal of this study is to explore the effects of dim LAN (dLAN) in a murine model of ischemic stroke to assess how nighttime lighting from hospital settings can affect stroke outcome. Further, this study sought to identify mechanisms underlying pathophysiological changes to immune response after circadian disruption. Male and female adult Swiss Webster (CFW) mice were subjected to transient or permanent focal cerebral ischemia, then were subsequently placed into either dark night conditions (LD) or one night of dLAN (5 lx). 24 h post-stroke, sensorimotor impairments and infarct sizes were quantified. A single night of dLAN following MCAO increased infarct size and sensorimotor deficits across both sexes and reduced survival in males after 24 h. Flow cytometry was performed to assess microglial phenotypes after MCAO, and revealed that dLAN altered the percentage of microglia that express pro-inflammatory markers (MHC II+ and IL-6) and microglia that express CD206 and IL-10 that likely contributed to poor ischemic outcomes. Following these results, microglia were reduced in the brain using Plexxikon 5622 (PLX 5622) a CSFR1 inhibitor, then the mice received an MCAO and were exposed to LD or dLAN conditions for 24 h. Microglial depletion by PLX5622 resulted in infarct sizes that were comparable between lighting conditions. This study provides supporting evidence that environmental lighting exacerbates ischemic injury and post-stroke mortality by a biological mechanism that exposure to dLAN causes a fundamental shift of activated microglial phenotypes from beneficial to detrimental at an early time point after stroke, resulting in irreversible neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States.
| | - William H Walker
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - O Hecmarie Meléndez-Fernández
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jacob R Bumgarner
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - James C Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gordon P Meares
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - A Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yan M, Sun Z, Zhang S, Yang G, Jiang X, Wang G, Li R, Wang Q, Tian X. SOCS modulates JAK-STAT pathway as a novel target to mediate the occurrence of neuroinflammation: Molecular details and treatment options. Brain Res Bull 2024; 213:110988. [PMID: 38805766 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
SOCS (Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling) proteins are intracellular negative regulators that primarily modulate and inhibit cytokine-mediated signal transduction, playing a crucial role in immune homeostasis and related inflammatory diseases. SOCS act as inhibitors by regulating the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway, thereby intervening in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have also demonstrated their involvement in central immunity and neuroinflammation, showing a dual functionality. However, the specific mechanisms of SOCS in the central nervous system remain unclear. This review thoroughly elucidates the specific mechanisms linking the SOCS-JAK-STAT pathway with the inflammatory manifestations of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on this, it proposes the theory that SOCS proteins can regulate the JAK-STAT pathway and inhibit the occurrence of neuroinflammation. Additionally, this review explores in detail the current therapeutic landscape and potential of targeting SOCS in the brain via the JAK-STAT pathway for neuroinflammation, offering insights into potential targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yan
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Guangxin Yang
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Xing Jiang
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Guilong Wang
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China
| | - Ran Li
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China.
| | - Qinglu Wang
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China.
| | - Xuewen Tian
- College of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 255300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li X, Yao M, Li L, Ma H, Sun Y, Lu X, Jing W, Nie S. Aloe-emodin alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating microglial polarization and pyroptosis through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155578. [PMID: 38621328 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial activation plays a crucial role in injury and repair after cerebral ischemia, and microglial pyroptosis exacerbates ischemic injury. NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation has an important role in microglial polarization and pyroptosis. Aloe-emodin (AE) is a natural anthraquinone compound originated from rhubarb and aloe. It exerts antioxidative and anti-apoptotic effects during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, whether AE affects microglial polarization, pyroptosis, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation remains unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the effects of AE on microglial polarization, pyroptosis, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the cerebral infarction area after I/R. METHODS The transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R) methods were used to create cerebral I/R models in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Neurological scores and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and Nissl staining were used to assess the neuroprotective effects of AE. Immunofluorescence staining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot were applied to detect NLRP3 inflammasome activation and microglial polarization and pyroptosis levels after tMCAO or OGD/R. Cell viability and levels of interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β were measured. Finally, MCC950 (an NLRP3-specific inhibitor) was used to evaluate whether AE affected microglial polarization and pyroptosis by regulating the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. RESULTS AE improved neurological function scores and reduced the infarct area, brain edema rate, and Nissl-positive cell rate following I/R injury. It also showed a protective effect on BV-2 cells after OGD/R. AE inhibited microglial pyroptosis and induced M1 to M2 phenotype transformation and suppressed microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation after tMCAO or OGD/R. The combined administration of AE and MCC950 had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of tMCAO- or OGD/R-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which subsequently suppressed microglial pyroptosis and induced microglial phenotype transformation. CONCLUSION AE exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating microglial polarization and pyroptosis through the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation after tMCAO or OGD/R. These findings provide new evidence of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of AE and may support the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies for cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Minghe Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Lingling Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Huifen Ma
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Yiran Sun
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Xiangpeng Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Weipeng Jing
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Shanshan Nie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang H, Shao ZH, Jin X, Chen JW. The critical role of P2XR/PGC-1α signalling pathway in hypoxia-mediated pyroptosis and M1/M2 phenotypic differentiation of mouse microglia. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3629-3642. [PMID: 38697919 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are endogenous immune cells in the brain, and their pyroptosis and phenotype dichotomy are proved to play roles in neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated whether and how hypoxia affected pyroptosis and phenotype polarization in mouse microglia. Primary mouse microglia and BV2 microglia were exposed to hypoxia. Pyroptosis and M1/M2 phenotype were assessed by measuring gasdermin D truncation and M1/M2 surface marker expression. Mechanisms including purinergic ionotropic receptor (P2XR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome were investigated. We reported hypoxia (90% N2, 5% O2 and 5% CO2) induced pyroptosis and promoted M1 phenotype polarization in primary mouse microglia and BV2 microglia, and the effect appeared after 6 h exposure. Although hypoxia (90% N2, 5% O2 and 5% CO2, 6 h) had no effect on P2X1R and P2X7R expression, it increased P2X4R expression and decreased PGC-1α expression. Interestingly, blockade of P2X4R or P2X7R abolished hypoxia-modulated PGC-1α expression, pyroptosis and M1 polarization. PGC-1α overexpression or overactivation alleviated hypoxia-induced pyroptosis and M1 polarization, while PGC-1α knockdown or deactivation promoted pyroptosis and M1 polarization under normoxic situation. Further, hypoxia induced NLRP3 expression and activated caspase-1 and induced the phosphorylation of NF-κB and reduced the phosphorylation of STAT3/6. NLRP3 inhibitor and caspase-1 inhibitor abolished hypoxia-induced pyroptosis, while NF-κB inhibitor and STAT phosphorylation inducer ameliorated hypoxia-induced M1 polarization. In addition, NF-κB activator and STAT3/6 inhibitor caused microglia M1 polarization under normoxic situation. We concluded in cultured mouse microglia, hypoxia may induce pyroptosis via P2XR/PGC-1α/NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway and trigger M1 polarization through P2XR/PGC-1α/NF-κB/STAT3/6 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hua Shao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wei Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bedolla A, Wegman E, Weed M, Stevens MK, Ware K, Paranjpe A, Alkhimovitch A, Ifergan I, Taranov A, Peter JD, Gonzalez RMS, Robinson JE, McClain L, Roskin KM, Greig NH, Luo Y. Adult microglial TGFβ1 is required for microglia homeostasis via an autocrine mechanism to maintain cognitive function in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5306. [PMID: 38906887 PMCID: PMC11192737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
While TGF-β signaling is essential for microglial function, the cellular source of TGF-β1 ligand and its spatial regulation remains unclear in the adult CNS. Our data supports that microglia but not astrocytes or neurons are the primary producers of TGF-β1 ligands needed for microglial homeostasis. Microglia-Tgfb1 KO leads to the activation of microglia featuring a dyshomeostatic transcriptome that resembles disease-associated, injury-associated, and aged microglia, suggesting microglial self-produced TGF-β1 ligands are important in the adult CNS. Astrocytes in MG-Tgfb1 inducible (i)KO mice show a transcriptome profile that is closely aligned with an LPS-associated astrocyte profile. Additionally, using sparse mosaic single-cell microglia KO of TGF-β1 ligand we established an autocrine mechanism for signaling. Here we show that MG-Tgfb1 iKO mice present cognitive deficits, supporting that precise spatial regulation of TGF-β1 ligand derived from microglia is required for the maintenance of brain homeostasis and normal cognitive function in the adult brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elliot Wegman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Max Weed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Kierra Ware
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aditi Paranjpe
- Information Services for Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Anastasia Alkhimovitch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aleksandr Taranov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua D Peter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rosa Maria Salazar Gonzalez
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, US
| | - J Elliott Robinson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, US
| | - Lucas McClain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Krishna M Roskin
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, US
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bao L, Liu Y, Jia Q, Chu S, Jiang H, He S. Argon neuroprotection in ischemic stroke and its underlying mechanism. Brain Res Bull 2024; 212:110964. [PMID: 38670471 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), primarily caused by cerebrovascular obstruction, results in severe neurological deficits and has emerged as a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Recently, there has been increasing exploration of the neuroprotective properties of the inert gas argon. Argon has exhibited impressive neuroprotection in many in vivo and ex vivo experiments without signs of adverse effects, coupled with the advantages of being inexpensive and easily available. However, the efficient administration strategy and underlying mechanisms of neuroprotection by argon in IS are still unclear. This review summarizes current research on the neuroprotective effects of argon in IS with the goal to provide effective guidance for argon application and to elucidate the potential mechanisms of argon neuroprotection. Early and appropriate argon administration at as high a concentration as possible offers favorable neuroprotection in IS. Argon inhalation has been shown to provide some long-term protection benefits. Argon provides the anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic cytoprotective effects mainly around Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4), mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-ĸB) and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Therefore, argon holds significant promise as a novel clinical neuroprotective gas agent for ischemic stroke after further researches to identify the optimal application strategy and elucidate the underlying mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Bao
- Department of Stroke Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxin Liu
- Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Jia
- Department of Stroke Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihao Chu
- Department of Stroke Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Stroke Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang He
- Department of Stroke Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li R, Feng J, Li L, Luo G, Shi Y, Shen S, Yuan X, Wu J, Yan B, Yang L. Recombinant fibroblast growth factor 4 ameliorates axonal regeneration and functional recovery in acute spinal cord injury through altering microglia/macrophage phenotype. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112188. [PMID: 38728880 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the extensive secondary injury processes that aggravate metabolic and cellular dysfunction and tissue loss following spinal cord injury (SCI). Thus, an anti-inflammatory strategy is crucial for modulating structural and functional restoration during the stage of acute and chronic SCI. Recombinant fibroblast growth factor 4 (rFGF4) has eliminated its mitogenic activity and demonstrated a metabolic regulator for alleviating hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and liver injury in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, it remains to be explored whether or not rFGF4 has a neuroprotective effect for restoring neurological disorders, such as SCI. Here, we identified that rFGF4 could polarize microglia/macrophages into the restorative M2 subtype, thus exerting an anti-inflammatory effect to promote neurological functional recovery and nerve fiber regeneration after SCI. Importantly, these effects by rFGF4 were related to triggering PI3K/AKT/GSK3β and attenuating TLR4/NF-κB signaling axes. Conversely, gene silencing of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling or pharmacological reactivation of the TLR4/NF-κB axis aggravated inflammatory reaction. Thus, our findings highlight rFGF4 as a potentially therapeutic regulator for repairing SCI, and its outstanding effect is associated with regulating macrophage/microglial polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Juerong Feng
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liuxun Li
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guotian Luo
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yongpeng Shi
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shichao Shen
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinrong Yuan
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianlong Wu
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Orthopaedics/Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Maimaiti M, Li C, Cheng M, Zhong Z, Hu J, Yang L, Zhang L, Hong Z, Song J, Pan M, Ma X, Cui S, Zhang P, Hao H, Wang C, Hu H. Blocking cGAS-STING pathway promotes post-stroke functional recovery in an extended treatment window via facilitating remyelination. MED 2024; 5:622-644.e8. [PMID: 38663402 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a major cause of worldwide death and disability, with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator being the sole effective treatment, albeit with a limited treatment window. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is emerging as the major DNA-sensing pathway to invoke immune responses in neuroinflammatory disorders. METHODS By performing a series of neurobehavioral assessments, electrophysiological analysis, high-throughput sequencing, and cell-based assays based on the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse stroke model, we examined the effects and underlying mechanisms of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway on long-term post-stroke neurological functional outcomes. FINDINGS Blocking the cGAS-STING pathway, even 3 days after tMCAO, significantly promoted functional recovery in terms of white matter structural and functional integrity as well as sensorimotor and cognitive functions. Mechanistically, the neuroprotective effects via inhibiting the cGAS-STING pathway were contributed not only by inflammation repression at the early stage of tMCAO but also by modifying the cell state of phagocytes to facilitate remyelination at the sub-acute phase. The activation of the cGAS-STING pathway significantly impeded post-stroke remyelination through restraining myelin debris uptake and degradation and hindering oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation. CONCLUSIONS Manipulating the cGAS-STING pathway has an extended treatment window in promoting long-term post-stroke functional recovery via facilitating remyelination in a mouse stroke model. Our results highlight the roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in aggregating stroke pathology and propose a new way for improving functional recovery after ischemic stroke. FUNDING This work was primarily funded by the National Key R&D Program of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munire Maimaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Mingxing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziwei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiameng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shufang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Haiyang Hu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li CX, Yue L. The Multifaceted Nature of Macrophages in Cardiovascular Disease. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1317. [PMID: 38927523 PMCID: PMC11201197 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As the leading cause of mortality worldwide, cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a variety of heart diseases and vascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, aneurysm, ischemic injury in the heart and brain, arrythmias, and heart failure. Macrophages, a diverse population of immune cells that can promote or suppress inflammation, have been increasingly recognized as a key regulator in various processes in both healthy and disease states. In healthy conditions, these cells promote the proper clearance of cellular debris, dead and dying cells, and provide a strong innate immune barrier to foreign pathogens. However, macrophages can play a detrimental role in the progression of disease as well, particularly those inflammatory in nature. This review will focus on the current knowledge regarding the role of macrophages in cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy X. Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiovascular Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
- Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiovascular Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
- Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Maida CD, Norrito RL, Rizzica S, Mazzola M, Scarantino ER, Tuttolomondo A. Molecular Pathogenesis of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes: Background and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6297. [PMID: 38928006 PMCID: PMC11203482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents one of the neurological diseases most responsible for death and permanent disability in the world. Different factors, such as thrombus, emboli and atherosclerosis, take part in the intricate pathophysiology of stroke. Comprehending the molecular processes involved in this mechanism is crucial to developing new, specific and efficient treatments. Some common mechanisms are excitotoxicity and calcium overload, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are critical in pathophysiology and recovery after cerebral ischemia. ncRNAs, particularly microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential for angiogenesis and neuroprotection, and they have been suggested to be therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic tools in cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke. This review summarizes the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and delves into the function of miRNAs in the development of brain damage. Furthermore, we will analyze new perspectives on treatment based on molecular mechanisms in addition to traditional stroke therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Domenico Maida
- Department of Internal Medicine, S. Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine Ph.D. Programme, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Luca Norrito
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.L.N.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Salvatore Rizzica
- Department of Internal Medicine, S. Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
| | - Marco Mazzola
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.L.N.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Elisa Rita Scarantino
- Division of Geriatric and Intensive Care Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (R.L.N.); (M.M.); (A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hou X, Qu X, Chen W, Sang X, Ye Y, Wang C, Guo Y, Shi H, Yang C, Zhu K, Zhang Y, Xu H, Lv L, Zhang D, Hou L. CD36 deletion prevents white matter injury by modulating microglia polarization through the Traf5-MAPK signal pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:148. [PMID: 38840180 PMCID: PMC11155181 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter injury (WMI) represents a significant etiological factor contributing to neurological impairment subsequent to Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). CD36 receptors are recognized as pivotal participants in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, including stroke and spinal cord injury. Furthermore, dynamic fluctuations in the phenotypic polarization of microglial cells have been intimately associated with the regenerative processes within the injured tissue following TBI. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of research addressing the impact of CD36 receptors on WMI and microglial polarization. This investigation aims to elucidate the functional role and mechanistic underpinnings of CD36 in modulating microglial polarization and WMI following TBI. METHODS TBI models were induced in murine subjects via controlled cortical impact (CCI). The spatiotemporal patterns of CD36 expression were examined through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining. The extent of white matter injury was assessed via transmission electron microscopy, Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining, and immunofluorescence staining. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying CD36 down-regulation and its influence on white matter damage. Microglial polarization status was ascertained using qPCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining. In vitro, a Transwell co-culture system was employed to investigate the impact of CD36-dependent microglial polarization on oligodendrocytes subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). RESULTS Western blot and qPCR analyses revealed that CD36 expression reached its zenith at 7 days post-TBI and remained sustained at this level thereafter. Immunofluorescence staining exhibited robust CD36 expression in astrocytes and microglia following TBI. Genetic deletion of CD36 ameliorated TBI-induced white matter injury, as evidenced by a reduced SMI-32/MBP ratio and G-ratio. Transcriptome sequencing unveiled differentially expressed genes enriched in processes linked to microglial activation, regulation of neuroinflammation, and the TNF signaling pathway. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis pinpointed the Traf5-p38 axis as a critical signaling pathway. In vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that inhibition of the CD36-Traf5-MAPK axis curtailed microglial polarization toward the pro-inflammatory phenotype. In a Transwell co-culture system, BV2 cells treated with LPS + IFN-γ exacerbated the damage of post-OGD oligodendrocytes, which could be rectified through CD36 knockdown in BV2 cells. CONCLUSIONS This study illuminates that the suppression of CD36 mitigates WMI by constraining microglial polarization towards the pro-inflammatory phenotype through the down-regulation of the Traf5-MAPK signaling pathway. Our findings present a potential therapeutic strategy for averting neuroinflammatory responses and ensuing WMI damage resulting from TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianzheng Sang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichao Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengqing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangu Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Hantong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengzi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Naval Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yelei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xishan People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi, China
| | - Haoxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Liquan Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lijun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Rd, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zeng T, Liu J, Zhang W, Yu Y, Ye X, Huang Q, Li P, Jiang Q. Update on the mechanism of microglia involvement in post-stroke cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1366710. [PMID: 38887610 PMCID: PMC11181926 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1366710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by cognitive deficits that manifest following a stroke and persist for up to 6 months post-event. This condition is grave, severely compromising patient quality of life and longevity, while also imposing substantial economic burdens on societies worldwide. Despite significant advancements in identifying risk factors for PSCI, research into its underlying mechanisms and therapeutic interventions remains inadequate. Microglia, the brain's primary immune effector cells, are pivotal in maintaining, nurturing, defending, and repairing neuronal function, a process intrinsically linked to PSCI's progression. Thus, investigating microglial activation and mechanisms in PSCI is crucial. This paper aims to foster new preventive and therapeutic approaches for PSCI by elucidating the roles, mechanisms, and characteristics of microglia in the condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2 Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Recovery Medicine, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinyun Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qianliang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhua Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fan YY, Li Y, Tian XY, Wang YJ, Huo J, Guo BL, Chen R, Yang CH, Li Y, Zhang HF, Niu BL, Zhang MS. Delayed Chronic Acidic Postconditioning Improves Poststroke Motor Functional Recovery and Brain Tissue Repair by Activating Proton-Sensing TDAG8. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:620-635. [PMID: 36853417 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Acidic postconditioning by transient CO2 inhalation applied within minutes after reperfusion has neuroprotective effects in the acute phase of stroke. However, the effects of delayed chronic acidic postconditioning (DCAPC) initiated during the subacute phase of stroke or other acute brain injuries are unknown. Mice received daily DCAPC by inhaling 5%/10%/20% CO2 for various durations (three cycles of 10- or 20-min CO2 inhalation/10-min break) at days 3-7, 7-21, or 3-21 after photothrombotic stroke. Grid-walk, cylinder, and gait tests were used to assess motor function. DCAPC with all CO2 concentrations significantly promoted motor functional recovery, even when DCAPC was delayed for 3-7 days. DCAPC enhanced the puncta density of GAP-43 (a marker of axon growth and regeneration) and synaptophysin (a marker of synaptogenesis) and reduced the amoeboid microglia number, glial scar thickness and mRNA expression of CD16 and CD32 (markers of proinflammatory M1 microglia) compared with those of the stroke group. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) increased in response to DCAPC. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of TDAG8 (a proton-activated G-protein-coupled receptor) was increased during the subacute phase of stroke, while DCAPC effects were blocked by systemic knockout of TDAG8, except for those on CBF. DCAPC reproduced the benefits by re-expressing TDAG8 in the peri-infarct cortex of TDAG8-/- mice infected with HBAAV2/9-CMV-TDAG8-3flag-ZsGreen. Taken together, we first showed that DCAPC promoted functional recovery and brain tissue repair after stroke with a wide therapeutic time window of at least 7 days after stroke. Brain-derived TDAG8 is a direct target of DCAPC that induces neuroreparative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Ying-Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jing Huo
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Bao-Lu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Ru Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Cai-Hong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Hui-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Bao-Long Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Planas AM. Role of microglia in stroke. Glia 2024; 72:1016-1053. [PMID: 38173414 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Diseases, Area of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yu L, Huang L, Zhao Y, Liu S, Zhou R, Yue Y, Sun H, Su X, Liu Q, Li S, Ying J, Zhao F, Qu Y. Atorvastatin Promotes Pro/anti-inflammatory Phenotypic Transformation of Microglia via Wnt/β-catenin Pathway in Hypoxic-Ischemic Neonatal Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3559-3577. [PMID: 37996729 PMCID: PMC11087325 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory reaction plays a key role in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates. Microglia are resident innate immune cells in the central nervous system and are profoundly involved in neuroinflammation. Studies have revealed that atorvastatin exerts a neuroprotective effect by regulating neuroinflammation in adult animal models of brain stroke and traumatic brain injury, but its role regarding damage to the developing brain remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the effect and mechanism of atorvastatin on the regulation of microglia function in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). The oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) of microglia and neonatal rat HIBD model was established. Atorvastatin, recombinant sclerostin protein (SOST), and XAV939 (degradation of β-catenin) were administered to OGD microglia and HIBD rats. The pathological changes of brain tissue, cerebral infarction volume, learning and memory ability of rats, pro-inflammatory (CD16+/Iba1+) and anti-inflammatory (CD206+/Iba1+) microglia markers, inflammation-related indicators (Inos, Tnfα, Il6, Arg1, Tgfb, and Mrc1), and Wnt/β-catenin signaling molecules were examined. Atorvastatin reduced OGD-induced pro-inflammatory microglia and pro-inflammatory factors, while increasing anti-inflammatory microglia and anti-inflammatory factors. In vivo, atorvastatin attenuated hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced neuroinflammation and brain damage. Mechanistically, atorvastatin decreased SOST expression and activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and the administration of recombinant SOST protein or XAV939 inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling and attenuated the anti-inflammatory effect of atorvastatin. Atorvastatin promotes the pro/anti-inflammatory phenotypic transformation of microglia via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in HI neonatal rats. Atorvastatin may be developed as a potent agent for the treatment of HIE in neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luting Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingyi Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shixi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruixi Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengyan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Keuters MH, Antila S, Immonen R, Plotnikova L, Wojciechowski S, Lehtonen S, Alitalo K, Koistinaho J, Dhungana H. The Impact of VEGF-C-Induced Dural Lymphatic Vessel Growth on Ischemic Stroke Pathology. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01262-9. [PMID: 38822994 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Timely relief of edema and clearance of waste products, as well as promotion of anti-inflammatory immune responses, reduce ischemic stroke pathology, and attenuate harmful long-term effects post-stroke. The discovery of an extensive and functional lymphatic vessel system in the outermost meningeal layer, dura mater, has opened up new possibilities to facilitate post-stroke recovery by inducing dural lymphatic vessel (dLV) growth via a single injection of a vector encoding vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). In the present study, we aimed to improve post-stroke outcomes by inducing dLV growth in mice. We injected mice with a single intracerebroventricular dose of adeno-associated viral particles encoding VEGF-C before subjecting them to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). Behavioral testing, Gadolinium (Gd) contrast agent-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to define the impact of VEGF-C on the post-stroke outcome. VEGF-C improved stroke-induced behavioral deficits, such as gait disturbances and neurological deficits, ameliorated post-stroke inflammation, and enhanced an alternative glial immune response. Importantly, VEGF-C treatment increased the drainage of brain interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as shown by Gd-enhanced MRI. These outcomes were closely associated with an increase in the growth of dLVs around the region where we observed increased vefgc mRNA expression within the brain, including the olfactory bulb, cortex, and cerebellum. Strikingly, VEGF-C-treated ischemic mice exhibited a faster and stronger Gd-signal accumulation in ischemic core area and an enhanced fluid outflow via the cribriform plate. In conclusion, the VEGF-C-induced dLV growth improved the overall outcome post-stroke, indicating that VEGF-C has potential to be included in the treatment strategies of post-ischemic stroke. However, to maximize the therapeutic potential of VEGF-C treatment, further studies on the impact of an enhanced dural lymphatic system at clinically relevant time points are essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Hedwig Keuters
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Salli Antila
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Immonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lidiia Plotnikova
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sarka Lehtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hiramani Dhungana
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Peipei W, Yu D, Xiaoyan L, Yunxia L, Liuming L, Tongbin C, Shaoping L. Effects of a novel regimen of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on neural remodeling and motor function in adult male mice with ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25358. [PMID: 38859672 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation caused by excessive microglial activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive neuromodulatory technique that has recently been reported to regulate microglial functions and exert anti-inflammatory effects. The intermittent burst stimulation (iTBS) regimen in rTMS improves neuronal excitability. However, whether iTBS exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by stimulating neurons and thereby modulating microglial polarization remains unclear. Motor function was assessed after 1 week of rTMS (iTBS regimen) treatment in adult male mice with occlusion/reperfusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO/r) injury. We also investigated the molecular biological alterations associated with microglial polarization using a cell proliferation assay, multiplex cytokine bioassays, and immunofluorescence staining. iTBS regimen can improve balance and motor coordination function, increase spontaneous movement, and improve walking function in mice with early cerebral ischemia injury. Expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 increased significantly in mice with MCAO injury. Especially, rTMS significantly increased the number of proliferating cells in the infarcted cortex. The fluorescence intensity of MAP2 in the peri-infarct area of MCAO injured mice was low, but the signal was broader. Compared with MCAO group, the fluorescence intensity of MAP2 in rTMS group was significantly increased. rTMS inhibited pro-inflammatory M1 activation (Iba1+/CD86+) and improved anti-inflammatory M2 activation (Iba1+/CD206+) in the peri-infarct zone, thus significantly changing the phenotypic ratio M1/M2. rTMS improves motor dysfunction and neuroinflammation after cerebral I/R injury in mice by regulating microglial polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Peipei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Deng Yu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Xiaoyan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Liu Yunxia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Liuming
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Tongbin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lv Shaoping
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhou J, Ye W, Chen L, Li J, Zhou Y, Bai C, Luo L. Triptolide alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via regulating the Fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling pathway. Brain Res Bull 2024; 211:110939. [PMID: 38574865 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential efficacy of Triptolide (TP) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) and to uncover the underlying mechanism through which TP regulates CIRI. METHODS We constructed a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) mouse model to simulate CIRI, and established a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cell model to mimic the inflammatory state during CIRI. The neurological deficits score (NS) of mice were measured for assessment of neurologic functions. Both the severity of cerebral infarction and the apoptosis level in mouse brain tissues or cells were respectively evaluated using corresponding techniques. The expression levels of Ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1), Inductible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), Arginase 1 (Arg-1), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Cysteine histoproteinase S (CTSS), Fractalkine, chemokine C-X3-C motif receptor 1 (CX3CR1), BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), and antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2) were detected using immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR as well as Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Relative to the Sham group, treatment with TP attenuated the increased NS, infarct area and apoptosis levels observed in MCAO/R mice. Upregulated expression levels of IBA-1, iNOS, Arg-1, TNF-α and IL-1β were found in MCAO/R mice, while TP suppressed iNOS, TNF-α and IL-1β expression, and enhanced Arg-1 expression in both MCAO/R mice and LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Besides, TP inhibited the CTSS/Fractalkine/CX3CR1 pathway activation in both MCAO/R mice and LPS-induced BV-2 cells, while overexpression of CTSS reversed such effect. Co-culturing HT-22 cells with TP+LPS-treated BV-2 cells led to enhanced cell viability and decreased apoptosis levels. However, overexpression of CTSS further aggravated HT-22 cell injury. CONCLUSION TP inhibits not only microglia polarization towards the M1 phenotype by suppressing the CTSS/Fractalkine/CX3CR1 pathway activation, but also HT-22 apoptosis by crosstalk with BV-2 cells, thereby ameliorating CIRI. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of TP in improving CIRI, and offer potential implications for addressing the preventive and therapeutic strategies of CIRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Department of Liver Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunfeng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lian Luo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huang C, Wu Z, Wang D, Qu Y, Zhang J, Jiang R, Xu X, Xu X, Wang Y, Liu H, He T, Liu C, Chen G, Yang JJ, Hashimoto K, Yang C. Myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein-dependent myelin repair confers the long-lasting antidepressant effect of ketamine. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1741-1753. [PMID: 37848708 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine exhibits rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. As decreased myelination has been linked to depression pathology, changes in myelination may be a pivotal mechanism underlying ketamine's long-lasting antidepressant effects. Although ketamine has a long-lasting facilitating effect on myelination, the precise roles of myelination in ketamine's sustained antidepressant effects remain unknown. In this study, we employed spatial transcriptomics (ST) to examine ketamine's lasting effects in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus of mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress and identified several differentially expressed myelin-related genes. Ketamine's ability to restore impaired myelination in the brain by promoting the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes was demonstrated. Moreover, we showed that inhibiting the expression of myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (Mobp) blocked ketamine's long-lasting antidepressant effects. We also illustrated that α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) signaling mediated ketamine's facilitation on myelination. In addition, we found that the (R)-stereoisomer of ketamine showed stronger effects on myelination than (S)-ketamine, which may explain its longer-lasting antidepressant effects. These findings reveal novel mechanisms underlying the sustained antidepressant effects of ketamine and the differences in antidepressant effects between (R)-ketamine and (S)-ketamine, providing new insights into the role of myelination in antidepressant mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoli Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Zifeng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Youge Qu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Jichun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Riyue Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiangqing Xu
- Nhwa Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Drug Research and Development, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Nhwa Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Drug Research and Development, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Teng He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Cunming Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shui X, Chen J, Fu Z, Zhu H, Tao H, Li Z. Microglia in Ischemic Stroke: Pathogenesis Insights and Therapeutic Challenges. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:3335-3352. [PMID: 38800598 PMCID: PMC11128258 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s461795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, which is the main cause of death and disability on a global scale. As the primary immune cells in the brain that are crucial for preserving homeostasis of the central nervous system microenvironment, microglia have been found to exhibit dual or even multiple effects at different stages of ischemic stroke. The anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia and release of neurotrophic factors may provide benefits by promoting neurological recovery at the lesion in the early phase after ischemic stroke. However, the pro-inflammatory polarization of microglia and secretion of inflammatory factors in the later phase of injury may exacerbate the ischemic lesion, suggesting the therapeutic potential of modulating the balance of microglial polarization to predispose them to anti-inflammatory transformation in ischemic stroke. Microglia-mediated signaling crosstalk with other cells may also be key to improving functional outcomes following ischemic stroke. Thus, this review provides an overview of microglial functions and responses under physiological and ischemic stroke conditions, including microglial activation, polarization, and interactions with other cells. We focus on approaches that promote anti-inflammatory polarization of microglia, inhibit microglial activation, and enhance beneficial cell-to-cell interactions. These targets may hold promise for the creation of innovative therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Shui
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyue Fu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyue Zhu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualin Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyinqian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lu W, Wang Y, Wen J. The Roles of RhoA/ROCK/NF-κB Pathway in Microglia Polarization Following Ischemic Stroke. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:19. [PMID: 38753217 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Nevertheless, there still lacks the effective therapies for ischemic stroke. Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and can initiate immune responses and monitor the microenvironment. Microglia are activated and polarize into proinflammatory or anti‑inflammatory phenotype in response to various brain injuries, including ischemic stroke. Proinflammatory microglia could generate immunomodulatory mediators, containing cytokines and chemokines, these mediators are closely associated with secondary brain damage following ischemic stroke. On the contrary, anti-inflammatory microglia facilitate recovery following stroke. Regulating the activation and the function of microglia is crucial in exploring the novel treatments for ischemic stroke patients. Accumulating studies have revealed that RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB are famous modulators in the process of microglia activation and polarization. Inhibiting these key modulators can promote the polarization of microglia to anti-inflammatory phenotype. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview on the role of RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB in the microglia activation and polarization, reveal the relationship between RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB in the pathological process of ischemic stroke. In addition, we likewise discussed the drug modulators targeting microglia polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang J, Wang Q, Fu Y, Lu M, Chen L, Liu Z, Fu X, Du X, Yu B, Lu H, Cui W. Swimming short fibrous nasal drops achieving intraventricular administration. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1249-1262. [PMID: 38522998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Adequate drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical factor in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Inspired by swimming fish and the microstructure of the nasal cavity, this study is the first to develop swimming short fibrous nasal drops that can directly target the nasal mucosa and swim in the nasal cavity, which can effectively deliver drugs to the brain. Briefly, swimming short fibrous nasal drops with charged controlled drug release were fabricated by electrospinning, homogenization, the π-π conjugation between indole group of fibers, the benzene ring of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor along with charge-dipole interaction between positively charged poly-lysine (PLL) and negatively charged surface of fibers; this enabled these fibers to stick to nasal mucosa, prolonged the residence time on mucosa, and prevented rapid mucociliary clearance. In vitro, swimming short fibrous nasal drops were biocompatible and inhibited microglial activation by releasing an LRRK2 inhibitor. In vivo, luciferase-labelled swimming short fibrous nasal drops delivered an LRRK2 inhibitor to the brain through the nasal mucosa, alleviating cognitive dysfunction caused by sepsis-associated encephalopathy by inhibiting microglial inflammation and improving synaptic plasticity. Thus, swimming short fibrous nasal drops is a promising strategy for the treatment of CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qiuyun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yifei Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhiheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Xiaohan Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiyu Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Buwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Han Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yang SM, Li YB, Si HX, Wei Y, Ma FJ, Wang J, Chen T, Chen K. C-176 reduces inflammation-induced pain by blocking the cGAS-STING pathway in microglia. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38738512 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2352025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory pain, is caused by lesions or diseases of the somatosensory tissue, is a prevalent chronic condition that profoundly impacts the quality of life. However, clinical treatment for this type of pain remains limited. Traditionally, the stimulation of microglia and subsequent inflammatory reactions are considered crucial elements to promote the worsening of inflammatory pain. Recent research has shown the crucial importance of the cGAS-STING pathway in promoting inflammation. It is still uncertain if the cGAS-STING pathway plays the role in the fundamental cause of inflammatory pain. We aim to explore the treatment of inflammatory pain by interfering with cGAS-STING signaling pathway. METHODS In this study, we established an inflammatory pain model by CFA into the plantar of mice. Activation of microglia, various inflammatory factors and cGAS-STING protein in the spinal dorsal horn were evaluated. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the cellular localization of cGAS and STING. The cGAS-STING pathway proteins expression and mRNA expression of indicated microglial M1/M2 phenotypic markers in the BV2 microglia were detected. STING inhibitor C-176 was intrathecal injected into mice with inflammatory pain, and the pain behavior and microglia were observed. RESULTS This research showed that injecting CFA into the left hind paw of mice caused mechanical allodynia and increased inflammation in the spine. Our research results suggested that the cGAS-STING pathway had a function in the inflammation mediated by microglia in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Blocking the cGAS-STING pathway using STING antagonists (C-176) led to reduced release of inflammatory factors and prevented M1 polarization of BV2 microglia in a laboratory setting. Additionally, intrathecal administration of C-176 reduced the allodynia in CFA treated mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that inhibiting microglial polarization through the cGAS-STING pathway represents a potential novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ming Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan-Bo Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua-Xing Si
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fu-Juan Ma
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Huang Q, Wang Y, Chen S, Liang F. Glycometabolic Reprogramming of Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights from Neuroinflammation. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1155-1175. [PMID: 37611905 PMCID: PMC11081147 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are conditions defined by progressive deterioration of the structure and function of the nervous system. Some major examples include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These diseases lead to various dysfunctions, like impaired cognition, memory, and movement. Chronic neuroinflammation may underlie numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Microglia, an important immunocell in the brain, plays a vital role in defending against neuroinflammation. When exposed to different stimuli, microglia are activated and assume different phenotypes, participating in immune regulation of the nervous system and maintaining tissue homeostasis. The immunological activity of activated microglia is affected by glucose metabolic alterations. However, in the context of chronic neuroinflammation, specific alterations of microglial glucose metabolism and their mechanisms of action remain unclear. Thus, in this paper, we review the glycometabolic reprogramming of microglia in ND. The key molecular targets and main metabolic pathways are the focus of this research. Additionally, this study explores the mechanisms underlying microglial glucose metabolism reprogramming in ND and offers an analysis of the most recent therapeutic advancements. The ultimate aim is to provide insights into the development of potential treatments for ND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanfu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fengxia Liang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
You S, Ma Z, Zhang P, Xu W, Zhan C, Sang N, Xu J, Wang F, Zhang J. Neuroprotective effects of the salidroside derivative SHPL-49 via the BDNF/TrkB/Gap43 pathway in rats with cerebral ischemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116460. [PMID: 38520864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common intravascular disease and one of the leading causes of death and disability. The salidroside derivative SHPL-49, which we previously synthesized, significantly attenuates cerebral ischemic injury in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. To explore the neuroprotective mechanism of SHPL-49, the effects of SHPL-49 on the expression levels of neurotrophic factors in neurons and microglia and the polarization of microglia were investigated in the present study. SHPL-49 activated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway, decreased the number of degenerated neurons, and accelerated neurogenesis in rats with cerebral ischemia. In addition, SHPL-49 promoted the polarization of microglia toward the M2 phenotype to alleviate neuroinflammation. In BV2 cells, SHPL-49 upregulated CD206 mRNA and protein levels and inhibited CD86 mRNA and protein levels. SHPL-49 also increased neurotrophic factor secretion in BV2 cells, which indirectly promoted the survival of primary neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Proteomics analysis revealed that SHPL-49 promoted growth-associated protein 43 (Gap43) expression. SHPL-49 enhanced synaptic plasticity and increased Gap43 protein levels via activation of the BDNF pathway in the OGD primary neuron model. These results indicate that SHPL-49 prevents cerebral ischemic injury by activating neurotrophic factor pathways and altering microglial polarization. Thus, SHPL-49 is a potential neuroprotective agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suxin You
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional, Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhouyun Ma
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional, Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional, Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Shanghai Hutchison Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changsen Zhan
- Shanghai Hutchison Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Nina Sang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional, Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiazhen Xu
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional, Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feiyun Wang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional, Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiange Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional, Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Duan M, Xu Y, Li Y, Feng H, Chen Y. Targeting brain-peripheral immune responses for secondary brain injury after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:102. [PMID: 38637850 PMCID: PMC11025216 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The notion that the central nervous system is an immunologically immune-exempt organ has changed over the past two decades, with increasing evidence of strong links and interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system, both in the healthy state and after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Although primary injury after stroke is certainly important, the limited therapeutic efficacy, poor neurological prognosis and high mortality have led researchers to realize that secondary injury and damage may also play important roles in influencing long-term neurological prognosis and mortality and that the neuroinflammatory process in secondary injury is one of the most important influences on disease progression. Here, we summarize the interactions of the central nervous system with the peripheral immune system after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, in particular, how the central nervous system activates and recruits peripheral immune components, and we review recent advances in corresponding therapeutic approaches and clinical studies, emphasizing the importance of the role of the peripheral immune system in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuanshu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yang Y, Duan Y, Jiang H, Li J, Bai W, Zhang Q, Li J, Shao J. Bioinformatics-driven identification and validation of diagnostic biomarkers for cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28565. [PMID: 38601664 PMCID: PMC11004763 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This article aims to identify genetic features associated with immune cell infiltration in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) development through bioinformatics, with the goal of discovering diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Methods We obtained two datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify immune-related differentially expressed genes (IRDEGs). These genes' functions were analyzed via Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Tools such as CIBERSORT and ssGSEA assessed immune cell infiltration. The Starbase and miRDB databases predicted miRNAs interacting with hub genes, and Cytoscape software mapped mRNA-miRNA interaction networks. The ENCORI database was employed to predict RNA binding proteins interacting with hub genes. Key genes were identified using a random forest algorithm and constructing a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. LASSO regression analysis constructed a diagnostic model for hub genes to determine their diagnostic value, and PCR analysis validated their expression in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Results We identified 10 IRDEGs (C1qa, Ccl4, Cd74, Cd8a, Cxcl10, Gmfg, Grp, Lgals3bp, Timp1, Vim). The random forest algorithm, and SVM model intersection revealed three key genes (Ccl4, Gmfg, C1qa) as diagnostic biomarkers for CIRI. LASSO regression analysis, further refined this to two key genes (Ccl4 and C1qa), With ROC curve, analysis confirming their diagnostic efficacy (C1qa AUC = 0.75, Ccl4 AUC = 0.939). PCR analysis corroborated these findings. Conclusions Our study elucidates immune and metabolic response mechanisms in CIRI, identifying two immune-related genes as key biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in response to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yushan Duan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenya Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Junming Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianlin Shao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nishimura K, Sanchez-Molano J, Kerr N, Pressman Y, Silvera R, Khan A, Gajavelli S, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Beneficial Effects of Human Schwann Cell-Derived Exosomes in Mitigating Secondary Damage After Penetrating Ballistic-Like Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024. [PMID: 38445369 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that the delivery of cell-derived exosomes normally involved in intracellular communication can reduce secondary injury mechanisms after brain and spinal cord injury and improve outcomes. Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles that are released by Schwann cells and may have neuroprotective effects by reducing post-traumatic inflammatory processes as well as promoting tissue healing and functional recovery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of human Schwann-cell exosomes (hSC-Exos) in a severe model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) in rats and investigate effects on multiple outcomes. Human Schwann cell processing protocols followed Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) with exosome extraction and purification steps approved by the Food and Drug Administration for an expanded access single ALS patient Investigational New Drug. Anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats (280-350g) underwent PBBI surgery or Sham procedures and, starting 30 min after injury, received either a dose of hSC-Exos or phosphate-buffered saline through the jugular vein. At 48h after PBBI, flow cytometry analysis of cortical tissue revealed that hSC-Exos administration reduced the number of activated microglia and levels of caspase-1, a marker of inflammasome activation. Neuropathological analysis at 21 days showed that hSC-Exos treatment after PBBI significantly reduced overall contusion volume and decreased the frequency of Iba-1 positive activated and amoeboid microglia by immunocytochemical analysis. This study revealed that the systemic administration of hSC-Exos is neuroprotective in a model of severe TBI and reduces secondary inflammatory injury mechanisms and histopathological damage. The administration of hSC-Exos represents a clinically relevant cell-based therapy to limit the detrimental effects of neurotrauma or other progressive neurological injuries by impacting multiple pathophysiological events and promoting neurological recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Nishimura
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Juliana Sanchez-Molano
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nadine Kerr
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Yelena Pressman
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Risset Silvera
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Aisha Khan
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Helen M Bramlett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Qin R, Huang L, Xu W, Qin Q, Liang X, Lai X, Huang X, Xie M, Chen L. Unveiling the role of HIST2H2AC in stroke through single-cell and transcriptome analysis. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:76. [PMID: 38656411 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, and genetic risk factors play a significant role in its development. Unfortunately, effective therapies for stroke are currently limited. Early detection and diagnosis are critical for improving outcomes and developing new treatment strategies. In this study, we aimed to identify potential biomarkers and effective prevention and treatment strategies for stroke by conducting transcriptome and single-cell analyses. Our analysis included screening for biomarkers, functional enrichment analysis, immune infiltration, cell-cell communication, and single-cell metabolism. Through differential expression analysis, enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, we identified HIST2H2AC as a potential biomarker for stroke. Our study also highlighted the diagnostic role of HIST2H2AC in stroke, its relationship with immune cells in the stroke environment, and our improved understanding of metabolic pathways after stroke. Overall, our research provided important insights into the pathogenesis of stroke, including potential biomarkers and treatment strategies that can be explored further to improve outcomes for stroke patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongxing Qin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy (Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research), Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy (Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research), Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qingchun Qin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy (Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research), Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaojun Liang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xinyu Lai
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Minshan Xie
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China.
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy (Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research), Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China.
| |
Collapse
|