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Shinohara M, Lau QY, Torizal FG, Choi H, Sakai Y. Inflammatory liver tissue formation using oxygen permeable membrane based culture platform. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 136:327-333. [PMID: 37573250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
During chronic liver injury, inflammation leads to liver fibrosis, particularly due to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The involvement of inflammatory cytokines in HSC activation and the interplay among different liver cells are elaborated. To examine their interactions in vitro, many cultured liver tissue models are performed in organoid or spheroid culture with random 3D structure. Herein, we demonstrated the hierarchical coculture of primary rat hepatocytes with non-parenchymal cells such as the human-derived HSC line (LX-2) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cell line (TMNK-1). The cocultured tissue had high usability with simple operation of separating solid and liquid phases with improved liver functions such as albumin production and hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 activity. We also studied the effects of stimulation by both oxygen tension and the key pro-fibrogenic cytokine, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), on HSC activation. Gene expression of collagen type I and alpha-smooth muscle actin were enhanced in the hierarchical coculture under lower oxygen tension and TGF-β1 stimulation. Therefore, this hierarchical in vitro cocultured liver tissue could provide a useful platform as a disease model for elucidating the interactions of various liver cell types and biochemical signals in future liver fibrogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Shinohara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Qiao You Lau
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Fuad Gandhi Torizal
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hyunjin Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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2
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Stern S, Wang H, Sadrieh N. Microphysiological Models for Mechanistic-Based Prediction of Idiosyncratic DILI. Cells 2023; 12:1476. [PMID: 37296597 PMCID: PMC10253021 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major contributor to high attrition rates among candidate and market drugs and a key regulatory, industry, and global health concern. While acute and dose-dependent DILI, namely, intrinsic DILI, is predictable and often reproducible in preclinical models, the nature of idiosyncratic DILI (iDILI) limits its mechanistic understanding due to the complex disease pathogenesis, and recapitulation using in vitro and in vivo models is extremely challenging. However, hepatic inflammation is a key feature of iDILI primarily orchestrated by the innate and adaptive immune system. This review summarizes the in vitro co-culture models that exploit the role of the immune system to investigate iDILI. Particularly, this review focuses on advancements in human-based 3D multicellular models attempting to supplement in vivo models that often lack predictability and display interspecies variations. Exploiting the immune-mediated mechanisms of iDILI, the inclusion of non-parenchymal cells in these hepatoxicity models, namely, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, dendritic cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, introduces heterotypic cell-cell interactions and mimics the hepatic microenvironment. Additionally, drugs recalled from the market in the US between 1996-2010 that were studies in these various models highlight the necessity for further harmonization and comparison of model characteristics. Challenges regarding disease-related endpoints, mimicking 3D architecture with different cell-cell contact, cell source, and the underlying multi-cellular and multi-stage mechanisms are described. It is our belief that progressing our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of iDILI will provide mechanistic clues and a method for drug safety screening to better predict liver injury in clinical trials and post-marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Stern
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Nakissa Sadrieh
- Office of New Drugs, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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3
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Kukla DA, Khetani SR. Bioengineered Liver Models for Investigating Disease Pathogenesis and Regenerative Medicine. Semin Liver Dis 2021; 41:368-392. [PMID: 34139785 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Owing to species-specific differences in liver pathways, in vitro human liver models are utilized for elucidating mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis, drug development, and regenerative medicine. To mitigate limitations with de-differentiated cultures, bioengineers have developed advanced techniques/platforms, including micropatterned cocultures, spheroids/organoids, bioprinting, and microfluidic devices, for perfusing cell cultures and liver slices. Such techniques improve mature functions and culture lifetime of primary and stem-cell human liver cells. Furthermore, bioengineered liver models display several features of liver diseases including infections with pathogens (e.g., malaria, hepatitis C/B viruses, Zika, dengue, yellow fever), alcoholic/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer. Here, we discuss features of bioengineered human liver models, their uses for modeling aforementioned diseases, and how such models are being augmented/adapted for fabricating implantable human liver tissues for clinical therapy. Ultimately, continued advances in bioengineered human liver models have the potential to aid the development of novel, safe, and efficacious therapies for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kukla
- Deparment of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Deparment of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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4
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Soheilmoghaddam F, Rumble M, Cooper-White J. High-Throughput Routes to Biomaterials Discovery. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10792-10864. [PMID: 34213880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many existing clinical treatments are limited in their ability to completely restore decreased or lost tissue and organ function, an unenviable situation only further exacerbated by a globally aging population. As a result, the demand for new medical interventions has increased substantially over the past 20 years, with the burgeoning fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine showing promise to offer solutions for full repair or replacement of damaged or aging tissues. Success in these fields, however, inherently relies on biomaterials that are engendered with the ability to provide the necessary biological cues mimicking native extracellular matrixes that support cell fate. Accelerating the development of such "directive" biomaterials requires a shift in current design practices toward those that enable rapid synthesis and characterization of polymeric materials and the coupling of these processes with techniques that enable similarly rapid quantification and optimization of the interactions between these new material systems and target cells and tissues. This manuscript reviews recent advances in combinatorial and high-throughput (HT) technologies applied to polymeric biomaterial synthesis, fabrication, and chemical, physical, and biological screening with targeted end-point applications in the fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Limitations of, and future opportunities for, the further application of these research tools and methodologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Soheilmoghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Madeleine Rumble
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
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Exploring Interactions between Primary Hepatocytes and Non-Parenchymal Cells on Physiological and Pathological Liver Stiffness. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050408. [PMID: 34063016 PMCID: PMC8147966 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic liver disease is characterized by progressive hepatic fibrosis leading to the formation of cirrhosis irrespective of the etiology with no effective treatment currently available. Liver stiffness (LS) is currently the best clinical predictor of this fibrosis progression irrespective of the cause of the disease. However, it is not well understood how does LS regulate the critical hepatocytes–non parenchymal cell interactions. We here present, to the best of our knowledge, the first analyses of the impact of physiological and pathological stiffness on hepatocytes–non parenchymal cell interaction. Our findings indicate the role of stiffness in regulating the hepatocytes interactions with NPCs necessary for maintenance of hepatocytes function. Abstract Chronic liver disease is characterized by progressive hepatic fibrosis leading to the formation of cirrhosis irrespective of the etiology with no effective treatment currently available. Liver stiffness (LS) is currently the best clinical predictor of this fibrosis progression irrespective of the etiology. LS and hepatocytes-nonparenchymal cells (NPC) interactions are two variables known to be important in regulating hepatic function during liver fibrosis, but little is known about the interplay of these cues. Here, we use polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) based substrates with tunable mechanical properties to study how cell–cell interaction and stiffness regulates hepatocytes function. Specifically, primary rat hepatocytes were cocultured with NIH-3T3 fibroblasts on soft (2 kPa) and stiff substrates that recreates physiologic (2 kPa) and cirrhotic liver stiffness (55 kPa). Urea synthesis by primary hepatocytes depended on the presence of fibroblast and was independent of the substrate stiffness. However, albumin synthesis and Cytochrome P450 enzyme activity increased in hepatocytes on soft substrates and when in coculture with a fibroblast. Western blot analysis of hepatic markers, E-cadherin, confirmed that hepatocytes on soft substrates in coculture promoted better maintenance of the hepatic phenotype. These findings indicate the role of stiffness in regulating the hepatocytes interactions with NPCs necessary for maintenance of hepatocytes function.
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6
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Sakthivel K, O'Brien A, Kim K, Hoorfar M. Microfluidic analysis of heterotypic cellular interactions: A review of techniques and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Brown GE, Khetani SR. Microfabrication of liver and heart tissues for drug development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0225. [PMID: 29786560 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity remain among the leading causes of preclinical and clinical drug attrition, marketplace drug withdrawals and black-box warnings on marketed drugs. Unfortunately, animal testing has proven to be insufficient for accurately predicting drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity across many drug classes, likely due to significant differences in tissue functions across species. Thus, the field of in vitro human tissue engineering has gained increasing importance over the last 10 years. Technologies such as protein micropatterning, microfluidics, three-dimensional scaffolds and bioprinting have revolutionized in vitro platforms as well as increased the long-term phenotypic stability of both primary cells and stem cell-derived differentiated cells. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver and heart models with utility for drug development. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues. Overall, bioengineered liver and heart models have significantly advanced our understanding of organ function and injury, which will prove useful for mitigating the risk of drug-induced organ toxicity to human patients, reducing animal usage for preclinical drug testing, aiding in the discovery of novel therapeutics against human diseases, and ultimately for applications in regenerative medicine.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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8
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Underhill GH, Khetani SR. Bioengineered Liver Models for Drug Testing and Cell Differentiation Studies. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:426-439.e1. [PMID: 29675458 PMCID: PMC5904032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models of the human liver are important for the following: (1) mitigating the risk of drug-induced liver injury to human beings, (2) modeling human liver diseases, (3) elucidating the role of single and combinatorial microenvironmental cues on liver cell function, and (4) enabling cell-based therapies in the clinic. Methods to isolate and culture primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), the gold standard for building human liver models, were developed several decades ago; however, PHHs show a precipitous decline in phenotypic functions in 2-dimensional extracellular matrix-coated conventional culture formats, which does not allow chronic treatment with drugs and other stimuli. The development of several engineering tools, such as cellular microarrays, protein micropatterning, microfluidics, biomaterial scaffolds, and bioprinting, now allow precise control over the cellular microenvironment for enhancing the function of both PHHs and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cells; long-term (4+ weeks) stabilization of hepatocellular function typically requires co-cultivation with liver-derived or non-liver-derived nonparenchymal cell types. In addition, the recent development of liver organoid culture systems can provide a strategy for the enhanced expansion of therapeutically relevant cell types. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver models that have utility in drug screening and for determining microenvironmental determinants of liver cell differentiation/function. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues that need to be addressed. Overall, bioengineered liver models have significantly advanced our understanding of liver function and injury, which will prove useful for drug development and ultimately cell-based therapies.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BAL, bioartificial liver
- Bioprinting
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CYP450, cytochrome P450
- Cellular Microarrays
- DILI, drug-induced liver injury
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatocytes
- IL, interleukin
- KC, Kupffer cell
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- MPCC, micropatterned co-culture
- Microfluidics
- Micropatterned Co-Cultures
- NPC, nonparenchymal cell
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PHH, primary human hepatocyte
- Spheroids
- iHep, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cell
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H. Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Lei J, Murphy WL, Temenoff JS. Combination of Heparin Binding Peptide and Heparin Cell Surface Coatings for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroid Assembly. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:878-884. [PMID: 29341600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microtissues containing multiple cell types have been used in both in vitro models and in vivo tissue repair applications. However, to improve throughput, there is a need to develop a platform that supports self-assembly of a large number of 3D microtissues containing multiple cell types in a dynamic suspension system. Thus, the objective of this study was to exploit the binding interaction between the negatively charged glycosaminoglycan, heparin, and a known heparin binding peptide to establish a method that promotes assembly of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroids into larger aggregates. We characterized heparin binding peptide (HEPpep) and heparin coatings on cell surfaces and determined the specificity of these coatings in promoting assembly of MSC spheroids in dynamic culture. Overall, combining spheroids with both coatings promoted up to 70 ± 11% of spheroids to assemble into multiaggregate structures, as compared to only 10 ± 4% assembly when cells having the heparin coating were cultured with cells coated with a scrambled peptide. These results suggest that this self-assembly method represents an exciting approach that may be applicable for a wide range of applications in which cell aggregation is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Johnna S Temenoff
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Tech/Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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10
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Ogoke O, Oluwole J, Parashurama N. Bioengineering considerations in liver regenerative medicine. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:46. [PMID: 29204185 PMCID: PMC5702480 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver disease contributes significantly to global disease burden and is associated with rising incidence and escalating costs. It is likely that innovative approaches, arising from the emerging field of liver regenerative medicine, will counter these trends. Main body Liver regenerative medicine is a rapidly expanding field based on a rich history of basic investigations into the nature of liver structure, physiology, development, regeneration, and function. With a bioengineering perspective, we discuss all major subfields within liver regenerative medicine, focusing on the history, seminal publications, recent progress within these fields, and commercialization efforts. The areas reviewed include fundamental aspects of liver transplantation, liver regeneration, primary hepatocyte cell culture, bioartificial liver, hepatocyte transplantation and liver cell therapies, mouse liver repopulation, adult liver stem cell/progenitor cells, pluripotent stem cells, hepatic microdevices, and decellularized liver grafts. Conclusion These studies highlight the creative directions of liver regenerative medicine, the collective efforts of scientists, engineers, and doctors, and the bright outlook for a wide range of approaches and applications which will impact patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogechi Ogoke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203 USA
| | - Janet Oluwole
- Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, 907 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, 907 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
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Gural N, Mancio-Silva L, He J, Bhatia SN. Engineered Livers for Infectious Diseases. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:131-144. [PMID: 29322086 PMCID: PMC5756057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Engineered liver systems come in a variety of platform models, from 2-dimensional cocultures of primary human hepatocytes and stem cell-derived progeny, to 3-dimensional organoids and humanized mice. Because of the species-specificity of many human hepatropic pathogens, these engineered systems have been essential tools for biologic discovery and therapeutic agent development in the context of liver-dependent infectious diseases. Although improvement of existing models is always beneficial, and the addition of a robust immune component is a particular need, at present, considerable progress has been made using this combination of research platforms. We highlight advances in the study of hepatitis B and C viruses and malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites, and underscore the importance of pairing the most appropriate model system and readout modality with the particular experimental question at hand, without always requiring a platform that recapitulates human physiology in its entirety.
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Key Words
- 2D, 2-dimensional
- 3D
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- EBOV, Ebola virus
- Falciparum
- HBC, hepatitis C virus
- HBV
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV
- HLC, hepatocyte-like cells
- Hepatotropic
- LASV, Lassa virus
- Liver
- Liver Models
- MPCC, micropatterned coculture system
- Malaria
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Pathogen
- SACC, self-assembling coculture
- Vivax
- iHLC, induced pluripotent stem cell–derived hepatocyte-like cells
- in vitro
- in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Gural
- Harvard-MIT Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts,Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Liliana Mancio-Silva
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jiang He
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Sangeeta N. Bhatia, MD, PhD, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer, Research at MIT, Building 76, Room 473, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
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12
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Gregory PG, Connolly CK, Gillis BE, Sullivan SJ. The Effect of Coculture with Nonparenchymal Cells on Porcine Hepatocyte Function. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783986297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Goldring C, Antoine DJ, Bonner F, Crozier J, Denning C, Fontana RJ, Hanley NA, Hay DC, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Juhila S, Kitteringham N, Silva-Lima B, Norris A, Pridgeon C, Ross JA, Sison Young R, Tagle D, Tornesi B, van de Water B, Weaver RJ, Zhang F, Park BK. Stem cell-derived models to improve mechanistic understanding and prediction of human drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2017; 65:710-721. [PMID: 27775817 PMCID: PMC5266558 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Current preclinical drug testing does not predict some forms of adverse drug reactions in humans. Efforts at improving predictability of drug-induced tissue injury in humans include using stem cell technology to generate human cells for screening for adverse effects of drugs in humans. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells means that it may ultimately be possible to develop personalized toxicology to determine interindividual susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. However, the complexity of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury means that no current single-cell model, whether of primary liver tissue origin, from liver cell lines, or derived from stem cells, adequately emulates what is believed to occur during human drug-induced liver injury. Nevertheless, a single-cell model of a human hepatocyte which emulates key features of a hepatocyte is likely to be valuable in assessing potential chemical risk; furthermore, understanding how to generate a relevant hepatocyte will also be critical to efforts to build complex multicellular models of the liver. Currently, hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from stem cells still fall short of recapitulating the full mature hepatocellular phenotype. Therefore, we convened a number of experts from the areas of preclinical and clinical hepatotoxicity and safety assessment, from industry, academia, and regulatory bodies, to specifically explore the application of stem cells in hepatotoxicity safety assessment and to make recommendations for the way forward. In this short review, we particularly discuss the importance of benchmarking stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells to their terminally differentiated human counterparts using defined phenotyping, to make sure the cells are relevant and comparable between labs, and outline why this process is essential before the cells are introduced into chemical safety assessment. (Hepatology 2017;65:710-721).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel J. Antoine
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Crozier
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris Denning
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Manchester; Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, UK
| | - David C. Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Satu Juhila
- R&D, In Vitro Biology, Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland
| | - Neil Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Alan Norris
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris Pridgeon
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James A. Ross
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rowena Sison Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Danilo Tagle
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Belen Tornesi
- Abbvie Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bob van de Water
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Weaver
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S), Suresnes, 92284, Cedex France
| | - Fang Zhang
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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14
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Jeong D, Han C, Kang I, Park HT, Kim J, Ryu H, Gho YS, Park J. Effect of Concentrated Fibroblast-Conditioned Media on In Vitro Maintenance of Rat Primary Hepatocyte. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148846. [PMID: 26863621 PMCID: PMC4749383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of concentrated fibroblast-conditioned media were tested to determine whether hepatocyte function can be maintained without direct contact between hepatocytes and fibroblasts. Primary rat hepatocytes cultured with a concentrated conditioned media of NIH-3T3 J2 cell line (final concentration of 55 mg/ml) showed significantly improved survival and functions (albumin and urea) compared to those of control groups. They also showed higher expression levels of mRNA, albumin and tyrosine aminotransferase compared to hepatocyte monoculture. The results suggest that culture with concentrated fibroblast-conditioned media could be an easy method for in vitro maintenance of primary hepatocytes. They also could be contribute to understand and analyze co-culture condition of hepatocyte with stroma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayeong Jeong
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungmin Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Taek Park
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Ryu
- Chadwick International School, Songdo, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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15
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You J, Raghunathan VK, Son KJ, Patel D, Haque A, Murphy CJ, Revzin A. Impact of Nanotopography, Heparin Hydrogel Microstructures, and Encapsulated Fibroblasts on Phenotype of Primary Hepatocytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:12299-12308. [PMID: 25247391 PMCID: PMC4372509 DOI: 10.1021/am504614e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes, the main epithelial cell type in the liver, perform most of the biochemical functions of the liver. Thus, maintenance of a primary hepatocyte phenotype is crucial for investigations of in vitro drug metabolism, toxicity, and development of bioartificial liver constructs. Here, we report the impact of topographic cues alone and in combination with soluble signals provided by encapsulated feeder cells on maintenance of the primary hepatocyte phenotype. Topographic features were 300 nm deep with pitches of either 400, 1400, or 4000 nm. Hepatocyte cell attachment, morphology and function were markedly better on 400 nm pitch patterns compared with larger scale topographies or planar substrates. Interestingly, topographic features having biomimetic size scale dramatically increased cell adhesion whether or not substrates had been precoated with collagen I. Albumin production in primary hepatocytes cultured on 400 nm pitch substrates without collagen I was maintained over 10 days and was considerably higher compared to albumin synthesis on collagen-coated flat substrates. In order to investigate the potential interaction of soluble cytoactive factors supplied by feeder cells with topographic cues in determining cell phenotype, bioactive heparin-containing hydrogel microstructures were molded (100 μm spacing, 100 μm width) over the surface of the topographically patterned substrates. These hydrogel microstructures either carried encapsulated fibroblasts or were free of cells. Hepatocytes cultured on nanopatterned substrates next to fibroblast carrying hydrogel microstructures were significantly more functional than hepatocytes cultured on nanopatterned surfaces without hydrogels or stromal cells significantly elevated albumin expression and cell junction formation compared to cells provided with topographic cues only. The simultaneous presentation of topographic biomechanical cues along with soluble signaling molecules provided by encapsulated fibroblasts cells resulted in optimal functionality of cultured hepatocytes. The provision of both topographic and soluble signaling cues could enhance our ability to create liver surrogates and inform the development of engineered liver constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmok You
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kyung Jin Son
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dipali Patel
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amranul Haque
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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16
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Hirschbiel AF, Geyer S, Yameen B, Welle A, Nikolov P, Giselbrecht S, Scholpp S, Delaittre G, Barner-Kowollik C. Photolithographic patterning of 3D-formed polycarbonate films for targeted cell guiding. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2621-2626. [PMID: 25787094 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A facile photolithographic platform for the design of cell-guiding polymeric substrates is introduced. Specific areas of the substrate are photo-deactivated for the subsequent growth of bioresistant polymer brushes, creating zones for cell proliferation, and protein adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid F Hirschbiel
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
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17
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Usta OB, McCarty WJ, Bale S, Hegde M, Jindal R, Bhushan A, Golberg I, Yarmush ML. Microengineered cell and tissue systems for drug screening and toxicology applications: Evolution of in-vitro liver technologies. TECHNOLOGY 2015; 3:1-26. [PMID: 26167518 PMCID: PMC4494128 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547815300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver performs many key functions, the most prominent of which is serving as the metabolic hub of the body. For this reason, the liver is the focal point of many investigations aimed at understanding an organism's toxicological response to endogenous and exogenous challenges. Because so many drug failures have involved direct liver toxicity or other organ toxicity from liver generated metabolites, the pharmaceutical industry has constantly sought superior, predictive in-vitro models that can more quickly and efficiently identify problematic drug candidates before they incur major development costs, and certainly before they are released to the public. In this broad review, we present a survey and critical comparison of in-vitro liver technologies along a broad spectrum, but focus on the current renewed push to develop "organs-on-a-chip". One prominent set of conclusions from this review is that while a large body of recent work has steered the field towards an ever more comprehensive understanding of what is needed, the field remains in great need of several key advances, including establishment of standard characterization methods, enhanced technologies that mimic the in-vivo cellular environment, and better computational approaches to bridge the gap between the in-vitro and in-vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- O B Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - W J McCarty
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M Hegde
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - R Jindal
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A Bhushan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - I Golberg
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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18
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Prabhakaran MP, Vatankhah E, Kai D, Ramakrishna S. Methods for Nano/Micropatterning of Substrates: Toward Stem Cells Differentiation. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.945207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Yahya WNW, Kadri NA, Ibrahim F. Cell patterning for liver tissue engineering via dielectrophoretic mechanisms. SENSORS 2014; 14:11714-34. [PMID: 24991941 PMCID: PMC4168452 DOI: 10.3390/s140711714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the most common treatment for patients with end-stage liver failure. However, liver transplantation is greatly limited by a shortage of donors. Liver tissue engineering may offer an alternative by providing an implantable engineered liver. Currently, diverse types of engineering approaches for in vitro liver cell culture are available, including scaffold-based methods, microfluidic platforms, and micropatterning techniques. Active cell patterning via dielectrophoretic (DEP) force showed some advantages over other methods, including high speed, ease of handling, high precision and being label-free. This article summarizes liver function and regenerative mechanisms for better understanding in developing engineered liver. We then review recent advances in liver tissue engineering techniques and focus on DEP-based cell patterning, including microelectrode design and patterning configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nurlina Wan Yahya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Nahrizul Adib Kadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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20
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Hegde M, Jindal R, Bhushan A, Bale SS, McCarty WJ, Golberg I, Usta OB, Yarmush ML. Dynamic interplay of flow and collagen stabilizes primary hepatocytes culture in a microfluidic platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2033-9. [PMID: 24770663 PMCID: PMC4036071 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The creation of stable flow cultures of hepatocytes is highly desirable for the development of platforms for drug toxicity screening, bio-artificial liver support devices, and models for investigating liver physiology and pathophysiology. Given that hepatocytes cultured using the collagen overlay or in 'sandwich' configuration maintain a wide range of differentiated functions, we describe a simple method for adapting this culture configuration within a microfluidic device. The device design consists of a porous membrane sandwiched between two layers of PDMS resulting in a two-chambered device. In the bottom chamber, hepatocytes are cultured in the collagen sandwich configuration, while the top chamber is accessible for flow. We demonstrate that hepatocytes cultured under flow exhibit higher albumin and urea secretions and induce cytochrome P450 1A1 activity in comparison to static cultures. Furthermore, over two weeks, hepatocytes cultured under flow show a well-connected cellular network with bile canaliculi formation, whereas static cultures show formation of gaps in the cellular network that progressively increase over time. Although enhanced functional response of hepatocytes cultured under flow has been observed in multiple prior studies, the exact mechanism for this flow induced effect remains unknown. In our work, we identified that hepatocytes secrete a higher level of collagen in the flow cultures; inhibiting collagen secretion within the flow cultures reduced albumin secretion and restored the appearance of gaps in the cellular network similar to the static cultures. These results demonstrate the importance of the increased collagen secretion by hepatocytes cultured under flow as a mechanism to maintain a well-connected cellular network and a differentiated function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohit Jindal
- corresponding authors: Dr. Rohit Jindal, Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, . Dr. Martin L. Yarmush, Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin L. Yarmush
- corresponding authors: Dr. Rohit Jindal, Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, . Dr. Martin L. Yarmush, Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114,
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21
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Li CY, Stevens KR, Schwartz RE, Alejandro BS, Huang JH, Bhatia SN. Micropatterned cell-cell interactions enable functional encapsulation of primary hepatocytes in hydrogel microtissues. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2200-12. [PMID: 24498910 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major cause of drug development failures and postmarket withdrawals. In vitro models that incorporate primary hepatocytes have been shown to be more predictive than model systems which rely on liver microsomes or hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Methods to phenotypically stabilize primary hepatocytes ex vivo often rely on mimicry of hepatic microenvironmental cues such as cell-cell interactions and cell-matrix interactions. In this work, we sought to incorporate phenotypically stable hepatocytes into three-dimensional (3D) microtissues, which, in turn, could be deployed in drug-screening platforms such as multiwell plates and diverse organ-on-a-chip devices. We first utilize micropatterning on collagen I to specify cell-cell interactions in two-dimensions, followed by collagenase digestion to produce well-controlled aggregates for 3D encapsulation in polyethylene glycol (PEG) diacrylate. Using this approach, we examined the influence of homotypic hepatocyte interactions and composition of the encapsulating hydrogel, and achieved the maintenance of liver-specific function for over 50 days. Optimally preaggregated structures were subsequently encapsulated using a microfluidic droplet-generator to produce 3D microtissues. Interactions of engineered hepatic microtissues with drugs was characterized by flow cytometry, and yielded both induction of P450 enzymes in response to prototypic small molecules and drug-drug interactions that give rise to hepatotoxicity. Collectively, this study establishes a pipeline for the manufacturing of 3D hepatic microtissues that exhibit stabilized liver-specific functions and can be incorporated into a wide array of emerging drug development platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri Y Li
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts
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22
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Abstract
Spatially patterned subtractive de-inking, a process we term "stamp-off," provides a simple method to generate sparse, multicomponent protein micropatterns. It has been applied to control cell adhesion, study adhesion biology, as well as to micropattern fragile surfaces. This technique can also readily be applied to study nanoscale interactions between cell membrane receptors and surface-immobilized ligands. It is based on conventional microcontact printing and as such requires the same reagents, including photolithographically defined masters, a spin-coater, poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS), and conventional cell culture reagents such as glass coverslips and adhesive proteins. Stamp-off is conceptually simplified into three steps: (1) generation of an appropriate cell culture substrate, PDMS-coated glass, (2) micropatterning with stamp-off, and (3) cell deposition. After elaborating each of these three methods, we discuss limitations of the technique and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi A Desai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Medical Research Council, National Institute of Medical Research, London, United Kingdom; University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia M Rodriguez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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You J, Shin DS, Patel D, Gao Y, Revzin A. Multilayered heparin hydrogel microwells for cultivation of primary hepatocytes. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:126-32. [PMID: 23828859 PMCID: PMC4354952 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biomaterial scaffolds for regenerative medicine need to be rationally designed to achieve the desired cell fate and function. This paper describes the development of hydrogel microstructures for cultivation of primary hepatocytes. Four different micropatterned surfaces are tested: 1) poly(ethyelene glycol) (PEG) microwells patterned on glass, 2) heparin hydrogel microwells patterned on glass, 3) PEG microwells patterned on heparin hydrogel-coated substrates, and 4) heparin hydrogel microwells patterned on heparin hydrogel-coated substrates. The latter surfaces are constructed by a combination of micromolding and microcontact printing techniques to create microwells with both walls and floor composed of heparin hydrogel. Individual microwell dimensions are 200 μm diameter and 20 μm in height. In all cases, the floor of the microwells is modified with collagen I to promote cell adhesion. Cultivation of hepatocytes followed by analysis of hepatic markers (urea production, albumin synthesis, and E-cadherin expression) reveals that the all-heparin gel microwells are most conducive to hepatic phenotype maintenance. For example, ELISA analysis shows 2.3 to 13.1 times higher levels of albumin production in all-heparin gel wells compared with other micropatterned surfaces. Importantly, hepatic phenotype expression can be further enhanced by culturing fibroblasts on the heparin gel walls of the microwells. In the future, multicomponent all-heparin gel microstructures may be employed in designing hepatic niche for liver-specific differentiation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmok You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dong-Sik Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dipali Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yandong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
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24
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Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary of polymer patterning technologies for biological applications and detailed instructions for resist-free deep ultraviolet (UV) patterning of poly(styrene). Photochemical modifications of this polymer yield unstable peroxides together with stable oxidized chemical groups. The altered physicochemical properties of the polymer surface influence protein adsorption and cell adhesion. HepG2 (human hepatoma cell line), fibroblasts (L929, murine fibroblast line), and other cell lines exhibit strong adhesion on areas of UV-irradiated polymer. Masked irradiations open a simple, fast (cell patterns are obtained within a few hours), and economical route to obtain chemically patterned cell culture substrates. The described protocol is advantageous compared to silane-based patterning techniques on glass or thiol-based patterning on gold because of the elimination of any chemical treatment and the small size of achieved structures. The protocol is compatible with common clean room technologies; however, even without access to a clean room, structured substrates can be produced. The described technique can be a useful tool for a variety of cell cultures used to study biological processes like intercellular communication and organogenesis and for applications like biosensing or tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simone Weigel
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Özgül Demir Bulut
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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25
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Otsuka H, Sasaki K, Okimura S, Nagamura M, Nakasone Y. Micropatterned co-culture of hepatocyte spheroids layered on non-parenchymal cells to understand heterotypic cellular interactions. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2013; 14:065003. [PMID: 27877623 PMCID: PMC5090304 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/14/6/065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Microfabrication and micropatterning techniques in tissue engineering offer great potential for creating and controlling cellular microenvironments including cell-matrix interactions, soluble stimuli and cell-cell interactions. Here, we present a novel approach to generate layered patterning of hepatocyte spheroids on micropatterned non-parenchymal feeder cells using microfabricated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. Micropatterned PEG-hydrogel-treated substrates with two-dimensional arrays of gelatin circular domains (ϕ = 100 μm) were prepared by photolithographic method. Only on the critical structure of PEG hydrogel with perfect protein rejection, hepatocytes were co-cultured with non-parenchymal cells to be led to enhanced hepatocyte functions. Then, we investigated the mechanism of the functional enhancement in co-culture with respect to the contributions of soluble factors and direct cell-cell interactions. In particular, to elucidate the influence of soluble factors on hepatocyte function, hepatocyte spheroids underlaid with fibroblasts (NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts) or endothelial cells (BAECs: bovine aortic endothelial cells) were compared with physically separated co-culture of hepatocyte monospheroids with NIH3T3 or BAEC using trans-well culture systems. Our results suggested that direct heterotypic cell-to-cell contact and soluble factors, both of these between hepatocytes and fibroblasts, significantly enhanced hepatocyte functions. In contrast, direct heterotypic cell-to-cell contact between hepatocytes and endothelial cells only contributed to enhance hepatocyte functions. This patterning technique can be a useful experimental tool for applications in basic science, drug screening and tissue engineering, as well as in the design of artificial liver devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Otsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Graduate School of Chemical Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kohei Sasaki
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Graduate School of Chemical Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Saya Okimura
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Graduate School of Chemical Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Masako Nagamura
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Graduate School of Chemical Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakasone
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Graduate School of Chemical Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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26
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Javaherian S, Li KJ, McGuigan AP. A simple and rapid method for generating patterned co-cultures with stable interfaces. Biotechniques 2013; 55:21-6. [PMID: 23834381 DOI: 10.2144/000114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In native tissues, different cell types are organized into defined structures and architectures that are critical for correct tissue function. In vitro cellular patterning methods enable control over the spatial organization of cells, permitting, to some extent, the reproduction of native tissue structures and the generation of a more "in vivo-like" culture platform. While this is advantageous for applications such as drug screening, existing patterning methods are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and low-throughput. Here, we describe a novel medium-throughput patterning strategy for generating spatially controlled co-cultures of two cell types based on differential deposition of BSA solution in a tilted plate. Our method allows generation of homotypic and heterotypic co-cultures that are stable for at least seven days in culture. The reproducibility and consistency of this patterning technique, together with its low cost and ease of use, make it a promising cell culture platform for medium- to high-throughput screening using high-content imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Javaherian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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27
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Rajagopalan P, Kasif S, Murali T. Systems Biology Characterization of Engineered Tissues. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2013; 15:55-70. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060;
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
| | - Simon Kasif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - T.M. Murali
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
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28
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Samluk A, Zakrzewska KE, Pluta KD. Generation of fluorescently labeled cell lines, C3A hepatoma cells, and human adult skin fibroblasts to study coculture models. Artif Organs 2013; 37:E123-30. [PMID: 23581829 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic/nonhepatic cell cocultures are widely used in studies on the role of homo- and heterotypic interactions in liver physiology and pathophysiology. In this article, for the first time, establishment of the coculture model employing hepatoma C3A cells and human skin fibroblasts, stably expressing fluorescent markers, is described. Suitability of the model in studying coculture conditions using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry was examined. C3A cells spontaneously formed island-like growth patterns surrounded by fibroblasts. The "islands" size and resulting intensity of the homo- and heterotypic interactions can easily be tuned by applying various plated cells ratios. We examined the capability of the hepatoma cells to produce albumin in hepatic/nonhepatic cell cocultures. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests showed that greater number of fibroblasts in coculture, resulting in smaller sizes of hepatoma "islands," and thus, a larger heterotypic interface, promoted higher albumin synthesis. The use of fluorescently labeled cells in flow cytometry measurements enabled us to separately gate two cell populations and to evaluate protein expression only in/on cells of interest. Flow cytometry confirmed ELISA results indicating the highest albumin production in hepatoma cells cocultured with the greatest number of fibroblasts and the inhibited protein synthesis in coculture with osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Samluk
- Department of Hybrid Microbiosystem Engineering, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
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Fritz JV, Desai MS, Shah P, Schneider JG, Wilmes P. From meta-omics to causality: experimental models for human microbiome research. MICROBIOME 2013; 1:14. [PMID: 24450613 PMCID: PMC3971605 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-1-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale 'meta-omic' projects are greatly advancing our knowledge of the human microbiome and its specific role in governing health and disease states. A myriad of ongoing studies aim at identifying links between microbial community disequilibria (dysbiosis) and human diseases. However, due to the inherent complexity and heterogeneity of the human microbiome, cross-sectional, case-control and longitudinal studies may not have enough statistical power to allow causation to be deduced from patterns of association between variables in high-resolution omic datasets. Therefore, to move beyond reliance on the empirical method, experiments are critical. For these, robust experimental models are required that allow the systematic manipulation of variables to test the multitude of hypotheses, which arise from high-throughput molecular studies. Particularly promising in this respect are microfluidics-based in vitro co-culture systems, which allow high-throughput first-pass experiments aimed at proving cause-and-effect relationships prior to testing of hypotheses in animal models. This review focuses on widely used in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo and in silico approaches to study host-microbial community interactions. Such systems, either used in isolation or in a combinatory experimental approach, will allow systematic investigations of the impact of microbes on the health and disease of the human host. All the currently available models present pros and cons, which are described and discussed. Moreover, suggestions are made on how to develop future experimental models that not only allow the study of host-microbiota interactions but are also amenable to high-throughput experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle V Fritz
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Mahesh S Desai
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Pranjul Shah
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Jochen G Schneider
- Translational & Experimental Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str., Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Eco-Systems Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 7, Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4362, Luxembourg
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Park JW, Kim HJ, Kang MW, Jeon NL. Advances in microfluidics-based experimental methods for neuroscience research. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:509-521. [PMID: 23306275 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41081h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The application of microfluidics to neuroscience applications has always appealed to neuroscientists because of the capability to control the cellular microenvironment in both a spatial and temporal manner. Recently, there has been rapid development of biological micro-electro-mechanical systems (BioMEMS) for both fundamental and applied neuroscience research. In this review, we will discuss the applications of BioMEMS to various topics in the field of neuroscience. The purpose of this review is to summarise recent advances in the components and design of the BioMEMS devices, in vitro disease models, electrophysiology and neural stem cell research. We envision that microfluidics will play a key role in future neuroscience research, both fundamental and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Division of WCU (World Class University) Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Fraczek J, Bolleyn J, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Vinken M. Primary hepatocyte cultures for pharmaco-toxicological studies: at the busy crossroad of various anti-dedifferentiation strategies. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:577-610. [PMID: 23242478 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Continuously increasing understanding of the molecular triggers responsible for the onset of diseases, paralleled by an equally dynamic evolution of chemical synthesis and screening methods, offers an abundance of pharmacological agents with a potential to become new successful drugs. However, before patients can benefit of newly developed pharmaceuticals, stringent safety filters need to be applied to weed out unfavourable drug candidates. Cost effectiveness and the need to identify compound liabilities, without exposing humans to unnecessary risks, has stimulated the shift of the safety studies to the earliest stages of drug discovery and development. In this regard, in vivo relevant organotypic in vitro models have high potential to revolutionize the preclinical safety testing. They can enable automation of the process, to match the requirements of high-throughput screening approaches, while satisfying ethical considerations. Cultures of primary hepatocytes became already an inherent part of the preclinical pharmaco-toxicological testing battery, yet their routine use, particularly for long-term assays, is limited by the progressive deterioration of liver-specific features. The availability of suitable hepatic and other organ-specific in vitro models is, however, of paramount importance in the light of changing European legal regulations in the field of chemical compounds of different origin, which gradually restrict the use of animal studies for safety assessment, as currently witnessed in cosmetic industry. Fortunately, research groups worldwide spare no effort to establish hepatic in vitro systems. In the present review, both classical and innovative methodologies to stabilize the in vivo-like hepatocyte phenotype in culture of primary hepatocytes are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
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Abu-Absi SF, Hansen LK, Hu WS. Three-dimensional co-culture of hepatocytes and stellate cells. Cytotechnology 2011; 45:125-40. [PMID: 19003250 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-004-7996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes self-assemble in culture to form compacted spherical aggregates, or spheroids, that mimic the structure of the liver by forming tight junctions and bile canalicular channels. Hepatocyte spheroids thus resemble the liver to a great extent. However, liver tissue contains other cell types and has bile ducts and sinusoids formed by endothelial cells. Reproducing 3-D co-culture in vitro could provide a means to develop a more complex tissue-like structure. Stellate cells participate in revascularization after liver injury by excreting between hepatocytes a laminin trail that endothelial cells follow to form sinusoids. In this study we investigated co-culture of rat hepatocytes and a rat hepatic stellate cell line, HSC-T6. HSC-T6, which does not grow in serum-free spheroid medium, was able to grow under co-culture conditions. Using a three-dimensional cell tracking technique, the interactions of HSC-T6 and hepatocyte spheroids were visualized. The two cell types formed heterospheroids in culture, and HSC-T6 cell invasion into hepatocyte spheroids and subsequent retraction was observed. RT-PCR revealed that albumin and cytochrome P450 2B1/2 expression were better maintained in co-culture conditions. These three-dimensional heterospheroids provide an attractive system for in vitro studies of hepatocyte-stellate cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Fugett Abu-Absi
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 55455-0132, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Combined experimental and mathematical approach for development of microfabrication-based cancer migration assay. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:2346-59. [PMID: 21701934 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Migration of cancer cells is a key determinant of metastasis, which is correlated with poor prognosis in patients. Evidence shows that cancer cell motility is regulated by stromal cell interactions. To quantify the role of homotypic and heterotypic cell-cell interaction in migration, a two-dimensional migration assay has been developed by microfabrication techniques. Two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453, were used to develop micropatterns of cancer cells (cell islands) that revealed distinct migration profiles in this assay. Although the individual migration rates of these cells showed only a sevenfold difference, MDA-MB-453 islands migrated significantly lower than MDA-MB-231 islands, indicating differential regulation of migration in isolated cells vs. islands. Island size had the greatest impact on migration, primarily for MDA-MB-231 cells. Migration of MDA-MB-231 islands was decreased by interaction with homotypic cells, and significantly more by heterotypic non-cancer-associated fibroblasts. In addition, a mathematical model of island migration in multi-cellular population has been developed using Stefan-Maxwell's equation. The model showed qualitative agreement with experimental results and predicted a biphasic relation between cell densities and island sizes. The combined experimental and mathematical model can be used to quantitatively study the impact of cell-cell interactions on migration.
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Evenou F, Hamon M, Fujii T, Takeuchi S, Sakai Y. Gas-permeable membranes and co-culture with fibroblasts enable high-density hepatocyte culture as multilayered liver tissues. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1146-53. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sharma NS, Nagrath D, Yarmush ML. Metabolic profiling based quantitative evaluation of hepatocellular metabolism in presence of adipocyte derived extracellular matrix. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20137. [PMID: 21603575 PMCID: PMC3095641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The elucidation of the effect of extracellular matrices on hepatocellular metabolism is critical to understand the mechanism of functional upregulation. We have developed a system using natural extracellular matrices [Adipogel] for enhanced albumin synthesis of rat hepatocyte cultures for a period of 10 days as compared to collagen sandwich cultures. Primary rat hepatocytes isolated from livers of female Lewis rats recover within 4 days of culture from isolation induced injury while function is stabilized at 7 days post-isolation. Thus, the culture period can be classified into three distinct stages viz. recovery stage [day 0–4], pre-stable stage [day 5–7] and the stable stage [day 8–10]. A Metabolic Flux Analysis of primary rat hepatocytes cultured in Adipogel was performed to identify the key metabolic pathways modulated as compared to collagen sandwich cultures. In the recovery stage [day 4], the collagen-soluble Adipogel cultures shows an increase in TriCarboxylic Acid [TCA] cycle fluxes; in the pre-stable stage [day 7], there is an increase in PPP and TCA cycle fluxes while in the stable stage [day 10], there is a significant increase in TCA cycle, urea cycle fluxes and amino acid uptake rates concomitant with increased albumin synthesis rate as compared to collagen sandwich cultures throughout the culture period. Metabolic analysis of the collagen-soluble Adipogel condition reveals significantly higher transamination reaction fluxes, amino acid uptake and albumin synthesis rates for the stable vs. recovery stages of culture. The identification of metabolic pathways modulated for hepatocyte cultures in presence of Adipogel will be a useful step to develop an optimization algorithm to further improve hepatocyte function for Bioartificial Liver Devices. The development of this framework for upregulating hepatocyte function in Bioartificial Liver Devices will facilitate the utilization of an integrated experimental and computational approach for broader applications of Adipogel in tissue e engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nripen S. Sharma
- Center for Engineering in Medicine/Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and The Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Deepak Nagrath
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine/Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and The Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kaji H, Camci-Unal G, Langer R, Khademhosseini A. Engineering systems for the generation of patterned co-cultures for controlling cell-cell interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1810:239-50. [PMID: 20655984 PMCID: PMC3026923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inside the body, cells lie in direct contact or in close proximity to other cell types in a tightly controlled architecture that often regulates the resulting tissue function. Therefore, tissue engineering constructs that aim to reproduce the architecture and the geometry of tissues will benefit from methods of controlling cell-cell interactions with microscale resolution. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW We discuss the use of microfabrication technologies for generating patterned co-cultures. In addition, we categorize patterned co-culture systems by cell type and discuss the implications of regulating cell-cell interactions in the resulting biological function of the tissues. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Patterned co-cultures are a useful tool for fabricating tissue engineered constructs and for studying cell-cell interactions in vitro, because they can be used to control the degree of homotypic and heterotypic cell-cell contact. In addition, this approach can be manipulated to elucidate important factors involved in cell-matrix interactions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Patterned co-culture strategies hold significant potential to develop biomimetic structures for tissue engineering. It is expected that they would create opportunities to develop artificial tissues in the future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Nanotechnologies - Emerging Applications in Biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kaji
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Forster N, Palmer JA, Yeoh G, Ong WC, Mitchell GM, Slavin J, Tirnitz-Parker J, Morrison WA. Expansion and Hepatocytic Differentiation of Liver Progenitor Cells In Vivo Using a Vascularized Tissue Engineering Chamber in Mice. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:359-66. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Forster
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Jason A. Palmer
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - George Yeoh
- Centre for Medical Research, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Wei-Chen Ong
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Geraldine M. Mitchell
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - John Slavin
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janina Tirnitz-Parker
- Centre for Medical Research, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Wayne A. Morrison
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
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Marimuthu M, Kim S. Microfluidic cell coculture methods for understanding cell biology, analyzing bio/pharmaceuticals, and developing tissue constructs. Anal Biochem 2011; 413:81-9. [PMID: 21354094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohana Marimuthu
- College of Bionanotechnology, Kyungwon University, Gyeonggi-Do 461 701, Republic of Korea
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Kaji H, Yokoi T, Kawashima T, Nishizawa M. Directing the flow of medium in controlled cocultures of HeLa cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with a microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2374-9. [PMID: 20563348 DOI: 10.1039/c004583g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device was integrated with a controlled coculture system of HeLa cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). This integrated assembly allowed control of the direction of flow of medium (along with signaling factors secreted from cells) across the cultured cells. We grew HeLa cells and HUVECs to confluency on separate substrates and then joined the two substrates. A microfluidic device was then assembled onto the substrates and a cell coculture was initiated with controlled perfusion of the medium. When the medium flow was directed from the HeLa side to the HUVEC side, the HUVECs retreated and the HeLa cells migrated into the newly vacated areas. By contrast, when the medium flow was in the opposite direction, there was essentially no net movement of either cell type. Our results suggest that the migration of HeLa cells and HUVECs in coculture was likely mediated by soluble factors produced by HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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40
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Ma H, Liu T, Qin J, Lin B. Characterization of the interaction between fibroblasts and tumor cells on a microfluidic co-culture device. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1599-605. [PMID: 20414883 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts and tumor cells have been involved in the process of cancer development, progression and therapy. Here, we present a simple microfluidic device which enables to study the interaction between fibroblasts and tumor cells by indirect contact co-culture. The device is composed of multiple cell culture chambers which are connected by a parallel of cell migration regions, and it enables to realize different types of cells to communicate each other on the single device. In this work, human embryonic lung fibroblasts cells were observed to exhibit obvious migration towards tumor cells instead of normal epithelial cells on the co-culture device. Moreover, transdifferentiation of human embryonic lung fibroblast cells was recognized by the specific expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, indicating the effect of tumor cells on the behavior of fibroblasts. Furthermore, multiple types of cell co-culture can be demonstrated on the single device which enables to mimic the complicated microenviroment in vivo. The device is simple and easy to operate, which enables to realize real-time observation of cell migration after external stimulus. This microfluidic device allows for the characterization of various cellular events on a single device sequentially, facilitating the better understanding of interaction between heterotypic cells in a more complex microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Ma
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China
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Cultivating hepatocytes on printed arrays of HGF and BMP7 to characterize protective effects of these growth factors during in vitro alcohol injury. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5936-44. [PMID: 20488537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate hepato-protective effects of growth factor (GF) arrays during alcohol injury. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)7 were mixed with collagen (I) and robotically printed onto standard glass slides to create arrays of 500 microm diameter spots. Primary rat hepatocytes were seeded on top of the arrays forming clusters corresponding in size to the underlying protein spots. Cell arrays were then injured in culture by exposure to 100 mm ethanol for 48 h. Hepatocytes residing on GF spots were found to have less apoptosis then cells cultured on collagen-only spots. Least apoptosis (0.3% as estimated by TUNEL assay) was observed on HGF/BMP7/collagen spots whereas most apoptosis (17.3%) was seen on collagen-only arrays. Interestingly, the extent of alcohol-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes varied based on the concentration of printed GF. In addition to preventing apoptosis, printed GFs contributed to maintenance of epithelial phenotype during alcohol injury as evidenced by higher levels of E-cadherin expression in HGF-protected hepatocytes. Importantly, GF microarrays could be used to investigate heterotypic interactions in the context of liver injury. To highlight this, stellate cells - nonparenchymal liver cells involved in fibrosis - were added to hepatocytes residing on arrays of either HGF/collagen or collagen-only spots. Exposure of these cocultures to ethanol followed by RT-PCR analysis revealed that stellate cells residing alongside HGF-protected hepatocytes were significantly less activated (less fibrotic) compared to controls. Overall, our results demonstrate that GF microarray format can be used to screen anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic effects of growth factors as well as to investigate how signals delivered to a specific cell type modulate heterotypic cellular interactions.
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Layered patterning of hepatocytes in co-culture systems using microfabricated stencils. Biotechniques 2010; 48:47-52. [PMID: 20078427 DOI: 10.2144/000113317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfabrication and micropatterning techniques in tissue engineering offer great potential for creating and controlling microenvironments in which cell behavior can be observed. Here we present a novel approach to generate layered patterning of hepatocytes on micropatterned fibroblast feeder layers using microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stencils. We fabricated PDMS stencils to pattern circular holes with diameters of 500 microm. Hepatocytes were co-cultured with 3T3-J2 fibroblasts in two types of patterns to evaluate and characterize the cellular interactions in the co-culture systems. Results of this study demonstrated uniform intracellular albumin staining and E-cadherin expression, increased liver-specific functions, and active glycogen synthesis in the hepatocytes when the heterotypic interface between hepatocytes and fibroblasts was increased by the layered patterning technique. This patterning technique can be a useful experimental tool for applications in basic science, drug screening, and tissue engineering, as well as in the design of bioartificial liver devices.
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Yagi H, Parekkadan B, Suganuma K, Soto-Gutierrez A, Tompkins RG, Tilles AW, Yarmush ML. Long-term superior performance of a stem cell/hepatocyte device for the treatment of acute liver failure. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 15:3377-88. [PMID: 19397469 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based technologies to support/restore organ function represent one of the most promising avenues in the treatment of acute liver failure (ALF). Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported as a new therapeutic for inflammatory conditions. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of MSCs, when cocultured with hepatocytes, to provide combination hepatic and antiinflammatory therapy in the setting of ALF. MSCs were shown to have multiple beneficial effects in vitro that were relevant in a therapeutic context, including (1) hepatocellular functional support, (2) secretion of molecules that inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis, and (3) modulation of an acute phase response by hepatocytes cultured in ALF-induced serum. In addition, we show that the MSC secretome is dynamically changed in response to serum exposure from ALF rats. We then conducted a therapeutic trial of liver assist devices (LADs). LADs containing cocultures of MSCs and hepatocytes provided a greater survival benefit compared to other coculture and monocellular control LADs. Treatment with MSC-hepatocyte devices was associated with specific improvements in hepatic functional and histological parameters as well as decreasing inflammatory serum cytokine levels, validating a combined therapeutic effect. Moreover, MSC coculture reduced the overall cell mass of the device by an order of magnitude. These findings demonstrate the importance of nonparenchymal cells in the cellular composition of LADs, and strongly support the integration of MSCs into hepatocyte-coculture-based LADs as a potential destination therapy for ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yagi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Takahashi S, Yamazoe H, Sassa F, Suzuki H, Fukuda J. Preparation of coculture system with three extracellular matrices using capillary force lithography and layer-by-layer deposition. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 108:544-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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45
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Shah SS, Howland MC, Chen LJ, Silangcruz J, Verkhoturov SV, Schweikert EA, Parikh AN, Revzin A. Micropatterning of proteins and mammalian cells on indium tin oxide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:2592-601. [PMID: 20356132 PMCID: PMC2901501 DOI: 10.1021/am900508m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel surface engineering approach that combines oxygen plasma treatment and electrochemical activation to create micropatterned cocultures on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. In this approach, photoresist was patterned onto an ITO substrate modified with poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) silane. The photoresist served as a stencil during exposure of the surface to oxygen plasma. Upon incubation with collagen (I) solution and removal of the photoresist, the ITO substrate contained collagen regions surrounded by nonfouling PEG silane. Chemical analysis carried out with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) at different stages in micropatterned construction verified removal of PEG-silane during oxygen plasma and presence of collagen and PEG molecules on the same surface. Imaging ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed to further investigate micropatterned ITO surfaces. Biological application of this micropatterning strategy was demonstrated through selective attachment of mammalian cells on the ITO substrate. Importantly, after seeding the first cell type, the ITO surfaces could be activated by applying negative voltage (-1.4 V vs Ag/AgCl). This resulted in removal of nonfouling PEG layer and allowed to attach another cell type onto the same surface and to create micropatterned cocultures. Micropatterned cocultures of primary hepatocytes and fibroblasts created by this strategy remained functional after 9 days as verified by analysis of hepatic albumin. The novel surface engineering strategy described here may be used to pattern multiple cell types on an optically transparent and conductive substrate and is envisioned to have applications in tissue engineering and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny S. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Michael C. Howland
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Li-Jung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Jaime Silangcruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | | | | | - Atul N. Parikh
- Department of Biophysics, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Applied Science Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Zhang C, Chia SM, Ong SM, Zhang S, Toh YC, van Noort D, Yu H. The controlled presentation of TGF-β1 to hepatocytes in a 3D-microfluidic cell culture system. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3847-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Woodrow KA, Wood MJ, Saucier-Sawyer JK, Solbrig C, Saltzman WM. Biodegradable meshes printed with extracellular matrix proteins support micropatterned hepatocyte cultures. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:1169-79. [PMID: 19072719 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial organization of cells of different phenotypes is an important and often defining determinant of tissue function. In tissue engineering, which attempts to rebuild functional tissues from cellular and synthetic components, spatial patterning of cells onto biomaterials is likely to be equally important. We have printed combinatorial arrays of extracellular matrix (ECM) and screened them for attachment by HepG2 hepatocytes, LX-2 hepatic stellate cells, primary portal fibroblasts, and bovine aortic endothelial cells-cells selected as representative phenotypes found in adult liver. Differential cell attachment to the underlying matrix proteins allowed us to establish two-dimensional co-cultures of HepG2 with these non-parenchymal cell types. These general approaches were then translated to tissue engineering scaffolds where deposition of ECM proteins onto electrospun polylactide meshes resulted in patterned HepG2 cultures. We observed that the spatial organization of fibronectin deposits influenced HepG2 attachment and the establishment of co-cultures on our arrays. These micropatterned co-culture systems should serve as valuable tools for studying the soluble and insoluble signals involved in liver development, function, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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Hannachi IE, Yamato M, Okano T. Cell sheet technology and cell patterning for biofabrication. Biofabrication 2009; 1:022002. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/1/2/022002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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A novel technique for positioning multiple cell types by liquid handling. Biointerphases 2009; 4:13-8. [DOI: 10.1116/1.3122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kim YK, Ryoo SR, Kwack SJ, Min DH. Mass Spectrometry Assisted Lithography for the Patterning of Cell Adhesion Ligands on Self-Assembled Monolayers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:3507-11. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200806098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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