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Abdul-Ghani R, Al-Awadi A, Al-Aghbari N, Al-Mikhlafy AA, Abdulmoghni SS, Al-Dobai SS, Nauman NF. Latent tuberculosis infection and diagnostic performance of the tuberculin skin test among type 2 diabetics in Sana'a city, Yemen. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:1005. [PMID: 39300351 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most widespread infectious diseases worldwide, typically persisting in the body as a latent TB infection (LTBI). Patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of LTBI progressing to active TB. Therefore, this study determined the prevalence and predictors of LTBI and assessed the agreement between tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) in diagnosing LTBI among type 2 diabetics in Sana'a city, Yemen. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 type 2 diabetics in private health facilities in Sana'a in 2023. Data about demographics, diabetes-related characteristics, and potential risk factors for LTBI were collected using a structured questionnaire. Patients were then screened for LTBI using TST and IGRA. Univariate analysis was used to identify LTBI-associated risk factors, and multivariable binary logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of LTBI. The agreement between TST and IGRA for diagnosing LTBI was assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ). RESULTS LTBI was prevalent among 29.3% of type 2 diabetics using both types of tests (25.3% with IGRA and 21.3% with TST). Male gender was an independent predictor of LTBI (AOR = 4.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.30-15.08; P = 0.018). However, being employed (AOR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.09-0.75; P = 0.013) and longer duration since diabetes diagnosis (AOR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.12-0.98; P = 0.046) were identified as predictors of lower LTBI risk. The agreement between TST and IGRA for the diagnosis of LTBI was 88%, with a good and statistically significant agreement between the two test types (κ = 0.670; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS LTBI is common among type 2 diabetics seeking medical care in Sana'a city, with about one-third of them possibly being latently infected. A higher LTBI risk can be predicted among males, while a lower risk can be predicted among those employed or being diagnosed with diabetes for at least five years. The TST shows good agreement with IGRA in diagnosing LTBI among type 2 diabetics, supporting its continued use as a cost-effective and easily accessible test for diagnosing LTBI in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Abdul-Ghani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.
- Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology (USTY), Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - Asmaa Al-Awadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology (USTY), Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Nuha Al-Aghbari
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology (USTY), Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Abdullah A Al-Mikhlafy
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology (USTY), Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Sadeq S Abdulmoghni
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
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Fritschi N, Gureva T, Eliseev P, Jackson C, Milanzi E, Crichton S, Collins IJ, Turkova A, Mariandyshev A, Ritz N. Diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in children with a novel skin test and the traditional tuberculin skin test: An observational study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293272. [PMID: 39190640 PMCID: PMC11349085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel skin test-called Diaskintest (DT)-containing specific M. tuberculosis antigens is in clinical use in the Russian Federation (RF). This test may improve diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) infection. The use and performance of the DT was described and compared to the tuberculin skin test (TST). METHODS Data on children <18 years referred to a TB reference centre (Jan/2018- Dec/2019) with ≥1 DT and TST result available were analysed. An immune correlate of TB infection was defined as a positive TST (≥10 mm induration) or a positive DT (any induration). RESULTS Of 2710 included cases, the median age was 9.0 (IQR 5.7-13.1) years and 97.5% were BCG immunised. Overall, 1976 (79.9%) were TB uninfected, 724 (26.7%) had an immune correlate of TB infection and 10 (0.4%) TB disease. Reasons for referral were: positive or increasing skin test results in routine screening (992, 36.6%), screening before admission to a health care institution (501, 18.5%) and TB contact (457, 16.9%). DT was positive in 11.7% (308/2625) and TST in 63.1% (467/740) (Kappa 0.08, 95% CI:0.013-0.14). A positive DT was associated with older age (OR 1.16 (95% CI: 1.13-1.19) per year). Among TB contacts DT positivity was associated with contagiousness: highest proportion of positivity of 12.0% was observed when the index case was smear positive. CONCLUSION In a setting with universal BCG vaccination and regular screening with TST, DT was used to rule out TB infection as TST was commonly positive. We found an association of DT positivity and contagiousness of the index case in children contacts. These observations may suggest improved specificity and sensitivity of DT compared to TST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Fritschi
- Mycobacterial and Migrant Health Research Group, University of Basel Children’s Hospital Basel and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Charlotte Jackson
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Milanzi
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan Crichton
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna Turkova
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei Mariandyshev
- Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Nicole Ritz
- Mycobacterial and Migrant Health Research Group, University of Basel Children’s Hospital Basel and Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Infectious Disease and Vaccinology Unit, University Children’s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
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Zawky M, Elsayed A, Awadallah A, Abdelhalim A, Abolenein H, Shokeir A. The impact of purified protein derivative prior to intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin for the treatment of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Minerva Urol Nephrol 2024; 76:474-483. [PMID: 38757774 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6051.23.05515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the intradermal injection of purified protein derivative (PPD) and PPD skin test reactions on the oncological outcomes of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated by trans-urethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and adjuvant intravesical BCG. METHODS The study included 100 consecutive patients with NMIBC prospectively given intradermal PPD 1-2 weeks before starting BCG therapy. Another 100 patients with NMIBC not given intradermal PPD before starting BCG were chosen as a historical control. The control group was chosen to be matching with the study group regarding baseline characteristics. The study group was divided into 2 subgroups with positive and negative reaction to PPD skin test. Oncological outcomes, immunological markers (TNF-α and IL-6) changes and BCG side effects were evaluated. RESULTS There were no significant differences between patients who received PPD or not regarding the 2-year recurrence free survival (RFS) rates and progression-free survival (PFS) rates and immunological markers changes. The 2-year RFS and PFS rates were significantly higher in patients with positive reactions. Post-induction values of immunological markers increased in all patients with a significant increase in patients with positive reactions. BCG side effects were significantly higher in patients with positive reactions. CONCLUSIONS The intradermal injection of PPD before intravesical BCG has no impact on oncological outcomes of patients with NMIBC treated with TURBT and intravesical BCG. However, the PPD skin test reactions before BCG therapy can predict the oncological outcomes, BCG side effects and the immunological outcomes of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zawky
- Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt -
| | - Asmaa Elsayed
- Center of Excellence of Genome and Cancer Research, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Genetics Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Delta University for Science ad Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Amira Awadallah
- Center of Excellence of Genome and Cancer Research, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelhalim
- Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Urology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Hassan Abolenein
- Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Center of Excellence of Genome and Cancer Research, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shokeir
- Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Center of Excellence of Genome and Cancer Research, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Dale KD, Schwalb A, Coussens AK, Gibney KB, Abboud AJ, Watts K, Denholm JT. Overlooked, dismissed, and downplayed: reversion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunoreactivity. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:240007. [PMID: 39048129 PMCID: PMC11267292 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0007-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Following infection, immune responses to Mtb antigens can be measured using the tuberculin skin test or an interferon-γ release assay. The gain of Mtb immunoreactivity, a change from a negative to a positive tuberculin skin test or interferon-γ release assay result, is called conversion and has long been used as a measure of Mtb exposure. However, the loss of immunoreactivity (reversion; a positive followed by a negative result) has often been overlooked. Instead, in clinical and epidemiological circles, Mtb immunoreactivity is commonly considered to persist lifelong and confer a lifetime of disease risk. We present a critical review, describing the evidence for reversion from cohort studies, ecological studies and studies of TB progression risk. We outline the inconsistent reasons why reversion has been dismissed from common understanding and present evidence demonstrating that, just as conversion predominantly indicates prior exposure to Mtb antigens, so its opposite, reversion, suggests the reduction or absence of exposure (endogenous or exogenous). Mtb immunoreactivity is dynamic in both individuals and populations and this is why it is useful for stratifying short-term TB progression risk. The neglect of reversion has shaped TB research and policy at all levels, influencing clinical management and skewing Mtb infection risk estimation and transmission modelling, leading to an underestimation of the contribution of re-exposure to the burden of TB, a serious oversight for an infectious disease. More than a century after it was first demonstrated, it is time to incorporate reversion into our understanding of the natural history of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie D Dale
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alvaro Schwalb
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katherine B Gibney
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Disease Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alison J Abboud
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Krista Watts
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Social Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin T Denholm
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Rupani MP, Balachandar R, Kharkwal G, Kulkarni NP, Modi BV, Asodia RN, Vaghela KK, Nimavat DR. Mixed methods study on latent tuberculosis among agate stone workers and advocacy for testing silica dust exposed individuals in India. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13830. [PMID: 38879714 PMCID: PMC11180111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2021 tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment guidelines in India included silicosis as a screening group, yet latent TB infection (LTBI) testing for silica-dust-exposed individuals is underemphasized. Focusing on an estimated 52 million silica-dust-exposed workers, particularly agate-stone workers in Khambhat, Gujarat, our study aims to estimate LTBI prevalence, identify predictors, and gather insights from TB and silicosis experts. Employing a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach, a cross-sectional study involved 463 agate-stone workers aged ≥ 20 years in Khambhat, using IGRA kits for LTBI testing. In-depth interviews with experts complemented quantitative findings. Among agate-stone workers, 58% tested positive for LTBI, with predictors including longer exposure, type of work, and BCG vaccination. Our findings reveal a nearly double burden of LTBI compared to the general population, particularly in occupations with higher silica dust exposure. Experts advocate for including silica-dust-exposed individuals in high-risk groups for LTBI testing, exploring cost-effective alternatives like improved skin sensitivity tests, and shorter TB preventive treatment regimens to enhance compliance. Future research should explore upfront TB preventive treatment for silica-dust-exposed individuals with high LTBI prevalence and optimal exposure duration. This study underscores the urgent need for policy changes and innovative approaches to TB prevention among silica-dust-exposed populations, impacting global occupational health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir P Rupani
- Division of Health Sciences, ICMR - National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India.
| | - Rakesh Balachandar
- Division of Health Sciences, ICMR - National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Gitika Kharkwal
- Division of Biological Sciences, ICMR - National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Nikhil P Kulkarni
- Division of Chemical Sciences, ICMR - National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Bhavesh V Modi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rajkot, Gujarat, 360006, India
| | - Rutu N Asodia
- Division of Health Sciences, ICMR - National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Krishna K Vaghela
- Division of Health Sciences, ICMR - National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Deizy R Nimavat
- Division of Health Sciences, ICMR - National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
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Gupta A, Chandra E, Anand S, Kumar N, Arora R, Rana D, Mrigpuri P. Latent tuberculosis diagnostics: current scenario and review. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2024. [PMID: 38700134 DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2024.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive examination of the contemporary landscape pertaining to latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) diagnostics, with a particular emphasis on the global ramifications and the intricacies surrounding LTBI diagnosis and treatment. It accentuates the imperative of bolstering diagnostic, preventive, and treatment modalities for tuberculosis (TB) to fulfill the ambitious targets set forth by the World Health Organization aimed at reducing TB-related mortalities and the incidence of new TB cases. The document underscores the significance of addressing LTBI as a means of averting the progression to active TB, particularly in regions burdened with high TB prevalence, such as India. An in-depth analysis of the spectrum delineating latent and active TB disease is provided, elucidating the risk factors predisposing individuals with LTBI to progress towards active TB, including compromised immune functionality, concurrent HIV infection, and other immunosuppressive states. Furthermore, the challenges associated with LTBI diagnosis are elucidated, encompassing the absence of a definitive diagnostic assay, and the merits and demerits of tuberculin skin testing (TST) and interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) are expounded upon. The document underscores the necessity of confronting these challenges and furnishes a meticulous examination of the advantages and limitations of TST and IGRAs, along with the intricacies involved in interpreting their outcomes across diverse demographics and settings. Additionally, attention is drawn towards the heritability of the interferon-γ response to mycobacterial antigens and the potential utility of antibodies in LTBI diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitesh Gupta
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi.
| | - Eshutosh Chandra
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi.
| | - Shipra Anand
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi.
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi.
| | - Richa Arora
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi.
| | - Divyanshi Rana
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi.
| | - Parul Mrigpuri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi.
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Gutierrez J, Nsereko M, Malone LL, Mayanja-Kizza H, Kisingo H, Boom WH, Bark CM, Stein CM. Capturing Recent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection by Tuberculin Skin Test vs. Interferon-Gamma Release Assay. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:81. [PMID: 38668542 PMCID: PMC11053984 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Reductions in tuberculosis (TB) incidence require identification of individuals at high risk of developing active disease, such as those with recent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Using a prospective household contact (HHC) study in Kampala, Uganda, we diagnosed new Mtb infection using both the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). Our study aimed to determine if the TST adds additional value to the characterization of IGRA converters. We identified 13 HHCs who only converted the IGRA (QFT-only converters), 39 HHCs who only converted their TST (TST-only converters), and 24 HHCs who converted both tests (QFT/TST converters). Univariate analysis revealed that TST-only converters were older. Additionally, increased odds of TST-only conversion were associated with older age (p = 0.02) and crowdedness (p = 0.025). QFT/TST converters had higher QFT quantitative values at conversion than QFT-only converters and a bigger change in TST quantitative values at conversion than TST-only converters. Collectively, these data indicate that TST conversion alone likely overestimates Mtb infection. Its correlation to older age suggests an "environmental" boosting response due to prolonged exposure to environmental mycobacteria. This result also suggests that QFT/TST conversion may be associated with a more robust immune response, which should be considered when planning vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Gutierrez
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Mary Nsereko
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda; (M.N.); (H.M.-K.); (H.K.)
| | - LaShaunda L. Malone
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (W.H.B.)
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda; (M.N.); (H.M.-K.); (H.K.)
| | - Hussein Kisingo
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda; (M.N.); (H.M.-K.); (H.K.)
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (W.H.B.)
| | - Charles M. Bark
- Division of Infectious Diseases, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA;
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (W.H.B.)
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Apriani L, McAllister S, Sharples K, Aini IN, Nurhasanah H, Ratnaningsih DF, Indrati AR, Ruslami R, Alisjahbana B, van Crevel R, Hill PC. Tuberculin skin test and Interferon-gamma release assay agreement, and associated factors with latent tuberculosis infection, in medical and nursing students in Bandung, Indonesia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299874. [PMID: 38498488 PMCID: PMC10947906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No gold standard diagnostic test exists for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The intra-dermal tuberculin skin test (TST) has known limitations and Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) have been developed as an alternative. We aimed to assess agreement between IGRA and TST, and risk factors for test positivity, in Indonesian healthcare students. METHODS Medical and nursing students starting their clinical training were screened using IGRA and TST. Agreement between the two tests was measured using Cohen's Kappa coefficient. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with test positivity. RESULTS Of 266 students, 43 (16.2%) were IGRA positive and 85 (31.9%) TST positive. Agreement between the two tests was 74.7% (kappa 0.33, 95% CI 0.21-0.45, P<0.0001). Students who had direct contact with family or friends with TB were less likely to be test positive using IGRA (AOR 0.18, 95% CI 0.05-0.64) and using TST (AOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.26-0.99). CONCLUSION Test positivity for LTBI was lower when measured by IGRA than by TST, with poor agreement between the two tests. Known close TB contact was unexpectedly negatively associated with positivity by either test. Longitudinal studies may be required to help determine the best test for LTBI in healthcare students in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lika Apriani
- TB Working Group, Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Centre for International Health, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Susan McAllister
- Centre for International Health, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katrina Sharples
- Centre for International Health, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Isni Nurul Aini
- TB Working Group, Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hanifah Nurhasanah
- TB Working Group, Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Febni Ratnaningsih
- TB Working Group, Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Agnes Rengga Indrati
- TB Working Group, Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rovina Ruslami
- TB Working Group, Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- TB Working Group, Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip C Hill
- Centre for International Health, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Lu P, Xu J, Wang R, Gong X, Liu Q, Ding X, Lu W, Zhu L. Diagnostic performance of a novel ESAT6-CFP10 skin test for tuberculosis infection in school tuberculosis outbreak in China. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1259106. [PMID: 38283285 PMCID: PMC10811131 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1259106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The ESAT6-CFP10 (EC) skin test is recommended by the World Health Organization for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). However, it is still unknown how the EC skin test performs in students during a school tuberculosis outbreak. Methods We conducted an epidemiological investigation to assess the performance of the EC skin test in this high-risk population. Results A total of 9 active student patients were confirmed in the same class as the index case, with an incidence rate of 18.0% (9/50). Among the 50 close contacts, 14 (28%) were over 15 years old and had a chest X-ray (CXR), and none of them had abnormal CXR findings. The rates of positive tuberculin skin test (TST) ≥ 5 mm and < 10 mm, ≥ 10 mm and < 15 mm, and ≥ 15 mm were 12.0% (6/50), 16.0% (8/50), and 10.0% (5/50), respectively. On the second screening, 44 students with the same class as the index case had the EC skin test, of which 31 (70.5%) had positive EC tests. All patients had negative sputum smear results, of whom 4 (44.4%) had positive Xpert results; three had a TST induration diameter between 5 mm and 10 mm, but all of them had an EC diameter > 15 mm; 5 (55.6%) had abnormal CXR results, but all the confirmed patients had abnormal CT results; Except for four cases that were diagnosed by Xpert, the remaining five were confirmed by CT scan. Conclusion The novel EC skin test performed well in students during the school tuberculosis outbreak. In some special conditions, such as when the index case is bacteriologically positive for tuberculosis and the rate of LTBI is higher than the average for the local same-age group, secondary screening is recommended 2-3 months after the first screening. Furthermore, we cannot ignore the role of CT in the diagnosis of early student tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing City, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaona Gong
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Lishui District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Limei Zhu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Horsburgh CR. Invited Commentary: The Winding Road to Identifying the Annual Rate of Tuberculosis Infection. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:1944-1946. [PMID: 37222469 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Many persons with immunological tests indicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, such as tuberculin skin tests or interferon-γ release assays, are at risk of progression to tuberculosis disease. Persons whose tests revert to negative may no longer be at such risk. Therefore, identifying the rate of test reversion, potentially indicating cure of M. tuberculosis infection, is an important area of investigation. In their accompanying article (Am J Epidemiol. 2023;192(12):1937-1943), Schwalb et al. extract data on test reversion from prechemotherapy literature and construct a model to predict the rate of reversion, and thus the likely cure of infection. Unfortunately, the incompleteness of the historical data and the use of imprecise definitions of test positivity and reversion lead to substantial misclassification and limit the usefulness of the model. Better definitions and improved tests will be needed in order to develop a clear picture of this aspect of the natural history of tuberculosis.
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11
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Diel R, Breuer C, Bös L, Geerdes-Fenge H, Günther A, Häcker B, Hannemann J, Nienhaus A, Priwitzer M, Witte P, Bauer T. [Recommendations for Contact Tracing for Tuberculosis - Update 2023]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2023; 85:1076-1098. [PMID: 37972583 DOI: 10.1055/a-2148-7769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of contact tracing for tuberculosis is in addition to active case finding the detection of chains of infection and the prevention of the further spread of the disease. In this context, a careful selection of contact persons is necessary, depending on the type and duration of contact, to identify persons who are recently infected and therefore to increase the benefit of a preventive therapy and to avoid unnecessary testing of persons who are not at risk of infection. Since the last update of the recommendations on contact tracing, data on the use of interferon-y release assays (IGRAs) in children has been improved markedly. These are the preferred test in contact tracing of adults. For children, both IGRAs and the tuberculin skin test can be used equivalently. Rifampicin for 4 months, rifampicin and isoniazid for 3 months, or isoniazid for 9 months are recommended as preventive therapy in cases of confirmed infection.The implementation of the contact tracing in different age groups as well as legal framework conditions and socio-medical aspects and challenges are dealt with in detail. In addition, special cases, such as environmental screening in day-care centers, schools, or other community facilities, are discussed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Diel
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
- Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Großhansdorf
- Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose, Berlin
| | - Cornelia Breuer
- Amt für Gesundheit und Prävention der Landeshauptstadt Dresden
- Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose, Berlin
| | | | | | | | - Brit Häcker
- Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose, Berlin
| | | | - Albert Nienhaus
- Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheits- und Wohlfahrtspflege, Hamburg
- Universitätskrankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | | | - Peter Witte
- Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose, Berlin
- Institut für Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum JWK, Minden
| | - Torsten Bauer
- Helios-Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin
- Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose, Berlin
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12
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Islam MS, Gurley ES, Banu S, Hossain K, Heffelfinger JD, Amin Chowdhury KI, Ahmed S, Afreen S, Islam MT, Rahman SMM, Rahman A, Pearson ML, Chai SJ. Prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers in chest diseases hospitals, Bangladesh: Putting infection control into context. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291484. [PMID: 37756289 PMCID: PMC10529546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of tuberculosis infection (TBI). We estimated the prevalence and incidence of TBI and risk factors among HCWs in Bangladeshi hospitals to target TB infection prevention and control (IPC) interventions. METHODS During 2013-2016, we conducted a longitudinal study among HCWs in four chest disease hospitals. At baseline, we administered a questionnaire on sociodemographic and occupational factors for TB, tuberculin skin tests (TST) in all hospitals, and QuantiFERON ®-TB Gold in-Tube (QFT-GIT) tests in one hospital. We assessed factors associated with baseline TST positivity (induration ≥10mm), TST conversion (induration increase ≥10mm from baseline), baseline QFT-GIT positivity (interferon-gamma ≥0.35 IU/mL), and QFT-GIT conversion (interferon-gamma <0.35 IU/mL to ≥0.35 IU/mL). We included factors with a biologically plausible relationship with TBI identified in prior studies or having an association (p = <0.20) in the bivariate analyses with TST positivity or QFT-GIT positivity in multivariable generalized linear models. The Kaplan-Meier was used to estimate the cumulative TBI incidence rate per 100 person-years. RESULTS Of the 758 HCWs invited, 732 (97%) consented to participate and 731 completed the one-step TST, 40% had a positive TST result, and 48% had a positive QFT-GIT result. In multivariable models, HCWs years of service 11-20 years had 2.1 (95% CI: 1.5-3.0) times higher odds of being TST-positive and 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.5) times higher odds of QFT-GIT-positivity at baseline compared with those working ≤10 years. HCWs working 11-20 years in pulmonary TB ward had 2.0 (95% CI: 1.4-2.9) times higher odds of TST positivity, and those >20 years had 2.5 (95% CI: 1.3-4.9) times higher odds of QFT-GIT-positivity at baseline compared with those working <10 years. TBI incidence was 4.8/100 person-years by TST and 4.2/100 person-years by QFT-GIT. Females had 8.5 (95% CI: 1.5-49.5) times higher odds of TST conversion than males. CONCLUSIONS Prevalent TST and QFT-GIT positivity was associated with an increased number of years working as a healthcare worker and in pulmonary TB wards. The incidence of TBI among HCWs suggests ongoing TB exposure in these facilities and an urgent need for improved TB IPC in chest disease hospitals in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Saiful Islam
- icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - James D. Heffelfinger
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michele L. Pearson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shua J. Chai
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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13
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Diel R, Breuer C, Bös L, Geerdes-Fenge H, Günther A, Häcker B, Hannemann J, Nienhaus A, Priwitzer M, Witte P, Bauer T. [Recommendations for contact tracing for tuberculosis - update 2023]. Pneumologie 2023; 77:607-631. [PMID: 37536363 DOI: 10.1055/a-2107-2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of contact tracing for tuberculosis is in addition to active case finding the detection of chains of infection and the prevention of the further spread of the disease. In this context, a careful selection of contact persons is necessary, depending on the type and duration of contact, to identify persons who are recently infected and therefore to increase the benefit of a preventive therapy and to avoid unnecessary testing of persons who are not at risk of infection. Since the last update of the recommendations on contact tracing, data on the use of interferon-y release assays (IGRAs) in children has been improved markedly. These are the preferred test in contact tracing of adults. For children, both IGRAs and the tuberculin skin test can be used equivalently. Rifampicin for 4 months, rifampicin and isoniazid for 3 months, or isoniazid for 9 months are recommended as preventive therapy in cases of confirmed infection.The implementation of the contact tracing in different age groups as well as legal framework conditions and socio-medical aspects and challenges are dealt with in detail. In addition, special cases, such as environmental screening in day-care centers, schools, or other community facilities, are discussed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Diel
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
- Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Großhansdorf
- Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose, Berlin
| | - Cornelia Breuer
- Amt für Gesundheit und Prävention der Landeshauptstadt Dresden
- Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose, Berlin
| | | | | | | | - Brit Häcker
- Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose, Berlin
| | | | - Albert Nienhaus
- Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheits- und Wohlfahrtspflege, Hamburg
- Universitätskrankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | | | - Peter Witte
- Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose, Berlin
- Institut für Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum JWK, Minden
| | - Torsten Bauer
- Helios-Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin
- Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose, Berlin
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14
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Singh S, Diwakar A, Singh RK. BCG vaccination policy, natural boosting and pediatric brain and CNS tumor incidences. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174006. [PMID: 37383238 PMCID: PMC10295148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination supposedly imparts and augments "trained immunity" that cross-protects against multiple unrelated pathogens and enhances general immune surveillance. Gradual reductions in tuberculosis burden over the last 3-5 decades have resulted in the withdrawal of BCG vaccination mandates from developed industrialized countries while reducing to a single neonatal shot in the rest. Concurrently, a steady increase in early childhood Brain and CNS (BCNS) tumors has occurred. Though immunological causes of pediatric BCNS cancer are suspected, the identification of a causal protective variable with intervention potential has remained elusive. An examination of the countries with contrasting vaccination policies indicates significantly lower BCNS cancer incidence in 0-4-year-olds (per hundredthousand) of countries following neonatal BCG inoculations (n=146) vs. non-BCG countries (n=33) [Mean: 1.26 vs. 2.64; Median: 0.985 vs. 2.8; IQR: 0.31-2.0 vs. 2.4-3.2; P=<0.0001 (two-tailed)]. Remarkably, natural Mycobacterium spp. reexposure likelihood is negatively correlated with BCNS cancer incidence in 0-4-year-olds of all affected countries [r(154): -0.6085, P=<0.0001]. Seemingly, neonatal BCG vaccination and natural "boosting" are associated with a 15-20-fold lower BCNS cancer incidence. In this opinion article, we attempt to synthesize existing evidence implying the immunological basis of early childhood BCNS cancer incidence and briefly indicate possible causes that could have precluded objective analysis of the existing data in the past. We draw the attention of the stakeholders to consider the comprehensive evaluation of immune training as a potential protective variable through well-designed controlled clinical trials or registry-based studies as feasible for its potential applications in reducing childhood BCNS cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Amita Diwakar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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15
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Singh S, Kishore D, Singh RK. "Trained Immunity" from Mycobacterium spp. exposure (BCG vaccination and environmental) may have an impact on the incidence of early childhood leukemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193859. [PMID: 37292217 PMCID: PMC10244714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventive variables for childhood leukemia incidence (LI) remain unknown. Past assertions that childhood vaccinations, especially BCG, may be potentially protective have remained disputed for over five decades because of the lack of a unifying framework to explain variable outcomes in different studies. An examination of the early childhood LI for 2020 in European Region countries with supposedly similar underlying confounders but differential childhood vaccination coverage displays negative covariation with prevailing Mycobacterium spp. exposure in BCG-vaccinated children. The childhood LI in 0-4-year-old populations with >90% childhood BCG vaccination coverage is found to be strongly but negatively correlated with prevailing tuberculin immunoreactivity [r(24): -0.7868, p-value: < 0.0001]. No such correlation existed for the LI in 0-4-year-old populations without BCG vaccinations, though weak associations are hinted at by the available data for MCV2, PCV3, and DTP3 vaccinations. We hypothesize that early childhood BCG vaccination "priming" and subsequent "trained immunity" augmentation by "natural" boosting from Mycobacterium spp. exposure play a preventive and protective role in childhood LI. The non-consideration of prevailing "trained immunity" could have been a cause behind the conflicting outcomes in past studies. Exploratory studies, preferably performed in high-burden countries and controlling for the trained-immunity correlate and other potential confounders, would be warranted in order to establish a role for BCG vaccination and early-life immune training (or lack thereof) in childhood LI and help put the current controversy to rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Dhiraj Kishore
- Department of General Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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16
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Herrera M, Keynan Y, Lopez L, Marín D, Vélez L, McLaren PJ, Rueda ZV. Cytokine/chemokine profiles in people with recent infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129398. [PMID: 37261336 PMCID: PMC10229054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The risk of progression to tuberculosis disease is highest within the first year after M. tuberculosis infection (TBI). We hypothesize that people with newly acquired TBI have a unique cytokine/chemokine profile that could be used as a potential biomarker. Methods We evaluated socio-demographic variables and 18 cytokines/chemokines in plasma samples from a cohort of people deprived of liberty (PDL) in two Colombian prisons: 47 people diagnosed with pulmonary TB, 24 with new TBI, and 47 non-infected individuals. We performed a multinomial regression to identify the immune parameters that differentiate the groups. Results The concentration of immune parameters changed over time and was affected by the time of incarceration. The concentration of sCD14, IL-18 and IP-10 differed between individuals with new TBI and short and long times of incarceration. Among people with short incarceration, high concentrations of MIP-3α were associated with a higher risk of a new TBI, and higher concentrations of Eotaxin were associated with a lower risk of a new TBI. Higher concentrations of sCD14 and TNF-α were associated with a higher risk of TB disease, and higher concentrations of IL-18 and MCP-1 were associated with a lower risk of TB disease. Conclusions There were cytokines/chemokines associated with new TBI and TB disease. However, the concentration of immune mediators varies by the time of incarceration among people with new TBI. Further studies should evaluate the changes of these and other cytokines/chemokines over time to understand the immune mechanisms across the spectrum of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Herrera
- Epidemiology Doctorate, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lucelly Lopez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Marín
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lázaro Vélez
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas (GRIPE), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paul J. McLaren
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
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17
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Idowu AO, Omosun YO, Igietseme JU, Azenabor AA. The COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa: The significance of presumed immune sufficiency. Afr J Lab Med 2023; 12:1964. [PMID: 36756213 PMCID: PMC9900247 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v12i1.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in China in 2019 and later ignited a global pandemic. Contrary to expectations, the effect of the pandemic was not as devastating to Africa and its young population compared to the rest of the world. To provide insight into the possible reasons for the presumed immune sufficiency to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Africa, this review critically examines literature published from 2020 onwards on the dynamics of COVID-19 infection and immunity and how other prevalent infectious diseases in Africa might have influenced the outcome of COVID-19. Studies characterising the immune response in patients with COVID-19 show that the correlates of protection in infected individuals are T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralising titres of immunoglobin G and immunoglobin A antibodies. In some other studies, substantial pre-existing T-cell reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 was detected in many people from diverse geographical locations without a history of exposure. Certain studies also suggest that innate immune memory, which offers protection against reinfection with the same or another pathogen, might influence the severity of COVID-19. In addition, an initial analysis of epidemiological data showed that COVID‑19 cases were not severe in some countries that implemented universal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination policies, thus supporting the potential of BCG vaccination to boost innate immunity. The high burden of infectious diseases and the extensive vaccination campaigns previously conducted in Africa could have induced specific and non-specific protective immunity to infectious pathogens in Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel O Idowu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf O Omosun
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Joseph U Igietseme
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Anthony A Azenabor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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18
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da Costa CG, Jalalizadeh M, Yadollahvandmiandoab R, Buosi K, Reis LO. Effect of BCG on Respiratory Complications Caused by COVID-19: A Scoping Review. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:8727-8741. [PMID: 36601650 PMCID: PMC9807169 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s393861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been shown to have protective effects against respiratory viruses. We conducted a scoping review of the literature to clarify the available evidence regarding the effect of BCG therapy in preventing respiratory complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Science for related studies up to October 2022. Results In total, 35 publications and trials were included. One animal study, two observational studies, and six finalized trials measured the effect of BCG administration on respiratory complications of COVID-19. The remaining publications included eight unfinished trials, 12 ecological studies, and six observational studies that did not directly measure respiratory complications but assessed overall mortality of the disease and were included as an adjunct to our study. All trials involved vaccinating adults to protect them against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and measured respiratory symptoms or the need for intensive respiratory support as the primary or secondary aim of the study. One trial that exclusively included at-risk adults between 18 and 60 years old showed a decreased chance of respiratory complications as the secondary outcome of the study. Another trial that exclusively evaluated this effect on the elderly (60 years and older) as the primary aim of the study reported no protective effect against respiratory complications. The remaining literature provided mostly inconclusive evidence. Conclusion The majority of the literature on the protective effect of BCG against respiratory complications of COVID-19 is inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehrsa Jalalizadeh
- Department of UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reza Yadollahvandmiandoab
- Department of UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keini Buosi
- Department of UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- Department of UroScience, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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He Y, Cao X, Guo T, He Y, Du Y, Zhang H, Feng B, Du J, Zhang B, Wang K, Yan J, Wang D, Liu Z, Pan S, Xin H, Gao L. Serial testing of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with diabetes mellitus using interferon-gamma release assay, tuberculin skin test, and creation tuberculin skin test. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1025550. [PMID: 36530654 PMCID: PMC9754324 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1025550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) have an increased risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) due to impaired immunity. The performance of currently available immune response-based assays for identification of TB infection had been rarely evaluated in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) in China. Methods A prospective study was conducted to investigate the status of LTBI in patients with confirmed T2DM. At the baseline survey, the prevalence of LTBI was tested using interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), tuberculin skin test (TST) and creation tuberculin skin test (C-TST) in parallel. After a 3-month interval, the participants were retested by the three assays to estimate their performance in the serial testing. Results A total of 404 participants with T2DM were included in the study. At baseline, after excluding active TB, the prevalence of LTBI identified by TST (≥ 10 mm), C-TST (≥ 5 mm) and IGRA (≥ 0.35 IU/ml) were 9.65% (39/404), 10.40% (42/404) and 14.85% (60/404), respectively. The concordance of TST and C-TST results with IGRA results was 86.39% (349/404) and 92.08% (372/404) with a Kappa coefficient of 0.37 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24- 0.50] and 0.64 (95% CI: 0.53- 0.76), respectively. After a 3-month interval, the continuous results of TST, C-TST and IGRA were observed to be increased with testing conversion for 50, 26 and 27 patients, respectively. For TST and C-TST conversions, the distribution of their quantitative results in serial tests varied significantly when further classified by baseline IGRA dichotomous results. Conclusion In studied patients with T2DM, C-TST showed higher consistency with IGRA as compared to TST. The present of conversion observed in serial testing suggested that boosting effect of skin testing should be considered for identify of LTBI in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefang Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tonglei Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongpeng He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Boxuan Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaoxia Yan
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dakuan Wang
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zisen Liu
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shouguo Pan
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Henan Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,Henan Xin
| | - Lei Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Lei Gao
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Ortiz-Brizuela E, Menzies D, Behr MA. Testing and Treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Med Clin North Am 2022; 106:929-947. [PMID: 36280337 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
After infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a minority of individuals will progress to tuberculosis disease (TB). The risk is higher among persons with well-established risk factors and within the first year after infection. Testing and treating individuals at high risk of progression maximizes the benefits of TB preventive therapy; avoiding testing of low-risk persons will limit potential harms. Several treatment options are available; rifamycin-based regimens offer the best efficacy-safety balance. In this review, we present an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of TB infection, and summarize common clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ortiz-Brizuela
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue, West Montreal, H3A 1A2, Canada; McGill International TB Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 5252 boul.de Maisonneuve, West Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3S5, Canada; Department of Medicine, Insituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Dick Menzies
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue, West Montreal, H3A 1A2, Canada; McGill International TB Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 5252 boul.de Maisonneuve, West Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3S5, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marcel A Behr
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue, West Montreal, H3A 1A2, Canada; McGill International TB Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 5252 boul.de Maisonneuve, West Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3S5, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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21
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Lu P, Ding X, Sun J, Wang R, Liu J, Liu Q, Zhu L, Lu W. Selection of the cutoff value of the tuberculin skin test for diagnosing students who need preventive treatment: A school-based cross-sectional study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:972484. [PMID: 36310867 PMCID: PMC9606456 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.972484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tuberculosis outbreaks in schools are common in China. This study aimed to introduce and evaluate a new screening process to help control outbreaks. Methods Screening information of students in three schools with tuberculosis outbreaks was collected. QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube (QFT) results were used as the reference standard to determine the cutoff value of the tuberculin skin test (TST) for diagnosing students who need to have preventive medication. Results A total of 1,232 students and teachers from three different schools that all had more than three student patients with tuberculosis were included in this study. In total, 308 (25.0%) students had an induration diameter ≥10 mm; among students in a class different from the index case, the infection rate was 24.4% (264/1,084), which was lower than the rate among students in the same class (29.7%) (P = 0.157). Students in the same class as the index tuberculosis case had a much higher QFT positivity compared to those in a different class (58.1% vs. 7.7%, P < 0.0001). Diagnostic agreement between TST ≥10 mm and QFT was 36.6%. The diagnostic value reached the highest when the induration diameter of TST was ≥9 mm, with a sensitivity and specificity of 94.1% (95% CI: 89.4%–97.1%) and 27.6% (95% CI: 24.9%–30.4%), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.664 (95% CI: 0.637–0.690, P < 0.0001). Conclusion In tuberculosis outbreaks in schools, if there are three or more cases of students with tuberculosis in a class or if the moderate or strong TST positivity rate is much higher than the normal range in the region, attention should be paid to those with moderately positive TST results. Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are recommended to be conducted following TST on the day of reading the results, especially among students sharing the same class with the index case. In resource-poor areas lacking IGRAs, the induration diameter of TST can be appropriately reduced from 15 to 9 mm to enhance the sensitivity of TST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiansheng Sun
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhouxu City, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing City, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiasong Liu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Huaian City, Huaian, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Limei Zhu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Wei Lu,
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22
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Herrera M, Keynan Y, McLaren PJ, Isaza JP, Abrenica B, López L, Marin D, Rueda ZV. Gene expression profiling identifies candidate biomarkers for new latent tuberculosis infections. A cohort study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274257. [PMID: 36170228 PMCID: PMC9518923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the gene expression profile in individuals with new latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and to compare them with people with active tuberculosis (TB) and those exposed to TB but not infected. Design A prospective cohort study. Recruitment and follow-up were conducted between September 2016 to December 2018. Gene expression and data processing and analysis from April 2019 to April 2021. Setting Two male Colombian prisons. Participants 15 new tuberculin skin test (TST) converters (negative TST at baseline that became positive during follow-up), 11 people that continued with a negative TST after two years of follow-up, and 10 people with pulmonary ATB. Main outcome measures Gene expression profile using RNA sequencing from PBMC samples. The differential expression was assessed using the DESeq2 package in Bioconductor. Genes with |logFC| >1.0 and an adjusted p-value < 0.1 were differentially expressed. We analyzed the differences in the enrichment of KEGG pathways in each group using InterMiner. Results The gene expression was affected by the time of incarceration. We identified group-specific differentially expressed genes between the groups: 289 genes in people with a new LTBI and short incarceration (less than three months of incarceration), 117 in those with LTBI and long incarceration (one or more years of incarceration), 26 in ATB, and 276 in the exposed but non-infected individuals. Four pathways encompassed the largest number of down and up-regulated genes among individuals with LTBI and short incarceration: cytokine signaling, signal transduction, neutrophil degranulation, and innate immune system. In individuals with LTBI and long incarceration, the only enriched pathway within up-regulated genes was Emi1 phosphorylation. Conclusions Recent infection with MTB is associated with an identifiable RNA pattern related to innate immune system pathways that can be used to prioritize LTBI treatment for those at greatest risk for developing active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Herrera
- Departments of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Doctorado en Epidemiologia, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Departments of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Paul J. McLaren
- Departments of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo Isaza
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Bernard Abrenica
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lucelly López
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Marin
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Departments of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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23
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Tsilika M, Taks E, Dolianitis K, Kotsaki A, Leventogiannis K, Damoulari C, Kostoula M, Paneta M, Adamis G, Papanikolaou I, Stamatelopoulos K, Bolanou A, Katsaros K, Delavinia C, Perdios I, Pandi A, Tsiakos K, Proios N, Kalogianni E, Delis I, Skliros E, Akinosoglou K, Perdikouli A, Poulakou G, Milionis H, Athanassopoulou E, Kalpaki E, Efstratiou L, Perraki V, Papadopoulos A, Netea MG, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. ACTIVATE-2: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial of BCG Vaccination Against COVID-19 in Individuals at Risk. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873067. [PMID: 35865520 PMCID: PMC9294453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent study of our group with the acronym ACTIVATE, Bacillus Calmete-Guérin (BCG) vaccination reduced the occurrence of new infections compared to placebo vaccination in the elderly. Most benefit was found for respiratory infections. The ACTIVATE-2 study was launched to assess the efficacy of BCG vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this multicenter, double-blind trial, 301 volunteers aged 50 years or older were randomized (1:1) to be vaccinated with BCG or placebo. The trial end points were the incidence of COVID-19 and the presence of anti–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (anti–SARS-CoV-2) antibodies, which were both evaluated through 6 months after study intervention. Results revealed 68% relative reduction of the risk to develop COVID-19, using clinical criteria or/and laboratory diagnosis, in the group of BCG vaccine recipients compared with placebo-vaccinated controls, during a 6-month follow-up (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.13-0.79). In total, eight patients were in need of hospitalization for COVID-19: six in the placebo group and two in the BCG group. Three months after study intervention, positive anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were noted in 1.3% of volunteers in the placebo group and in 4.7% of participants in BCG-vaccinated group. The ACTIVATE II trial did not meet the primary endpoint of the reduction of the risk for COVID-19 3 months after BCG vaccination; however, the secondary endpoint of the reduction of the risk for COVID-19 6 months after BCG vaccination was met. BCG vaccination may be a promising approach against the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsilika
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Esther Taks
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Dolianitis
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Bodosakeio” General Hospital of Ptolemaida, Ptolemaida, Greece
| | - Antigone Kotsaki
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Leventogiannis
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Damoulari
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kostoula
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Paneta
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Adamis
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, “G.Gennimatas” Athens General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Papanikolaou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Aghia Eirini General Hospital of Kerkyra, Kontokali, Greece
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Department of Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amalia Bolanou
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christina Delavinia
- Department of Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Perdios
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, “G.Gennimatas” Athens General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Pandi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Aghia Eirini General Hospital of Kerkyra, Kontokali, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsiakos
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nektarios Proios
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouela Kalogianni
- Department of Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Delis
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Karditsa, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | | | - Aggeliki Perdikouli
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Garyfallia Poulakou
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Haralampos Milionis
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eva Athanassopoulou
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Kalpaki
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Antonios Papadopoulos
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Hellenic Institute for the Study of Sepsis, Athens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis,
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Singh S, Kishore D, Singh RK, Pathak C, Ranjan K. Higher BCG-induced trained immunity prevalence predicts protection from COVID-19: Implications for ongoing BCG trials. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL DISCOVERY 2022; 2:e60. [PMID: 35938058 PMCID: PMC9347530 DOI: 10.1002/ctd2.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endeavors to identify potentially protective variables for COVID-19 impact on certain populations have remained a priority. Multiple attempts have been made to attribute the reduced COVID-19 impact on populations to their Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination coverage ignoring the fact that the effect of childhood BCG vaccination wanes within 5 years while most of the COVID-19 cases and deaths have occurred in aged with comorbidities. Since the supposed protection being investigated could come from heterologous 'trained immunity' (TI) conferred by exposure to Mycobacterium spp. (i.e., environmental and BCG), it is argued that the estimates of the prevalence of TI in populations currently available as latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) prevalence would be a better variable to evaluate such assertions. Indeed, when we analyze the European populations (24), and erstwhile East and West Germany populations completely disregarding their BCG vaccination coverage, the populations with higher TI prevalence consistently display reduced COVID-19 impact as compared to their lower TI prevalence neighbors. The TI estimates of the populations not the BCG coverage per se, negatively correlated with pandemic phase-matched COVID-19 incidences (r(24): -0.79 to -0.57; p-value < .004), mortality (r(24): -0.63 to -0.45; p-value < .03), and interim case fatality rates (i-CFR) data. To decisively arrive at dependable conclusions about the potential protective benefit gained from BCG vaccination in COVID-19, the ongoing or planned randomized controlled trials should consciously consider including measures of TI as: (a) all individuals immunized do not respond equally, (b) small study groups from higher background TI could fail to indicate any protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & SurgeryInstitute of Medical SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Dhiraj Kishore
- Department of General MedicineInstitute of Medical SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of ScienceBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiUttar PradeshIndia
| | | | - Kishu Ranjan
- Department of PathologySchool of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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Basu S. Absence of Evidence as The Evidence Of Absence: The Curious Case of Latent Infection Causing Ocular Tuberculosis. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:874400. [PMID: 35911853 PMCID: PMC7613174 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.874400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ocular tuberculosis (TB) is frequently considered as intraocular inflammation in the setting of latent TB, owing mainly to the absence of microbiological evidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ocular fluid samples. Even though such lack of microbiological evidence, and of systemic signs of active TB disease, are suggestive of latent TB infection, molecular and rare histopathologic evidence of mycobacteria in the eye, and favourable response of ocular inflammation to anti-TB therapy point to the presence of active infection in ocular TB. Here, we discuss how intraocular inflammation in ocular TB is not merely an immunologic response to bacilli, but an active tuberculosis infection. We will discuss the reason for the frequent absence of microbiological evidence of TB in the eye in ocular TB and the diagnostic hierarchy to arrive at the diagnosis of this infectious uveitis entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyava Basu
- Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, LV Prasad Marg, Hyderabad, India
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26
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Neema S, Sandhu S, Mukherjee S, Vashisht D, Vendhan S, Sinha A, Vasudevan B. Comparison of interferon gamma release assay and tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis in psoriasis patients planned for systemic therapy. Indian J Dermatol 2022; 67:19-25. [PMID: 35656280 PMCID: PMC9154176 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_681_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a common yet difficult problem to diagnose in tuberculosis endemic countries. Both tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) are used for the diagnosis of LTBI. Aims: The aim of the study is to compare TST and IGRA in patients planned for systemic treatment of psoriasis. Methods: It was a diagnostic study conducted in a tertiary care centre during the study period from January 20 to December 20. Patients more than 18 years of age with chronic plaque psoriasis planned for systemic therapy were included. Psoriasis area severity index (PASI), history of tuberculosis in past or family and BCG vaccination were recorded. Complete blood count, radiograph of the chest, tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assay were performed in all patients. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 20, Chicago). Results: A total of 75 patients, including 48 males and 27 females, were included in the study. The mean age and mean duration of disease were 46.08 (±12.16) and 4.59 (±3.8) years, respectively. Seventy-one (94.6%) patients had BCG scar, and two (2.6%) had a history of tuberculosis in a family member. The TST and IGRA were positive (>10 mm) in 23 (30.6%) and 16 (21.3%) patients, respectively. Either TST or IGRA was positive in 28 (37.3%) patients. Out of these 28 patients, concordance was seen in 11 (39.2%) and discordance in 17 (60.7%). Discordance was TST+/IGRA − in 12 (42.8%) and TST−/IGRA + in five (17.8%) patients. Abnormality in radiograph of the chest and computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest were seen in five (6.6%) and nine (12%) patients, respectively. The patients with either TST or IGRA + were more likely to have abnormal chest radiographs than those who were TST−/IGRA− (OR: 11.3, 95% CI: 1.24–102.3, P = 0.03). The TST and IGRA showed fair agreement ( = 0.364, P = 0.003). ROC curve was plotted for the absolute value of TST in mm considering IGRA as the gold standard. The area under the curve was 0.805 (95%CI: 0.655–0.954). For the TST positivity cut-off of 10 and 15 mm, specificity was 77.3% and 95.5%, respectively; the sensitivity was 68.8% irrespective of the cut-off value. Limitation: Small sample size and lack of follow-up are the biggest limitations of the study. The lack of a gold standard in the diagnosis of LTBI is an inherent yet unavoidable flaw in the study. Conclusion: Reactivation of LTBI is a concern in a patient planned for immunosuppressive therapy. We suggest the use of both TST and IGRA rather than two-step testing (TST followed by IGRA) or IGRA alone for the diagnosis of LTBI, especially in patients with a high risk of reactivation. The positivity on either test should prompt further evaluation and treatment decisions should be taken considering the risk-benefit ratio of treatment rather than test results alone.
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Rickman HM, Kamchedzera W, Schwalb A, Phiri MD, Ruhwald M, Shanaube K, Dodd PJ, Houben RMGJ, Corbett EL, MacPherson P. Know your tuberculosis epidemic-Is it time to add Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunoreactivity back into global surveillance? PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0001208. [PMID: 36962621 PMCID: PMC10021854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) still causes 1.5 million deaths globally each year. Over recent decades, slow and uneven declines in TB incidence have resulted in a falling prevalence of TB disease, which increasingly concentrates in vulnerable populations. Falling prevalence, while welcome, poses new challenges for TB surveillance. Cross-sectional disease surveys require very large sample sizes to accurately estimate disease burden, and even more participants to detect trends over time or identify high-risk areas or populations, making them prohibitively resource-intensive. In the past, tuberculin skin surveys measuring Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) immunoreactivity were widely used to monitor TB epidemiology in high-incidence settings, but were limited by challenges with both delivering and interpreting the test. Here we argue that the shifting epidemiology of tuberculosis, and the development of new tests for Mtb infection, make it timely and important to revisit the strategy of TB surveillance based on infection or immunoreactivity. Mtb infection surveys carry their own operational challenges and fundamental questions, for example: around survey design and frequency; which groups should be included; how the prevalence of immunoreactivity in a population should be used to estimate force of infection; how individual results should be interpreted and managed; and how surveillance can be delivered efficiently and ethically. However, if these knowledge gaps are addressed, the relative feasibility and lower costs of Mtb infection surveillance offer a powerful and affordable opportunity to better "know your TB epidemic", understand trends, identify high-risk and underserved communities, and tailor public health responses to dynamic epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rickman
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Alvaro Schwalb
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mphatso D Phiri
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- FIND, the Global Alliance for Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter J Dodd
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rein M G J Houben
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth L Corbett
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Peter MacPherson
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important problem among children in the United States and throughout the world. There is no diagnostic reference standard for latent tuberculosis infection (also referred to as tuberculosis infection [TBI]). The tuberculin skin test (TST) has many limitations, including difficulty in administration and interpretation, the need for a return visit by the patient, and false-positive results caused by cross-reaction with Mycobacterium bovis-bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccines and many nontuberculous mycobacteria. Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are blood tests that use antigens specific for M tuberculosis; as a result, IGRAs yield fewer false-positive results than the TST. Both IGRAs and the TST have reduced sensitivity in immunocompromised children, including children with severe TB disease. Both methods have high positive predictive value when applied to children with risk factors for TBI, especially recent contact with a person who has TB disease. The advantages of using IGRAs and diminished experience with the placement and interpretation of the TST favor expanded use of IGRAs in children in the United States. There are now several effective and safe regimens for the treatment of TBI in children. For improved adherence to therapy, the 3 rifamycin-based regimens are preferred because of their short duration. Daily isoniazid can be used if there is intolerance or drug interactions with rifamycins. A TB specialist should be involved when there are questions regarding testing interpretation, selection of an appropriate treatment regimen, or management of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Nolt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jeffrey R Starke
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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29
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Lu P, Lu F, Liu Q, Tang L, Ding X, Kong W, Lu W, Zhu L. High rate of transmission in a pulmonary tuberculosis outbreak in a junior high school in China, 2020. IJID REGIONS 2021; 1:117-123. [PMID: 35757819 PMCID: PMC9216330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
School tuberculosis outbreaks are common in China Students with PPD ≥ 15 mm are recommended to have prophylactic treatment More attention should be paid to students with PPD ≥ 10 mm and < 15 mm in school TB outbreaks
Background School tuberculosis outbreaks are common in China. This study aimed to introduce a new screening process to help control outbreaks. Methods An epidemiological investigation into a school-based tuberculosis outbreak was conducted in order to identify the origin of the infection, and how it was transmitted. Results In total, 10 confirmed active tuberculosis cases were diagnosed among student contacts in the index case's class, giving an incidence rate of 19.2% (10/52). Three were found through a proactive visit and seven through screening. Of the nine secondary cases, two had purified protein derivation of tuberculin (PPD) ≥ 15 mm or blister (confirmed by computed tomography (CT) scan before preventive therapy), five had TST ≥ 10 mm and < 15 mm (two with abnormal chest radiography scan and three with positive T-SPOT tests, confirmed by CT) and two with PPD ≥ 5 mm and < 10 mm (confirmed by CT scan through proactive visit). Conclusion Further to our results based on this school outbreak, a new screening process is recommended that involves conducting interferon gamma release assays on those students with PPD ≥ 5 mm and < 15 mm if there are three or more active tuberculosis patients in the class with an epidemiological link. Furthermore, a CT scan is recommended for students who have had a recent tuberculosis infection before they have preventive therapy.
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30
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Zhang F, Yu S, Chai Q, Wang J, Wu T, Liu R, Liu Y, Liu CH, Pang Y. HDAC6 contributes to human resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection via mediating innate immune responses. FASEB J 2021; 35:e22009. [PMID: 34694026 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100614r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing lines of evidence indicate that certain individuals, which are termed resisters, are naturally resistant to TB infection. The resister phenotype has been linked to host efficient innate immune responses, but the underlying mechanisms and the key immune factors remain unclear. Here, we find that upon Mtb infection, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from TB resisters exhibited distinctly higher production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, higher ratio of bacteria in acidic vacuoles, and lower intracellular bacterial loads, as compared to that from the healthy controls, individuals with latent TB infection, and TB patients. Such enhanced anti-Mtb immune capacity of macrophages from resisters largely depends on histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), whose expression is specifically maintained in MDMs from TB resisters during Mtb infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HDAC6 is required for acidification of Mtb-containing phagosomes in macrophages, thus controlling the intracellular survival of Mtb. Taken together, these findings unravel an indispensable role of HDAC6 in human innate resistance against Mtb infection, suggesting that HDAC6 may serve as a marker for individual TB risk as well as a novel host-directed anti-TB therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhen Zhang
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tuoya Wu
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongmei Liu
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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31
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Bhosale R, Alexander M, Deshpande P, Kulkarni V, Gupte N, Gupta A, Mathad J. Stages of pregnancy and HIV affect diagnosis of tuberculosis infection and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-induced immune response: Findings from PRACHITi, a cohort study in Pune, India. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 112:205-211. [PMID: 34517050 PMCID: PMC8715310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate tuberculosis infection (TBI) tests are critical for pregnant women, especially those with HIV, who have a high risk of TB disease. METHODS We enrolled interferon gamma release assay (IGRA)+ pregnant women with and without HIV in a longitudinal study, followed up at delivery and 6 months postpartum. Tuberculin skin test (TST) and IGRA were compared by HIV status at each timepoint. RESULTS Of 165 enrolled IGRA+ pregnant women: 35 (21%) had HIV and were on antiretroviral therapy with median CD4 of 476 (IQR 399-586). Compared to antepartum, significantly fewer women remained IGRA+ at delivery [HIV+ n=21/35 (62%, p=0.009); HIV- n=100/130 (77%, p=0.002)] and postpartum [HIV+ n=30/35 (87%, p=0.03); HIV- n=116/130 (89%, p=0.01)]. IGRA/TST discordance was high in pregnant women (HIV+: 51%; HIV-: 25%). Median IFN-γ was lowest for all women at delivery; significantly lower in women with HIV at all timepoints compared to women without HIV. TB incidence was 50/ 1000 person-years and 18/1000 person-years among women with and without HIV respectively. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy affects TBI test results and reduces IFN-γ response to M. tuberculosis stimulation. Despite adequate CD4 counts, women with HIV express less IFN-γ than women without HIV, which may explain the high TB incidence in postpartum women with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Bhosale
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Jai Prakash Narayan Rd. Pune, 411001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mallika Alexander
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College- Johns Hopkins University Clinical Trials Unit, 1st Floor, ENT department, Jai Prakash Narayan Rd. Pune, 411001, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Prasad Deshpande
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College- Johns Hopkins University Clinical Trials Unit, 1st Floor, ENT department, Jai Prakash Narayan Rd. Pune, 411001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vandana Kulkarni
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College- Johns Hopkins University Clinical Trials Unit, 1st Floor, ENT department, Jai Prakash Narayan Rd. Pune, 411001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nikhil Gupte
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College- Johns Hopkins University Clinical Trials Unit, 1st Floor, ENT department, Jai Prakash Narayan Rd. Pune, 411001, Maharashtra, India; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 540, Baltimore, MD 1287, USA
| | - Amita Gupta
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College- Johns Hopkins University Clinical Trials Unit, 1st Floor, ENT department, Jai Prakash Narayan Rd. Pune, 411001, Maharashtra, India; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Phipps 540, Baltimore, MD 1287, USA
| | - Jyoti Mathad
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College- Johns Hopkins University Clinical Trials Unit, 1st Floor, ENT department, Jai Prakash Narayan Rd. Pune, 411001, Maharashtra, India; Weill Cornell Medical College, 402 E. 67th Street, 2nd floor, New York, NY 10065, USA
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32
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Van Ginderdeuren E, Bassett J, Hanrahan CF, Mutunga L, Van Rie A. High conversion of tuberculin skin tests during the first year of antiretroviral treatment among South African adults in primary care. AIDS 2021; 35:1775-1784. [PMID: 34014852 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anergy reduces the sensitivity of the tuberculin skin test (TST) to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in people living with HIV. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) can reverse TST anergy, but data is scarce. METHODS To estimate TST conversion rates and factors associated with TST conversion, TST was placed at ART initiation, and 6 and 12 months thereafter (if TST negative at prior assessment). RESULTS Of 328 ART-eligible participants, 70% (231/328) had a valid TST result of whom 78% (180/231) were TST negative. At 6-month follow-up, 22% (24/109, 95% confidence interval [CI] 15%, 31%) of participants on ART, without incident tuberculosis (TB), and with a valid TST result converted to a positive TST. Of these 109 individuals, those with baseline CD4+ cell count >250 cells/μl were more likely to TST convert compared to those with baseline CD4+ cell count ≤250 cells/μl (odds ratio [OR] 3.54, 95% CI 1.29, 11.47). At 12 months post-ART initiation, an additional 12% (9/78, 95% CI 6, 20) of participants on ART, without incident TB and with a valid TST result experienced TST conversion. After 1 year on ART, TST conversion rate was 38 per 100 person-years (95% CI 26, 52), and lower in individuals with baseline CD4+ cell count ≤250 cells/μl (23/100 person-years, 95% CI 11, 41) compared to those with baseline CD4+ cell count >250 cells/μl (50/100 person-years, 95% CI 32, 73). CONCLUSIONS TST conversion rate in the first year of ART is high, especially among people with CD4+ cell count >250 cells/μl. A TST-based eligibility strategy at ART initiation may underestimate eligibility for preventive therapy for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Van Ginderdeuren
- Witkoppen Clinic, South Africa
- Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Annelies Van Rie
- Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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33
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Lu P, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Martinez L, Kong W, Ding X, Peng H, Zhu T, Zhu L, Lu W. Predictors of Discordant Tuberculin Skin Test and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube Results in Eastern China: A Population-based, Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:2006-2015. [PMID: 32369577 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discordance between the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube (QFT) and tuberculin skin test (TST) is not well understood. We aimed to identify the factors that determine discordance between the TST and QFT when compared to either TST+QFT+ or TST-QFT- results in a medium tuberculosis (TB) burden setting. METHODS We conducted a population-based study in Eastern China and administered TSTs and QFTs to participants. We calculated kappa values while constructing multivariable logistic regression models to evaluate predictors of test discordance. We analyzed the predictive value of discordant and concordant test results for progression to TB over 6 years of follow-up. RESULTS Overall, 5405 participants were enrolled; 2043 (37.8%) and 1104 (20.4%) were TST and QFT positive, respectively. There was fair agreement between the TST and the QFT (kappa values between 0.30-0.39 at different TST cutoffs). Agreement was lower among participants vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG; κ, 0.17 versus 0.47 in nonvaccinated participants). TST+QFT- results were associated with decreasing age, smoking, undiagnosed diabetes, and BCG vaccination (adjusted odds ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.90). TST-QFT+ results were associated with increasing age, male sex, smoking, and diagnosed diabetes. Compared to participants with TST-QFT- results, QFT+ and TST+QFT+ participants were 6.3 (95% CI, 1.9-20.4) and 7.5 (95%CI, 2.3-25.1) times more likely to progress to TB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this population-based study of over 5000 participants from a medium TB burden region, the test agreement between QFT and TST was fair overall and we found multiple novel predictors of discordant QFT/TST results. QFT provides a substantial improvement to the TST among these populations and was multi-fold better at predicting progression to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Leonardo Martinez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wen Kong
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Danyang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Zhu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Xu M, Lu W, Li T, Li J, Du W, Wu Q, Liu Q, Yuan B, Lu J, Ding X, Li F, Liu M, Chen B, Pu J, Zhang R, Xi X, Zhou R, Mei Z, Du R, Tao L, Martinez L, Lu S, Wang G, Zhu F. Sensitivity, specificity, and safety of a novel ESAT6-CFP10 skin test for tuberculosis infection in China: two randomized, self-controlled, parallel-group phase 2b trials. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 74:668-677. [PMID: 34021314 PMCID: PMC8886919 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostics to identify tuberculosis infection are limited. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy and safety of the novel ESAT6-CFP10 (EC) skin test for tuberculosis infection in Chinese adults. METHODS We conducted two randomized, parallel-group clinical trials in healthy participants and tuberculosis patients. All participants were tested with the T-SPOT.TB test, then received EC skin test and tuberculin skin test (TST). The diameter of skin indurations and/or redness at injection sites were measured at different time periods. A Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) model was also established to assess the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection using EC skin test. RESULTS In total, 777 healthy participants and 96 tuberculosis patients were allocated to receive the EC skin test at 1.0μg/0.1ml or 0.5μg/0.1ml. The area under the curve was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.91-0.97) from the EC skin test at a dose of 1.0μg/0.1ml at 24-72 hours. Compared to the T-SPOT.TB test, the EC skin test demonstrated similar sensitivity (87.5, 95% CI 77.8-97.2 versus 86.5, 95% CI 79.5-93.4) and specificity (98.9, 95% CI 96.0-99.9 versus 96.1, 95% CI 93.5-97.8). Among BCG vaccinated participants, the EC skin test had high consistency with the T-SPOT.TB test (96.3, 95% CI, 92.0-100.0). No serious adverse events related to the EC skin test were observed. CONCLUSIONS The EC skin test demonstrated both high specificity and sensitivity at a dose of 1.0μg/0.1ml, comparable to the T-SPOT.TB test. The diagnostic accuracy of the EC skin test was not impacted by BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, PR, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR, China
| | - Weixin Du
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, PR, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR, China
| | - Baodong Yuan
- Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR, China
| | - Jinbiao Lu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, PR, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR, China
| | - Feng Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR, China
| | - Min Liu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jurong city, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR, China
| | - Baowen Chen
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, PR, China
| | - Jiang Pu
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR, China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jurong city, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR, China
| | - Xiuhong Xi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR, China
| | - Rongguang Zhou
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jurong city, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, PR, China
| | - Zaoxian Mei
- Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR, China
| | - Ronghui Du
- Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR, China
| | - Lifeng Tao
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR, China
| | - Leonardo Martinez
- Boston University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Shuihua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR, China
| | - Guozhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, PR, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR, China
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35
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Apriani L, McAllister S, Sharples K, Aini IN, Nurhasanah H, Ratnaningsih DF, Indrati AR, Ruslami R, Alisjahbana B, van Crevel R, Hill PC. High risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among medical and nursing students in Indonesia: a 1-year prospective study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:10-18. [PMID: 33721022 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical and nursing students entering their clinical programmes are at increased risk for tuberculosis (TB) in TB-endemic settings. Relatively little is known about Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among such students in high-endemic countries. METHODS We examined M. tuberculosis infection among medical and nursing students starting clinical training in Bandung, Indonesia using interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus. IGRA-negative students had a repeat test after 1 y and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with IGRA positivity or conversion. RESULTS There were 379 students included in this study: 248 (65.4%) were medical students and 131 (34.6%) were nursing students. Of 379 students, 70 (18.5%) were IGRA positive at baseline. Of 293 IGRA-negative students with 1-y results, 26 (8.9%) underwent IGRA conversion. Being a medical student (adjusted relative risk [ARR] 5.15 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.82 to 14.59], p=0.002) and participation in sputum collection or bronchoscopy were associated with IGRA conversion (ARR 2.74 [95% CI 1.29 to 5.79], p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS Medical and nursing students entering clinical training are at high risk of M. tuberculosis infection and need improved infection prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lika Apriani
- TB Working Group, Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Prof Eykman, No. 38 Bandung 40161, Indonesia.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Prof Eykman, No. 38 Bandung 40161, Indonesia.,Centre for International Health, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Susan McAllister
- Centre for International Health, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Katrina Sharples
- Centre for International Health, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, 730 Cumberland Street, North Dunedin, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Isni Nurul Aini
- TB Working Group, Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Prof Eykman, No. 38 Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Hanifah Nurhasanah
- TB Working Group, Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Prof Eykman, No. 38 Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Febni Ratnaningsih
- TB Working Group, Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Prof Eykman, No. 38 Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Agnes Rengga Indrati
- TB Working Group, Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Prof Eykman, No. 38 Bandung 40161, Indonesia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Jl Pasteur No. 38 Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Rovina Ruslami
- TB Working Group, Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Prof Eykman, No. 38 Bandung 40161, Indonesia.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Prof Eykman No. 38 Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- TB Working Group, Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Prof Eykman, No. 38 Bandung 40161, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Jl Pasteur No. 38 Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip C Hill
- Centre for International Health, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Gutierrez J, Kroon EE, Möller M, Stein CM. Phenotype Definition for "Resisters" to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in the Literature-A Review and Recommendations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:619988. [PMID: 33717116 PMCID: PMC7946835 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.619988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide problem. Despite the high disease rate, not all who are infected with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) develop disease. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) specific T cell immune assays such as Quantiferon and Elispot, as well as a skin hypersensitivity test, known as a tuberculin skin test, are widely used to infer infection. These assays measure immune conversion in response to Mtb. Some individuals measure persistently negative to immune conversion, despite high and prolonged exposure to Mtb. Increasing interest into this phenotype has led to multiple publications describing various aspects of these responses. However, there is a lack of a unified "resister" definition. A universal definition will improve cross study data comparisons and assist with future study design and planning. We review the current literature describing this phenotype and make recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Gutierrez
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Elouise E. Kroon
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marlo Möller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Risk stratification and management of QuantiFERON-positive solid-organ living donors. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2021; 25:351-356. [PMID: 32618720 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Donor-derived disease with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is likely to become more common as donor pools expand due to increasing transplant volume coupled with patterns of migration and global mobility. Our article reviews the current literature and provides a rational approach for clinicians managing the scenario of a living donor who has epidemiologic risk factors for tuberculosis exposure. RECENT FINDINGS Tuberculous bacilli, formerly thought to exist latently only in pulmonary granulomas, are now known reside dormant in nonpulmonary organs. Kidney and liver grafts are thus vectors for donor transmitted MTB disease. Donors with elevated risk for latent MTB disease can be identified with tuberculin skin testing or IFN-γ release assay screening in combination with a thorough history to identify risk factors for latent disease. SUMMARY Living donors with an elevated risk for prior MTB exposure provide an opportunity to treat latent disease prior to organ procurement and reduce the risk of donor transmitted disease and secondary morbidity. Improved identification of these high-risk donors can reduce both the incidence of posttransplant MTB disease and the risk of allograft compromise associated with treatment of latent and active disease in posttransplant recipients.
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Emery JC, Richards AS, Dale KD, McQuaid CF, White RG, Denholm JT, Houben RMGJ. Self-clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: implications for lifetime risk and population at-risk of tuberculosis disease. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20201635. [PMID: 33467995 PMCID: PMC7893269 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: it is widely assumed that individuals with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remain at lifelong risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease. However, there is substantial evidence that self-clearance of Mtb infection can occur. We infer a curve of self-clearance by time since infection and explore its implications for TB epidemiology. Methods and findings: data for self-clearance were inferred using post-mortem and tuberculin-skin-test reversion studies. A cohort model allowing for self-clearance was fitted in a Bayesian framework before estimating the lifetime risk of TB disease and the population infected with Mtb in India, China and Japan in 2019. We estimated that 24.4% (17.8-32.6%, 95% uncertainty interval (UI)) of individuals self-clear within 10 years of infection, and 73.1% (64.6-81.7%) over a lifetime. The lifetime risk of TB disease was 17.0% (10.9-22.5%), compared to 12.6% (10.1-15.0%) assuming lifelong infection. The population at risk of TB disease in India, China and Japan was 35-80% (95% UI) smaller in the self-clearance scenario. Conclusions: the population with a viable Mtb infection may be markedly smaller than generally assumed, with such individuals at greater risk of TB disease. The ability to identify these individuals could dramatically improve the targeting of preventive programmes and inform TB vaccine development, bringing TB elimination within reach of feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C. Emery
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Alexandra S. Richards
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Katie D. Dale
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C. Finn McQuaid
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Richard G. White
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Justin T. Denholm
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rein M. G. J. Houben
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Mafi N, Murphy CB, Girardo ME, Blair JE. Coccidioides (spherulin) skin testing in patients with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in an endemic region†. Med Mycol 2021; 58:626-631. [PMID: 31578560 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal infection of the desert southwestern United States. Intact cellular immunity is critical to the control of this infection. A recently released reformulated spherulin antigen (Spherusol; Nielsen BioSciences, Inc.) was approved to detect delayed-type hypersensitivity, which implies the presence of cellular immunity, to Coccidioides species. We aimed to summarize our experience with this test in patients with primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. We retrospectively reviewed clinical data for all patients with primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis who had a Coccidioides (spherulin) skin test (CST) placed at our institution between January 1, 2015, and August 31, 2017. During the study period, 172 patients had a CST placed, and 122 met our inclusion criteria for proven or probable pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Of these 122, 88 (72.1%) had a positive CST result and 34 (27.9%) had a negative result. In the positive CST group, 74 of the 79 treated patients (93.7%) had antifungal treatment stopped, 1 of whom (1.4%) had relapsed infection. In contrast, 27 of the 33 treated patients in the negative CST group (81.8%) had their antifungal treatment stopped, and none had a relapse. Seven patients overall (5.7%), all of whom had a positive CST, experienced mild local adverse reactions to the CST. Although previous controlled studies of CST showed sensitivity and specificity greater than 98%, our real-world experience with the CST showed lower rates of positivity. Negative CST results did not predict relapse with antifungal agent withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Mafi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Marlene E Girardo
- Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona. Dr. Mafi is now in private practice in Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Janis E Blair
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
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Woldu HG, Zalwango S, Martinez L, Castellanos ME, Kakaire R, Sekandi JN, Kiwanuka N, Whalen CC. Defining an intermediate category of tuberculin skin test: A mixture model analysis of two high-risk populations from Kampala, Uganda. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245328. [PMID: 33481816 PMCID: PMC7822548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One principle of tuberculosis control is to prevent the development of tuberculosis disease by treating individuals with latent tuberculosis infection. The diagnosis of latent infection using the tuberculin skin test is not straightforward because of concerns about immunologic cross reactivity with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and environmental mycobacteria. To parse the effects of BCG vaccine and environmental mycobacteria on the tuberculin skin test, we estimated the frequency distribution of skin test results in two divisions of Kampala, Uganda, ten years apart. We then used mixture models to estimate parameters for underlying distributions and defined clinically meaningful criteria for latent infection, including an indeterminate category. Using percentiles of two underlying normal distributions, we defined two skin test readings to demarcate three ranges. Values of 10 mm or greater contained 90% of individuals with latent infection; values less than 7.2 mm contained 80% of individuals without infection. Contacts with values between 7.2 and 10 mm fell into an indeterminate zone where it was not possible to assign infection. We conclude that systematic tuberculin skin test surveys within populations at risk, combined with mixture model analysis, may be a reproducible, evidence-based approach to define meaningful criteria for latent tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henok G. Woldu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sarah Zalwango
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Leonardo Martinez
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - María Eugenia Castellanos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Kakaire
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Juliet N. Sekandi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Noah Kiwanuka
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christopher C. Whalen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Islam MS, Chughtai AA, Nazneen A, Chowdhury KIA, Islam MT, Tarannum S, Islam SMH, Banu S, Seale H. A tuberculin skin test survey among healthcare workers in two public tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243951. [PMID: 33332458 PMCID: PMC7745963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bangladesh, there is currently no data on the burden of latent TB infection (LTBI) amongst hospital healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of LTBI and compare the prevalence among HCWs in two public tertiary care hospitals. Between September 2018 and August 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two public tertiary care general hospitals. Using a survey and tuberculin skin test (TST), we assessed risk factors for LTBI, adjusting for known and plausible confounders. In addition, a facility assessment was undertaken to understand the implementation of relevant IPC measures. The prevalence of LTBI among HCWs was 42%. HCWs spent a median of 6 hours (SD = 1.76, IQR 2.00) per day and attended an average of 1.87 pulmonary TB patients per week. HCWs did not receive any TB IPC training, the wards lacked a symptom checklist to screen patients for TB, and no masks were available for coughing patients. Seventy-seven percent reportedly did not use any facial protection (masks or respirators) while caring for patients. In the multivariable model adjusting for hospital level clustering effect, TST positivity was significantly higher among HCWs aged 35-45 years (aOR1.36, 95% CI: 1.06-1.73) and with >3 years of service (aOR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.62-1.72). HCWs working in the medicine ward had 3.65 (95% CI: 2.20-6.05) times, and HCWs in the gynecology and obstetrics ward had 2.46 (95% CI: 1.42-4.27) times higher odds of TST positivity compared to HCWs working in administrative areas. This study identified high prevalence of LTBI among HCWs. This may be due to the level of exposure to pulmonary TB patients, and/or limited use of personal protective equipment along with poor implementation of TB IPC in the hospitals. Considering the high prevalence of LTBI, we recommend the national TB program consider providing preventative therapy to the HCWs as the high-risk group, and implement TB IPC in the hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, Program for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Arifa Nazneen
- Infectious Diseases Division, Program for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Sayeeda Tarannum
- Infectious Diseases Division, Program for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Hasibul Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, Program for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayera Banu
- Infectious Diseases Division, Program for Emerging Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Holly Seale
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Protection against SARS-CoV-2 by BCG vaccination is not supported by epidemiological analyses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18377. [PMID: 33110184 PMCID: PMC7591473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine provides protection against tuberculosis (TB), and is thought to provide protection against non-TB infectious diseases. BCG vaccination has recently been proposed as a strategy to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2) to combat the COVID-19 outbreak, supported by its potential to boost innate immunity and initial epidemiological analyses which observed reduced severity of COVID-19 in countries with universal BCG vaccination policies. Seventeen clinical trials are currently registered to inform on the benefits of BCG vaccinations upon exposure to CoV-2. Numerous epidemiological analyses showed a correlation between incidence of COVID-19 and BCG vaccination policies. These studies were not systematically corrected for confounding variables. We observed that after correction for confounding variables, most notably testing rates, there was no association between BCG vaccination policy and COVD-19 spread rate or percent mortality. Moreover, we found variables describing co-morbidities, including cardiovascular death rate and smoking prevalence, were significantly associated COVID-19 spread rate and percent mortality, respectively. While reporting biases may confound our observations, our epidemiological findings do not provide evidence to correlate overall BCG vaccination policy with the spread of CoV-2 and its associated mortality.
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Singh S, Maurya RP, Singh RK. "Trained immunity" from Mycobacterium spp. exposure or BCG vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008969. [PMID: 33119725 PMCID: PMC7595322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective variables for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are unknown. "Trained immunity" of the populace as a result of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination policy implementation and coverage had been suggested to be one of the factors responsible for the differential impact of COVID-19 on different countries. Several trials are underway to evaluate the potential protective role of BCG vaccination in COVID-19. However, the lack of clarity on the use of appropriate controls concerning the measures of "trained immunity" or the heterologous cell-mediated immunity conferred by BCG vaccination has been a cause of concern leading to more confusion as exemplified by a recently concluded trial in Israel that failed to find any protective correlation with regard to BCG vaccination. Whereas, when we analyze the COVID-19 epidemiological data of European countries without any regard for BCG vaccination policy but with similar age distribution, comparable confounding variables, and the stage of the pandemic, the prevalence of tuberculin immunoreactivity-a measure of cell-mediated immunity persistence as a result of Mycobacterium spp. (including BCG vaccine) exposure of the populations-is found consistently negatively correlated with COVID-19 infections and mortality. We seek to draw attention toward the inclusion of controls for underlying "trained immunity" and heterologous cell-mediated immunity prevalence that may be preexisting or resulting from the intervention (e.g., BCG vaccine) in such trials to arrive at more dependable conclusions concerning potential benefit from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajendra Prakash Maurya
- Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Srivastava G, Faridi MMA, Gupta SS. Tubercular infection in children living with adults receiving Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS): a follow up study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:720. [PMID: 33004004 PMCID: PMC7528466 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children living with sputum smear-positive adult tuberculosis (TB) patients are vulnerable to acquire tubercular infection. Contact tracing is an important strategy to control tubercular infection in the community. This study was done to find out prevalence of tuberculosis and tubercular infection in children living with sputum smear-positive adult patients receiving DOTS at recruitment and to find out incidence of tubercular infection and disease in these children on follow up. METHOD Children (< 15 years) living in contact with adults on DOTS were grouped as < 6 years and 6-14 years. They were further sub grouped as being - uninfected, infected, diseased and on prophylaxis and were followed at 3, 6 and 9 months. Tuberculin skin test (TST) and chest X-ray were done. RESULTS At recruitment 152 children were enrolled and 21.1% (n = 32) had TB. On follow up, 4.3% (n = 5), 5.8% (n = 6) and 11.6% (n = 11) children developed TB after 3, 6 and 9 months respectively.9 children did not come for the last follow up so the overall prevalence of TB disease at 9 months was 37.7% (n = 54). Out of the 128 children with TST reading 23.4% (n = 30) child contacts were found to be infected already at recruitment. The incidence of TST conversion was 20.7% (n = 18), 26.9% (n = 18) and 16.3% (n = 7) respectively. The overall prevalence of tubercular infection in the children, who were in contact with TB patients for 9 months was 74.5% (n = 73). CONCLUSION About half the children were either suffering from TB or tubercular infection on recruitment. During 9 months follow up 22 unaffected children developed disease and 43acquired infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Srivastava
- grid.414540.0Department of Pediatrics, Era’s Lucknow Medical College, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
| | - M. M. A. Faridi
- grid.414540.0Department of Pediatrics, Era’s Lucknow Medical College, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003 India
| | - Shiv Sagar Gupta
- Neera Hospital, Mahanagar Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226006 India
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Paradkar M, Padmapriyadarsini C, Jain D, Shivakumar SVBY, Thiruvengadam K, Gupte AN, Thomas B, Kinikar A, Sekar K, Bharadwaj R, Dolla CK, Gaikwad S, Elilarasi S, Lokhande R, Reddy D, Murali L, Kulkarni V, Pradhan N, Hanna LE, Pattabiraman S, Kohli R, S. R, Suryavanshi N, B. M. S, Cox SR, Selvaraju S, Gupte N, Mave V, Gupta A, Bollinger RC. Tuberculosis preventive treatment should be considered for all household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in India. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236743. [PMID: 32726367 PMCID: PMC7390377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently changed its guidance for tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment (TPT) recommending TPT for all pulmonary TB (PTB) exposed household contacts (HHC) to prevent incident TB disease (iTBD), regardless of TB infection (TBI) status. However, this recommendation was conditional as the strength of evidence was not strong. We assessed risk factors for iTBD in recently-exposed adult and pediatric Indian HHC, to determine which HHC subgroups might benefit most from TPT. We prospectively enrolled consenting HHC of adult PTB patients in Pune and Chennai, India. They underwent clinical, microbiologic and radiologic screening for TB disease (TBD) and TBI, at enrollment, 4–6, 12 and 24 months. TBI testing was performed by tuberculin skin test (TST) and Quantiferon®- Gold-in-Tube (QGIT) assay. HHC without baseline TBD were followed for development of iTBI and iTBD. Using mixed-effect Poisson regression, we assessed baseline characteristics including TBI status, and incident TBI (iTBI) using several TST and/or QGIT cut-offs, as potential risk factors for iTBD. Of 1051 HHC enrolled, 42 (4%) with baseline TBD and 12 (1%) with no baseline TBI test available, were excluded. Of the remaining 997 HHC, 707 (71%) had baseline TBI (TST ≥ 5 mm or QGIT ≥ 0.35 IU/ml). Overall, 20 HHC (2%) developed iTBD (12 cases/1000 person-years, 95%CI: 8–19). HIV infection (aIRR = 29.08, 95% CI: 2.38–355.77, p = 0.01) and undernutrition (aIRR = 6.16, 95% CI: 1.89–20.03, p = 0.003) were independently associated with iTBD. iTBD was not associated with age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol, and baseline TBI, or iTBI, regardless of TST (≥ 5 mm, ≥ 10 mm, ≥ 6 mm increase) or QGIT (≥ 0.35 IU/ml, ≥ 0.7 IU/ml) cut-offs. Given the high overall risk of iTBD among recently exposed HHCs, and the lack of association between TBI status and iTBD, our findings support the new WHO recommendation to offer TPT to all HHC of PTB patients residing in a high TB burden country such as India, and do not suggest any benefit of TBI testing at baseline or during follow-up to risk stratify recently-exposed HHC for TPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Paradkar
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Johns Hopkins University Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Divyashri Jain
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Akshay N. Gupte
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Beena Thomas
- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aarti Kinikar
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Krithika Sekar
- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Renu Bharadwaj
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Sanjay Gaikwad
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - S. Elilarasi
- Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rahul Lokhande
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Devarajulu Reddy
- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmi Murali
- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vandana Kulkarni
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Johns Hopkins University Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neeta Pradhan
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Johns Hopkins University Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Rewa Kohli
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Johns Hopkins University Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rani S.
- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nishi Suryavanshi
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Johns Hopkins University Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shrinivasa B. M.
- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samyra R. Cox
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sriram Selvaraju
- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nikhil Gupte
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Johns Hopkins University Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vidya Mave
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Johns Hopkins University Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amita Gupta
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Bollinger
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Vonnahme LA, Haddad MB, Navin TR. Factoring Prior Treatment into Tuberculosis Infection Prevalence Estimates, United States, 2011-2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:1949-1951. [PMID: 31538921 PMCID: PMC6759264 DOI: 10.3201/eid2510.190439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To refine estimates of how many persons in the United States are candidates for treatment of latent tuberculosis, we removed from analysis persons who self-reported prior treatment on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012. We estimate that 12.6 million persons could benefit from treatment to prevent active tuberculosis.
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Zellweger JP, Sotgiu G, Corradi M, Durando P. The diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI): currently available tests, future developments, and perspectives to eliminate tuberculosis (TB). LA MEDICINA DEL LAVORO 2020; 111:170-183. [PMID: 32624559 PMCID: PMC7809945 DOI: 10.23749/mdl.v111i3.9983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite great efforts, tuberculosis (TB) is still a major public health threat worldwide. For decades, TB control programs have focused almost exclusively on infectious TB active cases. However, it is evident that this strategy alone cannot achieve TB elimination. To achieve this objective a comprehensive strategy directed toward integrated latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) management is needed. Recently it has been recognized that LTBI is not a stable condition but rather a spectrum of infections (e.g., intermittent, transient or progressive) which may lead to incipient, then subclinical, and finally active TB disease. AIM Provide an overview of current available LTBI diagnostic test including updates, future developments and perspectives. RESULTS There is currently no test for the direct identification of live MT infection in humans. The diagnosis of LTBI is indirect and relies on the detection of an immune response against MT antigens, assuming that the immune response has developed after a contact with the biological agent. Tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) are the main diagnostic tools for LTBI, however, both present strengths and limitations. The most ancient diagnostic test (TST) can be associated with several technical errors, has limited positive predictive value, is being influenced by BCG vaccination and several conditions can reduce the skin reactivity. Notwithstanding these limitations, prompt identification of TST conversion, should orientate indications for preventive therapy of LTBI. IGRAs have superior specificity, are not affected by M. bovis, BCG vaccination and other environmental mycobacteria. However, they present some logistical and organisational constraints and are more expensive. Currently, the WHO guidelines recommend that either a TST or an IGRA can be used to detect LTBI in high-income and upper middle-income countries with estimated TB incidences less than 100 per 100,000 population. Two skin tests (C-TB and Diaskintest), using only two specific M. tuberculosis antigens (ESAT-6 and CFP-10) instead of the tuberculin solution, have recently been developed but, to date, none of these tests is available on the European market. CONCLUSION Early identification and treatment of individuals with LTBI is an important priority for TB control in specific groups at risk within the population: this is of crucial meaning in recently infected cases both at the community level and in some occupational settings. Currently there is no gold standard test for LTBI: an improved understanding of the available tests is needed to develop better tools for diagnosing LTBI and predicting progression to clinical active disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy.
| | - Massimo Corradi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma and Unit of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Toxicology, University Hospital of Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Durando
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute Scuola di Scienze Mediche e Farmaceutiche Università degli Studi di Genova I.R.C.C.S. A.O.U. San Martino - I.S.T. di Genova.
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Abstract
Diagnosing latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) is important globally for TB prevention. LTBI diagnosis requires a positive test for infection and negative evaluation for active disease. Current tests measure an immunologic response and include the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), T-SPOT.TB and QuantiFERON. The IGRAs are preferred in bacille Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated populations. The TST is still used when cost or logistical advantages over the IGRAs exist. Both TST and IGRAs have low positive predictive values. Tests that differentiate the TB spectrum and better predict future TB risk are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Haas
- Denver Metro Tuberculosis Program, Denver Public Health, 605 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Robert W Belknap
- Denver Metro Tuberculosis Program, Denver Public Health, 605 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Benjumea-Bedoya D, Marín DM, Robledo J, Barrera LF, López L, Del Corral H, Ferro BE, Villegas SL, Díaz ML, Rojas CA, García LF, Arbeláez MP. Risk of infection and disease progression in children exposed to tuberculosis at home, Colombia. Colomb Med (Cali) 2019; 50:261-274. [PMID: 32476692 PMCID: PMC7232949 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v50i4.4185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the risk of tuberculosis (infection and disease) in children less than 15 years’ old who are household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in three Colombian cities (Medellín, Cali, and Popayán). Methods: A cohort of 1,040 children household contacts of 380 adults with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis was followed up for 24 months. Study period 2005-2009. Results: Tuberculin skin test was positive (≥10 mm) in 43.7% (95% CI: 39.2-48.2). Tuberculin skin test positivity was associated with age 10-14 years (Prevalence Ratio -PR= 1.43, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9), having a BCG vaccine scar (PR= 1.52, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1), underweight, closer proximity to the index case and exposure time >3 months. The annual risk of infection (tuberculin skin test induration increase of 6 mm or more per year) was 17% (95% CI: 11.8-22.2) and was associated with a bacillary load of the adult index case (Relative Risk -RR= 2.12, 95% CI: 1.0-4.3). The incidence rate of active tuberculosis was 12.4 cases per 1,000 persons-year. Children <5 years without BCG vaccine scar had a greater risk of developing active disease (Hazard Ratio -HR= 6.00, 95% CI: 1.3-28.3) than those with scar (HR= 1.33, 95% CI: 0.5-3.4). The risk of developing active tuberculosis augmented along with the increase from initial tuberculin skin test (tuberculin skin test 5-9 mm HR= 8.55, 95% CI: 2.5-29.2; tuberculin skin test ≥10 mm HR= 8.16, 95% CI: 2.0-32.9). Conclusions: There is a need for prompt interruption of adult-to-children tuberculosis transmission within households. Conducting proper contact investigation and offering chemoprophylaxis to infected children could reduce tuberculosis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dione Benjumea-Bedoya
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Epidemiología, Medellín, Colombia.,Corporación Universitaria Remington, Grupo de Investigación en Salud Familiar y Comunitaria, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana M Marín
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Epidemiología, Medellín, Colombia.,Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jaime Robledo
- Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia.,Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis F Barrera
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lucelly López
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Epidemiología, Medellín, Colombia.,Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Helena Del Corral
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Epidemiología, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Beatriz E Ferro
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia.,Universidad Icesi, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Cali, Colombia
| | - Sonia L Villegas
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia.,Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - María Lilia Díaz
- Universidad del Cauca, Grupo de Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Rojas
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Epidemiología, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis F García
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Medellín, Colombia
| | - María P Arbeláez
- Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Epidemiología, Medellín, Colombia
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50
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Arroyave L, Keynan Y, Sanchez D, López L, Marin D, Posada M, Rueda ZV. Guards in Prisons: A Risk Group for Latent Tuberculosis Infection. J Immigr Minor Health 2019; 21:578-585. [PMID: 29728811 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-018-0746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the prevalence and incidence of LTBI among prison guards and to the risk factors associated with infection. Two male prisons in Medellín and Itaguí, Colombia. A cohort study was conducted in adult prison guards that consented to participate. Exclusion criteria included: previous or current active TB, or conditions that preclude TST administration. We screened 194 guards and completed 155 TST administrations. The prevalence of LTBI was 55.8% in prison one, and 39.1% in prison two. The risk factors associated with LTBI diagnosis included drug use at least once in a lifetime (PR: 1.75; 95% CI 1.42-2.15) and male sex (PR: 2.16; 95% CI 1.01-4.62). The cumulative incidence of TST conversion over 6 months was 3.2%. All conversions occurred in prison 1. Our findings suggest an occupational risk for LTBI prevalence and incidence among guards (different prevalence and incidence according to the prison they work).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Arroyave
- Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Deny Sanchez
- Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lucelly López
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Calle 78B No. 72A-109, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Marin
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Calle 78B No. 72A-109, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maryluz Posada
- Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Calle 78B No. 72A-109, Medellín, Colombia.
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