1
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Miller JS, Rhein J, Davis ZB, Cooley S, McKenna D, Anderson J, Escandón K, Wieking G, Reichel J, Thorkelson A, Jorstad S, Safrit JT, Soon-Shiong P, Beilman GJ, Chipman JG, Schacker TW. Safety and Virologic Impact of Haploidentical NK Cells Plus Interleukin 2 or N-803 in HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1256-1265. [PMID: 38207119 PMCID: PMC11095546 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are dysfunctional in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection as they are not able to clear virus. We hypothesized that an infusion of NK cells, supported by interleukin 2 (IL-2) or IL-15, could decrease virus-producing cells in the lymphatic tissues. METHODS We conducted a phase 1 pilot study in 6 persons with HIV (PWH), where a single infusion of haploidentical related donor NK cells was given plus either IL-2 or N-803 (an IL-15 superagonist). RESULTS The approach was well tolerated with no unexpected adverse events. We did not pretreat recipients with cyclophosphamide or fludarabine to "make immunologic space," reasoning that PWH on stable antiretroviral treatment remain T-cell depleted in lymphatic tissues. We found donor cells remained detectable in blood for up to 8 days (similar to what is seen in cancer pretreatment with lymphodepleting chemotherapy) and in the lymph nodes and rectum up to 28 days. There was a moderate decrease in the frequency of viral RNA-positive cells in lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS There was a moderate decrease in HIV-producing cells in lymph nodes. Further studies are warranted to determine the impact of healthy NK cells on HIV reservoirs and if restoring NK-cell function could be part of an HIV cure strategy. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03346499 and NCT03899480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joshua Rhein
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zachary B Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah Cooley
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David McKenna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jodi Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin Escandón
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Garritt Wieking
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jarrett Reichel
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ann Thorkelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Siri Jorstad
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Gregory J Beilman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Chipman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy W Schacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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2
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van Dorst MMAR, Pyuza JJ, Nkurunungi G, Kullaya VI, Smits HH, Hogendoorn PCW, Wammes LJ, Everts B, Elliott AM, Jochems SP, Yazdanbakhsh M. Immunological factors linked to geographical variation in vaccine responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:250-263. [PMID: 37770632 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of medicine's greatest achievements; however, its full potential is hampered by considerable variation in efficacy across populations and geographical regions. For example, attenuated malaria vaccines in high-income countries confer almost 100% protection, whereas in low-income regions these same vaccines achieve only 20-50% protection. This trend is also observed for other vaccines, such as bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), rotavirus and yellow fever vaccines, in terms of either immunogenicity or efficacy. Multiple environmental factors affect vaccine responses, including pathogen exposure, microbiota composition and dietary nutrients. However, there has been variable success with interventions that target these individual factors, highlighting the need for a better understanding of their downstream immunological mechanisms to develop new ways of modulating vaccine responses. Here, we review the immunological factors that underlie geographical variation in vaccine responses. Through the identification of causal pathways that link environmental influences to vaccine responsiveness, it might become possible to devise modulatory compounds that can complement vaccines for better outcomes in regions where they are needed most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes M A R van Dorst
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeremia J Pyuza
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Gyaviira Nkurunungi
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vesla I Kullaya
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Linda J Wammes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon P Jochems
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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3
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Rausch JW, Parvez S, Pathak S, Capoferri AA, Kearney MF. HIV Expression in Infected T Cell Clones. Viruses 2024; 16:108. [PMID: 38257808 PMCID: PMC10820123 DOI: 10.3390/v16010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The principal barrier to an HIV-1 cure is the persistence of infected cells harboring replication-competent proviruses despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). HIV-1 transcriptional suppression, referred to as viral latency, is foremost among persistence determinants, as it allows infected cells to evade the cytopathic effects of virion production and killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and other immune factors. HIV-1 persistence is also governed by cellular proliferation, an innate and essential capacity of CD4+ T cells that both sustains cell populations over time and enables a robust directed response to immunological threats. However, when HIV-1 infects CD4+ T cells, this capacity for proliferation can enable surreptitious HIV-1 propagation without the deleterious effects of viral gene expression in latently infected cells. Over time on ART, the HIV-1 reservoir is shaped by both persistence determinants, with selective forces most often favoring clonally expanded infected cell populations harboring transcriptionally quiescent proviruses. Moreover, if HIV latency is incomplete or sporadically reversed in clonal infected cell populations that are replenished faster than they are depleted, such populations could both persist indefinitely and contribute to low-level persistent viremia during ART and viremic rebound if treatment is withdrawn. In this review, select genetic, epigenetic, cellular, and immunological determinants of viral transcriptional suppression and clonal expansion of HIV-1 reservoir T cells, interdependencies among these determinants, and implications for HIV-1 persistence will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Rausch
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.P.); (S.P.); (A.A.C.); (M.F.K.)
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4
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Casella V, Domenjo-Vila E, Esteve-Codina A, Pedragosa M, Cebollada Rica P, Vidal E, de la Rubia I, López-Rodríguez C, Bocharov G, Argilaguet J, Meyerhans A. Differential kinetics of splenic CD169+ macrophage death is one underlying cause of virus infection fate regulation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:838. [PMID: 38110339 PMCID: PMC10728219 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Acute infection and chronic infection are the two most common fates of pathogenic virus infections. While several factors that contribute to these fates are described, the critical control points and the mechanisms that underlie infection fate regulation are incompletely understood. Using the acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection model of mice, we find that the early dynamic pattern of the IFN-I response is a differentiating trait between both infection fates. Acute-infected mice generate a 2-wave IFN-I response while chronic-infected mice generate only a 1-wave response. The underlying cause is a temporal difference in CD8 T cell-mediated killing of splenic marginal zone CD169+ macrophages. It occurs later in acute infection and thus enables CD169+ marginal zone macrophages to produce the 2nd IFN-I wave. This is required for subsequent immune events including induction of inflammatory macrophages, generation of effector CD8+ T cells and virus clearance. Importantly, these benefits come at a cost for the host in the form of spleen fibrosis. Due to an earlier marginal zone destruction, these ordered immune events are deregulated in chronic infection. Our findings demonstrate the critical importance of kinetically well-coordinated sequential immune events for acute infection control and highlights that it may come at a cost for the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Casella
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Domenjo-Vila
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Pedragosa
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Cebollada Rica
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ivan de la Rubia
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- EMBL Australia Partner Laboratory Network at the Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Cristina López-Rodríguez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gennady Bocharov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Cossarini F, Aberg JA, Chen BK, Mehandru S. Viral Persistence in the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Barriers to HIV Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2023; 40:54-65. [PMID: 37450338 PMCID: PMC10790554 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years after the first reported cases of what then became known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tremendous progress has been achieved in transforming the disease from almost universally fatal to a chronic manageable condition. Nonetheless, the efforts to find a preventative vaccine or a cure for the underlying infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain largely unsuccessful. Many challenges intrinsic to the virus characteristics and host response need to be overcome for either goal to be achieved. This article will review the obstacles to an effective HIV cure, specifically the steps involved in the generation of HIV latency, focusing on the role of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which has received less attention compared with the peripheral blood, despite being the largest repository of lymphoid tissue in the human body, and a large site for HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cossarini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith A. Aberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Huang C, Shi X, Ma X, Liu J, Huang J, Deng L, Cao Y, Zhao M. Research to develop a diagnostic ultrasound nomogram to predict benign or malignant lymph nodes in HIV-infected patients. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:459. [PMID: 37430187 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to establish an effective ultrasound diagnostic nomogram for benign or malignant lymph nodes in HIV-infected patients. METHODS The nomogram is based on a retrospective study of 131 HIV-infected patients who underwent ultrasound assess at the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from December 2017 to July 2022. The nomogram's predictive accuracy and discriminative ability were determined by concordance index (C-index) and calibration curve analysis. A nomogram combining the lymph node US characteristics were generated based on the multivariate logistic regression results. RESULTS Predictors contained in the ultrasound diagnostic nomogram included age (OR 1.044 95%CI: 1.014-1.074 P = 0.004), number of enlarged lymph node regions (OR 5.445 95%CI: 1.139-26.029 P = 0.034), and color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) grades (OR 9.614 95%CI: 1.889-48.930 P = 0.006). The model displayed good discrimination with a C (ROC) of 0.775 and good calibration. CONCLUSIONS The proposed nomogram may result in more-accurate diagnostic predictions for benign or malignant lymph nodes in patients with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xia Shi
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Ultrasonography, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Ultrasonography, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingkun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Carmona-Pérez L, Dagenais-Lussier X, Mai LT, Stögerer T, Swaminathan S, Isnard S, Rice MR, Barnes BJ, Routy JP, van Grevenynghe J, Stäger S. The TLR7/IRF-5 axis sensitizes memory CD4+ T cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis during HIV-1 infection. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167329. [PMID: 37227774 PMCID: PMC10371351 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is characterized by inflammation and a progressive decline in CD4+ T cell count. Despite treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART), the majority of people living with HIV (PLWH) maintain residual levels of inflammation, a low degree of immune activation, and higher sensitivity to cell death in their memory CD4+ T cell compartment. To date, the mechanisms responsible for this high sensitivity remain elusive. We have identified the transcription factor IRF-5 to be involved in impairing the maintenance of murine CD4+ T cells during chronic infection. Here, we investigate whether IRF-5 also contributes to memory CD4+ T cell loss during HIV-1 infection. We show that TLR7 and IRF-5 were upregulated in memory CD4+ T cells from PLWH, when compared with naturally protected elite controllers and HIVfree participants. TLR7 was upstream of IRF-5, promoting Caspase 8 expression in CD4+ T cells from ART HIV-1+ but not from HIVfree donors. Interestingly, the TLR7/IRF-5 axis acted synergistically with the Fas/FasL pathway, suggesting that TLR7 and IRF-5 expression in ART HIV-1+ memory CD4+ T cells represents an imprint that predisposes cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. This predisposition could be blocked using IRF-5 inhibitory peptides, suggesting IRF-5 blockade as a possible therapy to prevent memory CD4+ T cell loss in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liseth Carmona-Pérez
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Linh T. Mai
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tanja Stögerer
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sharada Swaminathan
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Rice
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Betsy J. Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Quinn M, Parra-Rodriguez L, Alsoussi WB, Ayres C, Klebert MK, Liu C, Suessen T, Scheaffer SM, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Powderly WG, Diamond MS, Presti RM, Ellebedy AH, Turner JS, O’Halloran JA, Mudd PA. Persons with HIV Develop Spike-Specific Lymph Node Germinal Center Responses following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:947-958. [PMID: 36779802 PMCID: PMC10038880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 disproportionately affects persons with HIV (PWH) in worldwide locations with limited access to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. PWH exhibit impaired immune responses to some, but not all, vaccines. Lymph node (LN) biopsies from PWH demonstrate abnormal LN structure, including dysregulated germinal center (GC) architecture. It is not clear whether LN dysregulation prevents PWH from mounting Ag-specific GC responses in the draining LN following vaccination. To address this issue, we longitudinally collected blood and draining LN fine needle aspiration samples before and after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination from a prospective, observational cohort of 11 PWH on antiretroviral therapy: 2 who received a two-dose mRNA vaccine series and 9 who received a single dose of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. Following vaccination, we observed spike-specific Abs, spike-specific B and T cells in the blood, and spike-specific GC B cell and T follicular helper cell responses in the LN of both mRNA vaccine recipients. We detected spike-specific Abs in the blood of all Ad26.COV2.S recipients, and one of six sampled Ad26.COV2.S recipients developed a detectable spike-specific GC B and T follicular helper cell response in the draining LN. Our data show that PWH can mount Ag-specific GC immune responses in the draining LN following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Due to the small and diverse nature of this cohort and the limited number of available controls, we are unable to elucidate all potential factors contributing to the infrequent vaccine-induced GC response observed in the Ad26.COV2.S recipients. Our preliminary findings suggest this is a necessary area of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Luis Parra-Rodriguez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wafaa B. Alsoussi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chapelle Ayres
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael K. Klebert
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Teresa Suessen
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Suzanne M. Scheaffer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - William D. Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sharlene A. Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - William G. Powderly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rachel M. Presti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jane A. O’Halloran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Philip A. Mudd
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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9
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Samer S, Thomas Y, Araínga M, Carter C, Shirreff LM, Arif MS, Avita JM, Frank I, McRaven MD, Thuruthiyil CT, Heybeli VB, Anderson MR, Owen B, Gaisin A, Bose D, Simons LM, Hultquist JF, Arthos J, Cicala C, Sereti I, Santangelo PJ, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hope TJ, Villinger FJ, Martinelli E. Blockade of TGF-β signaling reactivates HIV-1/SIV reservoirs and immune responses in vivo. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e162290. [PMID: 36125890 PMCID: PMC9675457 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β plays a critical role in maintaining immune cells in a resting state by inhibiting cell activation and proliferation. Resting HIV-1 target cells represent the main cellular reservoir after long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). We hypothesized that releasing cells from TGF-β-driven signaling would promote latency reversal. To test our hypothesis, we compared HIV-1 latency models with and without TGF-β and a TGF-β type 1 receptor inhibitor, galunisertib. We tested the effect of galunisertib in SIV-infected, ART-treated macaques by monitoring SIV-env expression via PET/CT using the 64Cu-DOTA-F(ab')2 p7D3 probe, along with plasma and tissue viral loads (VLs). Exogenous TGF-β reduced HIV-1 reactivation in U1 and ACH-2 models. Galunisertib increased HIV-1 latency reversal ex vivo and in PBMCs from HIV-1-infected, ART-treated, aviremic donors. In vivo, oral galunisertib promoted increased total standardized uptake values in PET/CT images in gut and lymph nodes of 5 out of 7 aviremic, long-term ART-treated, SIV-infected macaques. This increase correlated with an increase in SIV RNA in the gut. Two of the 7 animals also exhibited increases in plasma VLs. Higher anti-SIV T cell responses and antibody titers were detected after galunisertib treatment. In summary, our data suggest that blocking TGF-β signaling simultaneously increases retroviral reactivation events and enhances anti-SIV immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Samer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- New Iberia Research Center (NIRC), University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Crystal Carter
- New Iberia Research Center (NIRC), University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lisa M. Shirreff
- New Iberia Research Center (NIRC), University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Muhammad S. Arif
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Juan M. Avita
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael D. McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher T. Thuruthiyil
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Veli B. Heybeli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Meegan R. Anderson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Benjamin Owen
- Integrated Molecular Structure Education and Research (IMSERC), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Arsen Gaisin
- Integrated Molecular Structure Education and Research (IMSERC), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- New Iberia Research Center (NIRC), University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lacy M. Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- WH Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Francois J. Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center (NIRC), University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Devanathan AS, White NR, Desyaterik Y, De la Cruz G, Nekorchuk M, Terry M, Busman-Sahay K, Adamson L, Luciw P, Fedoriw Y, Estes JD, Rosen EP, Kashuba ADM. Quantitative Imaging Analysis of the Spatial Relationship between Antiretrovirals, Reverse Transcriptase Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA, and Fibrosis in the Spleens of Nonhuman Primates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0060922. [PMID: 35856680 PMCID: PMC9380553 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00609-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although current antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased life expectancy, a cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains elusive due to the persistence of the virus in tissue reservoirs. In the present study, we sought to elucidate the relationship between antiretrovirals (ARVs) and viral expression in the spleen. We performed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of 6 different ARVs, RNAscope in situ hybridization of viral RNA, and immunohistochemistry of three different fibrosis markers in the spleens of 8 uninfected and 10 reverse transcriptase simian-human immunodeficiency virus (RT-SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques (infected for 6 weeks) that had been dosed for 10 days with combination ART. Using MATLAB, computational quantitative imaging analysis was performed to evaluate the spatial and pharmacological relationships between the 6 ARVs, viral RNA, and fibrotic deposition. In these spleens, >50% of the spleen tissue area was not covered by any detectable ARV response (any concentration above the limits of detection for individual ARVs). The median spatial ARV coverage across all tissues was driven by maraviroc followed by efavirenz. Yet >50% of RNA-positive cells were not exposed to any detectable ARV. Quantifiable maraviroc and efavirenz colocalization with RNA-positive cells was usually greater than the in vitro concentration inhibiting 50% replication (IC50). Fibrosis markers covered more than 50% of the spleen tissue area and had negative relationships with cumulative ARV coverages. Our findings suggest that a heterogeneous ARV spatial distribution must be considered when evaluating viral persistence in lymphoid tissue reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole R. White
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yury Desyaterik
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabriela De la Cruz
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Margaret Terry
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Paul Luciw
- University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Elias P. Rosen
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela D. M. Kashuba
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Schwarz D, Lipoldová M, Reinecke H, Sohrabi Y. Targeting inflammation with collagen. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e831. [PMID: 35604877 PMCID: PMC9126324 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue damage caused by an infection oran autoimmune disease triggers degradation of collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM), which further enhances inflammation. Therefore, improving ECM in aninflamed tissue can be exploited as a potential therapeutic target. A recentstudy emphasised an innovative approach against COVID‐19 using polymerised type I collagen (PTIC) that improves disease severity through a hitherto unknownmechanism. In this paper, we provide an overview of potential mechanism thatmay explain the anti‐inflammatory effect of collagen peptides. In addition,the paper includes a brief summary of possible side effect of collagendeposition in inflammatory diseases. Altogether, current knowledge suggeststhat collagen may potentially reduce the residual risk in inflammatorydiseases; however, the detailed mechanism remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schwarz
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institutes of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Holger Reinecke
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Yahya Sohrabi
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institutes of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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12
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Kroon E, Chottanapund S, Buranapraditkun S, Sacdalan C, Colby DJ, Chomchey N, Prueksakaew P, Pinyakorn S, Trichavaroj R, Vasan S, Manasnayakorn S, Reilly C, Helgeson E, Anderson J, David C, Zulk J, de Souza M, Tovanabutra S, Schuetz A, Robb ML, Douek DC, Phanuphak N, Haase A, Ananworanich J, Schacker TW. Paradoxically greater persistence of HIV RNA+ cells in lymphoid tissue when ART is initiated in the earliest stage of infection. J Infect Dis 2022; 225:2167-2175. [PMID: 35275599 PMCID: PMC9200151 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Fiebig 1 acute HIV infection limits the size of viral reservoirs in lymphoid tissues, but does not impact time to virus rebound during a treatment interruption. To better understand why the reduced reservoir size did not increase the time to rebound we measured the frequency and location of HIV RNA+ cells in lymph nodes from participants in the RV254 acute infection cohort. HIV RNA+ cells were detected more frequently and in greater numbers when ART was initiated in Fiebig 1 compared to later Fiebig stages and were localized to the T-cell zone compared to the B-cell follicle with treatment in later Fiebig stages. Variability of virus production in people treated during acute infection suggests that the balance between virus-producing cells and the immune response to clear infected cells rapidly evolves during the earliest stages of infection. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT02919306.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugène Kroon
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Carlo Sacdalan
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Donn J Colby
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rapee Trichavaroj
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Cavan Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erika Helgeson
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jodi Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Jacob Zulk
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark de Souza
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Ashley Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Current Moderna, Cambridge, MA
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13
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Cunha MDP, Vilela APP, Molina CV, Acuña SM, Muxel SM, Barroso VDM, Baroni S, Gomes de Oliveira L, Angelo YDS, Peron JPS, Góes LGB, Campos ACDA, Minóprio P. Atypical Prolonged Viral Shedding With Intra-Host SARS-CoV-2 Evolution in a Mildly Affected Symptomatic Patient. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:760170. [PMID: 34901074 PMCID: PMC8661089 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.760170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is caused by a respiratory virus with a wide range of manifestations, varying from asymptomatic to fatal cases, with a generally short outcome. However, some individuals present long-term viral shedding. We monitored 38 individuals who were mildly affected by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Out of the total studied population, three (7.9%) showed atypical events regarding the duration of positivity for viral RNA detection. In one of these atypical cases, a previously HIV-positive male patient presented a SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding and subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) detected from the upper respiratory tract, respectively, for 232 and 224 days after the onset of the symptoms. The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.28 lineage, one of the most prevalent in Brazil in 2020, was identified in this patient in three serial samples. Interestingly, the genomic analyses performed throughout the infectious process showed an increase in the genetic diversity of the B.1.1.28 lineage within the host itself, with viral clearance occurring naturally, without any intervention measures to control the infection. Contrasting widely spread current knowledge, our results indicate that potentially infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus might be shed by much longer periods by some infected patients. This data call attention to better adapted non-pharmacological measures and clinical discharge of patients aiming at preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Marcia Muxel
- Scientific Platform Pasteur—USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Morais Barroso
- Scientific Platform Pasteur—USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron
- Scientific Platform Pasteur—USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Bentim Góes
- Scientific Platform Pasteur—USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paola Minóprio
- Scientific Platform Pasteur—USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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14
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Mitchell JL, Pollara J, Dietze K, Edwards RW, Nohara J, N'guessan KF, Zemil M, Buranapraditkun S, Takata H, Li Y, Muir R, Kroon E, Pinyakorn S, Jha S, Manasnayakorn S, Chottanapund S, Thantiworasit P, Prueksakaew P, Ratnaratorn N, Nuntapinit B, Fox L, Tovanabutra S, Paquin-Proulx D, Wieczorek L, Polonis VR, Maldarelli F, Haddad EK, Phanuphak P, Sacdalan CP, Rolland M, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Vasan S, Ferrari G, Trautmann L. Anti-HIV antibody development up to one year after antiretroviral therapy initiation in acute HIV infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:150937. [PMID: 34762600 PMCID: PMC8718150 DOI: 10.1172/jci150937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in acute HIV infection (AHI) is effective at limiting seeding of the HIV viral reservoir, but little is known about how the resultant decreased antigen load affects long-term Ab development after ART. We report here that Env-specific plasma antibody (Ab) levels and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) increased during the first 24 weeks of ART and correlated with Ab levels persisting after 48 weeks of ART. Participants treated in AHI stage 1 had lower Env-specific Ab levels and ADCC activity on ART than did those treated later. Importantly, participants who initiated ART after peak viremia in AHI developed elevated cross-clade ADCC responses that were detectable 1 year after ART initiation, even though clinically undetectable viremia was reached by 24 weeks. These data suggest that there is more germinal center (GC) activity in the later stages of AHI and that Ab development continues in the absence of detectable viremia during the first year of suppressive ART. The development of therapeutic interventions that can enhance earlier development of GCs in AHI and Abs after ART initiation could provide important protection against the viral reservoir that is seeded in individuals treated early in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Mitchell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Dietze
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States of America
| | - R Whitney Edwards
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
| | - Junsuke Nohara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
| | - Kombo F N'guessan
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States of America
| | - Michelle Zemil
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States of America
| | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Yifan Li
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States of America
| | - Roshell Muir
- Demartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Eugene Kroon
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States of America
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Madical Center, Durham, United States of America
| | - Sopark Manasnayakorn
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suthat Chottanapund
- Department of Surgery, Bamrasnaradura Infectious Disease Institute, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Pattarawat Thantiworasit
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Bessara Nuntapinit
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences in Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lawrence Fox
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States of America
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States of America
| | - Victoria R Polonis
- Department of Vaccine Research, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI/NIH, Frederick, United States of America
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Demartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sandhya Vasan
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States of America
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
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15
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Devanathan AS, Kashuba AD. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in the Spleen: Opportunities for Pharmacologic Intervention. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:725-735. [PMID: 33499746 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of HIV in the spleen, despite combination antiretroviral therapy, is not well understood. Sustained immune dysregulation and delayed immune recovery, in addition to immune cell exhaustion, may contribute to persistence of infection in the spleen. Eliminating HIV from this secondary lymphoid organ will require a thorough understanding of antiretroviral (ARV) pharmacology in the spleen, which has been minimally investigated. Low ARV exposure within the spleen may hinder the achievement of a functional or sterilizing cure if cells are not protected from HIV infection. In this study, we provide an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the spleen, review the evidence of the spleen as a site for persistence of HIV, discuss the consequences of persistence of HIV in the spleen, address challenges to eradicating HIV in the spleen, and examine opportunities for future curative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela D.M. Kashuba
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Grasso C, Pierie C, Mebius RE, van Baarsen LGM. Lymph node stromal cells: subsets and functions in health and disease. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:920-936. [PMID: 34521601 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) aid the interaction between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells, resulting in adequate and prolonged adaptive immune responses. LN stromal cells (LNSCs) are crucially involved in steering adaptive immune responses at different levels. Most knowledge on LNSCs has been obtained from mouse studies, and few studies indicate similarities with their human counterparts. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have revealed significant LNSC heterogeneity among different subsets with potential selective functions in immunity. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of LNSCs based on human and murine studies describing the role of these cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grasso
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Pierie
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - L G M van Baarsen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Yero A, Shi T, Farnos O, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Durand M, Tsoukas C, Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. Dynamics and epigenetic signature of regulatory T-cells following antiretroviral therapy initiation in acute HIV infection. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103570. [PMID: 34500304 PMCID: PMC8429924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection promotes the expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells (Tregs), contributing to immune dysfunction, tissue fibrosis and disease progression. Early antiretroviral treatment (ART) upon HIV infection improves CD4 count and decreases immune activation. However, Treg dynamics and their epigenetic regulation following early ART initiation remain understudied. METHODS Treg subsets were characterized by flow cytometry in 103 individuals, including untreated HIV-infected participants in acute and chronic phases, ART-treated in early infection, elite controllers (ECs), immunological controllers (ICs), and HIV-uninfected controls. The methylation status of six regulatory regions of the foxp3 gene was assessed using MiSeq technology. FINDINGS Total Treg frequency increased overtime during HIV infection, which was normalized in early ART recipients. Tregs in untreated individuals expressed higher levels of activation and immunosuppressive markers (CD39, and LAP(TGF-β1)), which remained unchanged following early ART. Expression of gut migration markers (CCR9, Integrin-β7) by Tregs was elevated during untreated HIV infection, while they declined with the duration of ART but not upon early ART initiation. Notably, gut-homing Tregs expressing LAP(TGF-β1) and CD39 remained higher despite early treatment. Additionally, the increase in LAP(TGF-β1)+ Tregs overtime were consistent with higher demethylation of conserved non-coding sequence (CNS)-1 in the foxp3 gene. Remarkably, LAP(TGF-β1)-expressing Tregs in ECs were significantly higher than in uninfected subjects, while the markers of Treg activation and gut migration were not different. INTERPRETATION Early ART initiation was unable to control the levels of immunosuppressive Treg subsets and their gut migration potential, which could ultimately contribute to gut tissue fibrosis and HIV disease progression. FUNDING This study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR, grant MOP 142294) and in part by the AIDS and Infectious Diseases Network of the Réseau SIDA et maladies infectieuses du Fonds de recherche du Québec-Santé (FRQ-S).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Yero
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tao Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Omar Farnos
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Glen Site, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- CHUM Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Christos Tsoukas
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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18
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Chakhtoura M, Fang M, Cubas R, O’Connor MH, Nichols CN, Richardson B, Talla A, Moir S, Cameron MJ, Tardif V, Haddad EK. Germinal Center T follicular helper (GC-Tfh) cell impairment in chronic HIV infection involves c-Maf signaling. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009732. [PMID: 34280251 PMCID: PMC8289045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the function of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells from lymph nodes (LN) of HIV-infected individuals is impaired. We found that these cells were unable to provide proper help to germinal center (GC)-B cells, as observed by altered and inefficient anti-HIV antibody response and premature death of memory B cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this dysfunction remain poorly defined. Herein, we have used a unique transcriptional approach to identify these molecular defects. We consequently determined the transcriptional profiles of LN GC-Tfh cells following their interactions with LN GC-B cells from HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals, rather than analyzing resting ex-vivo GC-Tfh cells. We observed that proliferating GC-Tfh cells from HIV-infected subjects were transcriptionally different than their HIV-uninfected counterparts, and displayed a significant downregulation of immune- and GC-Tfh-associated pathways and genes. Our results strongly demonstrated that MAF (coding for the transcription factor c-Maf) and its upstream signaling pathway mediators (IL6R and STAT3) were significantly downregulated in HIV-infected subjects, which could contribute to the impaired GC-Tfh and GC-B cell functions reported during infection. We further showed that c-Maf function was associated with the adenosine pathway and that the signaling upstream c-Maf could be partially restored by adenosine deaminase -1 (ADA-1) supplementation. Overall, we identified a novel mechanism that contributes to GC-Tfh cell impairment during HIV infection. Understanding how GC-Tfh cell function is altered in HIV is crucial and could provide critical information about the mechanisms leading to the development and maintenance of effective anti-HIV antibodies. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a worldwide burden despite available treatments. The virus induces dysregulations in major immune cells and organs including lymph nodes. Germinal center T follicular helper (GC-Tfh) cells are immune cells which induce specific anti-HIV antibodies by helping GC-B cells. In chronic HIV, the interaction between these two cell types is defective, leading to modified and inefficient anti-HIV antibody responses. In this study, we examined the underlying mechanisms of this dysfunction. We observed that proliferating GC-Tfh cells from HIV-infected individuals, displayed distinctive gene expression than those from -uninfected subjects, following GC-B cell interaction. Furthermore, GC-Tfh cells from HIV patients showed a reduction in important immune-related pathway and gene expression. A number of essential GC-Tfh cell genes, such as MAF and its associated genes (IL6R and STAT3), were particularly attenuated in HIV, contributing to the impaired cells function. Moreover, we found an association between MAF function and the key enzyme adenosine deaminase-1 (ADA-1), where supplementation with ADA-1 partially restored the dysfunctional signaling in GC-Tfh cells during chronic infection. Understanding how GC-Tfh cells are altered in HIV is critical to elucidate the mechanisms leading to effective anti-HIV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Chakhtoura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mike Fang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rafael Cubas
- Iovance Biotherapeutics, San Carlos, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret H. O’Connor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carmen N. Nichols
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Virginie Tardif
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Center of Reasearch in Myology (Association Institut de Myologie) UMRS 974, AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, DHU I2B, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (VT); (EKH)
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VT); (EKH)
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19
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Quantitative Imaging Analysis of the Spatial Relationship between Antiretrovirals, Reverse Transcriptase Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA, and Collagen in the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Nonhuman Primates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.00019-21. [PMID: 33782003 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00019-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence in tissue reservoirs is a major barrier to HIV cure. While antiretrovirals (ARVs) suppress viral replication, antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption results in rapid rebound viremia that may originate from lymphoid tissues. To understand the relationship between anatomic distribution of ARV exposure and viral expression in lymph nodes, we performed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of 6 ARVs, RNAscope in situ hybridization for viral RNA (vRNA), and immunohistochemistry of collagen in mesenteric lymph nodes from 8 uninfected and 10 reverse transcriptase simian/human immunodeficiency virus (RT-SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques dosed to steady state with combination ART. MATLAB-based quantitative imaging analysis was used to evaluate spatial and pharmacological relationships between these ARVs, viral RNA (both vRNA+ cells and follicular dendritic cell [FDC]-bound virions), and collagen deposition. Using MSI, 31% of mesenteric lymph node tissue area was found to be not covered by any ARV. Additionally, 28% of FDC-trapped virions and 21% of infected cells were not exposed to any detected ARV. Of the 69% of tissue area that was covered by cumulative ART exposure, nearly 100% of concentrations were greater than in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values; however, 52% of total tissue coverage was from only one ARV, primarily maraviroc. Collagen covered ∼35% of tissue area but did not influence ARV distribution heterogeneity. Our findings are consistent with our hypothesis that ARV distribution, in addition to total-tissue drug concentration, must be considered when evaluating viral persistence in lymph nodes and other reservoir tissues.
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20
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Handoko R, Colby DJ, Kroon E, Sacdalan C, de Souza M, Pinyakorn S, Prueksakaew P, Munkong C, Ubolyam S, Akapirat S, Chiarella J, Krebs S, Sereti I, Valcour V, Paul R, Michael NL, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Spudich S. Determinants of suboptimal CD4 + T cell recovery after antiretroviral therapy initiation in a prospective cohort of acute HIV-1 infection. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 23:e25585. [PMID: 32949118 PMCID: PMC7507109 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Up to 30% of individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) during chronic HIV fail to recover CD4 counts to >500 cells/mm3 despite plasma viral suppression. We investigated the frequency and associations of suboptimal CD4 recovery after ART started during acute HIV infection (AHI). Methods Participants who started ART in Fiebig I to V AHI with ≥48 weeks of continuous documented HIV‐RNA < 50 copies/mL were stratified by CD4 count at latest study visit to suboptimal immune recovery (SIR; CD4 < 350 cells/mm3), intermediate immune recovery (IIR; 350 ≤ CD4 < 500) and complete immune recovery (CIR; CD4 ≥ 500). Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed at pre‐ART baseline and latest study visit. Additional inflammatory and neurobehavioral endpoints were examined at baseline and 96 weeks. Results Of 304 participants (96% male, median 26 years old) evaluated after median 144 (range 60 to 420) weeks of ART initiated at median 19 days (range 1 to 62) post‐exposure, 3.6% (n = 11) had SIR and 14.5% (n = 44) had IIR. Pre‐ART CD4 count in SIR compared to CIR participants was 265 versus 411 cells/mm3 (p = 0.002). Individuals with SIR or IIR had a slower CD4 rate of recovery compared to those with CIR. Timing of ART initiation by Fiebig stage did not affect CD4 count during treatment. Following ART, the CD8+T cell count (p = 0.001) and CD4/CD8 ratio (p = 0.047) were lower in SIR compared to CIR participants. Compared to the CIR group at week 96, the combined SIR and IIR groups had higher sCD14 (p = 0.008) and lower IL‐6 (p = 0.04) in plasma, without differences in neuropsychological or psychiatric indices. Conclusions Despite immediate and sustained treatment in AHI, suboptimal CD4 recovery occurs uncommonly and is associated with low pre‐ART CD4 count as well as persistent low CD8 count and CD4/CD8 ratio during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donn J Colby
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.,United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Eugène Kroon
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carlo Sacdalan
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mark de Souza
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.,United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Siriwat Akapirat
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, US Army Medical Directorate, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Shelly Krebs
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victor Valcour
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Paul
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- SEARCH, The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.,United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Baker JV, Wolfson J, Collins G, Morse C, Rhame F, Liappis AP, Rizza S, Temesgen Z, Mystakelis H, Deeks S, Neaton J, Schacker T, Sereti I, Tracy RP. Losartan to reduce inflammation and fibrosis endpoints in HIV disease. AIDS 2021; 35:575-583. [PMID: 33252490 PMCID: PMC8062089 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent inflammation and incomplete immune recovery among persons with HIV (PHIV) are associated with increased disease risk. We hypothesized that the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) losartan would reduce inflammation by mitigating nuclear factor (NF)κB responses and promote T-cell recovery via inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ)-mediated fibrosis. METHODS Losartan (100 mg) versus placebo over 12 months was investigated in a randomized (1 : 1) placebo-controlled trial, among PHIV age at least 50 years, receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), with HIV RNA less than 200 copies/ml and CD4+ cell count 600 cells/μl or less. Inflammation, fibrosis and myocardial biomarkers were measured in blood using ELISA, electrochemiluminescence and immunoturbidimetric methods, and T-cell and monocyte phenotypes were assessed with flow cytometry among a subset of participants. Changes over follow-up in (log-2 transformed) biomarkers and cell phenotypes (untransformed) were compared between losartan and placebo arms using linear mixed models. RESULTS Among 108 PHIV (n = 52 to losartan; n = 56 to placebo), 97% had a month 12 visit. Median age was 57 years and baseline CD4+ cell count was 408 cells/μl. Losartan treatment was not associated with an improvement in interleukin-6 levels, or other blood measures of inflammation, immune activation, fibrosis activity or myocardial function. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells also did not differ by treatment group. Losartan reduced SBP and DBP by 6 and 5 mmHg, respectively. CONCLUSION Among older PHIV with viral suppression, losartan did not improve blood measures of inflammation nor T-cell immune recovery. Losartan treatment is unlikely to reduce inflammation associated comorbidities to a clinically meaningful degree, beyond the benefits from lowering blood pressure. CLINICALTRIALSGOV NCT02049307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason V. Baker
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Caryn Morse
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven Deeks
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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22
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Scholz EMB, Kashuba ADM. The Lymph Node Reservoir: Physiology, HIV Infection, and Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 109:918-927. [PMID: 33529355 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment, finding a cure for HIV remains a top priority. Chronic HIV infection is associated with increased risk of comorbidities, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, people living with HIV must remain adherent to daily antiretroviral therapy, because lapses in medication adherence can lead to viral rebound and disease progression. Viral recrudescence occurs from cellular reservoirs in lymphoid tissues. In particular, lymph nodes are central to the pathology of HIV due to their unique architecture and compartmentalization of immune cells. Understanding how antiretrovirals (ARVs) penetrate lymph nodes may explain why these tissues are maintained as HIV reservoirs, and how they contribute to viral rebound upon treatment interruption. In this report, we review (i) the physiology of the lymph nodes and their function as part of the immune and lymphatic systems, (ii) the pathogenesis and outcomes of HIV infection in lymph nodes, and (iii) ARV concentrations and distribution in lymph nodes, and the relationship between ARVs and HIV in this important reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M B Scholz
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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23
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Bacchus-Souffan C, Fitch M, Symons J, Abdel-Mohsen M, Reeves DB, Hoh R, Stone M, Hiatt J, Kim P, Chopra A, Ahn H, York VA, Cameron DL, Hecht FM, Martin JN, Yukl SA, Mallal S, Cameron PU, Deeks SG, Schiffer JT, Lewin SR, Hellerstein MK, McCune JM, Hunt PW. Relationship between CD4 T cell turnover, cellular differentiation and HIV persistence during ART. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009214. [PMID: 33465157 PMCID: PMC7846027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise role of CD4 T cell turnover in maintaining HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART) has not yet been well characterized. In resting CD4 T cell subpopulations from 24 HIV-infected ART-suppressed and 6 HIV-uninfected individuals, we directly measured cellular turnover by heavy water labeling, HIV reservoir size by integrated HIV-DNA (intDNA) and cell-associated HIV-RNA (caRNA), and HIV reservoir clonality by proviral integration site sequencing. Compared to HIV-negatives, ART-suppressed individuals had similar fractional replacement rates in all subpopulations, but lower absolute proliferation rates of all subpopulations other than effector memory (TEM) cells, and lower plasma IL-7 levels (p = 0.0004). Median CD4 T cell half-lives decreased with cell differentiation from naïve to TEM cells (3 years to 3 months, p<0.001). TEM had the fastest replacement rates, were most highly enriched for intDNA and caRNA, and contained the most clonal proviral expansion. Clonal proviruses detected in less mature subpopulations were more expanded in TEM, suggesting that they were maintained through cell differentiation. Earlier ART initiation was associated with lower levels of intDNA, caRNA and fractional replacement rates. In conclusion, circulating integrated HIV proviruses appear to be maintained both by slow turnover of immature CD4 subpopulations, and by clonal expansion as well as cell differentiation into effector cells with faster replacement rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Bacchus-Souffan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jori Symons
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Daniel B. Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Medical Scientist Training Program & Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peggy Kim
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, California, United States of America
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Haelee Ahn
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vanessa A. York
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Cameron
- Division of Bioinformatics, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Frederick M. Hecht
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Yukl
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, California, United States of America
| | - Simon Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marc K. Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Global Health Innovative Technology Solutions/HIV Frontiers, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Collora JA, Liu R, Albrecht K, Ho YC. The single-cell landscape of immunological responses of CD4+ T cells in HIV versus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 16:36-47. [PMID: 33165008 PMCID: PMC8162470 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW CD4 T cell loss is the hallmark of uncontrolled HIV-1 infection. Strikingly, CD4 T cell depletion is a strong indicator for disease severity in the recently emerged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We reviewed recent single-cell immune profiling studies in HIV-1 infection and COVID-19 to provide critical insight in virus-induced immunopathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Cytokine dysregulation in HIV-1 leads to chronic inflammation, while severe SARS-CoV-2 infection induces cytokine release syndrome and increased mortality. HIV-1-specific CD4 T cells are dysfunctional, while SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells exhibit robust Th1 function and correlate with protective antibody responses. In HIV-1 infection, follicular helper T cells (TFH) are susceptible to HIV-1 infection and persist in immune-sanctuary sites in lymphoid tissues as an HIV-1 reservoir. In severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, TFH are absent in lymphoid tissues and are associated with diminished protective immunity. Advancement in HIV-1 DNA, RNA, and protein-based single-cell capture methods can overcome the rarity and heterogeneity of HIV-1-infected cells and identify mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence and clonal expansion dynamics. SUMMARY Single-cell immune profiling identifies a high-resolution picture of immune dysregulation in HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection and informs outcome prediction and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Collora
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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25
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Antiretroviral Therapy Concentrations Differ in Gut vs. Lymph Node Tissues and Are Associated With HIV Viral Transcription by a Novel RT-ddPCR Assay. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 83:530-537. [PMID: 32168200 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most HIV-infected cells during antiretroviral therapy (ART) persist in lymphoid tissues. Studies disagree on whether suboptimal tissue ART concentrations contribute to ongoing HIV replication during viral suppression. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study in virally-suppressed HIV+ participants measuring lymphoid tissue ART [darunavir (DRV), atazanavir (ATV), and raltegravir (RAL)] concentrations by LC-MS/MS assay. Tissue and plasma ART concentrations were used to estimate TPRs and drug-specific tissue:inhibitory concentration ratios (TICs). HIV DNA and sequentially produced HIV RNA transcripts were quantified from rectal biopsies using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays. RESULTS Tissue samples were collected in duplicate from 19 participants: 38 rectal, 8 ileal (4 RAL, 2 DRV, 2 ATV), and 6 lymph node (4 RAL, 2 DRV) samples. Overall, median TICs were higher for RAL than DRV or ATV (both P = 0.006). Median TICs were lower in lymph nodes vs. ileum (0.49 vs. 143, P = 0.028) or rectum (33, P = 0.019), and all ART levels were below target concentrations. Higher rectal TICs were associated with lower HIV RNA transcripts (read-through, long LTR, and Nef, P all < 0.026) and a lower long LTR RNA/long LTR DNA ratio (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS We observed higher tissue ART concentrations in ileum and rectum compared with lymph nodes. We observed higher HIV transcription in participants with lower rectal ART concentrations. These findings add to the limited data supporting the idea that viral transcription may be influenced by ART concentrations in lymphoid tissues. Further exploration of tissue pharmacokinetics is needed in future HIV eradication strategies.
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Wu H, Estrella V, Beatty M, Abrahams D, El-Kenawi A, Russell S, Ibrahim-Hashim A, Longo DL, Reshetnyak YK, Moshnikova A, Andreev OA, Luddy K, Damaghi M, Kodumudi K, Pillai SR, Enriquez-Navas P, Pilon-Thomas S, Swietach P, Gillies RJ. T-cells produce acidic niches in lymph nodes to suppress their own effector functions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4113. [PMID: 32807791 PMCID: PMC7431837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidic pH of tumors profoundly inhibits effector functions of activated CD8 + T-cells. We hypothesize that this is a physiological process in immune regulation, and that it occurs within lymph nodes (LNs), which are likely acidic because of low convective flow and high glucose metabolism. Here we show by in vivo fluorescence and MR imaging, that LN paracortical zones are profoundly acidic. These acidic niches are absent in athymic Nu/Nu and lymphodepleted mice, implicating T-cells in the acidifying process. T-cell glycolysis is inhibited at the low pH observed in LNs. We show that this is due to acid inhibition of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), resulting in a negative feedback on glycolytic rate. Importantly, we demonstrate that this acid pH does not hinder initial activation of naïve T-cells by dendritic cells. Thus, we describe an acidic niche within the immune system, and demonstrate its physiological role in regulating T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Veronica Estrella
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Matthew Beatty
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Dominique Abrahams
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Asmaa El-Kenawi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Shonagh Russell
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Arig Ibrahim-Hashim
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Yana K Reshetnyak
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Anna Moshnikova
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Oleg A Andreev
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Kimberly Luddy
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Mehdi Damaghi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Krithika Kodumudi
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Smitha R Pillai
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Pedro Enriquez-Navas
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Shari Pilon-Thomas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Pawel Swietach
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, England, UK.
| | - Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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Seddiki N, Picard F, Dupaty L, Lévy Y, Godot V. The Potential of Immune Modulation in Therapeutic HIV-1 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030419. [PMID: 32726934 PMCID: PMC7565497 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss here some of the key immunological elements that are at the crossroads and need to be combined to develop a potent therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine. Therapeutic vaccines have been commonly used to enhance and/or recall pre-existing HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses aiming to suppress virus replication. The current success of immune checkpoint blockers in cancer therapy renders them very attractive to use in HIV-1 infected individuals with the objective to preserve the function of HIV-1-specific T cells from exhaustion and presumably target the persistent cellular reservoir. The major latest advances in our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for virus reactivation during therapy-suppressed individuals provide the scientific basis for future combinatorial therapeutic vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Seddiki
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, 94000 Créteil, France; (F.P.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (V.G.)
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, 94000 Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 94000 Créteil, France
- INSERM U955 Equipe 16, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 51, Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-01-4981-3902; Fax: +33-01-4981-3709
| | - Florence Picard
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, 94000 Créteil, France; (F.P.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (V.G.)
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Léa Dupaty
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, 94000 Créteil, France; (F.P.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (V.G.)
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, 94000 Créteil, France; (F.P.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (V.G.)
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, 94000 Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 94000 Créteil, France
- AP-HP Hôpital H. Mondor—A. Chenevier, Service d’Immunologie clinique et maladies infectieuses, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Véronique Godot
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, 94000 Créteil, France; (F.P.); (L.D.); (Y.L.); (V.G.)
- Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Est, 94000 Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), 94000 Créteil, France
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28
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Jagarapu A, Piovoso MJ, Zurakowski R. An Integrated Spatial Dynamics-Pharmacokinetic Model Explaining Poor Penetration of Anti-retroviral Drugs in Lymph Nodes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:667. [PMID: 32676500 PMCID: PMC7333380 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) suppresses plasma HIV viremia below the limit of detection in a majority of HIV patients, evidence is emerging that the distribution of the anti-retroviral drugs is heterogeneous in tissue. Clinical studies measuring antiretroviral drug concentrations in lymph nodes (LNs) revealed lower concentrations compared to peripheral blood levels suggesting poor drug penetration properties. Our current study is an attempt to understand this poor anti-retroviral drug penetration inside lymph node lobules through integrating known pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters of the anti-retroviral drugs into a spatial model of reaction and transport dynamics within a solid lymph node lobule. Simulated drug penetration values were compared against experimental results whenever available or matched with data that is available for other drugs in a similar class. Our integrated spatial dynamics pharmacokinetic model reproduced the experimentally observed exclusion of antivirals from lymphoid sites. The strongest predictor of drug exclusion from the lymphoid lobule, independent of drug class, was lobule size; large lobules (high inflammation) exhibited high levels of drug exclusion. PK/PD characteristics associated with poor lymphoid penetration include high cellular uptake rates and low intracellular half-lives. To determine whether this exclusion might lead to ongoing replication, target CD4+ T cell, infected CD4+ T cell, free virus, and intracellular IC50 values of anti-retroviral drugs were incorporated into the model. Notably, for median estimates of PK/PD parameters and lobule diameters consistent with low to moderate inflammation, the model predicts no ongoing viral replication, despite substantial exclusion of the drugs from the lymphoid site. Monte-Carlo studies drawn from the prior distributions of the PK/PD parameters predicts increases in site-specific HIV replication in a small fraction of the patient population for lobule diameters greater than 0.2 mm; this fraction increases as the site diameter/ inflammation level increases. The model shows that cART consisting of two nRTIs and one PI is the most likely treatment combination to support formation of a sanctuary site, a finding that is consistent with clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Jagarapu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Michael J Piovoso
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Ryan Zurakowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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Mtshali Z, Moodley J, Naicker T. An Insight into the Angiogenic and Lymphatic Interplay in Pre-eclampsia Comorbid with HIV Infection. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:35. [PMID: 32200445 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide insight on the imbalance of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors in pre-eclampsia, as well as highlight polymorphism in genes related to angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS The pregnancy-specific disorder pre-eclampsia is diagnosed by the presence of hypertension with/without proteinuria, after 20 weeks of gestation. The pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia remains ambiguous, but research over the years has identified an imbalance in maternal and foetal factors. Familial predisposition and gene variation are also linked to pre-eclampsia development. The sFlt-1/PIGF ratio has attracted great attention over the years; more recently several researchers have reported that a sFlt-1/PIGF ratio of ≤ 38 can be used to predict short-term absence of pre-eclampsia. This ratio has the potential to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduce healthcare costs significantly. Genome-wide studies have additionally identified variation in the foetal gene near Flt-1. The development of preeclampsia is not limited to the maternal interface, but foetal involvement as well as genetic interplay is associated with the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamahlabangane Mtshali
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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30
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Yang X, Su B, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wu H, Zhang T. Incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy: Challenges of immunological non-responders. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:597-612. [PMID: 31965635 PMCID: PMC7187275 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr1019-189r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-related diseases were dramatically diminished by the grounds of the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy, which induces persistent suppression of HIV-1 replication and gradual recovery of CD4+ T-cell counts. However, ∼10-40% of HIV-1-infected individuals fail to achieve normalization of CD4+ T-cell counts despite persistent virological suppression. These patients are referred to as "inadequate immunological responders," "immunodiscordant responders," or "immunological non-responders (INRs)" who show severe immunological dysfunction. Indeed, INRs are at an increased risk of clinical progression to AIDS and non-AIDS events and present higher rates of mortality than HIV-1-infected individuals with adequate immune reconstitution. To date, the underlying mechanism of incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV-1-infected patients has not been fully elucidated. In light of this limitation, it is of substantial practical significance to deeply understand the mechanism of immune reconstitution and design effective individualized treatment strategies. Therefore, in this review, we aim to highlight the mechanism and risk factors of incomplete immune reconstitution and strategies to intervene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
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31
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Liu R, Simonetti FR, Ho YC. The forces driving clonal expansion of the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Virol J 2020; 17:4. [PMID: 31910871 PMCID: PMC6947923 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) which halts HIV-1 replication and reduces plasma viral load to clinically undetectable levels, viral rebound inevitably occurs once ART is interrupted. HIV-1-infected cells can undergo clonal expansion, and these clonally expanded cells increase over time. Over 50% of latent reservoirs are maintained through clonal expansion. The clonally expanding HIV-1-infected cells, both in the blood and in the lymphoid tissues, contribute to viral rebound. The major drivers of clonal expansion of HIV-1-infected cells include antigen-driven proliferation, homeostatic proliferation and HIV-1 integration site-dependent proliferation. Here, we reviewed how viral, immunologic and genomic factors contribute to clonal expansion of HIV-1-infected cells, and how clonal expansion shapes the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells specific for different pathogens have different clonal expansion dynamics, depending on antigen exposure, cytokine profiles and exhaustion phenotypes. Homeostatic proliferation replenishes the HIV-1 latent reservoir without inducing viral expression and immune clearance. Integration site-dependent proliferation, a mechanism also deployed by other retroviruses, leads to slow but steady increase of HIV-1-infected cells harboring HIV-1 proviruses integrated in the same orientation at specific sites of certain cancer-related genes. Targeting clonally expanding HIV-1 latent reservoir without disrupting CD4+ T cell function is a top priority for HIV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Liu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | | | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
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32
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Delayed gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue reconstitution in duodenum compared with rectum in HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33:2289-2298. [PMID: 31764094 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to characterize the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation on gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue at various sites along the gastrointestinal site. METHODOLOGY Peripheral blood and duodenal and rectal biopsies were obtained from 12 HIV to 33 treatment-naive HIV participants at baseline and after 9 months ART. Tissue was digested for immunophenotyping. Inflammatory, bacterial translocation and intestinal damage markers were measured in plasma. RESULTS Twenty-six HIV patients completed follow-up. The lowest reconstitution of CD4 T cells and the lowest CD4/CD8 ratio during ART compared with blood were observed in the duodenum with the rectum being either intermediate or approaching blood levels. Regulatory T cells were in higher proportions in the duodenum than the rectum and neither declined significantly during ART. Several correlations with biomarkers of microbial translocation were observed including increases in lipoteichoic acid levels, which reflects Gram-positive bacterial translocation, correlated with increases in %CD4 T cells in the duodenum (Rho 0.773, P = 0.033), and with decreases in duodenal regulatory T-cell populations (Rho -0.40, P = 0.045). CONCLUSION HIV-mediated immunological disruption is greater in the duodenum than rectum and blood before and during ART. Small intestine damage may represent a unique environment for T-cell depletion, which might be attenuated by interaction with Gram-positive bacteria.
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33
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Furler RL, Newcombe KL, Del Rio Estrada PM, Reyes-Terán G, Uittenbogaart CH, Nixon DF. Histoarchitectural Deterioration of Lymphoid Tissues in HIV-1 Infection and in Aging. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:1148-1159. [PMID: 31474115 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired immunity is a common symptom of aging and advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease. In both diseases, a decline in lymphocytic function and cellularity leads to ineffective adaptive immune responses to opportunistic infections and vaccinations. Furthermore, despite sustained myeloid cellularity there is a background of chronic immune activation and a decrease in innate immune function in aging. In HIV-1 disease, myeloid cellularity is often more skewed than in normal aging, but similar chronic activation and innate immune dysfunction typically arise. Similarities between aging and HIV-1 infection have led to several investigations into HIV-1-mediated aging of the immune system. In this article, we review various studies that report alterations of leukocyte number and function during aging, and compare those alterations with those observed during progressive HIV-1 disease. We pay particular attention to changes within lymphoid tissue microenvironments and how histoarchitectural changes seen in these two diseases affect immunity. As we review various immune compartments including peripheral blood as well as primary and secondary lymphoid organs, common themes arise that help explain the decline of immunity in the elderly and in HIV-1-infected individuals with advanced disease. In both conditions, lymphoid tissues often show signs of histoarchitectural deterioration through fat accumulation and/or fibrosis. These structural changes can be attributed to a loss of communication between leukocytes and the surrounding stromal cells that produce the extracellular matrix components and growth factors necessary for cell migration, cell proliferation, and lymphoid tissue function. Despite the common general impairment of immunity in aging and HIV-1 progression, deterioration of immunity is caused by distinct mechanisms at the cellular and tissue levels in these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Furler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kevin L. Newcombe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Perla M. Del Rio Estrada
- Departmento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” CDMX, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Departmento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” CDMX, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Christel H. Uittenbogaart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Medicine-Pediatrics, UCLA AIDS Institute and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Saxena V, Li L, Paluskievicz C, Kasinath V, Bean A, Abdi R, Jewell CM, Bromberg JS. Role of lymph node stroma and microenvironment in T cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:9-23. [PMID: 31538349 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are at the cross roads of immunity and tolerance. These tissues are compartmentalized into specialized niche areas by lymph node stromal cells (LN SCs). LN SCs shape the LN microenvironment and guide immunological cells into different zones through establishment of a CCL19 and CCL21 gradient. Following local immunological cues, LN SCs modulate activity to support immune cell priming, activation, and fate. This review will present our current understanding of LN SC subsets roles in regulating T cell tolerance. Three major types of LN SC subsets, namely fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, and blood endothelial cells, are discussed. These subsets serve as scaffolds to support and regulate T cell homeostasis. They contribute to tolerance by presenting peripheral tissue antigens to both CD4 and CD8 T cells. The role of LN SCs in regulating T cell migration and tolerance induction is discussed. Looking forward, recent advances in bioengineered materials and approaches to leverage LN SCs to induce T cell tolerance are highlighted, as are current clinical practices that allow for manipulation of the LN microenvironment to induce tolerance. Increased understanding of LN architecture, how different LN SCs integrate immunological cues and shape immune responses, and approaches to induce T cell tolerance will help further combat autoimmune diseases and graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christina Paluskievicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Division of Renal Medicine, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asher Bean
- Division of Renal Medicine, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Division of Renal Medicine, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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35
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Sestito LF, Thomas SN. Biomaterials for Modulating Lymphatic Function in Immunoengineering. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:293-310. [PMID: 32259064 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunoengineering is a rapidly growing and interdisciplinary field focused on developing tools to study and understand the immune system, then employing that knowledge to modulate immune response for the treatment of disease. Because of its roles in housing a substantial fraction of the body's lymphocytes, in facilitating immune cell trafficking, and direct immune modulatory functions, among others, the lymphatic system plays multifaceted roles in immune regulation. In this review, the potential for biomaterials to be applied to regulate the lymphatic system and its functions to achieve immunomodulation and the treatment of disease are described. Three related processes-lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic vessel contraction, and lymph node remodeling-are specifically explored. The molecular regulation of each process and their roles in pathologies are briefly outlined, with putative therapeutic targets and the lymphatic remodeling that can result from disease highlighted. Applications of biomaterials that harness these pathways for the treatment of disease via immunomodulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Sestito
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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36
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Use of Illicit Substances Promote Secretion of Semen Exosomes that Enhance Monocyte Adhesion and Induce Actin Reorganization and Chemotactic Migration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091027. [PMID: 31484431 PMCID: PMC6770851 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen exosomes (SE) from HIV-uninfected (HIV−) individuals potently inhibit HIV infection in vitro. However, morphological changes in target cells in response to SE have not been characterized or have the effect of HIV infection or the use of illicit substances, specifically psychostimulants, on the function of SE been elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HIV infection, psychostimulant use, and both together on SE-mediated regulation of monocyte function. SE were isolated from semen of HIV− and HIV-infected (HIV+) antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants who reported either using or not using psychostimulants. The SE samples were thus designated as HIV−Drug−, HIV−Drug+, HIV+Drug−, and HIV+Drug+. U937 monocytes were treated with different SEs and analyzed for changes in transcriptome, morphometrics, actin reorganization, adhesion, and chemotaxis. HIV infection and/or use of psychostimulants had minimal effects on the physical characteristics of SE. However, different SEs had diverse effects on the messenger RNA signature of monocytes and rapidly induced monocyte adhesion and spreading. SE from HIV infected or psychostimulants users but not HIV−Drug− SE, stimulated actin reorganization, leading to the formation of filopodia-like structures and membrane ruffles containing F-actin and vinculin that in some cases were colocalized. All SE stimulated monocyte chemotaxis to HIV secretome and activated the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases, a phenotype exacerbated by HIV infection and psychostimulant use. SE-directed regulation of cellular morphometrics and chemotaxis depended on the donor clinical status because HIV infection and psychostimulant use altered SE function. Although our inclusion criteria specified the use of cocaine, humans are poly-drug and alcohol users and our study participants used psychostimulants, marijuana, opiates, and alcohol. Thus, it is possible that the effects observed in this study may be due to one of these other substances or due to an interaction between different substances.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the present review is to describe the major barriers to HIV eradication and assess the most promising cure strategies under investigation. RECENT FINDINGS There are significant challenges to achieve HIV eradication. These include the establishment of persistent latently infected cells, systemic chronic immune activation, and immune dysfunction. Since the announcement of the first HIV cure involving the Berlin patient, several attempts to reproduce these results have failed. Thus, it is widely accepted that long-term HIV remission would be a more feasible approach. Optimization of ART, immune-based therapies, therapeutic vaccinations, and gene editing, amongst others, are strategies aimed at controlling HIV in the absence of ART. These new strategies alone or in combination are being developed in preclinical studies and clinical trials and will provide further insight into whether long-term HIV remission is possible. SUMMARY The present review discusses several mechanisms that mediate the persistence of the HIV reservoir, clinical cases that provide hope in finding a functional cure of HIV, and promising interventional strategies being tested in preclinical studies and clinical trials that attempt to reduce the HIV reservoirs and/or boost the immune responses to control HIV in the absence of ART.
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Moayedi Y, Walmsley SL. Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in Women Living With HIV: Another Inflammatory Comorbidity? J Infect Dis 2019; 221:1219-1222. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasbanoo Moayedi
- Ted Rogers Centre of Excellence in Heart Function, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto
- Heart Failure, Cardiac Transplant, and Mechanical Circulatory Support Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California
| | - Sharon L Walmsley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Toronto, Canada, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Trbojevic-Akmacic I, Lauc G, Abdel-Mohsen M. Breaking the Glyco-Code of HIV Persistence and Immunopathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 16:151-168. [PMID: 30707400 PMCID: PMC6441623 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glycoimmunology is an emerging field focused on understanding how immune responses are mediated by glycans (carbohydrates) and their interaction with glycan-binding proteins called lectins. How glycans influence immunological functions is increasingly well understood. In a parallel way, in the HIV field, it is increasingly understood how the host immune system controls HIV persistence and immunopathogenesis. However, what has mostly been overlooked, despite its potential for therapeutic applications, is the role that the host glycosylation machinery plays in modulating the persistence and immunopathogenesis of HIV. Here, we will survey four areas in which the links between glycan-lectin interactions and immunology and between immunology and HIV are well described. For each area, we will describe these links and then delineate the opportunities for the HIV field in investigating potential interactions between glycoimmunology and HIV persistence/immunopathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies show that the human glycome (the repertoire of human glycan structures) plays critical roles in driving or modulating several cellular processes and immunological functions that are central to maintaining HIV infection. Understanding the links between glycoimmunology and HIV infection may create a new paradigm for discovering novel glycan-based therapies that can lead to eradication, functional cure, or improved tolerance of lifelong infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leila B Giron
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83h, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovacica 1, Zagreb, Croatia
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Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030200. [PMID: 30818749 PMCID: PMC6466530 DOI: 10.3390/v11030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still present persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation. This condition is the result of several factors including thymic dysfunction, persistent antigen stimulation due to low residual viremia, microbial translocation and dysbiosis, caused by the disruption of the gut mucosa, co-infections, and cumulative ART toxicity. All of these factors can create a vicious cycle that does not allow the full control of immune activation and inflammation, leading to an increased risk of developing non-AIDS co-morbidities such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the most recent data about HIV-associated inflammation and chronic immune exhaustion in PLWH under effective ART. Furthermore, we discuss new therapy approaches that are currently being tested to reduce the risk of developing inflammation, ART toxicity, and non-AIDS co-morbidities.
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41
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Warren JA, Clutton G, Goonetilleke N. Harnessing CD8 + T Cells Under HIV Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:291. [PMID: 30863403 PMCID: PMC6400228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV from a fatal disease to a chronic condition. In recent years there has been considerable interest in strategies to enable HIV-infected individuals to cease ART without viral rebound, either by purging all cells infected harboring replication-competent virus (HIV eradication), or by boosting immune responses to allow durable suppression of virus without rebound (HIV remission). Both of these approaches may need to harness HIV-specific CD8+ T cells to eliminate infected cells and/or prevent viral spread. In untreated infection, both HIV-specific and total CD8+ T cells are dysfunctional. Here, we review our current understanding of both global and HIV-specific CD8+ T cell immunity in HIV-infected individuals with durably suppressed viral load under ART, and its implications for HIV cure, eradication or remission. Overall, the literature indicates significant normalization of global T cell parameters, including CD4/8 ratio, activation status, and telomere length. Global characteristics of CD8+ T cells from HIV+ART+ individuals align more closely with those of HIV-seronegative individuals than of viremic HIV-infected individuals. However, markers of senescence remain elevated, leading to the hypothesis that immune aging is accelerated in HIV-infected individuals on ART. This phenomenon could have implications for attempts to prime de novo, or boost existing HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. A major challenge for both HIV cure and remission strategies is to elicit HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses superior to that elicited by natural infection in terms of response kinetics, magnitude, breadth, viral suppressive capacity, and tissue localization. Addressing these issues will be critical to the success of HIV cure and remission attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Warren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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42
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Premeaux TA, Mitchell BI, Niki T, Papasavvas E, Montaner LJ, Ndhlovu LC, Abdel-Mohsen M. Galectin-9 Mediates HIV Transcription by Inducing TCR-Dependent ERK Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:267. [PMID: 30842775 PMCID: PMC6391929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous plasma levels of the immunomodulatory carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-9 (Gal-9) are elevated during HIV infection and remain elevated after antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We recently reported that Gal-9 regulates HIV transcription and potently reactivates latent HIV. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying Gal-9-mediated viral transcription remain unclear. Given that galectins are known to modulate T cell receptor (TCR)-signaling, we hypothesized that Gal-9 modulates HIV transcriptional activity, at least in part, through inducing TCR signaling pathways. Gal-9 induced T cell receptor ζ chain (CD3ζ) phosphorylation (11.2 to 32.1%; P = 0.008) in the J-Lat HIV latency model. Lck inhibition reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation in the J-Lat HIV latency model (16.8-0.9%; P < 0.0001) and reduced both Gal-9-mediated CD4+ T cell activation (10.3 to 1.65% CD69 and CD25 co-expression; P = 0.0006), and IL-2/TNFα secretion (P < 0.004) in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART. Using phospho-kinase antibody arrays, we found that Gal-9 increased the phosphorylation of the TCR-downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2 (26.7-fold) and CREB (6.6-fold). ERK and CREB inhibitors significantly reduced Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation (16.8 to 2.6 or 12.6%, respectively; P < 0.0007). Given that the immunosuppressive rapamycin uncouples HIV latency reversal from cytokine-associated toxicity, we also investigated whether rapamycin could uncouple Gal-9-mediated latency reactivation from its concurrent pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Rapamycin reduced Gal-9-mediated secretion of IL-2 (4.4-fold, P = 0.001) and TNF (4-fold, P = 0.02) without impacting viral reactivation (16.8% compared to 16.1%; P = 0.2). In conclusion, Gal-9 modulates HIV transcription by activating the TCR-downstream ERK and CREB signaling pathways in an Lck-dependent manner. Our findings could have implications for understanding the role of endogenous galectin interactions in modulating TCR signaling and maintaining chronic immune activation during ART-suppressed HIV infection. In addition, uncoupling Gal-9-mediated viral reactivation from undesirable pro-inflammatory effects, using rapamycin, may increase the potential utility of recombinant Gal-9 within the reversal of HIV latency eradication framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Leila B. Giron
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas A. Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brooks I. Mitchell
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Toshiro Niki
- GalPharma Co. Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Takamatsu, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Emmanouil Papasavvas
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Novel advances on tissue immune dynamics in HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus: lessons from imaging studies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2019; 13:112-118. [PMID: 29227356 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe recent findings on the effect of HIV/SIV infection on lymph node viral and T-cell dynamics using imaging-based methodologies. RECENT FINDINGS Chronic infection, particularly HIV/SIV, alters dramatically the microenvironment, immune cell frequency, distribution, function and tissue organization of secondary lymphoid tissues. These changes are not always reversible. Over the past few years, the implementation of advanced imaging protocols on human lymph node biopsies as well as on longitudinal lymphoid tissues samples from nonhuman primates (NHP) have provided a wealth of information on how local immune responses evolve over time in response to a persisting retroviral pathogen. Most of the information concerns cytotoxic and helper T cells and viral dynamics. In this review, we detail this information focusing on HIV/SIV infection. We also comment on the gaps that imaging technologies have bridged in our understanding and discuss the translational value of these new findings in the light of emerging therapeutic agendas. SUMMARY Novel imaging platforms allow for dissecting the spatiotemporal dynamics of immune interactions further improving our understanding of the interplay between virus and host and providing important information for designing successful preventive and curative strategies.
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Alexandre YO, Mueller SN. Stromal cell networks coordinate immune response generation and maintenance. Immunol Rev 2019; 283:77-85. [PMID: 29664562 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), including the spleen and lymph nodes (LN) are a meeting place for immune cells to initiate adaptive immune responses. Lymphocytes constantly circulate between SLO through the blood and lymph in search of their cognate antigen and are activated within the organized microarchitecture of SLO. Lymphoid stromal cells (LSC) of mesenchymal and endothelial origin construct and support the microarchitecture of SLO by defining distinct compartments and providing signals that can either promote or inhibit immune responses. Here, we discuss recent studies indicating that LSC, including fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC), contribute substantially to immune responses and may tune responses to secondary challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick O Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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45
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Nicholson LK, Pratap H, Bowers E, Gunzburger E, Bandi SR, Gardner EM, Palmer BE, Wright T, Kittelson J, Janoff EN. Effective B cell activation in vitro during viremic HIV-1 infection with surrogate T cell stimulation. Immunobiology 2018; 223:839-849. [PMID: 30219203 PMCID: PMC6264910 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Identifying HIV-1-associated B cell defects and responses to activation may direct interventions to circumvent their impaired antibody responses to infection and vaccines. Among 34 viremic HIV-1-infected and 20 seronegative control adults, we measured baseline frequencies and activation of B and T cell subsets, expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), potential determinants of B cell activation in vivo and B and T cell responses in vitro. At baseline, HIV-1 infection was associated with increased IgM memory and decreased anergic cell frequencies, as well as increased activation in all 10 B cell subsets compared with controls. HIV-1 status, TFH activation, and BAFF were significant potential drivers of B cell activation. Despite high baseline activation among HIV-1-infected subjects, stimulation in vitro with combined surrogates for antigen (anti-IgM), cognate (CD40 ligand) and soluble T cell factors (IL-4) elicited comparable B cell activation, transitions from naïve to class-switched memory cells and AID expression in both groups. In summary, viremic HIV-1 infection perturbs circulating B cell subsets and activation at each stage of B cell maturation. However, that appropriate stimulation of B cells elicits effective activation and maturation provides impetus for advancing vaccine development to prevent secondary infections by circumventing early B cell defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Nicholson
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Harsh Pratap
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Elisabeth Bowers
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Elise Gunzburger
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Srinivasa R Bandi
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Edward M Gardner
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Brent E Palmer
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Timothy Wright
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States
| | - John Kittelson
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Biostatistics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Edward N Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States.
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46
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Poultsidi A, Dimopoulos Y, He TF, Chavakis T, Saloustros E, Lee PP, Petrovas C. Lymph Node Cellular Dynamics in Cancer and HIV: What Can We Learn for the Follicular CD4 (Tfh) Cells? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2233. [PMID: 30319664 PMCID: PMC6170630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are central in the generation of adaptive immune responses. Follicular helper CD4 T (Tfh) cells, a highly differentiated CD4 population, provide critical help for the development of antigen-specific B cell responses within the germinal center. Throughout the past decade, numerous studies have revealed the important role of Tfh cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pathogenesis as well as in the development of neutralizing antibodies post-infection and post-vaccination. It has also been established that tumors influence various immune cell subsets not only in their proximity, but also in draining lymph nodes. The role of local or tumor associated lymph node Tfh cells in disease progression is emerging. Comparative studies of Tfh cells in chronic infections and cancer could therefore provide novel information with regards to their differentiation plasticity and to the mechanisms regulating their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Poultsidi
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Yiannis Dimopoulos
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ting-Fang He
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Saloustros
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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47
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Ahmed D, Roy D, Cassol E. Examining Relationships between Metabolism and Persistent Inflammation in HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6238978. [PMID: 30363715 PMCID: PMC6181007 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6238978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-infected individuals are now living longer and healthier lives. However, ART does not completely restore health and treated individuals are experiencing increased rates of noncommunicable diseases such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. While it is well known that persistent immune activation and inflammation contribute to the development of these comorbid diseases, the mechanisms underlying this chronic activation remain incompletely understood. In this review, we will discuss emerging evidence that suggests that alterations in cellular metabolism may play a central role in driving this immune dysfunction in HIV patients on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duale Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly, NHPs can be infected with many human or related simian viruses. In many cases, viruses replicate in the same cell types as in humans, and infections are often associated with the same pathologies. In addition, many reagents that are used to study the human immune response cross-react with NHP molecules. As such, NHPs are often used as models to study viral vaccine efficacy and antiviral therapeutic safety and efficacy and to understand aspects of viral pathogenesis. With several emerging viral infections becoming epidemic, NHPs are proving to be a very beneficial benchmark for investigating human viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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49
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Huang L, Deng J, Xu W, Wang H, Shi L, Wu F, Wu D, Nei W, Zhao M, Mao P, Zhou X. CD8+ T cells with high TGF‑β1 expression cause lymph node fibrosis following HIV infection. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:77-86. [PMID: 29749506 PMCID: PMC6059705 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) fibrosis resulting in cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+ T cell reduction following human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is an important step in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The mechanisms mediating LN fibrosis following HIV infection have not been completely elucidated. In order to investigate the mechanism of LN fibrosis, the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β1 was determined in the LNs of HIV‑infected individuals by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence‑based flow cytometry. The effect of stimulated CD8+ T cells on collagen secretion by fibroblasts was detected using immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that the LNs of HIV‑infected individuals exhibited a significantly increased proportion of CD8+ T cells with high TGF‑β1 expression. These CD8+ T cells demonstrated increased CD38 and programmed cell death protein 1 expression and decreased CD127 expression compared with the controls. CD8+ T cells from the LNs of non‑HIV infected individuals expressed a high TGF‑β1 level following stimulation with phorbol‑12‑myristate 13‑acetate. These CD8+T cells subsequently induced the secretion of a large amount of type I collagen in human lymphatic fibroblasts. The results of the present study indicated that CD8+ T cells with high TGF‑β1 expression served an important role in LN fibrosis following HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Jianning Deng
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- The Second Center of Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Fengyao Wu
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Nei
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Panyong Mao
- Research Clinical Center for Translational Medicine, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Xianzhi Zhou
- The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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50
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Abstract
Abnormal immune activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells, especially of memory and effector phenotypes, take place during HIV-1 infection, and these abnormal features persist during administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to infected patients. The molecular mechanisms for CD8+ T-cell expansion remain poorly characterized. In this article, we review the literature addressing features of CD8+ T-cell immune pathology and present an integrated view on the mechanisms leading to abnormal CD8+ T-cell expansion during HIV-1 infection. The expression of molecules important for directing the homing of CD8+ T cells between the circulation and lymphoid tissues, in particular CCR5 and CXCR3, is increased in CD8+ T cells in circulation and in inflamed tissues during HIV-1 infection; these disturbances in the homing capacity of CD8+ T cells have been linked to increased CD8+ T-cell proliferation. The production of IL-15, a cytokine responsible for physiological proliferation of CD8+ T cells, is increased in lymphoid tissues during HIV-1 infection as result of microbial translocation and severe inflammation. IL-15, and additional inflammatory cytokines, may lead to deregulated proliferation of CD8+ T cells and explain the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in circulation. The decreased capacity of CD8+ T cells to localize to gut-associated lymphoid tissue also contributes to the accumulation of these cells in blood. Control of inflammation, through ART administration during primary HIV-1 infection or therapies aimed at controlling inflammation during HIV-1 infection, is pivotal to prevent abnormal expansion of CD8+ T cells during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nasi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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