1
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Shen Y, Boulton APR, Yellon RL, Cook MC. Skin manifestations of inborn errors of NF-κB. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1098426. [PMID: 36733767 PMCID: PMC9888762 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1098426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 400 single gene defects have been identified as inborn errors of immunity, including many arising from genes encoding proteins that affect NF-κB activity. We summarise the skin phenotypes in this subset of disorders and provide an overview of pathogenic mechanisms. NF-κB acts cell-intrinsically in basal epithelial cells during differentiation of skin appendages, influences keratinocyte proliferation and survival, and both responses to and amplification of inflammation, particularly TNF. Skin phenotypes include ectodermal dysplasia, reduction and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, and aberrant recruitment of inflammatory cells, which often occur in combination. Phenotypes conferred by these rare monogenic syndromes often resemble those observed with more common defects. This includes oral and perineal ulceration and pustular skin disease as occurs with Behcet's disease, hyperkeratosis with microabscess formation similar to psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. Thus, these genotype-phenotype relations provide diagnostic clues for this subset of IEIs, and also provide insights into mechanisms of more common forms of skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Shen
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne P R Boulton
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert L Yellon
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Personalised Immunology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Rao Y, Le Y, Xiong J, Pei Y, Sun Y. NK Cells in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666045. [PMID: 34017339 PMCID: PMC8130558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent chronic airway disease with varied frequencies of acute exacerbations, which are the main cause of morbidity and mortality of the disease. It is, therefore, urgent to develop novel therapies for COPD and its exacerbations, which rely heavily on understanding of the pathogenesis and investigation for potential targets. Current evidence indicates that natural killer (NK) cells play important roles in the pathological processes of COPD. Although novel data are revealing the significance of NK cells in maintaining immune system homeostasis and their involvement in pathogenesis of COPD, the specific mechanisms are largely unknown. Specific and in-depth studies elucidating the underlying mechanisms are therefore needed. In this review, we provided a brief overview of the biology of NK cells, from its development to receptors and functions, and outlined their subsets in peripheral blood and lungs. Then we reviewed published findings highlighting the important roles played by NK cells in COPD and its exacerbations, with a view of providing the current state of knowledge in this area to facilitate related in-depth research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Rao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Le
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqiang Pei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongchang Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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3
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Lalle G, Twardowski J, Grinberg-Bleyer Y. NF-κB in Cancer Immunity: Friend or Foe? Cells 2021; 10:355. [PMID: 33572260 PMCID: PMC7914614 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of immunotherapies has definitely proven the tight relationship between malignant and immune cells, its impact on cancer outcome and its therapeutic potential. In this context, it is undoubtedly critical to decipher the transcriptional regulation of these complex interactions. Following early observations demonstrating the roles of NF-κB in cancer initiation and progression, a series of studies converge to establish NF-κB as a master regulator of immune responses to cancer. Importantly, NF-κB is a family of transcriptional activators and repressors that can act at different stages of cancer immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the selective cell-intrinsic contributions of NF-κB to the distinct cell types that compose the tumor immune environment. We also propose a new view of NF-κB targeting drugs as a new class of immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (G.L.); (J.T.)
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4
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Starokadomskyy P, Wilton KM, Krzewski K, Lopez A, Sifuentes-Dominguez L, Overlee B, Chen Q, Ray A, Gil-Krzewska A, Peterson M, Kinch LN, Rohena L, Grunebaum E, Zinn AR, Grishin NV, Billadeau DD, Burstein E. NK cell defects in X-linked pigmentary reticulate disorder. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125688. [PMID: 31672938 PMCID: PMC6948767 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder (XLPDR, Mendelian Inheritance in Man #301220) is a rare syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and sterile multiorgan inflammation. The syndrome is caused by an intronic mutation in POLA1, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase-α (Pol-α), which is responsible for Okazaki fragment synthesis during DNA replication. Reduced POLA1 expression in this condition triggers spontaneous type I interferon expression, which can be linked to the autoinflammatory manifestations of the disease. However, the history of recurrent infections in this syndrome is as yet unexplained. Here we report that patients with XLPDR have reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity and decreased numbers of NK cells, particularly differentiated, stage V, cells (CD3–CD56dim). This phenotype is reminiscent of hypomorphic mutations in MCM4, which encodes a component of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase complex that is functionally linked to Pol-α during the DNA replication process. We find that POLA1 deficiency leads to MCM4 depletion and that both can impair NK cell natural cytotoxicity and show that this is due to a defect in lytic granule polarization. Altogether, our study provides mechanistic connections between Pol-α and the MCM complex and demonstrates their relevance in NK cell function. X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder is associated with functional NK cell defect due to abnormal lytic granule polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petro Starokadomskyy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Katelynn M Wilton
- Department of Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Brittany Overlee
- Department of Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgery, Tongji University affiliated Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ann Ray
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aleksandra Gil-Krzewska
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Peterson
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa N Kinch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Luis Rohena
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology and Allergy and Department of Pediatrics, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew R Zinn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Biochemistry.,Department of Biophysics, and
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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5
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Abstract
The lungs, a special site that is frequently challenged by tumors, pathogens and other environmental insults, are populated by large numbers of innate immune cells. Among these, natural killer (NK) cells are gaining increasing attention. Recent studies have revealed that NK cells are heterogeneous populations consisting of distinct subpopulations with diverse characteristics, some of which are determined by their local tissue microenvironment. Most current information about NK cells comes from studies of NK cells from the peripheral blood of humans and NK cells from the spleen and bone marrow of mice. However, the functions and phenotypes of lung NK cells differ from those of NK cells in other tissues. Here, we provide an overview of human and mouse lung NK cells in the context of homeostasis, pathogenic infections, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer, mainly focusing on their phenotype, function, frequency, and their potential role in pathogenesis or immune defense. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of NK cells in the lungs will aid the development of NK cell-based immunotherapies for the treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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6
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Emerging insights into human health and NK cell biology from the study of NK cell deficiencies. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:202-225. [PMID: 30565241 PMCID: PMC6310041 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells are innate immune effectors that play a critical roles in the control of viral infection and malignancy. The importance of their homeostasis and function can be demonstrated by the study of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), which are part of the family of diseases known as inborn defects of immunity. While NK cells are affected in many PIDs in ways that may contribute to a patient's clinical phenotype, a small number of PIDs have an NK cell abnormality as their major immunological defect. These PIDs can be collectively referred to as NK cell deficiency (NKD) disorders and include effects upon NK cell numbers, subsets, and/or functions. The clinical impact of NKD can be severe including fatal viral infection, with particular susceptibility to herpesviral infections, such as cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. While NKD is rare, studies of these diseases are important for defining specific requirements for human NK cell development and homeostasis. New themes in NK cell biology are emerging through the study of both known and novel NKD, particularly those affecting cell cycle and DNA damage repair, as well as broader PIDs having substantive impact upon NK cells. In addition, the discovery of NKD that affects other innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets opens new doors for better understanding the relationship between conventional NK cells and other ILC subsets. Here, we describe the biology underlying human NKD, particularly in the context of new insights into innate immune cell function, including a discussion of recently described NKD with accompanying effects on ILC subsets. Given the impact of these disorders upon human immunity with a common focus upon NK cells, the unifying message of a critical role for NK cells in human host defense singularly emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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7
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Boisson B, Honda Y, Ajiro M, Bustamante J, Bendavid M, Gennery AR, Kawasaki Y, Ichishima J, Osawa M, Nihira H, Shiba T, Tanaka T, Chrabieh M, Bigio B, Hur H, Itan Y, Liang Y, Okada S, Izawa K, Nishikomori R, Ohara O, Heike T, Abel L, Puel A, Saito MK, Casanova JL, Hagiwara M, Yasumi T. Rescue of recurrent deep intronic mutation underlying cell type-dependent quantitative NEMO deficiency. J Clin Invest 2018; 129:583-597. [PMID: 30422821 DOI: 10.1172/jci124011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked dominant incontinentia pigmenti (IP) and X-linked recessive anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID) are caused by loss-of-function and hypomorphic IKBKG (also known as NEMO) mutations, respectively. We describe a European mother with mild IP and a Japanese mother without IP, whose 3 boys with EDA-ID died from ID. We identify the same private variant in an intron of IKBKG, IVS4+866 C>T, which was inherited from and occurred de novo in the European mother and Japanese mother, respectively. This mutation creates a new splicing donor site, giving rise to a 44-nucleotide pseudoexon (PE) generating a frameshift. Its leakiness accounts for NF-κB activation being impaired but not abolished in the boys' cells. However, aberrant splicing rates differ between cell types, with WT NEMO mRNA and protein levels ranging from barely detectable in leukocytes to residual amounts in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSC-derived) macrophages, and higher levels in fibroblasts and iPSC-derived neuronal precursor cells. Finally, SRSF6 binds to the PE, facilitating its inclusion. Moreover, SRSF6 knockdown or CLK inhibition restores WT NEMO expression and function in mutant cells. A recurrent deep intronic splicing mutation in IKBKG underlies a purely quantitative NEMO defect in males that is most severe in leukocytes and can be rescued by the inhibition of SRSF6 or CLK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Yoshitaka Honda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ajiro
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Bendavid
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yuri Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jose Ichishima
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nihira
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shiba
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maya Chrabieh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hong Hur
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, and.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yupu Liang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Kazushi Izawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuta Nishikomori
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Toshio Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Megumu K Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), New York, New York, USA
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yasumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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8
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Ruiz-García R, Vargas-Hernández A, Chinn IK, Angelo LS, Cao TN, Coban-Akdemir Z, Jhangiani SN, Meng Q, Forbes LR, Muzny DM, Allende LM, Ehlayel MS, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Uzel G, Orange JS, Mace EM. Mutations in PI3K110δ cause impaired natural killer cell function partially rescued by rapamycin treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:605-617.e7. [PMID: 29330011 PMCID: PMC6109967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in PI3K110δ lead to lymphadenopathy, lymphoid hyperplasia, EBV and cytomegalovirus viremia, and sinopulmonary infections. OBJECTIVE The known role of natural killer (NK) cell function in the control of EBV and cytomegalovirus prompted us to investigate the functional and phenotypic effects of PI3K110δ mutations on NK cell subsets and cytotoxic function. METHODS Mutations in patients were identified by using whole-exome or targeted sequencing. We performed NK cell phenotyping and functional analysis of patients' cells using flow cytometry, standard Cr51 cytotoxicity assays, and quantitative confocal microscopy. RESULTS PI3K110δ mutations led to an altered NK cell developmental phenotype and cytotoxic dysfunction. Impaired NK cell cytotoxicity was due to decreased conjugate formation with susceptible target cells and abrogated activation of cell machinery required for target cell killing. These defects were restored partially after initiation of treatment with rapamycin in 3 patients. CONCLUSION We describe novel NK cell functional deficiency caused by PI3K110δ mutation, which is a likely contributor to the severe viremia observed in these patients. Rapamycin treatment partially restores NK cell function, providing a further rationale for its use in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ruiz-García
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Tram N Cao
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Qingchang Meng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Luis M Allende
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohammed S Ehlayel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, and Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
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9
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Esteve-Solé A, Sologuren I, Martínez-Saavedra MT, Deyà-Martínez À, Oleaga-Quintas C, Martinez-Barricarte R, Martinez-Nalda A, Juan M, Casanova JL, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Alsina L, Bustamante J. Laboratory evaluation of the IFN-γ circuit for the molecular diagnosis of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 55:184-204. [PMID: 29502462 PMCID: PMC5880527 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1444580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the interferon (IFN)-γ circuit is necessary to mount an effective immune response to intra-macrophagic pathogens, especially Mycobacteria. Inherited monogenic defects in this circuit that disrupt the production of, or response to, IFN-γ underlie a primary immunodeficiency known as Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD). Otherwise healthy patients display a selective susceptibility to clinical disease caused by poorly virulent mycobacteria such as BCG (bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccines and environmental mycobacteria, and more rarely by other intra-macrophagic pathogens, particularly Salmonella and M. tuberculosis. There is high genetic and allelic heterogeneity, with 19 genetic etiologies due to mutations in 10 genes that account for only about half of the patients reported. An efficient laboratory diagnostic approach to suspected MSMD patients is important, because it enables the establishment of specific therapeutic measures that will improve the patient's prognosis and quality of life. Moreover, it is essential to offer genetic counseling to affected families. Herein, we review the various genetic and immunological diagnostic approaches that can be used in concert to reach a molecular and cellular diagnosis in patients with MSMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Esteve-Solé
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain, EU
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clinic, Spain, EU
| | - Ithaisa Sologuren
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, EU
| | | | - Àngela Deyà-Martínez
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain, EU
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clinic, Spain, EU
| | - Carmen Oleaga-Quintas
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, IN-SERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | - Rubén Martinez-Barricarte
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Martinez-Nalda
- Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunodeficiency Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron, Spain, EU
| | - Manel Juan
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clinic, Spain, EU
- Immunology Department. Biomedical Diagnostics Center, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain, EU
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, IN-SERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Gallego
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, EU
| | - Laia Alsina
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain, EU
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clinic, Spain, EU
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, IN-SERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for SickChildren, AP-HP, Paris, France, EU
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10
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Kumar B, Aleem S, Saleh H, Petts J, Ballas ZK. A Personalized Diagnostic and Treatment Approach for Macrophage Activation Syndrome and Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Adults. J Clin Immunol 2017; 37:638-643. [PMID: 28871523 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the clinical features and outcomes based on therapeutic options adopted during hospital stay for adult patients with macrophage activation syndrome and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (MAS/sHLH). METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of all adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) diagnosed with MAS/sHLH at our center between 2010 and 2015. Inclusion criteria for patients were diagnosis of MAS/sHLH during admission and patients meeting at least 5 out of 8 of Henter's criteria or at least 4 out of 6 of the criteria that were tested. RESULTS Nineteen adult patients with MAS/sHLH met the inclusion criteria from January 2010 to October 2015 (median age 48 years; female 68.4%). Treatment had been personalized, depending on the clinical presentation and course of disease. Majority of the patients received anakinra, cyclosporine, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), and steroids. Fourteen (74%) patients survived, with clinical improvement by the time of discharge. After excluding the three patients with underlying leukemia/lymphoma who opted for palliative care and subsequently died, the survival rate was 88%. CONCLUSION A modified diagnostic and treatment protocol for adult patients with MAS/sHLH that incorporated graded introduction of medications based on clinical presentation and cytokine profile resulted in the best adult survival rate reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Kumar
- Division of Immunology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Zuhair K Ballas
- Division of Immunology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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11
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Sharma P, Kumar P, Sharma R. Natural Killer Cells - Their Role in Tumour Immunosurveillance. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:BE01-BE05. [PMID: 28969116 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26748.10469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An important component of the innate immune system, the natural killer cells that originate from the lymphoid cell lineage, hold tremendous potential as an effective therapeutic tool to combat a variety of cancers. Their vast capability to kill altered cells such as opsonized cells (antibody coated), tumour cells, genotoxically changed cells without affecting the healthy cells of the body, make them an effective therapeutic agent for various types of cancers. Besides, through interplay and molecular crosstalk via several cytokines, they also augment the adaptive immune response by, promoting the differentiation, activation and recruitment of component cells of the system. With the current advance knowledge of Natural Killer (NK) cells, their receptor-ligand interactions involved in functional regulation, various mechanistic approaches involving the role of cytokines led to desired modulation of NK cell activity in a tailor-made manner, for triggering clinically relevant responces. Several strategies have been adopted by researchers, to augment the efficacy of NK cells. Still many challenges exist for increasing the therapeutic relevance of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sharma
- Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical University, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical University, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rachna Sharma
- Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, TSM Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in 29 patients hemizygous for hypomorphic IKBKG/NEMO mutations. Blood 2017; 130:1456-1467. [PMID: 28679735 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-771600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked recessive ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by hypomorphic mutations of the IKBKG gene encoding the nuclear factor κB essential modulator (NEMO) protein. This condition displays enormous allelic, immunological, and clinical heterogeneity, and therapeutic decisions are difficult because NEMO operates in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is potentially life-saving, but the small number of case reports available suggests it has been reserved for only the most severe cases. Here, we report the health status before HSCT, transplantation outcome, and clinical follow-up for a series of 29 patients from unrelated kindreds from 11 countries. Between them, these patients carry 23 different hypomorphic IKBKG mutations. HSCT was performed from HLA-identical related donors (n = 7), HLA-matched unrelated donors (n = 12), HLA-mismatched unrelated donors (n = 8), and HLA-haploidentical related donors (n = 2). Engraftment was documented in 24 patients, and graft-versus-host disease in 13 patients. Up to 7 patients died 0.2 to 12 months after HSCT. The global survival rate after HSCT among NEMO-deficient children was 74% at a median follow-up after HSCT of 57 months (range, 4-108 months). Preexisting mycobacterial infection and colitis were associated with poor HSCT outcome. The underlying mutation does not appear to have any influence, as patients with the same mutation had different outcomes. Transplantation did not appear to cure colitis, possibly as a result of cell-intrinsic disorders of the epithelial barrier. Overall, HSCT can cure most clinical features of patients with a variety of IKBKG mutations.
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13
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Molecular checkpoints controlling natural killer cell activation and their modulation for cancer immunotherapy. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e311. [PMID: 28360428 PMCID: PMC5382566 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have gained considerable attention as promising therapeutic tools for cancer therapy due to their innate selectivity against cancer cells over normal healthy cells. With an array of receptors evolved to sense cellular alterations, NK cells provide early protection against cancer cells by producing cytokines and chemokines and exerting direct cytolytic activity. These effector functions are governed by signals transmitted through multiple receptor–ligand interactions but are not achieved by engaging a single activating receptor on resting NK cells. Rather, they require the co-engagement of different activating receptors that use distinct signaling modules, due to a cell-intrinsic inhibition mechanism. The redundancy of synergizing receptors and the inhibition of NK cell function by a single class of inhibitory receptor suggest the presence of common checkpoints to control NK cell activation through different receptors. These molecular checkpoints would be therapeutically targeted to harness the power of NK cells against diverse cancer cells that express heterogeneous ligands for NK cell receptors. Recent advances in understanding the activation of NK cells have revealed promising candidates in this category. Targeting such molecular checkpoints will facilitate NK cell activation by lowering activation thresholds, thereby providing therapeutic strategies that optimize NK cell reactivity against cancer.
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14
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Zwirner NW, Ziblat A. Regulation of NK Cell Activation and Effector Functions by the IL-12 Family of Cytokines: The Case of IL-27. Front Immunol 2017; 8:25. [PMID: 28154569 PMCID: PMC5243847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are characterized by their ability to detect and induce apoptosis of susceptible target cells and by secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines such as IFN-γ. Activation of these effector functions is triggered upon recognition of tumor and pathogen (mostly virus)-infected cells and because of a bidirectional cross talk that NK cells establish with other cells of myeloid origin such as dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. A common characteristic of these myeloid cells is their ability to secrete different members of the IL-12 family of cytokines such as IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27 and cytokines such as IL-15 and IL-18. Although the effect of IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 has been characterized, the effect of IL-23 and IL-27 on NK cells (especially human) remains ill-defined. Particularly, IL-27 is a cytokine with dual functions as it has been described as pro- and as anti-inflammatory in different experimental settings. Recent evidence indicates that this cytokine indeed promotes human NK cell activation, IFN-γ secretion, NKp46-dependent NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and antibody (Ab)-dependent NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against monoclonal Ab-coated tumor cells. Remarkably, IL-27 also primes NK cells for IL-18 responsiveness, enhancing these functional responses. Consequently, IL-27 acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine that, in concert with other DC-derived cytokines, hierarchically contributes to NK cells activation and effector functions, which likely contributes to foster the adaptive immune response in different physiopathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME, CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Ziblat
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME, CONICET) , Ciudad de Buenos Aires , Argentina
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15
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Post-Translational Modification Profiling-Functional Proteomics for the Analysis of Immune Regulation. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1647:139-152. [PMID: 28809000 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7201-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are an integral part of major cellular regulatory mechanisms dictating protein function, localization, and stability. The capacity to screen PTMs using protein microarrays has advanced our ability to identify their targets and regulatory role. This chapter discusses a unique procedure that combines functional extract-based activity assay with large-scale screening utilities of protein microarrays. This "PTM-profiling" system offers advantages in quantitatively identifying modifications in an unbiased manner in the context of specific cellular conditions. While the possibilities of studying PTMs in different settings are enormous, the immune system presents an attractive model for studying the effects of perturbations in PTMs, and specifically the ubiquitin system, as these were already implicated in both immune function and dysfunction. This chapter discusses the significance of PTM profiling in addressing basic questions in immunology. We describe detailed protocols for the preparation of functional cell extracts from immune cell cultures, following differentiation or induced signals, and screening PTMs on protein arrays, as well as basic guidelines for data analysis and interpretation.
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16
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Ricci S, Romano F, Nieddu F, Picard C, Azzari C. OL-EDA-ID Syndrome: a Novel Hypomorphic NEMO Mutation Associated with a Severe Clinical Presentation and Transient HLH. J Clin Immunol 2016; 37:7-11. [PMID: 27838798 PMCID: PMC5226985 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ricci
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Jeffrey Modell Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, University of Florence and Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Francesca Romano
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Jeffrey Modell Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, University of Florence and Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Nieddu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Jeffrey Modell Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, University of Florence and Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Capucine Picard
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, AP-HO, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiences, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Jeffrey Modell Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, University of Florence and Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139, Florence, Italy
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17
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Shi C, Wang F, Tong A, Zhang XQ, Song HM, Liu ZY, Lyu W, Liu YH, Xia WB. NFKB2 mutation in common variable immunodeficiency and isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: A case report and review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5081. [PMID: 27749582 PMCID: PMC5059085 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) with central adrenal insufficiency is a recently defined clinical syndrome caused by mutations in the nuclear factor kappa-B subunit 2 (NFKB2) gene. We present the first case of NFKB2 mutation in Asian population. METHODS AND RESULTS An 18-year-old Chinese female with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency was admitted due to adrenal crisis and pneumonia. She had a history of recurrent respiratory infections since childhood and ectodermal abnormalities were noted during physical examination. Immunologic tests revealed panhypogammaglobulinemia and deficient natural killer (NK)-cell function. DNA sequencing of NFKB2 identified a heterozygous nonsense mutation (c.2563 A>T, p.855: Lys>*) in the patient but not her parents. CONCLUSION Clinicians should be alert to comorbidities of adrenal insufficiency and ectodermal dysplasia in CVID patients as these might suggest a rare hereditary syndrome caused by NFKB2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health
| | - Anli Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health
- Correspondence: Anli Tong, Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China (e-mail: )
| | | | | | | | - Wei Lyu
- Department of Infectious Diseases
| | - Yue-Hua Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Bo Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health
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18
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Kwon HJ, Choi GE, Ryu S, Kwon SJ, Kim SC, Booth C, Nichols KE, Kim HS. Stepwise phosphorylation of p65 promotes NF-κB activation and NK cell responses during target cell recognition. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11686. [PMID: 27221592 PMCID: PMC4894962 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a key transcription factor that dictates the outcome of diverse immune responses. How NF-κB is regulated by multiple activating receptors that are engaged during natural killer (NK)-target cell contact remains undefined. Here we show that sole engagement of NKG2D, 2B4 or DNAM-1 is insufficient for NF-κB activation. Rather, cooperation between these receptors is required at the level of Vav1 for synergistic NF-κB activation. Vav1-dependent synergistic signalling requires a separate PI3K-Akt signal, primarily mediated by NKG2D or DNAM-1, for optimal p65 phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. Vav1 controls downstream p65 phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. Synergistic signalling is defective in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP1) NK cells entailing 2B4 dysfunction and required for p65 phosphorylation by PI3K-Akt signal, suggesting stepwise signalling checkpoint for NF-κB activation. Thus, our study provides a framework explaining how signals from different activating receptors are coordinated to determine specificity and magnitude of NF-κB activation and NK cell responses. NK cell activation requires multiple signals. Here the authors show that while NKG2D, 2B4, or DNAM-1 receptor activation is insufficient to induce cytokine production, these signals synergize by Vav-1-mediated NF-κB multiphosphorylation, and this signaling checkpoint is defective in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Joon Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Seoul 138-735, Korea
| | - Go-Eun Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Seoul 138-735, Korea.,Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Soon Jae Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Seoul 138-735, Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Predisposition, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Seoul 138-735, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-735, Korea.,Cellular Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-735, Korea
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19
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Klemann C, Pannicke U, Morris-Rosendahl DJ, Vlantis K, Rizzi M, Uhlig H, Vraetz T, Speckmann C, Strahm B, Pasparakis M, Schwarz K, Ehl S, Rohr JC. Transplantation from a symptomatic carrier sister restores host defenses but does not prevent colitis in NEMO deficiency. Clin Immunol 2016; 164:52-6. [PMID: 26812624 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) deficiency causes ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency in males, while manifesting as incontinentia pigmenti in heterozygous females. We report a family with NEMO deficiency, in which a female carrier displayed skewed X-inactivation favoring the mutant NEMO allele associated with symptoms of Behçet's disease. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of an affected boy from this donor reconstituted an immune system with retained skewed X-inactivation. After transplantation no more severe infections occurred, indicating that an active wild-type NEMO allele in only 10% of immune cells restores host defense. Yet he developed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While gut infiltrating immune cells stained strongly for nuclear p65 indicating restored NEMO function, this was not the case in intestinal epithelial cells - in contrast to cells from conventional IBD patients. These results extend murine observations that epithelial NEMO-deficiency suffices to cause IBD. High anti-TNF doses controlled the intestinal inflammation and symptoms of Behçet's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klemann
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pannicke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service, Ulm, Germany
| | - Deborah J Morris-Rosendahl
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Katerina Vlantis
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marta Rizzi
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Holm Uhlig
- Department of Pediatrics, and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Thomas Vraetz
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Strahm
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan C Rohr
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.
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20
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Recruitment of A20 by the C-terminal domain of NEMO suppresses NF-κB activation and autoinflammatory disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1612-7. [PMID: 26802121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518163113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-induced NF-κB activation is controlled by NEMO, the NF-κB essential modulator. Hypomorphic NEMO mutations result in X-linked ectodermal dysplasia with anhidrosis and immunodeficiency, also referred to as NEMO syndrome. Here we describe a distinct group of patients with NEMO C-terminal deletion (ΔCT-NEMO) mutations. Individuals harboring these mutations develop inflammatory skin and intestinal disease in addition to ectodermal dysplasia with anhidrosis and immunodeficiency. Both primary cells from these patients, as well as reconstituted cell lines with this deletion, exhibited increased IκB kinase (IKK) activity and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Unlike previously described loss-of-function mutations, ΔCT-NEMO mutants promoted increased NF-κB activation in response to TNF and Toll-like receptor stimulation. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms revealed impaired interactions with A20, a negative regulator of NF-κB activation, leading to prolonged accumulation of K63-ubiquitinated RIP within the TNFR1 signaling complex. Recruitment of A20 to the C-terminal domain of NEMO represents a novel mechanism limiting NF-κB activation by NEMO, and its absence results in autoinflammatory disease.
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21
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Insights into primary immune deficiency from quantitative microscopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1150-62. [PMID: 26078103 PMCID: PMC4641025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genomics-based technology have resulted in an increase in our understanding of the molecular basis of many primary immune deficiencies. Along with this increased knowledge comes an increased responsibility to understand the underlying mechanism of disease, and thus increasingly sophisticated technologies are being used to investigate the cell biology of human immune deficiencies. One such technology, which has itself undergone a recent explosion in innovation, is that of high-resolution microscopy and image analysis. These advances complement innovative studies that have previously shed light on critical cell biological processes that are perturbed by single-gene mutations in primary immune deficiency. Here we highlight advances made specifically in the following cell biological processes: (1) cytoskeletal-related processes; (2) cell signaling; (3) intercellular trafficking; and (4) cellular host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
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22
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Tseng HC, Arasteh A, Kaur K, Kozlowska A, Topchyan P, Jewett A. Differential Cytotoxicity but Augmented IFN-γ Secretion by NK Cells after Interaction with Monocytes from Humans, and Those from Wild Type and Myeloid-Specific COX-2 Knockout Mice. Front Immunol 2015; 6:259. [PMID: 26106386 PMCID: PMC4460808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The list of genes, which augment NK cell function when knocked out in neighboring cells is increasing, and may point to the fundamental function of NK cells targeting cells with diminished capability to differentiate optimally since NK cells are able to target less differentiated cells, and aid in their differentiation. In this paper, we aimed at understanding the effect of monocytes from targeted knockout of COX-2 in myeloid cells (Cox-2flox/flox;LysMCre/+) and from control littermates (Cox-2flox/flox;LysM+/+) on ex vivo function of NK cells. Furthermore, we compared the effect of monocytes treated with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on NK cells from mice and humans. NK cells purified from Cox-2flox/flox;LysMCre/+ mice had heightened cytotoxic activity when compared to those obtained from control littermates. In addition, NK cells cultured with autologous Cox-2flox/flox;LysMCre/+ monocytes and DCs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts from global knockout COX-2, but not with knockout of COX-2 in T cells, had increased cytotoxic function as well as augmented IFN-γ secretion when compared to NK cells from control littermates cultured with monocytes. LPS inhibited NK cell cytotoxicity while increasing IFN-γ secretion when cultured in the presence of monocytes from either Cox-2flox/flox;LysMCre/+ or control littermates. In contrast to mice, NK cells from humans when cultured with monocytes lost cytotoxic function and gained ability to secrete large amounts of IFN-γ, a process, which we had previously coined as “split anergy.” Similar to mice, LPS potentiated the loss of human NK cell cytotoxicity while increasing IFN-γ secretion in the presence of monocytes. Greater loss of cytotoxicity and larger secretion of IFN-γ in NK cells induced by gene knockout cells may be important for the greater need of these cells for differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ching Tseng
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Aida Arasteh
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Anna Kozlowska
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Tumor Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Oral Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Xu Y, Evaristo C, Alegre ML, Gurbuxani S, Kee BL. Analysis of GzmbCre as a Model System for Gene Deletion in the Natural Killer Cell Lineage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125211. [PMID: 25923440 PMCID: PMC4414598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of gene function in mature and activated natural killer cells has been hampered by the lack of model systems for Cre-mediated recombination in these cells. Here we have investigated the utility of GzmbCre for recombination of loxp sequences in these cells predicated on the observation that Gzmb mRNA is highly expressed in mature and activated natural killer cells. Using two different reporter strains we determined that gene function could be investigated in mature natural killer cells after GzmbCre mediated recombination in vitro in conditions that lead to natural killer cell activation such as in the cytokine combination of interleukin 2 and interleukin 12. We demonstrated the utility of this model by creating GzmbCre;Rosa26IKKbca mice in which Cre-mediated recombination resulted in expression of constitutively active IKKβ, which results in activation of the NFκB transcription factor. In vivo and in vitro activation of IKKβ in natural killer cells revealed that constitutive activation of this pathway leads to natural killer cell hyper-activation and altered morphology. As a caveat to the use of GzmbCre we found that this transgene can lead to recombination in all hematopoietic cells the extent of which varies with the particular loxp flanked allele under investigation. We conclude that GzmbCre can be used under some conditions to investigate gene function in mature and activated natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Xu
- Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cesar Evaristo
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rhuematology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rhuematology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Gurbuxani
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Barbara L. Kee
- Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Kutukculer N, Azarsiz E, Karaca NE, Ulusoy E, Koturoglu G, Aksu G. A Clinical and Laboratory Approach to the Evaluation of Innate Immunity in Pediatric CVID Patients. Front Immunol 2015; 6:145. [PMID: 25964782 PMCID: PMC4410606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective adaptive immune responses are well studied in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients; however, more focus is needed on innate immune system defects to explain CVID’s clinical and laboratory heterogeneity. This is the first study comparing migratory function of granulocytes, oxidative burst activity of phagocytic cells, surface integrin expressions on neutrophils and lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cell numbers and cytotoxic activity, natural killer T cells, lymphocyte subsets such as CD8+CD28+, CD4+CTLA-4+ cells in CVID patients (n: 20) and healthy controls (n: 26). The relationship between laboratory findings and some clinical was also investigated. CD3+CD8+ T cytotoxic cells were found to be elevated in CVID patients, but CD3+CD8+CD28+ or CD3+CD8+CD28− cells did not show any significant difference. CD4+CTLA-4+ cell percentages were significantly lower in CVID patients compared to healthy controls. Severe CVID patients had decreased percentages of NK cells with increased NK cell cytotoxicity suggesting possibly increased activation. Furthermore, CD3−CD16+CD56+CD28+ cells of CVID patients were elevated while percentage of CD28− NK cells was decreased. Neutrophil migration percentages were lower but and oxidative burst activity was not affected. CD11a expressions on these cells were depressed in contrast to increased expression of CD18. Innate immunity defects may affect the extent of recurrence and severity of infections in CVID. Our observations highlight some of these associations and indicate the need for further similar studies for improving better innate system evaluation batteries for these patients. Further phenotypic correlations of these analyses will help clinicians reach a more definitive target for the molecular genetic diagnostic of pediatric CVID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necil Kutukculer
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Elif Azarsiz
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Neslihan Edeer Karaca
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Ezgi Ulusoy
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Guldane Koturoglu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Guzide Aksu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
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25
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Kamili QUA, Seeborg FO, Saxena K, Nicholas SK, Banerjee PP, Angelo LS, Mace EM, Forbes LR, Martinez C, Wright TS, Orange JS, Hanson IC. Severe cutaneous human papillomavirus infection associated with natural killer cell deficiency following stem cell transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1451-1453.e1. [PMID: 25159470 PMCID: PMC5182041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors identify Natural Killer cell deficiency in post-transplant severe combined immunodeficiency patients who developed severe human papilloma virus infections as a long term complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat Ul Ain Kamili
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Division of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Filiz O Seeborg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Kapil Saxena
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Sarah K Nicholas
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Pinaki P Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Caridad Martinez
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Teresa S Wright
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Imelda Celine Hanson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
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Abstract
Identification of the molecular etiologies of primary immunodeficiencies has led to important insights into the development and function of the immune system. We report here the cause of combined immunodeficiency in 4 patients from 2 different consanguineous Qatari families with similar clinical and immunologic phenotypes. The patients presented at an early age with fungal, viral, and bacterial infections and hypogammaglobulinemia. Although their B- and T-cell numbers were normal, they had low regulatory T-cell and NK-cell numbers. Moreover, patients' T cells were mostly CD45RA(+)-naive cells and were defective in activation after T-cell receptor stimulation. All patients contained the same homozygous nonsense mutation in IKBKB (R286X), revealed by whole-exome sequencing with undetectable IKKβ and severely decreased NEMO proteins. Mutant IKKβ(R286X) was unable to complex with IKKα/NEMO. Immortalized patient B cells displayed impaired IκBα phosphorylation and NFκB nuclear translocation. These data indicate that mutated IKBKB is the likely cause of immunodeficiency in these 4 patients.
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Gray CM, Remouchamps C, McCorkell KA, Solt LA, Dejardin E, Orange JS, May MJ. Noncanonical NF-κB signaling is limited by classical NF-κB activity. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra13. [PMID: 24497610 PMCID: PMC3960999 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Precise regulation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling is crucial for normal immune responses, and defective NF-κB activity underlies a range of immunodeficiencies. NF-κB is activated through two signaling cascades: the classical and noncanonical pathways. The classical pathway requires inhibitor of κB kinase β (IKKβ) and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), and hypomorphic mutations in the gene encoding NEMO (ikbkg) lead to inherited immunodeficiencies, collectively termed NEMO-ID. Noncanonical NF-κB activation requires NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) and IKKα, but not NEMO. We found that noncanonical NF-κB was basally active in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from NEMO-ID patients and that noncanonical NF-κB signaling was similarly enhanced in cell lines lacking functional NEMO. NIK, which normally undergoes constitutive degradation, was aberrantly present in resting NEMO-deficient cells, and regulation of its abundance was rescued by reconstitution with full-length NEMO, but not a mutant NEMO protein unable to physically associate with IKKα or IKKβ. Binding of NEMO to IKKα was not required for ligand-dependent stabilization of NIK or noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Rather, an intact and functional IKK complex was essential to suppress basal NIK activity in unstimulated cells. Despite interacting with IKKα and IKKβ to form an IKK complex, NEMO mutants associated with immunodeficiency failed to rescue classical NF-κB signaling or reverse the accumulation of NIK. Together, these findings identify a crucial role for classical NF-κB activity in the suppression of basal noncanonical NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Gray
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Caroline Remouchamps
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, The University of Liège-GIGA Research, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kelly A. McCorkell
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Emmanuel Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, The University of Liège-GIGA Research, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Section of Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael J. May
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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28
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Beaulieu AM, Bezman NA, Lee JE, Matloubian M, Sun JC, Lanier LL. MicroRNA function in NK-cell biology. Immunol Rev 2013; 253:40-52. [PMID: 23550637 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The important role of microRNAs in directing immune responses has become increasingly clear. Here, we highlight discoveries uncovering the role of specific microRNAs in regulating the development and function of natural killer (NK) cells. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of NK cells on the entire immune system during global and specific microRNA ablation in the settings of inflammation, infection, and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Beaulieu
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Orange JS. Natural killer cell deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:515-525. [PMID: 23993353 PMCID: PMC3917661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune defense against infection and cancer and are especially useful in combating certain viral pathogens. The utility of NK cells in human health has been underscored by a growing number of persons who are deficient in NK cells and/or their functions. This can be in the context of a broader genetically defined congenital immunodeficiency, of which there are more than 40 presently known to impair NK cells. However, the abnormality of NK cells in certain cases represents the majority immunologic defect. In aggregate, these conditions are termed NK cell deficiency. Recent advances have added clarity to this diagnosis and identified defects in 3 genes that can cause NK cell deficiency, as well as some of the underlying biology. Appropriate consideration of these diagnoses and patients raises the potential for rational therapeutic options and further innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Orange
- Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine and the Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex.
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30
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Hesker PR, Krupnick AS. The role of natural killer cells in pulmonary immunosurveillance. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2013; 5:575-587. [PMID: 23277070 PMCID: PMC4413461 DOI: 10.2741/s391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were originally identified as lymphocytes capable of killing cancer cells without prior sensitization (1). Further characterization of these cells in both humans and rodent models has expanded their role towards a broad-based immunosurveillance of diseased and healthy peripheral tissues. Among peripheral organs, the lung contains the largest percentage of NK cells. Accordingly, NK cells are implicated in many immunological responses within the lung, including innate effector functions as well as initiation of the adaptive immune response. In this article, we review the characteristics of NK cells, current models of NK maturation and cell activation, migration of NKs to the lung, and effector functions of NKs in cancer and infection in the airways. Specific emphasis is placed on the functional significance of NKs in cancer immunosurveillance. Therapeutic modulation of NK cells appears to be a challenging but promising approach to limit cancer, inflammation, and infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Rose Hesker
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO
| | - Alexander Sasha Krupnick
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO
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31
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Mark BJ, Becker BA, Halloran DR, Bree AF, Sindwani R, Fete MD, Motil KJ, Srun SW, Fete TJ. Prevalence of atopic disorders and immunodeficiency in patients with ectodermal dysplasia syndromes. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 108:435-8. [PMID: 22626597 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) syndromes are a diverse group of disorders that affect multiple ectodermally derived tissues. Small studies and case reports suggest an increase in atopy and primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) among patients with ED syndromes. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of clinical symptoms suggestive of atopy or immunodeficiency among a large cohort of children with ED syndromes. METHODS A 9-page questionnaire was mailed to families who were members of the National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias. The surveys were completed by parents of children younger than 18 years with a diagnosis of an ED syndrome or carrier state. Portions of the questionnaire were adapted from previously validated questionnaires developed by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). RESULTS We received 347 completed questionnaires (41%). When compared with the 13- to 14-year-old children surveyed by ISAAC, we found both all-aged and age-matched children with ED syndromes, respectively, had significantly higher rates of asthma (32.2% and 37.2% vs 16.4%), rhinitis symptoms (76.1% and 78.3% vs 38.9%), and eczema (58.9% and 48.9% vs 8.2%). The prevalence of physician-diagnosed food allergies (20.7%) and PIDs (6.1%) in these ED patients also exceeded known rates in the general pediatric population. CONCLUSION This large-scale, retrospective study demonstrates a greater reported prevalence of symptoms suggestive of atopic disorders and PIDs among children with ED syndromes than the general pediatric population. A combination of genetic and environmental factors in ED syndromes may contribute to breaches of skin and mucosal barriers, permitting enhanced transmission and sensitization to irritants, allergens, and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Mark
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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32
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Infectious diseases in patients with IRAK-4, MyD88, NEMO, or IκBα deficiency. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:490-7. [PMID: 21734245 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00001-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive IRAK-4 and MyD88 deficiencies predispose affected patients to recurrent invasive pyogenic bacterial infection. Both defects result in the selective impairment of cellular responses to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) other than TLR3 and of cellular responses to most interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs), including IL-1R, IL-18R, and IL-33R. Hypomorphic mutations in the X-linked NEMO gene and hypermorphic mutations in the autosomal IKBA gene cause X-linked recessive and autosomal dominant anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID) syndromes. Both of these defects impair NF-κB-mediated cellular responses to multiple receptors, including TLRs, IL-1Rs, and tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNF-Rs). They therefore confer a much broader predisposition to infections than that for IRAK-4 and MyD88 deficiencies. These disorders were initially thought to be rare but have now been diagnosed in over 170 patients worldwide. We review here the infectious diseases affecting patients with inborn errors of NF-κB-dependent TLR and IL-1R immunity.
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Mizukami T, Obara M, Nishikomori R, Kawai T, Tahara Y, Sameshima N, Marutsuka K, Nakase H, Kimura N, Heike T, Nunoi H. Successful treatment with infliximab for inflammatory colitis in a patient with X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2011; 32:39-49. [PMID: 21993693 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (X-EDA-ID) is caused by hypomorphic mutations in the gene encoding nuclear factor-κB essential modulator protein (NEMO). Patients are susceptibile to diverse pathogens due to insufficient cytokine and frequently show severe chronic colitis. An 11-year-old boy with X-EDA-ID was hospitalized with autoimmune symptoms and severe chronic colitis which had been refractory to immunosuppressive drugs. Since tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α is responsible for the pathogenesis of NEMO colitis according to intestinal NEMO and additional TNFR1 knockout mice studies, and high levels of TNFα-producing mononuclear cells were detected in the patient due to the unexpected gene reversion mosaicism of NEMO, an anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody was administered to ameliorate his abdominal symptoms. Repeated administrations improved his colonoscopic findings as well as his dry skin along with a reduction of TNFα-expressing T cells. These findings suggest TNF blockade therapy is of value for refractory NEMO colitis with gene reversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Mizukami
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
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34
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Audry M, Ciancanelli M, Yang K, Cobat A, Chang HH, Sancho-Shimizu V, Lorenzo L, Niehues T, Reichenbach J, Li XX, Israel A, Abel L, Casanova JL, Zhang SY, Jouanguy E, Puel A. NEMO is a key component of NF-κB- and IRF-3-dependent TLR3-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:610-7.e1-4. [PMID: 21722947 PMCID: PMC3164951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with germline mutations in Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), UNC93B1, TNF receptor-associated factor 3, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 are prone to herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis, owing to impaired TLR3-triggered, UNC-93B-dependent, IFN-α/β, and/or IFN-λ-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-dependent immunity. OBJECTIVE We explore here the molecular basis of the pathogenesis of herpes simplex encephalitis in a child with a hypomorphic mutation in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) essential modulator, which encodes the regulatory subunit of the inhibitor of the Iκβ kinase complex. METHODS The TLR3 signaling pathway was investigated in the patient's fibroblasts by analyses of IFN-β, IFN-λ, and IL-6 mRNA and protein levels, by quantitative PCR and ELISA, respectively, upon TLR3 stimulation (TLR3 agonists or TLR3-dependent viruses). NF-κB activation was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and interferon regulatory factor 3 dimerization on native gels after stimulation with a TLR3 agonist. RESULTS The patient's fibroblasts displayed impaired responses to TLR3 stimulation in terms of IFN-β, IFN-λ, and IL-6 production, owing to impaired activation of both NF-κB and IRF-3. Moreover, vesicular stomatitis virus, a potent IFN-inducer in human fibroblasts, and herpes simplex virus-1, induced only low levels of IFN-β and IFN-λ in the patient's fibroblasts, resulting in enhanced viral replication and cell death, as reported for UNC-93B-deficient fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Herpes simplex encephalitis may occur in patients carrying NF-κB essential modulator mutations, due to the impairment of NF-κB- and interferon regulatory factor 3-dependent-TLR3-mediated antiviral IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Audry
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065 NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
| | - Michael Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065 NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
| | - Kun Yang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
- French-Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Aurelie Cobat
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065 NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
| | - Huey-Hsuan Chang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065 NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065 NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
| | - Tim Niehues
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Centre for Child Health, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf D-40225, Germany, EU
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Division of Immunology, Hematology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Xia Li
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Alain Israel
- Molecular Signaling and Cellular Activation Unit, URA 2582 CNRS Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France, EU
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065 NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065 NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
- French-Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris 75015, France, EU
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065 NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
- French-Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065 NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
- French-Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Sciences, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Anne Puel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065 NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U980, University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, 75015 France, EU
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Karakawa S, Okada S, Tsumura M, Mizoguchi Y, Ohno N, Yasunaga S, Ohtsubo M, Kawai T, Nishikomori R, Sakaguchi T, Takihara Y, Kobayashi M. Decreased expression in nuclear factor-κB essential modulator due to a novel splice-site mutation causes X-linked ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2011; 31:762-72. [PMID: 21720903 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
X-linked ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (XL-ED-ID) is caused by hypomorphic mutations in NEMO, which encodes nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) essential modulator. We identified a novel mutation, 769-1 G>C, at the splicing acceptor site of exon 7 in NEMO in a Japanese patient with XL-ED-ID. Although various abnormally spliced NEMO messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were observed, a small amount of wild-type (WT) mRNA was also identified. Decreased NEMO protein expression was detected in various lineages of leukocytes. Although one abnormally spliced NEMO protein showed residual NF-κB transcription activity, it did not seem to exert a dominant-negative effect against WT-NEMO activity. CD4(+) T cell proliferation was impaired in response to measles and mumps, but not rubella. These results were consistent with the clinical and laboratory findings of the patient, suggesting the functional importance of NEMO against specific viral infections. The 769-1 G>C mutation is responsible for decreased WT-NEMO protein expression, resulting in the development of XL-ED-ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Karakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Casanova JL, Abel L, Quintana-Murci L. Human TLRs and IL-1Rs in host defense: natural insights from evolutionary, epidemiological, and clinical genetics. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:447-91. [PMID: 21219179 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs) have TIR intracellular domains that engage two main signaling pathways, via the TIR-containing adaptors MyD88 (which is not used by TLR3) and TRIF (which is used only by TLR3 and TLR4). Extensive studies in inbred mice in various experimental settings have attributed key roles in immunity to TLR- and IL-1R-mediated responses, but what contribution do human TLRs and IL-1Rs actually make to host defense in the natural setting? Evolutionary genetic studies have shown that human intracellular TLRs have evolved under stronger purifying selection than surface-expressed TLRs, for which the frequency of missense and nonsense alleles is high in the general population. Epidemiological genetic studies have yet to provide convincing evidence of a major contribution of common variants of human TLRs, IL-1Rs, or their adaptors to host defense. Clinical genetic studies have revealed that rare mutations affecting the TLR3-TRIF pathway underlie herpes simplex virus encephalitis, whereas mutations in the TIR-MyD88 pathway underlie pyogenic bacterial diseases in childhood. A careful reconsideration of the contributions of TLRs and IL-1Rs to host defense in natura is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Karamchandani-Patel G, Hanson EP, Saltzman R, Kimball CE, Sorensen RU, Orange JS. Congenital alterations of NEMO glutamic acid 223 result in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency with normal serum IgG levels. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 107:50-6. [PMID: 21704885 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypomorphic mutations in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO) gene result in a variable syndrome of somatic and immunologic abnormalities. Clinically relevant genotype-phenotype associations are essential to understanding this complex disease. OBJECTIVE To study 2 unrelated boys with novel NEMO mutations altering codon 223 for similarity in phenotype in consideration of potential genotype-phenotype associations. METHODS Clinical and laboratory features, including cell counts, immunoglobulin quantity and quality, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and Toll-like and tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling, were evaluated. Because both mutations affected NEMO codon 223 and were novel, consideration was given to new potential genotype-phenotype associations. RESULTS Both patients were diagnosed as having hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and had severe or recurrent infections. One had recurrent sinopulmonary infections and the other necrotizing soft tissue methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and Streptococcus anginosus subdural empyema with bacteremia. NEMO gene sequence demonstrated a 3-nucleotide deletion (c.667_669delGAG) in one patient and a substitution (667G>A) in the other. These findings predict either the deletion of NEMO glutamic acid 223 or it being replaced with lysine, respectively. Both patients had normal serum IgG levels but poor specific antibodies. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity and Toll-like and tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling were also impaired. Serious bacterial infection did not occur in both patients after immunoglobulin replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS Two different novel mutations affecting NEMO glutamic acid 223 resulted in clinically relevant similar phenotypes, providing further evidence to support genotype-phenotype correlations in this disease. They suggest NEMO residue 223 is required for ectodermal development and immunity and is apparently dispensable for quantitative IgG production but may be required for specific antibody production.
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38
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Pyzik M, Charbonneau B, Gendron-Pontbriand EM, Babić M, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S, Vidal SM. Distinct MHC class I-dependent NK cell-activating receptors control cytomegalovirus infection in different mouse strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1105-17. [PMID: 21518798 PMCID: PMC3092355 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MCMV-infected cells are recognized by multiple MHC class I–restricted Ly49-activating receptors in genetically distinct mouse strains. Recognition of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)–infected cells by activating NK cell receptors was first described in the context of Ly49H, which confers resistance to C57BL/6 mice. We investigated the ability of other activating Ly49 receptors to recognize MCMV-infected cells in mice from various H-2 backgrounds. We observed that Ly49P1 from NOD/Ltj mice, Ly49L from BALB mice, and Ly49D2 from PWK/Pas mice respond to MCMV-infected cells in the context of H-2Dk and the viral protein m04/gp34. Recognition was also seen in the H-2d and/or H-2f contexts, depending on the Ly49 receptor examined, but never in H-2b. Furthermore, BALB.K (H-2k) mice showed reduced viral loads compared with their H-2d or H-2b congenic partners, a reduction which was dependent on interferon γ secretion by Ly49L+ NK cells early after infection. Adoptive transfer of Ly49L+, but not Ly49L−, NK cells significantly increased resistance against MCMV infection in neonate BALB.K mice. These results suggest that multiple activating Ly49 receptors participate in H-2–dependent recognition of MCMV infection, providing a common mechanism of NK cell–mediated resistance against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Pyzik
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T5, Canada
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Abstract
Inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) gamma (IKKγ), also known as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO), is a component of the IKK complex that is essential for the activation of the NF-κB pathway. The NF-κB pathway plays a major role in the regulation of the expression of genes that are involved in immune response, inflammation, cell adhesion, cell survival and development. As part of the IKK complex, IKKγ plays a regulatory role by linking the complex to upstream signalling molecules. IKKγ contains two coiled-coil regions, a leucine zipper domain and a highly conserved zinc finger domain. Mutations affecting IKKγ have been associated with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immune deficiency (HED-ID), with the majority of these mutations affecting the C-terminal region of the protein where the zinc finger is located. The zinc finger of IKKγ is needed for NF-κB activation in a cell- and stimulus-specific manner. The major mechanism by which the zinc finger plays this role appears to be the recognition of polyubiquitinated upstream signalling intermediates. This assertion reinforces the current notion that ubiquitination plays a major role in mediating protein–protein interactions in the NF-κB signalling pathway. Because the zinc finger domain of IKKγ is very likely involved in mediating interactions with ubiquitinated proteins, investigations that look for upstream activators or inhibitors of the IKK complex that bind to and interact with the zinc finger of IKKγ are required to gain a better insight into the exact roles of this domain and into the pathogenesis of HED-ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amde Selassie Shifera
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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40
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Nakamoto Y, Mizukoshi E, Kitahara M, Arihara F, Sakai Y, Kakinoki K, Fujita Y, Marukawa Y, Arai K, Yamashita T, Mukaida N, Matsushima K, Matsui O, Kaneko S. Prolonged recurrence-free survival following OK432-stimulated dendritic cell transfer into hepatocellular carcinoma during transarterial embolization. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:165-77. [PMID: 21087443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite curative locoregional treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), tumour recurrence rates remain high. The current study was designed to assess the safety and bioactivity of infusion of dendritic cells (DCs) stimulated with OK432, a streptococcus-derived anti-cancer immunotherapeutic agent, into tumour tissues following transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization (TAE) treatment in patients with HCC. DCs were derived from peripheral blood monocytes of patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis and HCC in the presence of interleukin (IL)-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and stimulated with 0·1 KE/ml OK432 for 2 days. Thirteen patients were administered with 5 × 10⁶ of DCs through arterial catheter during the procedures of TAE treatment on day 7. The immunomodulatory effects and clinical responses were evaluated in comparison with a group of 22 historical controls treated with TAE but without DC transfer. OK432 stimulation of immature DCs promoted their maturation towards cells with activated phenotypes, high expression of a homing receptor, fairly well-preserved phagocytic capacity, greatly enhanced cytokine production and effective tumoricidal activity. Administration of OK432-stimulated DCs to patients was found to be feasible and safe. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed prolonged recurrence-free survival of patients treated in this manner compared with the historical controls (P = 0·046, log-rank test). The bioactivity of the transferred DCs was reflected in higher serum concentrations of the cytokines IL-9, IL-15 and tumour necrosis factor-α and the chemokines CCL4 and CCL11. Collectively, this study suggests that a DC-based, active immunotherapeutic strategy in combination with locoregional treatments exerts beneficial anti-tumour effects against liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakamoto
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan
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41
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Monaco-Shawver L, Schwartz L, Tuluc F, Guo CJ, Lai JP, Gunnam SM, Kilpatrick LE, Banerjee PP, Douglas SD, Orange JS. Substance P inhibits natural killer cell cytotoxicity through the neurokinin-1 receptor. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:113-25. [PMID: 20940324 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SP is a potent neuroimmunomodulator that functions through ligating members of the neurokinin receptor family, one of which, NK1R, is widely expressed in immune cells. As in humans, circulating SP levels are increased in pathologic states associated with impairment of NK cell functions, such as depression and HIV infection, we hypothesized that SP has a direct, inhibitory effect upon NK cells. We have studied a clonal human NK cell line (YTS) as well as ex vivo human NK cells and have determined that truncated and full-length NK1R isoforms are expressed in and SP bound by ex vivo NK cells and the YTS NK cell line. Incubation of YTS cells with 10⁻⁶ M SP and ex vivo NK cells with 10⁻⁵ M SP inhibited cytotoxic ability by ∼20% and reduced degranulation. This inhibitory effect upon cytotoxicity was partially prevented by the NK1R antagonist CP96,345. The treatment of YTS or ex vivo NK cells with SP neither down-modulated NCR expression nor affected triggering receptor-induced NF-κB activation. Preincubation of YTS cells with SP, however, did abbreviate the typically prolonged intracellular calcium increase induced by target cell engagement and reduced triggering receptor-induced pERK. Thus, SP has the potential to regulate NK cell functions and acts downstream from neurokinin receptors to modulate NK cell activation signaling. This mechanism may contribute to impairment of NK cell function in certain disease states associated with increased circulating SP. Antagonism of this system may present an opportunity to augment NK cell function therapeutically in selected human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Monaco-Shawver
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Watzl C, Long EO. Signal transduction during activation and inhibition of natural killer cells. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2010; Chapter 11:Unit 11.9B. [PMID: 20814939 PMCID: PMC3857016 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1109bs90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important for early immune responses to viral infections and cancer. Upon activation, NK cells secrete cytokines and chemokines, and kill sensitive target cells by releasing the content of cytolytic granules. This unit is focused on the signal transduction pathways that regulate NK cell activities in response to contact with other cells. We will highlight signals regulating NK cell adhesion to target cells and describe the induction of cellular cytotoxicity by the engagement of different NK cell activation receptors. Negative signaling induced by inhibitory receptors opposes NK cell activation and provides an important safeguard from NK cell reactivity toward normal, healthy cells. We will discuss the complex integration of the different signals that occur during interaction of NK cells with target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Watzl
- Institute for Immunology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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A mutation of Ikbkg causes immune deficiency without impairing degradation of IkappaB alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:3046-51. [PMID: 20133626 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0915098107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Null alleles of the gene encoding NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modulator) are lethal in hemizygous mice and men, whereas hypomorphic alleles typically cause a syndrome of immune deficiency and ectodermal dysplasia. Here we describe an allele of Ikbkg in mice that impaired Toll-like receptor signaling, lymph node formation, development of memory and regulatory T cells, and Ig production, but did not cause ectodermal dysplasia. Degradation of IkappaB alpha, which is considered a primary requirement for NEMO-mediated immune signaling, occurred normally in response to Toll-like receptor stimulation, yet ERK phosphorylation and NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation were severely impaired. This selective loss of function highlights the immunological importance of NEMO-regulated pathways beyond IkappaB alpha degradation, and offers a biochemical explanation for rare immune deficiencies in man.
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Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency: case report and review of outcomes. Immunol Res 2009; 44:89-98. [PMID: 19225723 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypomorphic mutations in nuclear factor kappa B essential modulator (NEMO) cause X-linked ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (X-ED-ID). Clinical manifestations in boys with X-ED-ID apart from ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency include osteopetrosis, lymphedema, and colitis. Further description of atypical findings in this disorder is needed. Treatment with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is in its infancy, and how or whether non-immune manifestations of defective NEMO function are impacted by HSCT is poorly described. We report an interesting case of a boy with NEMO mutation who had symptoms reminiscent of Omenn's syndrome and small intestinal villous atrophy with features reminiscent of tufting enteropathy. We describe his treatment course as well as reconstitution of immune function and correction of osteopetrosis post-HSCT, and review the cases of allogeneic HSCT reported to date in the literature.
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45
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Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009; 22:240-73, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19366914 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00046-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2036] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect distinct evolutionarily conserved structures on pathogens, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Among the PRRs, the Toll-like receptors have been studied most extensively. Upon PAMP engagement, PRRs trigger intracellular signaling cascades ultimately culminating in the expression of a variety of proinflammatory molecules, which together orchestrate the early host response to infection, and also is a prerequisite for the subsequent activation and shaping of adaptive immunity. In order to avoid immunopathology, this system is tightly regulated by a number of endogenous molecules that limit the magnitude and duration of the inflammatory response. Moreover, pathogenic microbes have developed sophisticated molecular strategies to subvert host defenses by interfering with molecules involved in inflammatory signaling. This review presents current knowledge on pathogen recognition through different families of PRRs and the increasingly complex signaling pathways responsible for activation of an inflammatory and antimicrobial response. Moreover, medical implications are discussed, including the role of PRRs in primary immunodeficiencies and in the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases, as well as the possibilities for translation into clinical and therapeutic applications.
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46
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Vallabhapurapu S, Karin M. Regulation and function of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol 2009; 27:693-733. [PMID: 19302050 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2041] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Rel/NF-kappaB family of transcription factors, including RelA, c-Rel, RelB, NF-kappaB1 (p50 and its precursor p105), and NF-kappaB2 (p52 and its precursor p100), plays a central role in the immune system by regulating several processes ranging from the development and survival of lymphocytes and lymphoid organs to the control of immune responses and malignant transformation. The five members of the NF-kappaB family are normally kept inactive in the cytoplasm by interaction with inhibitors called IkappaBs or the unprocessed forms of NF-kappaB1 and NF-kappaB2. A wide variety of signals emanating from antigen receptors, pattern-recognition receptors, receptors for the members of TNF and IL-1 cytokine families, and others induce differential activation of NF-kappaB heterodimers. Although work over the past two decades has shed significant light on the regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factors and their functions, much progress has been made in the past two years revealing new insights into the regulation and functions of NF-kappaB. This recent progress is covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Vallabhapurapu
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California 93093, USA
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47
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Singh A, Zarember KA, Kuhns DB, Gallin JI. Impaired priming and activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase in patients with IRAK4 or NEMO deficiency. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:6410-7. [PMID: 19414794 PMCID: PMC3733113 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (NOX), an oligomeric enzyme, plays a key role in polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-mediated host defense by producing cytotoxic superoxide anion (O(2)( )). Whereas in vitro and biochemical studies have examined the assembly and activation of this important host immune defense system, few studies have examined the function of NOX in human patients with primary immunodeficiency other than chronic granulomatous disease. We studied the activation of NOX in PMN from patients with two distinct immunodeficiencies, IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK)4 deficiency and NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO or IkappaB kinase gamma) deficiency. We observed impaired O(2)( ) generation by LPS-treated and fMLP-activated IRAK4-deficient PMN that correlated with decreased phosphorylation of p47(phox) and subnormal translocation of p47(phox), p67(phox), Rac2, and gp91(phox)/Nox2 to the membranes indicating that TLR4 signaling to the NOX activation pathway requires IRAK4. NEMO-deficient PMN generated significantly less O(2)( ) in response to LPS-primed fMLP and translocated less p67(phox) than normal PMN, although p47(phox) and Rac2 translocation were normal. Generally, responses of NEMO-deficient cells were intermediate between IRAK4-deficient cells and normal cells. Decreased LPS- and fMLP-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in both IRAK4- and NEMO-deficient PMN implicates additional signal transduction pathways in regulating PMN activation by LPS and fMLP. Decreased activation of NOX may contribute to the increased risk of infection seen in patients with IRAK4 and NEMO deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Singh
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Room 10CRC/5-3816, MSC-1456, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Kol A. Zarember
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Room 10CRC/5-3816, MSC-1456, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Douglas B. Kuhns
- Clinical Services Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - John I. Gallin
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Room 10CRC/5-3816, MSC-1456, Bethesda, MD, 20892
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48
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Pai SY, Levy O, Jabara HH, Glickman JN, Stoler-Barak L, Sachs J, Nurko S, Orange JS, Geha RS. Allogeneic transplantation successfully corrects immune defects, but not susceptibility to colitis, in a patient with nuclear factor-kappaB essential modulator deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:1113-1118.e1. [PMID: 18851875 PMCID: PMC6141239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boys with X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency caused by mutations of nuclear factor-kappaB essential modulator have defects in innate and adaptive immunity, and some have colitis. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether curing the immune defect in such patients by means of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation abolishes the susceptibility to colitis. METHODS A boy with X-linked hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency underwent allogeneic transplantation from a matched unaffected sibling identified by means of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Toll-like receptor (TLR) function was assessed by measuring TLR agonist-induced cytokine production in whole blood tested in vitro. B-cell proliferation was measured by means of tritiated thymidine incorporation. Natural killer cell function was examined in PBMCs by means of K562 target cell lysis. Colitis severity was assessed clinically based on corticosteroid requirement and histology of large intestinal biopsy specimens. RESULTS Defects in cytokine production in response to TLR agonists, CD40-mediated proliferation, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity were all corrected after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Despite successful hematopoietic and immune reconstitution, the patient continued to have flares of colitis, often associated with bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strongly suggest that nuclear factor-kappaB essential modulator deficiency intrinsic to the intestinal epithelium is sufficient to predispose to colitis, despite robust correction of immune defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yun Pai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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49
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Hanson EP, Monaco-Shawver L, Solt LA, Madge LA, Banerjee PP, May MJ, Orange JS. Hypomorphic nuclear factor-kappaB essential modulator mutation database and reconstitution system identifies phenotypic and immunologic diversity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:1169-1177.e16. [PMID: 18851874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human hypomorphic nuclear factor-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO) mutations cause diverse clinical and immunologic phenotypes, but understanding of their scope and mechanistic links to immune function and genotype is incomplete. OBJECTIVE We created and analyzed a database of hypomorphic NEMO mutations to determine the spectrum of phenotypes and their associated genotypes and sought to establish a standardized NEMO reconstitution system to obtain mechanistic insights. METHODS Phenotypes of 72 individuals with NEMO mutations were compiled. NEMO L153R and C417R were investigated further in a reconstitution system. TNF-alpha or Toll-like receptor (TLR)-5 signals were evaluated for nuclear factor-kappaB activation, programmed cell death, and A20 gene expression. RESULTS Thirty-two different mutations were identified; 53% affect the zinc finger domain. Seventy-seven percent were associated with ectodermal dysplasia, 86% with serious pyogenic infection, 39% with mycobacterial infection, 19% with serious viral infection, and 23% with inflammatory diseases. Thirty-six percent of individuals died at a mean age of 6.4 years. CD40, IL-1, TNF-alpha, TLR, and T-cell receptor signals were impaired in 15 of 16 (94%), 6 of 7 (86%), 9 of 11 (82%), 9 of 14 (64%), and 7 of 18 (39%), respectively. Hypomorphism-reconstituted NEMO-deficient cells demonstrated partial restoration of NEMO functions. Although both L153R and C417R impaired TLR and TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation, L153R also increased TNF-alpha-induced programmed cell death with decreased A20 expression. CONCLUSION Distinct NEMO hypomorphs define specific disease and genetic characteristics. A reconstitution system can identify attributes of hypomorphisms independent of an individual's genetic background. Apoptosis susceptibility in L153R reconstituted cells defines a specific phenotype of this mutation that likely contributes to the excessive inflammation with which it is clinically associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Hanson
- Division of Rheumatology, Joseph Stokes Jr Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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50
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Salt BH, Niemela JE, Pandey R, Hanson EP, Deering RP, Quinones R, Jain A, Orange JS, Gelfand EW. IKBKG (nuclear factor-kappa B essential modulator) mutation can be associated with opportunistic infection without impairing Toll-like receptor function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:976-82. [PMID: 18179816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with hypomorphic nuclear factor-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO) mutations have extensive phenotypic variability that can include atypical infectious susceptibility. OBJECTIVE This study may provide important insight into immunologic mechanisms of host defense. METHODS Immunologic evaluation, including studies of Toll-like receptor (TLR) function, was performed in a 6-month-old boy with normal ectodermal development who was diagnosed with Pneumocystis pneumonia and cytomegalovirus sepsis. RESULTS Genomic and cDNA sequencing demonstrated a novel NEMO missense mutation, 337G->A, predicted to cause a D113N (aspartic acid to asparagine) substitution in the first coiled-coil region of the NEMO protein. Quantitative serum immunoglobulins, lymphocyte subset numbers, and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were essentially normal. The PBMC responses to TLR ligands were also surprisingly normal, whereas natural killer cell cytolytic activity, T-cell proliferative responses to specific antigens, and T-cell receptor-induced NF-kappaB activation were diminished. CONCLUSION Unlike the unique NEMO mutation described here, the most commonly reported mutations are clustered at the 3' end in the tenth exon, which encodes a zinc finger domain. Because specific hypomorphic variants of NEMO are associated with distinctive phenotypes, this particular NEMO mutation highlights a dispensability of the region including amino acid 113 for TLR signaling and ectodysplasin A receptor function. This region is required for certain immunoreceptor functions as demonstrated by his susceptibility to infections as well as natural killer cell and T-cell defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn H Salt
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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