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Kwok C, Nolan M. Cardiotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs: cellular mechanisms and clinical implications. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1150569. [PMID: 37745115 PMCID: PMC10516301 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1150569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardio-oncology is an emerging field that seeks to enhance quality of life and longevity of cancer survivors. It is pertinent for clinicians to understand the cellular mechanisms of prescribed therapies, as this contributes to robust understanding of complex treatments and off-target effects, improved communication with patients, and guides long term care with the goal to minimise or prevent cardiovascular complications. Our aim is to review the cellular mechanisms of cardiotoxicity involved in commonly used anti-cancer treatments and identify gaps in literature and strategies to mitigate cardiotoxicity effects and guide future research endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Kwok
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Nolan
- Department of Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Cardiovascular Imaging, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Pous A, Notario L, Hierro C, Layos L, Bugés C. HER2-Positive Gastric Cancer: The Role of Immunotherapy and Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11403. [PMID: 37511163 PMCID: PMC10380453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is an aggressive disease with increasing global incidence in recent years. Human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in approximately 10-20% of gastric cancers. The implementation of targeted therapy against HER2 as part of the standard of care treatment in metastatic disease has improved the prognosis of this subset of patients. However, gastric cancer still has high mortality rates and urgently requires new treatment strategies. The combination of immunotherapy with HER2-targeted therapies has shown synergistic effects in preclinical models, this being the rationale behind exploring this combination in clinical trials in locally advanced and metastatic settings. Additionally, the irruption of antibody-drug conjugates and other novel HER2-targeted agents has led to the development of numerous clinical trials showing promising results. This review presents the molecular mechanisms supporting the use of HER2-targeted drugs in combination with immunotherapy and provides an overview of the therapeutic scenario of HER2-positive disease. We focus on the role of immunotherapy but also summarize emerging therapies and combinations under clinical research that may change the standard treatment in HER-2 positive disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pous
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Lucía Notario
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Cinta Hierro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Laura Layos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Bugés
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO), 08916 Badalona, Spain
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3
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Kilic N, Dastouri M, Kandemir I, Yilmaz E. The effects of KIR2DL4 stimulated NK-92 cells on the apoptotic pathways of HER2 + /HER-breast cancer cells. Med Oncol 2023; 40:139. [PMID: 37027073 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are immune cells that have attracted significant attention due to their cytotoxic properties. They are believed to be highly effective in cancer therapy. In this study, anti-KIR2DL4 (Killer cell Immunoglobulin like Receptor, 2 Ig Domains and Long cytoplasmic tail 4) was used to stimulate the NK-92 activator receptor to increase their cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell lines. Unstimulated and stimulated NK-92 cells (sNK-92) were cocultured with breast cancer (MCF-7 and SK-BR-3) and normal breast (MCF-12A) cell lines at 1:1, 1:5, and 1:10 (Target:Effector) ratios. The most effective cell cytotoxicity ratio (1:10) was used in the immunostaining and western blot assays to evaluate apoptosis pathway proteins. The sNK-92 cells showed higher cytotoxic activity on breast cancer cells than NK-92 cells. sNK-92 cells had a selective significant cytotoxicity effect on MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cells but not MCF-12A cells. While sNK-92 cells were effective at all cell concentrations, they were most effective at a 1:10 ratio. Immunostaining and western blots showed significantly higher BAX, caspase 3, and caspase 9 protein levels in all breast cancer cell groups cocultured with sNK-92 than with NK-92 cells. NK-92 cells stimulated with KIR2DL4 showed elevated cytotoxic activity. The cytotoxic activity of sNK-92 cells on breast cancer cells is via apoptosis pathways. However, their effect on normal breast cells is limited. While the obtained data contains only basic information, additional clinical studies are needed to provide a basis for a new treatment model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Kilic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Tandogan Campus, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Dastouri
- Ankara University Biotechnology Institute and SISBIYOTEK Advanced Research Unit, Gumusdere Yerleskesi, Kecioren Ankara, 06135, Turkey.
| | - Irfan Kandemir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Tandogan Campus, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erkan Yilmaz
- Ankara University Biotechnology Institute and SISBIYOTEK Advanced Research Unit, Gumusdere Yerleskesi, Kecioren Ankara, 06135, Turkey
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Kim AMJ, Nemeth MR, Lim SO. 4-1BB: A promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:968360. [PMID: 36185242 PMCID: PMC9515902 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.968360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, powered by its relative efficacy and safety, has become a prominent therapeutic strategy utilized in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Within this class of therapeutics, there is a variety of drug types such as immune checkpoint blockade therapies, vaccines, and T cell transfer therapies that serve the purpose of harnessing the body’s immune system to combat disease. Of these different types, immune checkpoint blockades that target coinhibitory receptors, which dampen the body’s immune response, have been widely studied and established in clinic. In contrast, however, there remains room for the development and improvement of therapeutics that target costimulatory receptors and enhance the immune response against tumors, one of which being the 4-1BB (CD137/ILA/TNFRSF9) receptor. 4-1BB has been garnering attention as a promising therapeutic target in the setting of cancer, amongst other diseases, due to its broad expression profile and ability to stimulate various signaling pathways involved in the generation of a potent immune response. Since its discovery and demonstration of potential as a clinical target, major progress has been made in the knowledge of 4-1BB and the development of clinical therapeutics that target it. Thus, we seek to summarize and provide a comprehensive update and outlook on those advancements in the context of cancer and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Min Jung Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Macy Rose Nemeth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Seung-Oe Lim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute of Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Seung-Oe Lim,
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5
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Hangiu O, Compte M, Dinesen A, Navarro R, Tapia-Galisteo A, Mandrup OA, Erce-Llamazares A, Lázaro-Gorines R, Nehme-Álvarez D, Domínguez-Alonso C, Harwood SL, Alfonso C, Blanco B, Rubio-Pérez L, Jiménez-Reinoso A, Díez-Alonso L, Blanco FJ, Sanz L, Howard KA, Álvarez-Vallina L. Tumor targeted 4-1BB agonist antibody-albumin fusions with high affinity to FcRn induce anti-tumor immunity without toxicity. iScience 2022; 25:104958. [PMID: 36072551 PMCID: PMC9441337 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulation of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes by anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has shown anti-tumor activity in human trials, but can be associated with significant off-tumor toxicities involving FcγR interactions. Here, we introduce albumin-fused mouse and human bispecific antibodies with clinically favorable pharmacokinetics designed to confine 4-1BB costimulation to the tumor microenvironment. These Fc-free 4-1BB agonists consist of an EGFR-specific VHH antibody, a 4-1BB-specific scFv, and a human albumin sequence engineered for high FcRn binding connected in tandem (LiTCo-Albu). We demonstrate in vitro cognate target engagement, EGFR-specific costimulatory activity, and FcRn-driven cellular recycling similar to non-fused FcRn high-binding albumin. The mouse LiTCo-Albu exhibited a prolonged circulatory half-life and in vivo tumor inhibition, with no indication of 4-1BB mAb-associated toxicity. Furthermore, we show a greater therapeutic effect when used in combination with PD-1-blocking mAbs. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of tumor-specific LiTCo-Albu antibodies for safe and effective costimulatory strategies in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor targeted 4-1BB agonist antibody-albumin fusions with high affinity to FcRn Potent EGFR-specific 4-1BB costimulation and FcRn-driven cellular recycling Prolonged circulatory half-life and in vivo tumor inhibition, without toxicity Combination with an anti-PD-1 blocking antibody further enhanced anti-tumor activity
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6
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Koellhoffer EC, Steinmetz NF. Cowpea Mosaic Virus and Natural Killer Cell Agonism for In Situ Cancer Vaccination. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5348-5356. [PMID: 35713326 PMCID: PMC9665426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown the plant virus Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) to be an efficacious in situ cancer vaccine, providing elimination of tumors and tumor-specific immune memory. Additionally, we have shown that CPMV recruits Natural Killer (NK) cells within the tumor microenvironment. Here we aimed to determine whether a combination of CPMV and anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody agonist to stimulate tumor-resident and CPMV-recruited NK cells is an effective dual therapy approach to improve NK cell function and in situ cancer vaccination efficacy. Using murine models of metastatic colon carcinomatosis and intradermal melanoma, intratumorally administered CPMV + anti-4-1BB dual therapy provided a robust antitumor response, improved elimination of primary tumors, and reduced mortality compared to CPMV and anti-4-1BB monotherapies. Additionally, on tumor rechallenge there was significant delay/prevention of tumor development and improved survival, highlighting that the CPMV + anti-4-1BB dual therapy enables potent and durable antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Koellhoffer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute for Materials Design and Discovery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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7
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Yin XT, Baugnon NK, Krishnan R, Potter CA, Yarlagadda S, Keadle TL, Stuart PM. CD137 costimulation is associated with reduced herpetic stromal keratitis and with developing normal CD8 + T cells in trigeminal ganglia. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35766977 PMCID: PMC10027025 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory interactions can be critical in developing immune responses to infectious agents. We recently reported that herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) infections of the cornea require a functional CD28-CD80/86 interaction to not only reduce the likelihood of encephalitis, but also to mediate herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) following viral reactivation. In this same spirit we decided to determine the role that CD137 costimulation plays during HSK. Using both B6-CD137L-/- mice, as well as antagonistic and agonistic antibodies to CD137 we characterize the immune response and to what extent CD137 plays an important role during this disease. Immune responses were measured in both the cornea and in the trigeminal ganglia where the virus forms a latent infection. We demonstrate that CD137 costimulation leads to reduced corneal disease. Interestingly, we observed that lack of CD137 costimulation resulted in significantly reduced CD8+ T expansion and function in the trigeminal ganglia. Finally, we showed that viruses that have been genetically altered to express CD137 display significantly reduced corneal disease, though they did present similar levels of trigeminal infection and peripheral virus production following reactivation of a latent infection. CD137 interactions lead to reduced HSK and are necessary to develop robust trigeminal CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tang Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas K Baugnon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rohini Krishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chloe A Potter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sudha Yarlagadda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L Keadle
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick M Stuart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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8
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Caveolin-1 temporal modulation enhances antibody drug efficacy in heterogeneous gastric cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2526. [PMID: 35534471 PMCID: PMC9085816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance mechanisms and heterogeneity in HER2-positive gastric cancers (GC) limit Trastuzumab benefit in 32% of patients, and other targeted therapies have failed in clinical trials. Using patient samples, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), partially humanized biological models, and HER2-targeted imaging technologies we demonstrate the role of caveolin-1 (CAV1) as a complementary biomarker in GC selection for Trastuzumab therapy. In retrospective analyses of samples from patients enrolled on Trastuzumab trials, the CAV1-high profile associates with low membrane HER2 density and low patient survival. We show a negative correlation between CAV1 tumoral protein levels – a major protein of cholesterol-rich membrane domains – and Trastuzumab-drug conjugate TDM1 tumor uptake. Finally, CAV1 depletion using knockdown or pharmacologic approaches (statins) increases antibody drug efficacy in tumors with incomplete HER2 membranous reactivity. In support of these findings, background statin use in patients associates with enhanced antibody efficacy. Together, this work provides preclinical justification and clinical evidence that require prospective investigation of antibody drugs combined with statins to delay drug resistance in tumors. Clinical evidences have demonstrated limited efficacy of HER2-targeted therapies in patients with gastric cancer (GC). Here the authors show that survival benefit to anti-HER2 antibody Trastuzumab is reduced in GC patients with high levels of the caveolin-1 and that, in preclinical cancer models, antibody drug efficacy can be improved by modulating caveolin-1 levels with cholesterol-depleting drugs, statins.
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9
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Xu P, Chen X, Xu Y, Fu L, Li Y, Fu H, Yao Q, Quan H, Lou L. Trastuzumab in combination with PEGylated interferon-α1b exerts synergistic antitumor activity through enhanced inhibition of HER2 downstream signaling and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:549-561. [PMID: 35261786 PMCID: PMC8899978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab is the mainstay of treatment for HER2-positive breast and gastric cancer, and its combination with multiple chemotherapeutic agents has represented an effective and rational strategy in the clinic. In this study, we report that trastuzumab in combination with PEGylated interferon-α1b (IFN-α1b), a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated form of a subtype of interferon alpha (IFN-α), synergistically inhibited the proliferation of HER2-positive cells, including BT-474 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells and NCI-N87 gastric cancer cells, and also induced their apoptosis, but had no effect on HER2-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Trastuzumab inhibited phosphorylation of HER2, AKT and ERK, an effect that was enhanced by PEGylated IFN-α1b, likely owing to PEGylated IFN-α1b-mediated downregulation of HER2 through the lysosomal degradation pathway. Moreover, PEGylated IFN-α1b significantly enhanced trastuzumab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in HER2-positive cells. Importantly, trastuzumab combined with PEGylated IFN-α1b exhibited significant synergistic antitumor activity in HER2-positive BT-474 xenografts, an effect that was associated with enhanced inhibition of HER2 expression and AKT and ERK phosphorylation. Strikingly, depletion of natural killer cells with anti-Asialo GM1 antibody abrogated the synergistic antitumor activity, indicating that augmented ADCC is essential for this synergy. Taken together, our findings indicate that both enhanced inhibition of HER2 downstream signaling and augmented ADCC contribute to the synergistic antitumor activity of trastuzumab with PEGylated IFN-α1b, and imply that combining trastuzumab with PEGylated IFN-α1b could be a promising strategy for HER2-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piaopiao Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangling Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yun Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haoyu Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haitian Quan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liguang Lou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Importance of T, NK, CAR T and CAR NK Cell Metabolic Fitness for Effective Anti-Cancer Therapy: A Continuous Learning Process Allowing the Optimization of T, NK and CAR-Based Anti-Cancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010183. [PMID: 35008348 PMCID: PMC8782435 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer treatments are evolving at a very rapid pace. Some of the most novel anti-cancer medicines under development rely on the modification of immune cells in order to transform them into potent tumor-killing cells. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is competing for nutrients with these harnessed immune cells and therefore paralyzes their metabolic effective and active anti-cancer activities. Here we describe strategies to overcome these hurdles imposed on immune cell activity, which lead to therapeutic approaches to enhance metabolic fitness of the patient’s immune system with the objective to improve their anti-cancer capacity. Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T and CAR NK cell therapies opened new avenues for cancer treatment. Although original successes of CAR T and CAR NK cells for the treatment of hematological malignancies were extraordinary, several obstacles have since been revealed, in particular their use for the treatment of solid cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is competing for nutrients with T and NK cells and their CAR-expressing counterparts, paralyzing their metabolic effective and active states. Consequently, this can lead to alterations in their anti-tumoral capacity and persistence in vivo. High glucose uptake and the depletion of key amino acids by the TME can deprive T and NK cells of energy and building blocks, which turns them into a state of anergy, where they are unable to exert cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. This is especially true in the context of an immune-suppressive TME. In order to re-invigorate the T, NK, CAR T and CAR NK cell-mediated antitumor response, the field is now attempting to understand how metabolic pathways might change T and NK responses and functions, as well as those from their CAR-expressing partners. This revealed ways to metabolically rewire these cells by using metabolic enhancers or optimizing pre-infusion in vitro cultures of these cells. Importantly, next-generation CAR T and CAR NK products might include in the future the necessary metabolic requirements by improving their design, manufacturing process and other parameters. This will allow the overcoming of current limitations due to their interaction with the suppressive TME. In a clinical setting, this might improve their anti-cancer effector activity in synergy with immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss how the tumor cells and TME interfere with T and NK cell metabolic requirements. This may potentially lead to therapeutic approaches that enhance the metabolic fitness of CAR T and CAR NK cells, with the objective to improve their anti-cancer capacity.
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Matusz-Fisher A, Tan AR. Combination of HER2-targeted agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 22:385-395. [PMID: 34806498 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1981284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers account for approximately 15 to 20% of breast cancer diagnoses. Historically, HER2-positive breast cancers had been associated with poorer prognosis. The addition of HER2-targeted agents to treatment regimens has significantly improved outcomes for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Despite this, relapses continue to occur in about 20% of patients. Newer therapeutic strategies are needed. The role of immunotherapy in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer is currently under clinical investigation. AREAS COVERED This article will focus on the clinical trial data evaluating immune checkpoint inhibitors, including pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, and nivolumab in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. EXPERT OPINION The incorporation of immunotherapy in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer is a reasonable strategy. Clinical trials of checkpoint inhibitors with HER2-targeted agents show clinical activity in HER2-positive breast cancer tumors that are programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) positive and also when used as an earlier line of therapy in the metastatic setting. Treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer with immunotherapy and HER2-targeted agents warrants continued clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Matusz-Fisher
- Hematology/Oncology Fellow, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Antoinette R Tan
- Chief of Breast Medical Oncology, Co-Director, Phase I Program, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
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12
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Torres ETR, Emens LA. Emerging combination immunotherapy strategies for breast cancer: dual immune checkpoint modulation, antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 191:291-302. [PMID: 34716871 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer has historically been considered a non-immunogenic tumor. Multiple studies over the last 10-15 years have demonstrated that a small subset of breast cancers is immune-activated, with PD-L1 expression and/or TILs in the tumor microenvironment. The PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy is now approved by the US FDA for the first-line treatment of metastatic PD-L1 + triple negative breast cancer, and the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab has also demonstrated clinical activity. The median progression-free survival for pembrolizumab or atezolizumab combined with chemotherapy increased with the addition of immunotherapy by 4.1 months and 2.5 months, respectively. Despite this success, there is major room for improvement. Clinical benefit is modest. Only about 40% of triple negative breast cancers are PD-L1 + , not all PD-L1 + patients with advanced triple negative breast cancer respond, and immunotherapy is not yet approved for advanced PD-L1-negative triple negative breast cancer, HER2 + breast cancer, or ER + breast cancer. It is likely that redundant pathways of immune suppression are active in breast cancer, or that important pathways of immune activation are silent. In this review, we discuss emerging strategies for targeting multiple pathways of immunoregulation in advanced breast cancer with dual immune checkpoint inhibition, bispecific antibodies, and novel antibody drug conjugates. We also discuss the potential of nanotechnology to improve the delivery of immunotherapeutics to the breast tumor microenvironment to enhance their antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia T Roussos Torres
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Department of Medicine-Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Ave, Suite 6412, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Leisha A Emens
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Room 1.46e, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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13
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Baysal H, De Pauw I, Zaryouh H, Peeters M, Vermorken JB, Lardon F, De Waele J, Wouters A. The Right Partner in Crime: Unlocking the Potential of the Anti-EGFR Antibody Cetuximab via Combination With Natural Killer Cell Chartering Immunotherapeutic Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:737311. [PMID: 34557197 PMCID: PMC8453198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.737311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab has an established role in the treatment of patients with recurrent/metastatic colorectal cancer and head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). However, the long-term effectiveness of cetuximab has been limited by the development of acquired resistance, leading to tumor relapse. By contrast, immunotherapies can elicit long-term tumor regression, but the overall response rates are much more limited. In addition to epidermal growth factor (EGFR) inhibition, cetuximab can activate natural killer (NK) cells to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In view of the above, there is an unmet need for the majority of patients that are treated with both monotherapy cetuximab and immunotherapy. Accumulated evidence from (pre-)clinical studies suggests that targeted therapies can have synergistic antitumor effects through combination with immunotherapy. However, further optimizations, aimed towards illuminating the multifaceted interplay, are required to avoid toxicity and to achieve better therapeutic effectiveness. The current review summarizes existing (pre-)clinical evidence to provide a rationale supporting the use of combined cetuximab and immunotherapy approaches in patients with different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Baysal
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ines De Pauw
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hannah Zaryouh
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jan Baptist Vermorken
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Tsao LC, Force J, Hartman ZC. Mechanisms of Therapeutic Antitumor Monoclonal Antibodies. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4641-4651. [PMID: 34145037 PMCID: PMC8448950 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are a major component of cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize the different therapeutic mAbs that have been successfully developed against various tumor-expressed antigens and examine our current understanding of their different mechanisms of antitumor action. These mechanisms of action (MOA) largely center on the stimulation of different innate immune effector processes, which appear to be principally responsible for the efficacy of most unconjugated mAb therapies against cancer. This is evident in studies of mAbs targeting antigens for hematologic cancers, with emerging data also demonstrating the critical nature of innate immune-mediated mechanisms in the efficacy of anti-HER2 mAbs against solid HER2+ cancers. Although HER2-targeted mAbs were originally described as inhibitors of HER2-mediated signaling, multiple studies have since demonstrated these mAbs function largely through their engagement with Fc receptors to activate innate immune effector functions as well as complement activity. Next-generation mAbs are capitalizing on these MOAs through improvements to enhance Fc-activity, although regulation of these mechanisms may vary in different tumor microenvironments. In addition, novel antibody-drug conjugates have emerged as an important means to activate different MOAs. Although many unknowns remain, an improved understanding of these immunologic MOAs will be essential for the future of mAb therapy and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chung Tsao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jeremy Force
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zachary C Hartman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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15
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Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:263. [PMID: 34248142 PMCID: PMC8273155 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 711] [Impact Index Per Article: 237.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development and its response to therapy are regulated by inflammation, which either promotes or suppresses tumor progression, potentially displaying opposing effects on therapeutic outcomes. Chronic inflammation facilitates tumor progression and treatment resistance, whereas induction of acute inflammatory reactions often stimulates the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen presentation, leading to anti-tumor immune responses. In addition, multiple signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT), toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, cGAS/STING, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); inflammatory factors, including cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL), interferon (IFN), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α), chemokines (e.g., C-C motif chemokine ligands (CCLs) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligands (CXCLs)), growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β), and inflammasome; as well as inflammatory metabolites including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane, and specialized proresolving mediators (SPM), have been identified as pivotal regulators of the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Nowadays, local irradiation, recombinant cytokines, neutralizing antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, DC vaccines, oncolytic viruses, TLR agonists, and SPM have been developed to specifically modulate inflammation in cancer therapy, with some of these factors already undergoing clinical trials. Herein, we discuss the initiation and resolution of inflammation, the crosstalk between tumor development and inflammatory processes. We also highlight potential targets for harnessing inflammation in the treatment of cancer.
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16
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Carnevalli LS, Ghadially H, Barry ST. Therapeutic Approaches Targeting the Natural Killer-Myeloid Cell Axis in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633685. [PMID: 33953710 PMCID: PMC8092119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment by promoting durable clinical responses in a proportion of patients; however, treatment still fails in many patients. Innate immune cells play a key role in the response to immunotherapy. Crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune systems drives T-cell activation but also limits immunotherapy response, as myeloid cells are commonly associated with resistance. Hence, innate cells have both negative and positive effects within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and despite investment in early clinical trials targeting innate cells, they have seen limited success. Suppressive myeloid cells facilitate metastasis and immunotherapy resistance through TME remodeling and inhibition of adaptive immune cells. Natural killer (NK) cells, in contrast, secrete inflammatory cytokines and directly kill transformed cells, playing a key immunosurveillance role in early tumor development. Myeloid and NK cells show reciprocal crosstalk, influencing myeloid cell functional status or antigen presentation and NK effector function, respectively. Crosstalk between myeloid cells and the NK immune network in the TME is especially important in the context of therapeutic intervention. Here we discuss how myeloid and NK cell interactions shape anti-tumor responses by influencing an immunosuppressive TME and how this may influence outcomes of treatment strategies involving drugs that target myeloid and NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunotherapy
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/drug effects
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/immunology
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/metabolism
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Tumor Escape/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon T. Barry
- Early Oncology, Research and Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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Tolba MF, Elghazaly H, Bousoik E, Elmazar MMA, Tolaney SM. Novel combinatorial strategies for boosting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced breast cancers. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:1979-1994. [PMID: 33871826 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02613-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The year 2019 witnessed the first approval of an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) for the management of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) that are metastatic and programmed death ligand (PD)-L1 positive. Extensive research has focused on testing ICI-based combinatorial strategies, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the response of breast tumors to immunotherapy to increase the number of breast cancer patients benefiting from this transformative treatment. The promising investigational strategies included immunotherapy combinations with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 for the HER2 + tumors versus cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 inhibitors in the estrogen receptor (ER) + disease. Multiple approaches are showing signals of success in advanced TNBC include employing Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling inhibitors or inhibitors of adenosine receptor, in combination with the classical PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. Co-treatment with chemotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) or interleukin-2-βɣ agonist have also produced promising outcomes. This review highlights the latest combinatorial strategies under development for overcoming cancer immune evasion and enhancing the percentage of immunotherapy responders in the different subsets of advanced breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire-Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, New Capital City, Egypt.
| | - H Elghazaly
- Clinical Oncology Department, and Medical Research Center (MASRI), Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E Bousoik
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Omar-Al-Mukhtar University, Derna, Libya
| | - M M A Elmazar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), 11837, El Sherouk City, Egypt
| | - S M Tolaney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Tabana Y, Okoye IS, Siraki A, Elahi S, Barakat KH. Tackling Immune Targets for Breast Cancer: Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 Axis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:628138. [PMID: 33747948 PMCID: PMC7973280 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.628138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of breast cancer is imposing a huge global problem. Drug discovery research and novel approaches to treat breast cancer have been carried out extensively over the last decades. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors are showing promising preclinical and clinical results in treating breast cancer, they are facing multiple limitations. From an immunological perspective, a recent report highlighted breast cancer as an "inflamed tumor" with an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Consequently, researchers have been focusing on identifying novel immunological targets that can tune up the tumor immune microenvironment. In this context, several novel non-classical immune targets have been targeted to determine their ability to uncouple immunoregulatory pathways at play in the tumor microenvironment. This article will highlight strategies designed to increase the immunogenicity of the breast tumor microenvironment. It also addresses the latest studies on targets which can enhance immune responses to breast cancer and discusses examples of preclinical and clinical trial landscapes that utilize these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Tabana
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Isobel S. Okoye
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Arno Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khaled H. Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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19
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Chauhan SKS, Koehl U, Kloess S. Harnessing NK Cell Checkpoint-Modulating Immunotherapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1807. [PMID: 32640575 PMCID: PMC7408278 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the host immune response, the precise balance of the immune system, regulated by immune checkpoint, is required to avoid infection and cancer. These immune checkpoints are the mainstream regulator of the immune response and are crucial for self-tolerance. During the last decade, various new immune checkpoint molecules have been studied, providing an attractive path to evaluate their potential role as targets for effective therapeutic interventions. Checkpoint inhibitors have mainly been explored in T cells until now, but natural killer (NK) cells are a newly emerging target for the determination of checkpoint molecules. Simultaneously, an increasing number of therapeutic dimensions have been explored, including modulatory and inhibitory checkpoint molecules, either causing dysfunction or promoting effector functions. Furthermore, the combination of the immune checkpoint with other NK cell-based therapeutic strategies could also strengthen its efficacy as an antitumor therapy. In this review, we have undertaken a comprehensive review of the literature to date regarding underlying mechanisms of modulatory and inhibitory checkpoint molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Institute of cellular therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (U.K.); (S.K.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Kloess
- Institute of cellular therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (U.K.); (S.K.)
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20
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Zecevic L, Mekic M, Subasic D, Hadziabulic M, Isak E, Subasic E, Selmanovic K. Expression of NK (CD16+56+) and B cells (CD19) Receptor Molecules as a Reliable Clinical Response Biomarkers of SLE and RA Patients Under the Rituximab Treatment. Med Arch 2020; 73:374-377. [PMID: 32082002 PMCID: PMC7007611 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2019.73.374-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lately, the use of biological therapy in various autoimmune diseases is increasing. The ideal marker for monitoring the effects of modern therapy is still non-existent. Aim To investigate early response biomarkers of SLE and RA patients under the rituximab treatment are in research phase and each new investigations offer new and original useful data. Material and Methods Immunophenotyping of cells was carried out by a standard method of sample preparation. We investigated by flow cytometric analyses expression of NK and CD19+ cells at ten SLE and five RA patients before and after treatment with rituximab, in laboratory of Department of Clinical immunology in the Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo. Results In both cases, SLE and RA patients, reduced number of CD16+ parameter indicates lower cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Increased number of B cells indicates higher pathological activity leading to severe autoimmune disease allegation. Conclusion Determining the proportion of NK and B will be useful diagnostic tool in therapeutic strategy, and also in monitoring of effect of biological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamija Zecevic
- Department of Immunology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mevludin Mekic
- Department for Rheumatology, Clinic for Heart, Blood Vessel and Rheumatism, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Djemo Subasic
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Majda Hadziabulic
- Public Health Center Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje, Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Edmira Isak
- Public Health Center Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje, Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Emina Subasic
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Kenan Selmanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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21
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Ye L, Jia K, Wang L, Li W, Chen B, Liu Y, Wang H, Zhao S, He Y, Zhou C. CD137, an attractive candidate for the immunotherapy of lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1461-1467. [PMID: 32073704 PMCID: PMC7226203 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a hotspot in cancer therapy in recent years. Several immune checkpoints inhibitors have been used to treat lung cancer. CD137 is a kind of costimulatory molecule that mediates T cell activation, which regulates the activity of immune cells in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Targeting CD137 or its ligand (CD137L) has been studied, aiming to enhance anticancer immune responses. Accumulating studies show that anti-CD137 mAbs alone or combined with other drugs have bright antitumor prospects. In the following, we reviewed the biology of CD137, the antitumor effects of anti-CD137 Ab monotherapy and the combined therapy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Ye
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Medical schoolTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Keyi Jia
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Medical schoolTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Medical schoolTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Medical schoolTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Sha Zhao
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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22
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Nie S, Wang Z, Moscoso-Castro M, D'Souza P, Lei C, Xu J, Gu J. Biology drives the discovery of bispecific antibodies as innovative therapeutics. Antib Ther 2020; 3:18-62. [PMID: 33928225 PMCID: PMC7990219 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A bispecific antibody (bsAb) is able to bind two different targets or two distinct epitopes on the same target. Broadly speaking, bsAbs can include any single molecule entity containing dual specificities with at least one being antigen-binding antibody domain. Besides additive effect or synergistic effect, the most fascinating applications of bsAbs are to enable novel and often therapeutically important concepts otherwise impossible by using monoclonal antibodies alone or their combination. This so-called obligate bsAbs could open up completely new avenue for developing novel therapeutics. With evolving understanding of structural architecture of various natural or engineered antigen-binding immunoglobulin domains and the connection of different domains of an immunoglobulin molecule, and with greatly improved understanding of molecular mechanisms of many biological processes, the landscape of therapeutic bsAbs has significantly changed in recent years. As of September 2019, over 110 bsAbs are under active clinical development, and near 180 in preclinical development. In this review article, we introduce a system that classifies bsAb formats into 30 categories based on their antigen-binding domains and the presence or absence of Fc domain. We further review the biology applications of approximately 290 bsAbs currently in preclinical and clinical development, with the attempt to illustrate the principle of selecting a bispecific format to meet biology needs and selecting a bispecific molecule as a clinical development candidate by 6 critical criteria. Given the novel mechanisms of many bsAbs, the potential unknown safety risk and risk/benefit should be evaluated carefully during preclinical and clinical development stages. Nevertheless we are optimistic that next decade will witness clinical success of bsAbs or multispecific antibodies employing some novel mechanisms of action and deliver the promise as next wave of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Nie
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and ,To whom correspondence should addressed. Jijie Guor Siwei Nie. or
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and
| | | | - Paul D'Souza
- Clarivate Analytics, Friars House, 160 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8EZ, UK
| | - Can Lei
- Clarivate Analytics, Friars House, 160 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8EZ, UK
| | - Jianqing Xu
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and
| | - Jijie Gu
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and ,To whom correspondence should addressed. Jijie Guor Siwei Nie. or
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23
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Deligne C, Gros L. [Anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies: new insights to elicit a long-term immune response]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 35:982-989. [PMID: 31903903 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are now widely used for the treatment of cancer patients and their numbers are constantly increasing. Over the past ten years, numerous studies have demonstrated that the anti-tumor role of these antibodies far exceeds that of passive therapies as it was initially described, with the possibility of recruiting innate immune cells to promote activation of the early stages of immune response and to generate a long-term protective anti-tumor memory immune response. Understanding these mechanisms has recently led to the clinical development of a new generation of anti-tumor antibodies modified to increase their ability to interact with immune cells. Finally, the first preclinical and clinical studies have recently demonstrated the interest of developing therapeutic combinations combining anti-tumor mAbs with immune-, chemo- or radiotherapy, to reinforce their immunomodulatory potential and ensure effective and durable anti-tumor protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deligne
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Royaume-Uni
| | - Laurent Gros
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, F-34298 Montpellier, France
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24
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Barsoumian HB, Batra L, Shrestha P, Bowen WS, Zhao H, Egilmez NK, Gomez-Gutierrez JG, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H. A Novel Form of 4-1BBL Prevents Cancer Development via Nonspecific Activation of CD4 + T and Natural Killer Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:783-794. [PMID: 30770367 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Costimulation through 4-1BB (CD137) receptor generates robust CD8+ T-effector and memory responses. The only known ligand, 4-1BBL, is a trimeric transmembrane protein that has no costimulatory activity as a soluble molecule. Thus, agonistic antibodies to the receptor have been used for cancer immunotherapy in preclinical models and are currently being evaluated in the clinic. Here, we report that treatment with an oligomeric form of the ligand, SA-4-1BBL, as a single agent is able to protect mice against subsequent tumor challenge irrespective of the tumor type. Protection was long-lasting (>8 weeks) and a bona fide property of SA-4-1BBL, as treatment with an agonistic antibody to the 4-1BB receptor was ineffective in generating immune protection against tumor challenge. Mechanistically, SA-4-1BBL significantly expanded IFNγ-expressing, preexisting memory-like CD44+CD4+ T cells and NK cells in naïve mice as compared with the agonistic antibody. In vivo blockade of IFNγ or depletion of CD4+ T or NK cells, but not CD8+ T or B cells, abrogated the immunopreventive effects of SA-4-1BBL against cancer. SA-4-1BBL as a single agent also exhibited robust efficacy in controlling postsurgical recurrences. This work highlights unexpected features of SA-4-1BBL as a novel immunomodulator with implications for cancer immunoprevention and therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the unique and unexpected immunomodulatory features of SA-4-1BBL that bridge innate and adaptive immune responses with both preventive and therapeutic efficacy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampartsoum B Barsoumian
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Lalit Batra
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Pradeep Shrestha
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Hong Zhao
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Nejat K Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Esma S Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,FasCure Therapeutics, LLC, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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25
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Abstract
Introduction: Lung cancer is a devastating disease with poor overall survival. Despite significant advances in the treatment of lung cancers using radiochemotherapy, targeted therapies and/or immune therapies prognosis remains poor. The capacity of natural killer (NK) cells to provide a first line of defense that can bridge and orchestrate innate and 'downstream' adaptive immune responses renders them to be an ideal platform on which to base new cancer therapeutics.Areas covered: We provide an overview of the mechanisms controlling the effector functions of NK cells, tumor-directed immune escape, the impact and influence of NK cells on the development of effective, protective anti-tumor immunity and the therapeutic potential of combined cytokine-, complement-dependent- and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (CDC/ADCC), NK-92-, KIR mismatch- and CAR-NK cell-based therapies.Expert opinion: Despite promising results of immuno-oncological approaches, a relevant proportion of patients do not profit from these therapies, partly due to an ineffective NK cell activation, a lack of tumor-specific NK cells, an upregulated expression of checkpoint pathways, and a low mutational burden, which hinders the development of long-term adaptive immunity. Strategies that re-activate NK cells in combination with other therapies are therefore likely to be beneficial for the clinical outcome of patients with lung cancer.Abbreviations: ADCC: antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; ALK: anaplastic lymphoma kinase; CAR: chimeric antigen receptor; CDC: complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CEACAM-1: carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1; DC: dendritic cell; DNAM: activating, maturation receptor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; EMT: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; EpCAM: epithelial cell adhesion molecule; GM-CSF: granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor; HIF: hypoxia inducible factor; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; ITIM/ITAM: immune tyrosine-based inhibitory/activatory motif; KIR: killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor; LAG-3: lymphocyte activation gene 3; MDSC: myeloid derived suppressor cells; MICA/B: MHC class I-related proteins A/B; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; NCAM: neuronal adhesion molecule; NCR: natural cytotoxicity receptor; NK: natural killer; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; PD-1: programmed cell death 1; PS: phosphatidylserine; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription; TAM: tumor-associated M2 macrophages; TCR: T cell receptor; TIGIT: T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain; Tim-3: T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin domain-containing 3; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; ULBP: UL16-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Vaupel
- Campus Klinikum rechts der Isar, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Campus Klinikum rechts der Isar, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Munich, Germany
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26
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Liao P, Wang H, Tang YL, Tang YJ, Liang XH. The Common Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Signaling Molecules in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2457. [PMID: 31708918 PMCID: PMC6819372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are closely linked with immunosuppression, accompanied by complex immune cell functional activities. The abnormal competition between costimulatory and coinhibitory signal molecules plays an important role in the malignant progression of HNSCC. This review will summarize the features of costimulatory molecules (including CD137, OX40 as well as CD40) and coinhibitory molecules (including CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG3, and TIM3), analyze the underlying mechanism behind these molecules' regulation of the progression of HNSCC, and introduce the clinic application. Vaccines, such as those targeting STING while working synergistically with monoclonal antibodies, are also discussed. A deep understanding of the tumor immune landscape will help find new and improved tumor immunotherapy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haofan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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27
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Synergistic cancer immunotherapy combines MVA-CD40L induced innate and adaptive immunity with tumor targeting antibodies. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5041. [PMID: 31695037 PMCID: PMC6834557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-based vaccines and appropriate costimulation potently enhance antigen-specific T cell immunity against cancer. Here we report the use of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) encoding costimulatory CD40L against solid tumors. Therapeutic treatment with rMVA-CD40L-expressing tumor-associated antigens results in the control of established tumors. The expansion of tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is essential for the therapeutic antitumor effects. Strikingly, rMVA-CD40L also induces strong natural killer (NK) cell activation and expansion. Moreover, the combination of rMVA-CD40L and tumor-targeting antibodies results in increased therapeutic antitumor efficacy relying on the presence of Fc receptor and NK cells. We describe a translationally relevant therapeutic synergy between systemic viral vaccination and CD40L costimulation. We show strengthened antitumor immune responses when both rMVA-CD40L-induced innate and adaptive immune mechanisms are exploited by combination with tumor-targeting antibodies. This immunotherapeutic approach could translate into clinical cancer therapies where tumor-targeting antibodies are employed. CD40 agonists have been investigated as a strategy to awaken the immune system against cancers. Here, the authors use a virus encoding CD40L and tumour-associated antigens to enhance innate and adaptive immunity that together with tumour targeting antibodies controls the growth of tumours in mice.
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Shitara K, Satoh T, Iwasa S, Yamaguchi K, Muro K, Komatsu Y, Nishina T, Esaki T, Hasegawa J, Kakurai Y, Kamiyama E, Nakata T, Nakamura K, Sakaki H, Hyodo I. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the afucosylated, humanized anti-EPHA2 antibody DS-8895a: a first-in-human phase I dose escalation and dose expansion study in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:219. [PMID: 31412935 PMCID: PMC6694490 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor A2 (EPHA2) is overexpressed on the cell surface in many cancers and predicts poor prognosis. DS-8895a is a humanized anti-EPHA2 IgG1 monoclonal antibody afucosylated to enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity. We conducted a two-step, phase I, multicenter, open-label study to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of DS-8895a in patients with advanced solid tumors. Methods Step 1 was a dose escalation cohort in advanced solid tumor patients (six dose levels, 0.1–20 mg/kg) to determine Step 2 dosing. Step 2 was a dose expansion cohort in EPHA2-positive esophageal and gastric cancer patients. DS-8895a was intravenously administered every 2 weeks for the duration of the study, with a 28-day period to assess dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Safety, pharmacokinetics, tumor response, and potential biomarkers were evaluated. Results Thirty-seven patients (Step 1: 22, Step 2: 15 [9: gastric cancer, 6: esophageal cancer]) were enrolled. Although one DLT (Grade 4 platelet count decreased) was observed in Step 1 (dose level 6, 20 mg/kg), the maximum tolerated dose was not reached; the highest dose (20 mg/kg) was used in Step 2. Of the 37 patients, 24 (64.9%) experienced drug-related adverse events (AEs) including three (8.1%) with Grade ≥ 3 AEs. Infusion-related reactions occurred in 19 patients (51.4%) but were manageable. All patients discontinued the study (evident disease progression, 33; AEs, 4). Maximum and trough serum DS-8895a concentrations increased dose-dependently. One gastric cancer patient achieved partial response and 13 patients achieved stable disease. Serum inflammatory cytokines transiently increased at completion of and 4 h after the start of DS-8895a administration. The proportion of CD16-positive natural killer (NK) cells (CD3−CD56+CD16+) decreased 4 h after the start of DS-8895a administration, and the ratio of CD3−CD56+CD137+ to CD3−CD56+CD16+ cells increased on day 3. Conclusions Twenty mg/kg DS-8895a infused intravenously every 2 weeks was generally safe and well tolerated in patients (n = 21) with advanced solid tumors. The exposure of DS-8895a seemed to increase dose-dependently and induce activated NK cells. Trial registration Phase 1 Study of DS-8895a in patients with advanced solid tumors (NCT02004717; 7 November 2013 to 2 February 2017); retrospectively registered on 9 December 2013. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0679-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Shitara
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa City, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Taroh Satoh
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Cancer Institute Hospital of Japan Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Muro
- Aichi Cancer Center Hospital and Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | - Taito Esaki
- National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
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Pearce JV, Farrar JS, Lownik JC, Ni B, Chen S, Kan TW, Celi FS. E0771 and 4T1 murine breast cancer cells and interleukin 6 alter gene expression patterns but do not induce browning in cultured white adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 18:100624. [PMID: 31193642 PMCID: PMC6536889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a substantial clinical problem worldwide, and cancer-associated cachexia is a condition associated with poor prognosis in this and other malignancies. Adipose tissue is involved in the development and progression of cancer-associated cachexia, but its various roles and mechanisms of action are not completely defined, especially as it relates to breast cancer. Interleukin 6 has been implicated in several mechanisms contributing to increased breast cancer tumorigenesis, as well as a net-negative energy balance and cancer-associated cachexia via adipose tissue remodeling in other models of cancer; however, its potential role in breast cancer-associated white adipose browning has not been explored. In this study, we demonstrate localized white adipose tissue browning in a spontaneous model of murine mammary cancer. We then used an in vitro murine adipocyte culture system with the E0771 and 4T1 cell lines as models of breast cancer. We demonstrate that while the E0771 and 4T1 secretomes and cross-talk with white adipocytes alter white adipocyte mRNA expression, they do not directly induce white adipocyte browning. Additionally, we show that neither exogenous administration of interleukin 6 alone or with its soluble receptor directly induce white adipocyte browning. Together, these results demonstrate that neither the E0771 or 4T1 murine breast cancer cell lines, nor interleukin 6, directly cause browning of cultured white adipocytes. This suggests that their roles in adipose tissue remodeling are more complex and indirect in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina V. Pearce
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jared S. Farrar
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joseph C. Lownik
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bin Ni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tiffany W. Kan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francesco S. Celi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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30
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Xu Y, Liu Q, Zhong M, Wang Z, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Xing H, Tian Z, Tang K, Liao X, Rao Q, Wang M, Wang J. 2B4 costimulatory domain enhancing cytotoxic ability of anti-CD5 chimeric antigen receptor engineered natural killer cells against T cell malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:49. [PMID: 31097020 PMCID: PMC6524286 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells (CAR-T) have demonstrated extraordinary efficacy in B cell malignancy therapy and have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for diffuse large B cell lymphoma and acute B lymphocytic leukemia treatment. However, treatment of T cell malignancies using CAR-T cells remains limited due to the shared antigens between malignant T cells and normal T cells. CD5 is considered one of the important characteristic markers of malignant T cells and is expressed on almost all normal T cells but not on NK-92 cells. Recently, NK-92 cells have been utilized as CAR-modified immune cells. However, in preclinical models, CAR-T cells seem to be superior to CAR-NK-92 cells. Therefore, we speculate that in addition to the short lifespan of NK-92 cells in mice, the costimulatory domain used in CAR constructs might not be suitable for CAR-NK-92 cell engineering. METHODS Two second-generation anti-CD5 CAR plasmids with different costimulatory domains were constructed, one using the T-cell-associated activating receptor-4-1BB (BB.z) and the other using a NK-cell-associated activating receptor-2B4 (2B4.z). Subsequently, BB.z-NK and 2B4.z-NK were generated. Specific cytotoxicity against CD5+ malignant cell lines, primary CD5+ malignant cells, and normal T cells was evaluated in vitro. Moreover, a CD5+ T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) mouse model was established and used to assess the efficacy of CD5-CAR NK immunotherapy in vivo. RESULTS Both BB.z-NK and 2B4.z-NK exhibited specific cytotoxicity against CD5+ malignant cells in vitro and prolonged the survival of T-ALL xenograft mice. Encouragingly, 2B4.z-NK cells displayed greater anti-CD5+ malignancy capacity than that of BB.z-NK, accompanied by a greater direct lytic side effect versus BB.z-NK. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CD5 CAR-NK cells, particularly those constructed with the intracellular domain of NK-cell-associated activating receptor 2B4, may be a promising strategy for T cell malignancy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Mengjun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Zhaoqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Zheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Kejing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Xiaolong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Qing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.
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31
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Xu Y, Liu Q, Zhong M, Wang Z, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Xing H, Tian Z, Tang K, Liao X, Rao Q, Wang M, Wang J. 2B4 costimulatory domain enhancing cytotoxic ability of anti-CD5 chimeric antigen receptor engineered natural killer cells against T cell malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2019. [PMID: 31097020 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0732-7/figures/5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells (CAR-T) have demonstrated extraordinary efficacy in B cell malignancy therapy and have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for diffuse large B cell lymphoma and acute B lymphocytic leukemia treatment. However, treatment of T cell malignancies using CAR-T cells remains limited due to the shared antigens between malignant T cells and normal T cells. CD5 is considered one of the important characteristic markers of malignant T cells and is expressed on almost all normal T cells but not on NK-92 cells. Recently, NK-92 cells have been utilized as CAR-modified immune cells. However, in preclinical models, CAR-T cells seem to be superior to CAR-NK-92 cells. Therefore, we speculate that in addition to the short lifespan of NK-92 cells in mice, the costimulatory domain used in CAR constructs might not be suitable for CAR-NK-92 cell engineering. METHODS Two second-generation anti-CD5 CAR plasmids with different costimulatory domains were constructed, one using the T-cell-associated activating receptor-4-1BB (BB.z) and the other using a NK-cell-associated activating receptor-2B4 (2B4.z). Subsequently, BB.z-NK and 2B4.z-NK were generated. Specific cytotoxicity against CD5+ malignant cell lines, primary CD5+ malignant cells, and normal T cells was evaluated in vitro. Moreover, a CD5+ T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) mouse model was established and used to assess the efficacy of CD5-CAR NK immunotherapy in vivo. RESULTS Both BB.z-NK and 2B4.z-NK exhibited specific cytotoxicity against CD5+ malignant cells in vitro and prolonged the survival of T-ALL xenograft mice. Encouragingly, 2B4.z-NK cells displayed greater anti-CD5+ malignancy capacity than that of BB.z-NK, accompanied by a greater direct lytic side effect versus BB.z-NK. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CD5 CAR-NK cells, particularly those constructed with the intracellular domain of NK-cell-associated activating receptor 2B4, may be a promising strategy for T cell malignancy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Mengjun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Zhaoqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Zheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Kejing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Xiaolong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Qing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020, China.
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Di Vito C, Mikulak J, Zaghi E, Pesce S, Marcenaro E, Mavilio D. NK cells to cure cancer. Semin Immunol 2019; 41:101272. [PMID: 31085114 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes able to mediate immune-surveillance and clearance of viral infected and tumor-transformed cells. Growing experimental and clinical evidence highlighted a dual role of NK cells either in the control of cancer development/progression or in promoting the onset of immune-suppressant tumor microenvironments. Indeed, several mechanisms of NK cell-mediated tumor escape have been described and these includes cancer-induced aberrant expression of activating and inhibitory receptors (i.e. NK cell immune checkpoints), impairments of NK cell migration to tumor sites and altered NK cell effector-functions. These phenomena highly contribute to tumor progression and metastasis formation. In this review, we discuss the latest insights on those NK cell receptors and related molecules that are currently being implemented in clinics either as possible prognostic factors or therapeutic targets to unleash NK cell anti-tumor effector-functions in vivo. Moreover, we address here the major recent advances in regard to the genetic modification and ex vivo expansion of anti-tumor specific NK cells used in innovative adoptive cellular transfer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Zaghi
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pesce
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Italy.
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33
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NK cell expression of Tim-3: First impressions matter. Immunobiology 2019; 224:362-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ochoa MC, Perez-Ruiz E, Minute L, Oñate C, Perez G, Rodriguez I, Zabaleta A, Alignani D, Fernandez-Sendin M, Lopez A, Muntasell A, Sanmamed MF, Paiva B, Lopez-Botet M, Berraondo P, Melero I. Daratumumab in combination with urelumab to potentiate anti-myeloma activity in lymphocyte-deficient mice reconstituted with human NK cells. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1599636. [PMID: 31143521 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1599636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Daratumumab is an anti-CD38 fully human IgG1 mAb approved for multiple myeloma treatment. One of the proposed mechanisms of action is the induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by NK cells. NK cells acquire surface CD137 expression in the presence of solid-phase-attached daratumumab and when encountering a daratumumab-coated CD38+ tumor cell line. In this setting, addition of the agonist anti-CD137 mAb urelumab enhances NK-cell activation increasing CD25 expression and IFNɣ production. However, in vitro ADCC is not increased by the addition of urelumab both in 4h or 24h lasting experiments. To study urelumab-increased daratumumab-mediated ADCC activity in vivo, we set up a mouse model based on the intravenous administration of a luciferase-transfected multiple myeloma cell line of human origin, human NK cells and daratumumab to immuno-deficient NSG mice. In this model, intravenous administration of urelumab 24h after daratumumab delayed tumor growth and prolonged mice survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ochoa
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luna Minute
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Oñate
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Guiomar Perez
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rodriguez
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aintzane Zabaleta
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Cytometry Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Alignani
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Cytometry Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Myriam Fernandez-Sendin
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ascension Lopez
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Cell Therapy Area, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Immunity and Infection Lab, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel F Sanmamed
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Cytometry Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Lopez-Botet
- Immunity and Infection Lab, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut. Immunology Unit, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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35
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Chu DT, Bac ND, Nguyen KH, Tien NLB, Thanh VV, Nga VT, Ngoc VTN, Anh Dao DT, Hoan LN, Hung NP, Trung Thu NT, Pham VH, Vu LN, Pham TAV, Thimiri Govinda Raj DB. An Update on Anti-CD137 Antibodies in Immunotherapies for Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081822. [PMID: 31013788 PMCID: PMC6515339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective expression of CD137 on cells of the immune system (e.g., T and DC cells) and oncogenic cells in several types of cancer leads this molecule to be an attractive target to discover cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, specific antibodies against CD137 are being studied and developed aiming to activate and enhance anti-cancer immune responses as well as suppress oncogenic cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that anti-CD137 antibodies can be used separately to prevent tumor in some cases, while in other cases, these antibodies need to be co-administered with other antibodies or drugs/vaccines/regents for a better performance. Thus, in this work, we aim to update and discuss current knowledge about anti-cancer effects of anti-CD137 antibodies as mono- and combined-immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
- School of Odonto Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
- Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nguyen Duy Bac
- Department of Education and Training, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Khanh-Hoang Nguyen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Nguyen Le Bao Tien
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Vo Van Thanh
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Vu Thi Nga
- Institute for Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Danang 550000, Vietnam.
| | - Vo Truong Nhu Ngoc
- School of Odonto Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Duong Thi Anh Dao
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Le Ngoc Hoan
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Phuc Hung
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Thi Trung Thu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Van-Huy Pham
- AI Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Le Nguyen Vu
- Organ Transplantation Center, Viet Duc Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Thuy Anh Vu Pham
- Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
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36
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Liu X, Liu C, Zheng Z, Chen S, Pang X, Xiang X, Tang J, Ren E, Chen Y, You M, Wang X, Chen X, Luo W, Liu G, Xia N. Vesicular Antibodies: A Bioactive Multifunctional Combination Platform for Targeted Therapeutic Delivery and Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808294. [PMID: 30848011 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to selectively kill cancerous cell populations while leaving healthy cells unaffected is a key goal in oncology. The use of nanovesicles (NVs) as chemotherapeutic delivery vehicles has been recently proven successful, yet monotherapy with monomodalities remains a significant limitation for solid tumor treatment. Here, as a proof of principle, a novel cell-membrane-derived NVs that can display full-length monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is engineered. The high affinity and specificity of mAb for tumor-specific antigens allow these vesicular antibodies (VAs) to selectively deliver a cytotoxic agent to tumor cells and exert potent inhibition effects. These VAs can also regulate the tumor immune microenvironment. They can mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to eradicate tumor cells via recruitment and activation of natural killer cells in the tumor. Upon further encapsulation with chemotherapeutic agents, the VAs show unequaled cooperative effects in chemotherapy and immunotherapy in tumor-bearing mice. As far as it is known, this is the first report of a VA-based multifunctional combination therapy platform. This might lead to additional applications of vesicular antibodies in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zizheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xinchu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jixian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - En Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuanzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Min You
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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37
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have evolved to complement T and B cells in host defense against pathogens and cancer. They recognize infected cells and tumors using a sophisticated array of activating, costimulatory, and inhibitory receptors that are expressed on NK cell subsets to create extensive functional diversity. NK cells can be targeted to kill with exquisite antigen specificity by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. NK and T cells share many of the costimulatory and inhibitory receptors that are currently under evaluation in the clinic for cancer immunotherapy. As with T cells, genetic engineering is being employed to modify NK cells to specifically target them to tumors and to enhance their effector functions. As the selective pressures exerted by immunotherapies to augment CD8+T cell responses may result in loss of MHC class I, NK cells may provide an important fail-safe to eliminate these tumors by their capacity to eliminate tumors that are “missing self.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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38
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Cheng F, Liang H, Butte AJ, Eng C, Nussinov R. Personal Mutanomes Meet Modern Oncology Drug Discovery and Precision Health. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:1-19. [PMID: 30545954 PMCID: PMC6294046 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.016253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent remarkable advances in genome sequencing have enabled detailed maps of identified and interpreted genomic variation, dubbed "mutanomes." The availability of thousands of exome/genome sequencing data has prompted the emergence of new challenges in the identification of novel druggable targets and therapeutic strategies. Typically, mutanomes are viewed as one- or two-dimensional. The three-dimensional protein structural view of personal mutanomes sheds light on the functional consequences of clinically actionable mutations revealed in tumor diagnosis and followed up in personalized treatments, in a mutanome-informed manner. In this review, we describe the protein structural landscape of personal mutanomes and provide expert opinions on rational strategies for more streamlined oncological drug discovery and molecularly targeted therapies for each individual and each tumor. We provide the structural mechanism of orthosteric versus allosteric drugs at the atom-level via targeting specific somatic alterations for combating drug resistance and the "undruggable" challenges in solid and hematologic neoplasias. We discuss computational biophysics strategies for innovative mutanome-informed cancer immunotherapies and combination immunotherapies. Finally, we highlight a personal mutanome infrastructure for the emerging development of personalized cancer medicine using a breast cancer case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (F.C., C.E.) and Taussig Cancer Institute (C.E.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (F.C., C.E.); CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center (F.C., C.E.) and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (C.E.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (H.L.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (A.J.B.); Center for Data-Driven Insights and Innovation, University of California Health, Oakland, California (A.J.B.); Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland (R.N.); and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (R.N.)
| | - Han Liang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (F.C., C.E.) and Taussig Cancer Institute (C.E.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (F.C., C.E.); CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center (F.C., C.E.) and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (C.E.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (H.L.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (A.J.B.); Center for Data-Driven Insights and Innovation, University of California Health, Oakland, California (A.J.B.); Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland (R.N.); and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (R.N.)
| | - Atul J Butte
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (F.C., C.E.) and Taussig Cancer Institute (C.E.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (F.C., C.E.); CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center (F.C., C.E.) and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (C.E.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (H.L.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (A.J.B.); Center for Data-Driven Insights and Innovation, University of California Health, Oakland, California (A.J.B.); Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland (R.N.); and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (R.N.)
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (F.C., C.E.) and Taussig Cancer Institute (C.E.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (F.C., C.E.); CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center (F.C., C.E.) and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (C.E.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (H.L.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (A.J.B.); Center for Data-Driven Insights and Innovation, University of California Health, Oakland, California (A.J.B.); Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland (R.N.); and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (R.N.)
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute (F.C., C.E.) and Taussig Cancer Institute (C.E.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (F.C., C.E.); CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center (F.C., C.E.) and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (C.E.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Departments of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (H.L.); Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (A.J.B.); Center for Data-Driven Insights and Innovation, University of California Health, Oakland, California (A.J.B.); Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland (R.N.); and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (R.N.)
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39
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Rothschilds AM, Wittrup KD. What, Why, Where, and When: Bringing Timing to Immuno-Oncology. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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40
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Masu T, Atsukawa M, Nakatsuka K, Shimizu M, Miura D, Arai T, Harimoto H, Kondo C, Kaneko K, Futagami S, Kawamoto C, Takahashi H, Iwakiri K. Anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody enhances trastuzumab-induced, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer cell lines with low human epidermal growth factor-like receptor 2 expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200664. [PMID: 30596643 PMCID: PMC6312288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Because human epidermal growth factor-like receptor (HER) 2 is expressed on the surface of human pancreatic carcinoma cells to varying degrees, trastuzumab, an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), is expected to exert antibody-dependent, natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the cells. However, some reports found that the effect of trastuzumab against human pancreatic carcinoma cells was limited because most express only limited HER2. We examined whether anti-CD137 stimulating mAb could enhance trastuzumab-mediated ADCC against Panc-1, a human pancreatic cancer cell line with low HER2 expression, in vitro. Supplementation of anti-CD137 mAb could improve trastuzumab-mediated ADCC against Panc-1 which was insufficient without this stimulating antibody. The ADCC differed in individual cells, and this was related to the expression of CD137 on the surface of NK cells after trastuzumab stimulation in association with the Fcγ-RIIIA polymorphism. NK cells with Fcγ-RIIIA-VV/VF showed high levels of ADCC against Panc-1, but those with Fcγ-RIIIA-FF did not show optimal ADCC. In addition, trastuzumab-mediated ADCC against the human pancreatic cancer cell line Capan-1 with high HER2 expression was generally high and not affected by the Fcγ-RIIIA polymorphism. These results demonstrated that in Fcγ-RIIIA-VV/VF-carrying healthy individuals, trastuzumab plus αCD137 mAb could induce effective ADCC against HER2-low-expressing pancreatic cancer cell lines, and that such an approach may result in similar findings in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Trastuzumab/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Masu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Atsukawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Katsuhisa Nakatsuka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masumi Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daishu Miura
- Division of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeang Arai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Harimoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisa Kondo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Kaneko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Futagami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kawamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemi Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Iwakiri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Pegram MD, Zong Y, Yam C, Goetz MP, Moulder SL. Innovative Strategies: Targeting Subtypes in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2018; 38:65-77. [PMID: 30231328 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_200715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer continues to be a life-threatening diagnosis that impacts hundreds of thousands of patients around the world. Targeted therapies are usually associated with less toxicity compared with cytotoxic chemotherapies and often induce response or durable disease control in estrogen receptor (ER) and/or HER2+ breast cancers. Drugs that target CDK 4/6 either alone or in combination with endocrine therapy have demonstrated substantial improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) compared with endocrine monotherapy. Most recently, PARP inhibitors have shown longer PFS compared with physician's choice of chemotherapy in BRCA-associated cancers, leading to the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of a targeted therapy with the potential to benefit a subgroup of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Finally, newer drug delivery strategies using antibody drug conjugates have also allowed a "targeted approach" to deliver moderate to extremely potent cytotoxins directly to sites of metastatic disease, with less toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Pegram
- From the Stanford Comprehensive Cancer, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Yu Zong
- From the Stanford Comprehensive Cancer, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Clinton Yam
- From the Stanford Comprehensive Cancer, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- From the Stanford Comprehensive Cancer, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
| | - Stacy L Moulder
- From the Stanford Comprehensive Cancer, Stanford, CA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN
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42
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A tumor-targeted trimeric 4-1BB-agonistic antibody induces potent anti-tumor immunity without systemic toxicity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4809. [PMID: 30442944 PMCID: PMC6237851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The costimulation of immune cells using first-generation anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has demonstrated anti-tumor activity in human trials. Further clinical development, however, is restricted by significant off-tumor toxicities associated with FcγR interactions. Here, we have designed an Fc-free tumor-targeted 4-1BB-agonistic trimerbody, 1D8N/CEGa1, consisting of three anti-4-1BB single-chain variable fragments and three anti-EGFR single-domain antibodies positioned in an extended hexagonal conformation around the collagen XVIII homotrimerization domain. The1D8N/CEGa1 trimerbody demonstrated high-avidity binding to 4-1BB and EGFR and a potent in vitro costimulatory capacity in the presence of EGFR. The trimerbody rapidly accumulates in EGFR-positive tumors and exhibits anti-tumor activity similar to IgG-based 4-1BB-agonistic mAbs. Importantly, treatment with 1D8N/CEGa1 does not induce systemic inflammatory cytokine production or hepatotoxicity associated with IgG-based 4-1BB agonists. These results implicate FcγR interactions in the 4-1BB-agonist-associated immune abnormalities, and promote the use of the non-canonical antibody presented in this work for safe and effective costimulatory strategies in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer therapy using systemically administrated 4-1BB-targeting antibodies is often associated with severe toxicity due to the nonspecific activation of autoreactive T cells. Here, the authors have developed a trimeric antibody targeting both 4-1BB and EGFR, which activates T cells effectively and shows negligible cytotoxicity.
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43
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Stimulation of natural killer cells with rhCD137 ligand enhances tumor-targeting antibody efficacy in gastric cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204880. [PMID: 30321186 PMCID: PMC6188629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many anticancer agents for gastric cancer have been developed, the prognosis for many patients remains poor. Recently, costimulatory immune molecules that reactivate antitumor immune responses by utilizing the host immune system have attracted attention as new therapeutic strategies. CD137 is a costimulatory molecule that reportedly potentiates the antitumor activity of tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by enhancing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, it remains unclear whether CD137 stimulates tumor-regulatory activity in gastric cancer. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effects of CD137 stimulation on gastric cancer cells administered tumor-targeting mAbs. Our results showed that human natural killer (NK) cells were activated by expressing CD137 after encountering trastuzumab-coated gastric cancer cells, and that stimulation of activated NK cells in the presence of trastuzumab and recombinant human CD137 ligand (rhCD137L) enhanced cytotoxicity and release of cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF, granzyme A, or granzyme B) as compared with activated NK cells with trastuzumab alone (p < 0.05). By combination treatment with rhCD137L, similar effects were obtained regarding cancer cell cytotoxicity in the presence of cetuximab (p < 0.01). Moreover, we revealed that CD137 expression was dependent upon the affinity between the Fc portion of the antibodies and FcγRIIIa of NK cells based on results indicating that human IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses enhanced CD137 expression (p < 0.001). These results confirmed that FcγRIIIA polymorphisms (158 V/V) enhanced CD137 expression to a greater degree than 158 F polymorphisms (p = 0.014). Our results suggested that CD137 stimulation could promote the effects of tumor-targeting mAbs in gastric cancer, and that further investigation of antibody binding affinity and in vivo activities might improve therapeutic strategies related to the treatment of gastric cancer patients.
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Hsu J, Hodgins JJ, Marathe M, Nicolai CJ, Bourgeois-Daigneault MC, Trevino TN, Azimi CS, Scheer AK, Randolph HE, Thompson TW, Zhang L, Iannello A, Mathur N, Jardine KE, Kirn GA, Bell JC, McBurney MW, Raulet DH, Ardolino M. Contribution of NK cells to immunotherapy mediated by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4654-4668. [PMID: 30198904 DOI: 10.1172/jci99317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory axis has produced remarkable results in the treatment of several types of cancer. Whereas cytotoxic T cells are known to provide important antitumor effects during checkpoint blockade, certain cancers with low MHC expression are responsive to therapy, suggesting that other immune cell types may also play a role. Here, we employed several mouse models of cancer to investigate the effect of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade on NK cells, a population of cytotoxic innate lymphocytes that also mediate antitumor immunity. We discovered that PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade elicited a strong NK cell response that was indispensable for the full therapeutic effect of immunotherapy. PD-1 was expressed on NK cells within transplantable, spontaneous, and genetically induced mouse tumor models, and PD-L1 expression in cancer cells resulted in reduced NK cell responses and generation of more aggressive tumors in vivo. PD-1 expression was more abundant on NK cells with an activated and more responsive phenotype and did not mark NK cells with an exhausted phenotype. These results demonstrate the importance of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in inhibiting NK cell responses in vivo and reveal that NK cells, in addition to T cells, mediate the effect of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jonathan J Hodgins
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malvika Marathe
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Chris J Nicolai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Troy N Trevino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Camillia S Azimi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Amit K Scheer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haley E Randolph
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Thornton W Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Lily Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alexandre Iannello
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nikhita Mathur
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen E Jardine
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georgia A Kirn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael W McBurney
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunotherapy and Vaccine Research Initiative, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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45
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Monoclonal antibodies as immunomodulatory therapy against cancer and autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ponath P, Menezes D, Pan C, Chen B, Oyasu M, Strachan D, LeBlanc H, Sun H, Wang XT, Rangan VS, Deshpande S, Cristea S, Park KS, Sage J, Cardarelli PM. A Novel, Fully Human Anti-fucosyl-GM1 Antibody Demonstrates Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Models of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5178-5189. [PMID: 30021910 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The ganglioside fucosyl-GM1 (FucGM1) is a tumor-associated antigen expressed in a large percentage of human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumors, but absent in most normal adult tissues, making it a promising target in immuno-oncology. This study was undertaken to evaluate the preclinical efficacy of BMS-986012, a novel, nonfucosylated, fully human IgG1 antibody that binds specifically to FucGM1.Experimental Design: The antitumor activity of BMS-986012 was evaluated in in vitro assays using SCLC cells and in mouse xenograft and syngeneic tumor models, with and without chemotherapeutic agents and checkpoint inhibitors.Results: BMS-986012 showed a high binding affinity for FcγRIIIa (CD16), which resulted in enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against FucGM1-expressing tumor cell lines. BMS-986012-mediated tumor cell killing was also observed in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) assays. In several mouse SCLC models, BMS-986012 demonstrated efficacy and was well tolerated. In the DMS79 xenograft model, tumor regression was achieved with BMS-986012 doses of 0.3 mg/kg and greater; antitumor activity was enhanced when BMS-986012 was combined with standard-of-care cisplatin or etoposide. In a syngeneic model, tumors derived from a genetically engineered model of SCLC were treated with BMS-986012 or anti-FucGM1 with a mouse IgG2a Fc and their responses evaluated; when BMS-986012 was combined with anti-PD-1 or anti-CD137 antibody, therapeutic responses significantly improved.Conclusions: Single-agent BMS-986012 demonstrated robust antitumor activity, with the addition of chemotherapeutic or immunomodulatory agents further inhibiting SCLC growth in the same models. These preclinical data supported evaluation of BMS-986012 in a phase I clinical trial of patients with relapsed, refractory SCLC. Clin Cancer Res; 24(20); 5178-89. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ponath
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Daniel Menezes
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Chin Pan
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Bing Chen
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Miho Oyasu
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Debbie Strachan
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Heidi LeBlanc
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | | | | | - Vangipuram S Rangan
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Shrikant Deshpande
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | - Sandra Cristea
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kwon-Sik Park
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Julien Sage
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Pina M Cardarelli
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California.
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Yan J, Smyth MJ, Teng MWL. Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 and Their Conflicting Roles in Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a028530. [PMID: 28716888 PMCID: PMC6028064 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The balance of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 plays a key role in shaping the development of antitumor or protumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the role IL-12 and IL-23 plays in tumor biology from preclinical and clinical data. In particular, we discuss the mechanism by which IL-23 promotes tumor growth and metastases and how the IL-12/IL-23 axis of inflammation can be targeted for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juming Yan
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michele W L Teng
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia
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48
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The promise and challenges of immune agonist antibody development in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:509-527. [PMID: 29904196 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell functions are regulated by co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors. The first two generations of cancer immunotherapy agents consist primarily of antagonist antibodies that block negative immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA4). Looking ahead, there is substantial promise in targeting co-stimulatory receptors with agonist antibodies, and a growing number of these agents are making their way through various stages of development. This Review discusses the key considerations and potential pitfalls of immune agonist antibody design and development, their differentiating features from antagonist antibodies and the landscape of agonist antibodies in clinical development for cancer treatment.
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Abouelghar A, Hasnah R, Taouk G, Saad M, Karam M. Prognostic values of the mRNA expression of natural killer receptor ligands and their association with clinicopathological features in breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27171-27196. [PMID: 29930758 PMCID: PMC6007477 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that have potent cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. NK cell recognition and activity towards cancer cells are regulated by an integrated interplay between numerous inhibitory and activating receptors acting in concert to eliminate tumor cells expressing cognate ligands. Despite strong evidence supporting the role of NK cells in breast cancer (BC) control, BC still develops and progresses to form large tumors and metastases. A major mechanism of BC escape from NK immunity is the alteration of the expression of NK receptor ligands. The aim of this study was to determine whether NK receptor ligands' mRNA expression might influence prognosis in BC patients and whether these effects differ by molecular subtypes and clinicopathological features. METHODS We used the KM plotter platform to analyze the correlation between mRNA expression of 32 NK receptor ligands and relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in 3951 and 1402 BC patients, respectively. The association with tumor subtypes and clinicopathological features was determined. BC samples were split into high and low expression groups according to the best cutoff value and the two patient cohorts were compared by Kaplan-Meier survival plots. The hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals and log rank P values were calculated and FDR-adjusted for multiple testing correction. The data was considered to be statistically significant when FDR-adjusted P value < 0.05. RESULTS High mRNA expression of around 80% of ligands for NK activating and inhibitory receptors associated with better RFS, which correlated with longer OS for only about half of the NK-activating ligands but for most NK-inhibitory ligands. Also, five NK-activating ligands correlated with worse prognosis. These prognostic values were differentially associated with the BC clinical criteria. In addition, the favorable prognostic influence of NK-activating ligands' upregulation, as a whole, was mainly significantly associated with HER2-positive and basal-like subtypes, lymph node positive phenotype, and high-grade tumors. CONCLUSIONS NK receptor ligands appear to play an important role in defining BC patient prognosis. Identification of a group of patients with worse prognosis expressing high levels of NK-activating ligands and low levels of NK-inhibitory ligands makes them ideal potential candidates for NK-based immunotherapy to eliminate residual tumor cells, prevent relapse and improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abouelghar
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Reem Hasnah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ghina Taouk
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamad Saad
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manale Karam
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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50
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Steenbruggen TG, van Ramshorst MS, Kok M, Linn SC, Smorenburg CH, Sonke GS. Neoadjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer: Established Concepts and Emerging Strategies. Drugs 2018; 77:1313-1336. [PMID: 28616845 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the systemic treatment approach for patients with early breast cancer has partly shifted from adjuvant treatment to neoadjuvant treatment. Systemic treatment administration started as a 'one size fits all' approach but is currently customized according to each breast cancer subtype. Systemic treatment in a neoadjuvant setting is at least as effective as in an adjuvant setting and has several additional advantages. First, it enables response monitoring and provides prognostic information; second, it downstages the tumor, allowing for less extensive surgery, improved cosmetic outcomes, and reduced postoperative complications such as lymphedema; and third, it enables early development of new treatment strategies by using pathological complete remission as a surrogate outcome of event-free and overall survival. In this review we give an overview of the current standard of neoadjuvant systemic treatment strategies for the three main subtypes of breast cancer: hormone receptor-positive, triple-negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive. Additionally, we summarize drugs that are under investigation for use in the neoadjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa G Steenbruggen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mette S van Ramshorst
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kok
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine C Linn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien H Smorenburg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabe S Sonke
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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