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Ji Y, McLean JL, Xu R. Emerging Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Human-Animal Brain Chimeras for Advancing Disease Modeling and Cell Therapy for Neurological Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:1315-1332. [PMID: 38466557 PMCID: PMC11365908 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) models provide unprecedented opportunities to study human neurological disorders by recapitulating human-specific disease mechanisms. In particular, hPSC-based human-animal brain chimeras enable the study of human cell pathophysiology in vivo. In chimeric brains, human neural and immune cells can maintain human-specific features, undergo maturation, and functionally integrate into host brains, allowing scientists to study how human cells impact neural circuits and animal behaviors. The emerging human-animal brain chimeras hold promise for modeling human brain cells and their interactions in health and disease, elucidating the disease mechanism from molecular and cellular to circuit and behavioral levels, and testing the efficacy of cell therapy interventions. Here, we discuss recent advances in the generation and applications of using human-animal chimeric brain models for the study of neurological disorders, including disease modeling and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Ji
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jenna Lillie McLean
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ranjie Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Zhao Y, Liu K, Wang Y, Ma Y, Guo W, Shi C. Human-mouse chimeric brain models constructed from iPSC-derived brain cells: Applications and challenges. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114848. [PMID: 38857749 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The establishment of reliable human brain models is pivotal for elucidating specific disease mechanisms and facilitating the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for human brain disorders. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) exhibit remarkable self-renewal capabilities and can differentiate into specialized cell types. This makes them a valuable cell source for xenogeneic or allogeneic transplantation. Human-mouse chimeric brain models constructed from iPSC-derived brain cells have emerged as valuable tools for modeling human brain diseases and exploring potential therapeutic strategies for brain disorders. Moreover, the integration and functionality of grafted stem cells has been effectively assessed using these models. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in differentiating human iPSC into various highly specialized types of brain cells. This review evaluates the characteristics and functions of the human-mouse chimeric brain model. We highlight its potential roles in brain function and its ability to reconstruct neural circuitry in vivo. Additionally, we elucidate factors that influence the integration and differentiation of human iPSC-derived brain cells in vivo. This review further sought to provide suitable research models for cell transplantation therapy. These research models provide new insights into neuropsychiatric disorders, infectious diseases, and brain injuries, thereby advancing related clinical and academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China; Gansu University of traditional Chinese medicine, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Yinghua Wang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Yifan Ma
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China; Gansu University of traditional Chinese medicine, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Wenwen Guo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
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Blant JC, De Rossi NN, Gold R, Maurousset A, Kraemer M, Romero-Pinel L, Misu T, Ouallet JC, Pallix Guyot M, Gerevini S, Bakirtzis C, Piñar Morales R, Vlad B, Karypidis P, Moisset X, Derfuss TJ, Jelcic I, Martin-Blondel G, Ayzenberg I, McGraw C, Laplaud DA, Du Pasquier RA, Bernard-Valnet R. Presentation and Outcome in S1P-RM and Natalizumab-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: A Multicenter Cohort Study. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200281. [PMID: 38991170 PMCID: PMC11256981 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe neurologic disease resulting from JC virus reactivation in immunocompromised patients. Certain multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are associated with PML risk, such as natalizumab and, more rarely, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (S1P-RMs). Although natalizumab-associated PML is well documented, information on S1P-RM-associated PML is limited. The aim of this study is to compare clinical presentations and outcomes between the 2 groups. METHODS A retrospective multicenter cohort study included patients with PML from 2009 to 2022 treated with S1P-RMs or natalizumab. Data on clinical and radiologic presentation, outcomes, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), survival, disability (using the modified Ranking scale-mRS), and MS relapses post-PML were analyzed. RESULTS Of 88 patients, 84 were analyzed (20 S1P-RM, 64 natalizumab). S1P-RM-associated PML was diagnosed in older patients (median age 52 vs 44 years, p < 0.001) and after longer treatment duration (median 63.9 vs 40 months, p < 0.001). Similarly, S1P-RM patients were more prone to show symptoms at diagnosis (100 vs 80.6%, p = 0.035), had more disseminated lesions (80% vs 34.9%, p = 0.002), and had higher gadolinium enhancement (65% vs 39.1%, p = 0.042). Natalizumab patients had a higher IRIS development rate (OR: 8.3 [1.92-33.3]). Overall, the outcome (mRS) at 12 months was similar in the 2 groups (OR: 0.81 [0.32-2.0]). Yet, post-treatment MS activity was higher in S1P-RM cases (OR: 5.7 [1.4-22.2]). DISCUSSION S1P-RM-associated PML shows reduced IRIS risk but higher post-treatment MS activity. Clinicians should tailor post-PML treatment based on pre-PML medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Blant
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Nicola N De Rossi
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Ralf Gold
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Aude Maurousset
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Markus Kraemer
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Lucía Romero-Pinel
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Tatsuro Misu
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Ouallet
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Maud Pallix Guyot
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Simonetta Gerevini
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Christos Bakirtzis
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Raquel Piñar Morales
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Benjamin Vlad
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Panajotis Karypidis
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Xavier Moisset
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Tobias J Derfuss
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Ilijas Jelcic
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Corey McGraw
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - David A Laplaud
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Renaud A Du Pasquier
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
| | - Raphael Bernard-Valnet
- From the Service of Neurology (J.C.B., R.A.D.P., R.B.-V.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center (N.N.D.R.), ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Italy; Department of Neurology St. Josef-Hospital (R.G., I.A.), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (A.M.), Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de neurologie, Tours, France; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Neurology Department (L.R.-P.), Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (T.M.), Tohoku University Hospital, Japan; Service de Neurologie (J.-C.O.), Pôle des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin Tripode; Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire (M.P.G.), Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, France; Unit of Neuroradiology (S.G.), Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (C.B.), Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Servicio de Neurología (R.P.M.), Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Department of Neurology (B.V., I.J.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, ; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (P.K., T.J.D.), Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Service de Neurologie (X.M.), Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit (G.M.-B.), University Hospital of Toulouse, France; Department of Neurology (C.M.), State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse; and CHU Nantes (D.A.L.), Service de Neurologie, CRC-SEP, Nantes Université, INSERM, CIC 1413, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, France
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Chiba Y, Kawakita R, Mitamura K, Takahashi K, Suzuki T, Nakamichi K, Suzuki K, Morishita A, Kobara H, Deguchi K, Masaki T. 18F-THK5351 Positron Emission Tomography Clearly Depicted Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy after Mantle Cell Lymphoma Treatment. Intern Med 2024; 63:2325-2329. [PMID: 38171868 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3023-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An 84-year-old Japanese woman presented with left hemiplegia 8 months after completing chemotherapy for mantle cell lymphoma. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a hyperintense lesion extending from the right parietal lobe to the left parietal lobe. Compared with these MRI results, 18F-THK5351 PET revealed more extensive accumulation. A brain biopsy showed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Immunohistochemistry and John Cunningham virus (JCV) DNA-polymerase chain reaction indicated JCV infection. Therefore, a diagnosis of PML was made. 18F-THK5351 PET, indicative of activated astrocytes, clearly depicted PML lesions composed of reactive and atypical astrocytes. 18F-THK5351 PET may capture fresh progressive PML lesions better than MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
| | - Rie Kawakita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
| | - Katsuya Mitamura
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamichi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
| | - Kazushi Deguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Japan
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5
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Oberholster L, Mathias A, Perriot S, Blaser E, Canales M, Jones S, Culebras L, Gimenez M, Kaynor GC, Sapozhnik A, Richetin K, Goelz S, Du Pasquier R. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of JC polyomavirus-infected human astrocytes and their extracellular vesicles. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0275123. [PMID: 37815349 PMCID: PMC10714778 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02751-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a crimpling demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). Much about JCPyV propagation in the brain remains obscure because of a lack of proper animal models to study the virus in the context of the disease, thus hampering efforts toward the development of new antiviral strategies. Here, having established a robust and representative model of JCPyV infection in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes, we are able to fully characterize the effect of JCPyV on the biology of the cells and show that the proteomic signature observed for JCPyV-infected astrocytes is extended to extracellular vesicles (EVs). These data suggest that astrocyte-derived EVs found in body fluids might serve as a rich source of information relevant to JCPyV infection in the brain, opening avenues toward better understanding the pathogenesis of the virus and, ultimately, the identification of new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larise Oberholster
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Mathias
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Perriot
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emma Blaser
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Canales
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Culebras
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Gimenez
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexey Sapozhnik
- Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Richetin
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susan Goelz
- MS&SI, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Butic AB, Spencer SA, Shaheen SK, Lukacher AE. Polyomavirus Wakes Up and Chooses Neurovirulence. Viruses 2023; 15:2112. [PMID: 37896889 PMCID: PMC10612099 DOI: 10.3390/v15102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a human-specific polyomavirus that establishes a silent lifelong infection in multiple peripheral organs, predominantly those of the urinary tract, of immunocompetent individuals. In immunocompromised settings, however, JCPyV can infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS), where it causes several encephalopathies of high morbidity and mortality. JCPyV-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a devastating demyelinating brain disease, was an AIDS-defining illness before antiretroviral therapy that has "reemerged" as a complication of immunomodulating and chemotherapeutic agents. No effective anti-polyomavirus therapeutics are currently available. How depressed immune status sets the stage for JCPyV resurgence in the urinary tract, how the virus evades pre-existing antiviral antibodies to become viremic, and where/how it enters the CNS are incompletely understood. Addressing these questions requires a tractable animal model of JCPyV CNS infection. Although no animal model can replicate all aspects of any human disease, mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) in mice and JCPyV in humans share key features of peripheral and CNS infection and antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss the evidence suggesting how JCPyV migrates from the periphery to the CNS, innate and adaptive immune responses to polyomavirus infection, and how the MuPyV-mouse model provides insights into the pathogenesis of JCPyV CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.B.B.); (S.A.S.); (S.K.S.)
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7
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Rocchi A, Sariyer IK, Berger JR. Revisiting JC virus and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:524-537. [PMID: 37659983 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Since its definition 65 years ago, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has continued to devastate a growing population of immunosuppressed patients despite major advances in our understanding of the causative JC virus (JCV). Unless contained by the immune system, JCV lyses host oligodendrocytes collateral to its life cycle, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and death. Novel treatments have stagnated in the absence of an animal model while current antiviral agents fail to address the now ubiquitous polyomavirus. In this review, we highlight the established pathogenesis by which JCV infection progresses to PML, highlighting major challenges that must be overcome to eliminate the underlying virus and, therefore, the debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rocchi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Convention Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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8
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Swingler M, Donadoni M, Bellizzi A, Cakir S, Sariyer IK. iPSC-derived three-dimensional brain organoid models and neurotropic viral infections. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:121-134. [PMID: 37097597 PMCID: PMC10127962 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Progress in stem cell research has revolutionized the medical field for more than two decades. More recently, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has allowed for the development of advanced disease modeling and tissue engineering platforms. iPSCs are generated from adult somatic cells by reprogramming them into an embryonic-like state via the expression of transcription factors required for establishing pluripotency. In the context of the central nervous system (CNS), iPSCs have the potential to differentiate into a wide variety of brain cell types including neurons, astrocytes, microglial cells, endothelial cells, and oligodendrocytes. iPSCs can be used to generate brain organoids by using a constructive approach in three-dimensional (3D) culture in vitro. Recent advances in 3D brain organoid modeling have provided access to a better understanding of cell-to-cell interactions in disease progression, particularly with neurotropic viral infections. Neurotropic viral infections have been difficult to study in two-dimensional culture systems in vitro due to the lack of a multicellular composition of CNS cell networks. In recent years, 3D brain organoids have been preferred for modeling neurotropic viral diseases and have provided invaluable information for better understanding the molecular regulation of viral infection and cellular responses. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on recent advances in iPSC-derived 3D brain organoid culturing and their utilization in modeling major neurotropic viral infections including HIV-1, HSV-1, JCV, ZIKV, CMV, and SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Swingler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Senem Cakir
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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9
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Mice in translational neuroscience: What R we doing? Prog Neurobiol 2022; 217:102330. [PMID: 35872220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal models play a pivotal role in translational neuroscience but recurrent problems in data collection, analyses, and interpretation, lack of biomarkers, and a tendency to over-reliance on mice have marred neuroscience progress, leading to one of the highest attrition rates in drug translation. Global initiatives to improve reproducibility and model selection are being implemented. Notwithstanding, mice are still the preferred animal species to model human brain disorders even when the translation has been shown to be limited. Non-human primates are better positioned to provide relevant translational information because of their higher brain complexity and homology to humans. Among others, lack of resources and formal training, strict legislation, and ethical issues may impede broad access to large animals. We propose that instead of increasingly restrictive legislation, more resources for training, education, husbandry, and data sharing are urgently needed. The creation of multidisciplinary teams, in which veterinarians need to play a key role, would be critical to improve translational efficiency. Furthermore, it is not usually acknowledged by researchers and regulators the value of comparative studies in lower species, that are instrumental in toxicology, target identification, and mechanistic studies. Overall, we highlight here the need for a conceptual shift in neuroscience research and policies to reach the patients.
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10
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O'Brien CA, Bennett FC, Bennett ML. Microglia in antiviral immunity of the brain and spinal cord. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101650. [PMID: 36099864 PMCID: PMC9934594 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a significant cause of neurological impairment and mortality worldwide. As tissue resident macrophages, microglia are critical initial responders to CNS viral infection. Microglia seem to coordinate brain-wide antiviral responses of both brain resident cells and infiltrating immune cells. This review discusses how microglia may promote this antiviral response at a molecular level, from potential mechanisms of virus recognition to downstream cytokine responses and interaction with antiviral T cells. Recent advancements in genetic tools to specifically target microglia in vivo promise to further our understanding about the precise mechanistic role of microglia in CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh A O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - F Chris Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mariko L Bennett
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
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11
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Barreras P, Pamies D, Monaco MC, Muñoz LS, Zhong X, Major EO, Hogberg HT, Hartung T, Pardo CA. A human-derived 3D brain organoid model to study JC virus infection. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:17-26. [PMID: 35239145 PMCID: PMC8892818 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a frequent neurological complication in immunosuppressed patients. PML is caused by the JC virus (JCV), a neurotropic DNA polyomavirus that infects oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, causing inflammation and demyelination which lead to neurological dysfunction. The pathogenesis of PML is poorly understood due to the lack of in vitro or animal models to study mechanisms of disease as the virus most efficiently infects only human cells. We developed a human-derived brain organotypic system (also called brain organoid) to model JCV infection. The model was developed by using human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and culturing them in 3D to generate an organotypic model containing neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes which recapitulates aspects of the environment of the human brain. We infected the brain organoids with the JCV MAD4 strain or cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with PML. The organoids were assessed for evidence of infection by qPCR, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy at 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-exposure. JCV infection in both JCV MAD4 strain and PML CSF-exposed brain organoids was confirmed by immunocytochemical studies demonstrating viral antigens and electron microscopy showing virion particles in the nuclear compartment of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. No evidence of neuronal infection was visualized. Infection was also demonstrated by JCV qPCR in the virus-exposed organoids and their media. In conclusion, the brain organoid model of JCV infection establishes a human model suitable for studying the mechanisms of JCV infection and pathogenesis of PML and may facilitate the exploration of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Barreras
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - David Pamies
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Laura S Muñoz
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xiali Zhong
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Helena T Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives To Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Carlos A Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
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12
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L'Honneur AS, Pipoli Da Fonseca J, Cokelaer T, Rozenberg F. JC Polyomavirus whole genome sequencing at the single molecule level reveals emerging neurotropic populations in Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1151-1161. [PMID: 34979561 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND JC polyomavirus (JCV) mostly causes asymptomatic persistent renal infections but may give rise in immunosuppressed patients to neurotropic variants which replicate in the brain causing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Rearrangements in the JCV genome regulator non-coding control region (NCCR) and missense mutations in the viral capsid VP1 gene differentiate neurotropic variants from virus excreted in urine. METHODS To investigate intra-host emergence of JCV neurotropic populations in PML, we deep sequenced JCV whole genome recovered from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine samples from 32 HIV- and non HIV-infected PML patients at the single-molecule level. RESULTS JCV strains distributed among 6 out of 7 known genotypes. Common patterns of NCCR rearrangements included an initial deletion mostly located in a short 10-nucleotide sequence, followed by duplications/insertions. Multiple NCCR variants present in individual CSF samples shared at least one rearrangement suggesting they stemmed from a unique viral population. NCCR variants independently acquired single or double PML-specific adaptive VP1 mutations. NCCR variants recovered from urine and CSF displayed opposite deletion or duplication patterns in binding sites for transcription factors. DISCUSSION Long read deep sequencing shed light on emergence of neurotropic JCV populations in PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie L'Honneur
- Université de Paris , INSERM Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie , Paris, France
| | - Juliana Pipoli Da Fonseca
- Plate-forme Technologique Biomics - Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologique (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Cokelaer
- Plate-forme Technologique Biomics - Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologique (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Hub de Bioinformatique et de Biostatistique, Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Université de Paris , INSERM Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie , Paris, France
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PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway Is Required for JCPyV Infection in Primary Astrocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113218. [PMID: 34831441 PMCID: PMC8624856 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are a main target of JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) in the central nervous system (CNS), where the destruction of these cells, along with oligodendrocytes, leads to the fatal disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). There is no cure currently available for PML, so it is essential to discover antivirals for this aggressive disease. Additionally, the lack of a tractable in vivo models for studying JCPyV infection makes primary cells an accurate alternative for elucidating mechanisms of viral infection in the CNS. This research to better understand the signaling pathways activated in response to JCPyV infection reveals and establishes the importance of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in JCPyV infection in primary human astrocytes compared to transformed cell lines. Using RNA sequencing and chemical inhibitors to target PI3K, AKT, and mTOR, we have demonstrated the importance of this signaling pathway in JCPyV infection of primary astrocytes not observed in transformed cells. Collectively, these findings illuminate the potential for repurposing drugs that are involved with inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and cancer treatment as potential therapeutics for PML, caused by this neuroinvasive virus.
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Wilczek MP, Armstrong FJ, Geohegan RP, Mayberry CL, DuShane JK, King BL, Maginnis MS. The MAPK/ERK Pathway and the Role of DUSP1 in JCPyV Infection of Primary Astrocytes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091834. [PMID: 34578413 PMCID: PMC8473072 DOI: 10.3390/v13091834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a neuroinvasive pathogen causing a fatal, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Within the CNS, JCPyV predominately targets two cell types: oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The underlying mechanisms of astrocytic infection are poorly understood, yet recent findings suggest critical differences in JCPyV infection of primary astrocytes compared to a widely studied immortalized cell model. RNA sequencing was performed in primary normal human astrocytes (NHAs) to analyze the transcriptomic profile that emerges during JCPyV infection. Through a comparative analysis, it was validated that JCPyV requires the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway, and additionally requires the expression of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs). Specifically, the expression of DUSP1 is needed to establish a successful infection in NHAs, yet this was not observed in an immortalized cell model of JCPyV infection. Additional analyses demonstrated immune activation uniquely observed in NHAs. These results support the hypothesis that DUSPs within the MAPK/ERK pathway impact viral infection and influence potential downstream targets and cellular pathways. Collectively, this research implicates DUSP1 in JCPyV infection of primary human astrocytes, and most importantly, further resolves the signaling events that lead to successful JCPyV infection in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Wilczek
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
| | - Francesca J. Armstrong
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
| | - Remi P. Geohegan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
| | - Colleen L. Mayberry
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
| | - Jeanne K. DuShane
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
| | - Benjamin L. King
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Melissa S. Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (M.P.W.); (F.J.A.); (R.P.G.); (C.L.M.); (J.K.D.); (B.L.K.)
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Dash PK, Gorantla S, Poluektova L, Hasan M, Waight E, Zhang C, Markovic M, Edagwa B, Machhi J, Olson KE, Wang X, Mosley RL, Kevadiya B, Gendelman HE. Humanized Mice for Infectious and Neurodegenerative disorders. Retrovirology 2021; 18:13. [PMID: 34090462 PMCID: PMC8179712 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice model human disease and as such are used commonly for research studies of infectious, degenerative and cancer disorders. Recent models also reflect hematopoiesis, natural immunity, neurobiology, and molecular pathways that influence disease pathobiology. A spectrum of immunodeficient mouse strains permit long-lived human progenitor cell engraftments. The presence of both innate and adaptive immunity enables high levels of human hematolymphoid reconstitution with cell susceptibility to a broad range of microbial infections. These mice also facilitate investigations of human pathobiology, natural disease processes and therapeutic efficacy in a broad spectrum of human disorders. However, a bridge between humans and mice requires a complete understanding of pathogen dose, co-morbidities, disease progression, environment, and genetics which can be mirrored in these mice. These must be considered for understanding of microbial susceptibility, prevention, and disease progression. With known common limitations for access to human tissues, evaluation of metabolic and physiological changes and limitations in large animal numbers, studies in mice prove important in planning human clinical trials. To these ends, this review serves to outline how humanized mice can be used in viral and pharmacologic research emphasizing both current and future studies of viral and neurodegenerative diseases. In all, humanized mouse provides cost-effective, high throughput studies of infection or degeneration in natural pathogen host cells, and the ability to test transmission and eradication of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Emiko Waight
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Milica Markovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Bhavesh Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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16
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Chiang C, Dvorkin S, Chiang JJ, Potter RB, Gack MU. The Small t Antigen of JC Virus Antagonizes RIG-I-Mediated Innate Immunity by Inhibiting TRIM25's RNA Binding Ability. mBio 2021; 12:e00620-21. [PMID: 33849980 PMCID: PMC8092259 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00620-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCV), a DNA virus that leads to persistent infection in humans, is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a lethal brain disease that affects immunocompromised individuals. Almost nothing is currently known about how JCV infection is controlled by the innate immune response and, further, whether JCV has evolved mechanisms to antagonize antiviral immunity. Here, we show that the innate immune sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) control JCV replication in human astrocytes. We further identify that the small t antigen (tAg) of JCV functions as an interferon (IFN) antagonist by suppressing RIG-I-mediated signal transduction. JCV tAg interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25, thereby preventing its ability to bind RNA and to induce the K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I, which is known to facilitate RIG-I-mediated cytokine responses. Antagonism of RIG-I K63-linked ubiquitination and antiviral signaling is also conserved in the tAg of the related polyomavirus BK virus (BKV). These findings highlight how JCV and BKV manipulate a key innate surveillance pathway, which may stimulate research into designing novel therapies.IMPORTANCE The innate immune response is the first line of defense against viral pathogens, and in turn, many viruses have evolved strategies to evade detection by the host's innate immune surveillance machinery. Investigation of the interplay between viruses and the innate immune response provides valuable insight into potential therapeutic targets against viral infectious diseases. JC polyomavirus (JCV) is associated with a lifelong, persistent infection that can cause a rare neurodegenerative disease, called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, in individuals that are immunosuppressed. The molecular mechanisms of JCV infection and persistence are not well understood, and very little is currently known about the relevance of innate immunity for the control of JCV replication. Here, we define the intracellular innate immune sensors responsible for controlling JCV infection and also demonstrate a novel mechanism by which a JCV-encoded protein acts as an antagonist of the type I interferon-mediated innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Chiang
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steve Dvorkin
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica J Chiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel B Potter
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Lauver MD, Lukacher AE. JCPyV VP1 Mutations in Progressive MultifocalLeukoencephalopathy: Altering Tropismor Mediating Immune Evasion? Viruses 2020; 12:v12101156. [PMID: 33053912 PMCID: PMC7600905 DOI: 10.3390/v12101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are ubiquitous human pathogens that cause lifelong, asymptomatic infections in healthy individuals. Although these viruses are restrained by an intact immune system, immunocompromised individuals are at risk for developing severe diseases driven by resurgent viral replication. In particular, loss of immune control over JC polyomavirus can lead to the development of the demyelinating brain disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Viral isolates from PML patients frequently carry point mutations in the major capsid protein, VP1, which mediates virion binding to cellular glycan receptors. Because polyomaviruses are non-enveloped, VP1 is also the target of the host's neutralizing antibody response. Thus, VP1 mutations could affect tropism and/or recognition by polyomavirus-specific antibodies. How these mutations predispose susceptible individuals to PML and other JCPyV-associated CNS diseases remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we review the current understanding of polyomavirus capsid mutations and their effects on viral tropism, immune evasion, and virulence.
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18
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Lauver MD, Goetschius DJ, Netherby-Winslow CS, Ayers KN, Jin G, Haas DG, Frost EL, Cho SH, Bator CM, Bywaters SM, Christensen ND, Hafenstein SL, Lukacher AE. Antibody escape by polyomavirus capsid mutation facilitates neurovirulence. eLife 2020; 9:e61056. [PMID: 32940605 PMCID: PMC7541085 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
JCPyV polyomavirus, a member of the human virome, causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an oft-fatal demyelinating brain disease in individuals receiving immunomodulatory therapies. Mutations in the major viral capsid protein, VP1, are common in JCPyV from PML patients (JCPyV-PML) but whether they confer neurovirulence or escape from virus-neutralizing antibody (nAb) in vivo is unknown. A mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) with a sequence-equivalent JCPyV-PML VP1 mutation replicated poorly in the kidney, a major reservoir for JCPyV persistence, but retained the CNS infectivity, cell tropism, and neuropathology of the parental virus. This mutation rendered MuPyV resistant to a monoclonal Ab (mAb), whose specificity overlapped the endogenous anti-VP1 response. Using cryo-EM and a custom sub-particle refinement approach, we resolved an MuPyV:Fab complex map to 3.2 Å resolution. The structure revealed the mechanism of mAb evasion. Our findings demonstrate convergence between nAb evasion and CNS neurovirulence in vivo by a frequent JCPyV-PML VP1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lauver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Daniel J Goetschius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | | | - Katelyn N Ayers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Daniel G Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Elizabeth L Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Sung Hyun Cho
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Carol M Bator
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Stephanie M Bywaters
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Neil D Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Susan L Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Aron E Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
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19
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Fifty Years of JC Polyomavirus: A Brief Overview and Remaining Questions. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090969. [PMID: 32882975 PMCID: PMC7552028 DOI: 10.3390/v12090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fifty years since the discovery of JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), the body of research representing our collective knowledge on this virus has grown substantially. As the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an often fatal central nervous system disease, JCPyV remains enigmatic in its ability to live a dual lifestyle. In most individuals, JCPyV reproduces benignly in renal tissues, but in a subset of immunocompromised individuals, JCPyV undergoes rearrangement and begins lytic infection of the central nervous system, subsequently becoming highly debilitating-and in many cases, deadly. Understanding the mechanisms allowing this process to occur is vital to the development of new and more effective diagnosis and treatment options for those at risk of developing PML. Here, we discuss the current state of affairs with regards to JCPyV and PML; first summarizing the history of PML as a disease and then discussing current treatment options and the viral biology of JCPyV as we understand it. We highlight the foundational research published in recent years on PML and JCPyV and attempt to outline which next steps are most necessary to reduce the disease burden of PML in populations at risk.
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20
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CD8 T Cells and STAT1 Signaling Are Essential Codeterminants in Protection from Polyomavirus Encephalopathy. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02038-19. [PMID: 31996425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02038-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), a human-specific virus, causes the aggressive brain-demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in individuals with depressed immune status. The increasing incidence of PML in patients receiving immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic agents creates a pressing clinical need to define biomarkers to stratify PML risk and develop anti-JCPyV interventions. Mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) CNS infection causes encephalopathology and may provide insight into JCPyV-PML pathogenesis. Type I, II, and III interferons (IFNs), which all signal via the STAT1 transcription factor, mediate innate and adaptive immune defense against a variety of viral infections. We previously reported that type I and II IFNs control MuPyV infection in non-central nervous system (CNS) organs, but their relative contributions to MuPyV control in the brain remain unknown. To this end, mice deficient in type I, II, or III IFN receptors or STAT1 were infected intracerebrally with MuPyV. We found that STAT1, but not type I, II, or III IFNs, mediated viral control during acute and persistent MuPyV encephalitis. Mice deficient in STAT1 also developed severe hydrocephalus, blood-brain barrier permeability, and increased brain infiltration by myeloid cells. CD8 T cell deficiency alone did not increase MuPyV infection and pathology in the brain. In the absence of STAT1 signaling, however, depletion of CD8 T cells resulted in lytic infection of the choroid plexus and ependymal lining, marked meningitis, and 100% mortality within 2 weeks postinfection. Collectively, these findings indicate that STAT1 signaling and CD8 T cells cocontribute to controlling MuPyV infection in the brain and CNS injury.IMPORTANCE A comprehensive understanding of JCPyV-induced PML pathogenesis is needed to define determinants that predispose patients to PML, a goal whose urgency is heightened by the lack of anti-JCPyV agents. A handicap to achieving this goal is the lack of a tractable animal model to study PML pathogenesis. Using intracerebral inoculation with MuPyV, we found that MuPyV encephalitis in wild-type mice causes an encephalopathy, which is markedly exacerbated in mice deficient in STAT1, a molecule involved in transducing signals from type I, II, and III IFN receptors. CD8 T cell deficiency compounded the severity of MuPyV neuropathology and resulted in dramatically elevated virus levels in the CNS. These findings demonstrate that STAT1 signaling and CD8 T cells concomitantly act to mitigate MuPyV-encephalopathy and control viral infection.
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21
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Wilczek MP, DuShane JK, Armstrong FJ, Maginnis MS. JC Polyomavirus Infection Reveals Delayed Progression of the Infectious Cycle in Normal Human Astrocytes. J Virol 2020; 94:e01331-19. [PMID: 31826993 PMCID: PMC7022360 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01331-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infects 50 to 80% of the population and is the causative agent of a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). JCPyV presents initially as a persistent infection in the kidneys of healthy people, but during immunosuppression, the virus can reactivate and cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Within the CNS, JCPyV predominately targets two cell types, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Until recently, the role of astrocytes has been masked by the pathology in the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, which are lytically destroyed by the virus. To better understand how astrocytes are impacted during JCPyV infection, the temporal regulation and infectious cycle of JCPyV were analyzed in primary normal human astrocytes (NHAs). Previous research to define the molecular mechanisms underlying JCPyV infection has mostly relied on the use of cell culture models, such as SVG-A cells (SVGAs), an immortalized, mixed population of glial cells transformed with simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen. However, SVGAs present several limitations due to their immortalized characteristics, and NHAs represent an innovative approach to study JCPyV infection in vitro Using infectivity assays, quantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence assay approaches, we have further characterized JCPyV infectivity in NHAs. The JCPyV infectious cycle is significantly delayed in NHAs, and the expression of SV40 T antigen alters the cellular environment, which impacts viral infection in immortalized cells. This research establishes a foundation for the use of primary NHAs in future studies and will help unravel the role of astrocytes in PML pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Animal models are crucial in advancing biomedical research and defining the pathogenesis of human disease. Unfortunately, not all diseases can be easily modeled in a nonhuman host or such models are cost prohibitive to generate, including models for the human-specific virus JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). JCPyV infects most of the population but can cause a rare, fatal disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). There have been considerable advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms of JCPyV infection, but this has mostly been limited to immortalized cell culture models. In contrast, PML pathogenesis research has been greatly hindered because of the lack of an animal model. We have further characterized JCPyV infection in primary human astrocytes to better define the infectious process in a primary cell type. Albeit a cell culture model, primary astrocytes may better recapitulate human disease, are easier to maintain than other primary cells, and are less expensive than using an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Wilczek
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Jeanne K DuShane
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Francesca J Armstrong
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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22
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Ferretti F, Bestetti A, Yiannoutsos CT, Musick BS, Gerevini S, Passeri L, Bossolasco S, Boschini A, Franciotta D, Lazzarin A, Cinque P. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of JC Virus DNA in Plasma in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:65-72. [PMID: 29346632 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease caused by the polyomavirus JC (John Cunningham; JCV) that affects patients with impaired immune systems. While JCV-DNA detection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is diagnostic of PML, the clinical significance of plasma JCV-DNA is uncertain. Methods We retrospectively analyzed plasma samples from PML patients that were drawn close to disease onset and from controls without PML. In PML patients, we compared plasma JCV-DNA detection and levels to clinical and laboratory parameters, and patient survival. Results JCV-DNA was detected in plasma of 49/103 (48%) patients with PML (20/24, 83%, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] negative; 29/79, 37%, HIV-positive) and of 4/144 (3%) controls without PML (0/95 HIV-negative; 4/49, 8%, HIV-positive), yielding a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 48% and 97% (83% and 100% in HIV-negative; 37% and 92% in HIV-positive), respectively. Among 16 PML patients with undetectable CSF JCV-DNA, 4 (25%) had detectable plasma JCV-DNA. Plasma JCV-DNA levels were independently associated with CSF levels (P < .0001) and previous corticosteroid treatment (P = .012). Higher plasma JCV-DNA levels were associated with disease progression in HIV-negative patients (P = .005); in HIV-positive patients, there was an increased risk of progression only in those treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART; P < .0001). Conclusions Testing JCV-DNA in plasma might complement PML diagnosis, especially when CSF is unavailable or JCV-DNA not detectable in CSF. In addition, JCV-DNA plasma levels could be useful as a marker of disease progression in both HIV-negative and cART-treated, HIV-positive PML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferretti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Arabella Bestetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Beverly S Musick
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | | | - Laura Passeri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Bossolasco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Diego Franciotta
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, 'C. Mondino' National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adriano Lazzarin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Cinque
- Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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23
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Stadelmann C, Timmler S, Barrantes-Freer A, Simons M. Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1381-1431. [PMID: 31066630 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes generate multiple layers of myelin membrane around axons of the central nervous system to enable fast and efficient nerve conduction. Until recently, saltatory nerve conduction was considered the only purpose of myelin, but it is now clear that myelin has more functions. In fact, myelinating oligodendrocytes are embedded in a vast network of interconnected glial and neuronal cells, and increasing evidence supports an active role of oligodendrocytes within this assembly, for example, by providing metabolic support to neurons, by regulating ion and water homeostasis, and by adapting to activity-dependent neuronal signals. The molecular complexity governing these interactions requires an in-depth molecular understanding of how oligodendrocytes and axons interact and how they generate, maintain, and remodel their myelin sheaths. This review deals with the biology of myelin, the expanded relationship of myelin with its underlying axons and the neighboring cells, and its disturbances in various diseases such as multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we will highlight how specific interactions between astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia contribute to demyelination in hereditary white matter pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Sebastian Timmler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alonso Barrantes-Freer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany ; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich , Germany ; Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany ; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich , Germany ; and Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen , Germany
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24
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are major vehicles for transporting viruses en bloc among hosts. While RNA viruses make up the great majority of transmission by EVs, in a recent article in mBio (mBio 10:e00379-19, 2019, https://mbio.asm.org/content/10/2/e00379-19.long), Morris-Love and colleagues revealed that a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus, JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), a major cause of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), can be released from and transmitted to other glia in EVs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are major vehicles for transporting viruses en bloc among hosts. While RNA viruses make up the great majority of transmission by EVs, in a recent article in mBio (mBio 10:e00379-19, 2019, https://mbio.asm.org/content/10/2/e00379-19.long), Morris-Love and colleagues revealed that a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus, JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), a major cause of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), can be released from and transmitted to other glia in EVs. This mode of transmission appears to be highly infectious, independent of the free virus attachment and entry receptors LSTc and 5-HT2, and protected from neutralizing antibodies. This novel form of JCPyV transmission may potentially explain its dissemination into the central nervous system (CNS) and its increased virulence.
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Shwetank, Frost EL, Mockus TE, Ren HM, Toprak M, Lauver MD, Netherby-Winslow CS, Jin G, Cosby JM, Evavold BD, Lukacher AE. PD-1 Dynamically Regulates Inflammation and Development of Brain-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells During Persistent Viral Encephalitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:783. [PMID: 31105690 PMCID: PMC6499176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor signaling dampens the functionality of T cells faced with repetitive antigenic stimulation from chronic infections or tumors. Using intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation with mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV), we have shown that CD8 T cells establish a PD-1hi, tissue-resident memory population in the brains (bTRM) of mice with a low-level persistent infection. In MuPyV encephalitis, PD-L1 was expressed on infiltrating myeloid cells, microglia and astrocytes, but not on oligodendrocytes. Engagement of PD-1 on anti-MuPyV CD8 T cells limited their effector activity. NanoString gene expression analysis showed that neuroinflammation was higher in PD-L1-/- than wild type mice at day 8 post-infection, the peak of the MuPyV-specific CD8 response. During the persistent phase of infection, however, the absence of PD-1 signaling was found to be associated with a lower inflammatory response than in wild type mice. Genetic disruption and intracerebroventricular blockade of PD-1 signaling resulted in an increase in number of MuPyV-specific CD8 bTRM and the fraction of these cells expressing CD103, the αE integrin commonly used to define tissue-resident T cells. However, PD-L1-/- mice persistently infected with MuPyV showed impaired virus control upon i.c. re-infection with MuPyV. Collectively, these data reveal a temporal duality in PD-1-mediated regulation of MuPyV-associated neuroinflammation. PD-1 signaling limited the severity of neuroinflammation during acute infection but sustained a level of inflammation during persistent infection for maintaining control of virus re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth L. Frost
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Taryn E. Mockus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Heather M. Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Mesut Toprak
- Section of Neuropathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew D. Lauver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Cosby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Aron E. Lukacher
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26
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DuShane JK, Wilczek MP, Crocker MA, Maginnis MS. High-Throughput Characterization of Viral and Cellular Protein Expression Patterns During JC Polyomavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:783. [PMID: 31065251 PMCID: PMC6489551 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen and the causative agent of a fatal demyelinating disease in severely immunocompromised individuals. Due to the lack of successful pharmacological interventions, the study of JCPyV infection strategies in a rapid and highly sensitive manner is critical for the characterization of potential antiviral therapeutics. Conventional methodologies for studying viral infectivity often utilize the detection of viral proteins through immunofluorescence microscopy-based techniques. While these methodologies are well established in the field, they require significant time investments and lack a high-throughput modality. Scanning imager-based detection methods like the In-cell Western (ICW)TM have been previously utilized to overcome these challenges incurred by traditional microscopy-based infectivity assays. This automated technique provides not only rapid detection of viral infection status, but can also be optimized to detect changes in host-cell protein expression during JCPyV challenge. Compared to traditional manual determinations of infectivity through microscopy-based techniques, the ICW provides an expeditious and robust determination of JCPyV infection. The optimization of the ICW for the detection of viral and cellular proteins during JCPyV infection provides significant time and cost savings by diminishing sample preparation time and increasing resource utilization. While the ICW cannot provide single-cell analysis information and is limited in the detection of quantitation of low-expressing proteins, this assay provides a high-throughput system to study JCPyV, previously unavailable to the field. Thus, the high-throughput nature and dynamic experimental range of the ICW can be applied to the study of JCPyV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne K DuShane
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Michael P Wilczek
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Mason A Crocker
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States.,Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
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27
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JC Polyomavirus Entry by Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Is Driven by β-Arrestin. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01948-18. [PMID: 30700597 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01948-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) establishes a persistent, lifelong, asymptomatic infection within the kidney of the majority of the human population. Under conditions of severe immunosuppression or immune modulation, JCPyV can reactivate in the central nervous system (CNS) and cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease. Initiation of infection is mediated through viral attachment to α2,6-sialic acid-containing lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc) on the surface of host cells. JCPyV internalization is dependent on serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine subfamily 2 receptors (5-HT2Rs), and entry is thought to occur by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). However, the JCPyV entry process and the cellular factors involved in viral internalization remain poorly understood. Treatment of cells with small-molecule chemical inhibitors and RNA interference of 5-HT2R endocytic machinery, including β-arrestin, clathrin, AP2, and dynamin, significantly reduced JCPyV infection. However, infectivity of the polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) was not affected by CME-specific treatments. Inhibition of clathrin or β-arrestin specifically reduced JCPyV internalization but did not affect viral attachment. Furthermore, mutagenesis of a β-arrestin binding domain (Ala-Ser-Lys) within the intracellular C terminus of 5-HT2AR severely diminished internalization and infection, suggesting that β-arrestin interactions with 5-HT2AR are critical for JCPyV infection and entry. These conclusions illuminate key host factors that regulate clathrin-mediated endocytosis of JCPyV, which is necessary for viral internalization and productive infection.IMPORTANCE Viruses usurp cellular factors to invade host cells. Activation and utilization of these proteins upon initiation of viral infection are therefore required for productive infection and resultant viral disease. The majority of healthy individuals are asymptomatically infected by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), but if the host immune system is compromised, JCPyV can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare, fatal, demyelinating disease. Individuals infected with HIV or taking prolonged immunomodulatory therapies have a heightened risk for developing PML. The cellular proteins and pathways utilized by JCPyV to mediate viral entry are poorly understood. Our findings further characterize how JCPyV utilizes the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway to invade host cells. We have identified specific components of this pathway that are necessary for the viral entry process and infection. Collectively, the conclusions increase our understanding of JCPyV infection and pathogenesis and may contribute to the future development of novel therapeutic strategies for PML.
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28
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Mariani JN, Zou L, Goldman SA. Human Glial Chimeric Mice to Define the Role of Glial Pathology in Human Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1936:311-331. [PMID: 30820907 PMCID: PMC6700730 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9072-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human glial progenitor cells (hGPCs) can engraft, expand, and differentiate into functional oligodendrocytes and astrocytes when transplanted neonatally into murine hosts, in which they outcompete the host glial pool to ultimately colonize and dominate the recipient brains. When congenitally hypomyelinated mutants are used as hosts, the donor hGPCs generate myelinogenic oligodendrocytes as well as astrocytes, so that the recipient mice develop a largely humanized white matter, with entirely human-derived myelin. In addition, by neonatally engrafting hGPCs derived from patient- and disease-specific pluripotent stem cells, glial chimeric mice may be produced in which large proportions of all macroglial cells are not only human but also patient and disease specific. Human glial chimeric mice thus provide intriguing preparations by which to investigate the species-specific contributions of human glia to both cognition and human-selective neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, as well as the potential for therapeutic glial cell replacement in these disorders. This review presents an overview of the uses, characteristics, and limitations of the human glial chimeric brain model, while providing a step-by-step protocol for the establishment of these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Mariani
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Zou
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- The Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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29
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CD4 T cells control development and maintenance of brain-resident CD8 T cells during polyomavirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007365. [PMID: 30372487 PMCID: PMC6224182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T (TRM) cells defend against microbial reinfections at mucosal barriers; determinants driving durable TRM cell responses in non-mucosal tissues, which often harbor opportunistic persistent pathogens, are unknown. JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a ubiquitous constituent of the human virome. With altered immunological status, JCPyV can cause the oft-fatal brain demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCPyV is a human-only pathogen. Using the mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) encephalitis model, we demonstrate that CD4 T cells regulate development of functional antiviral brain-resident CD8 T cells (bTRM) and renders their maintenance refractory to systemic CD8 T cell depletion. Acquired CD4 T cell deficiency, modeled by delaying systemic CD4 T cell depletion until MuPyV-specific CD8 T cells have infiltrated the brain, impacted the stability of CD8 bTRM, impaired their effector response to reinfection, and rendered their maintenance dependent on circulating CD8 T cells. This dependence of CD8 bTRM differentiation on CD4 T cells was found to extend to encephalitis caused by vesicular stomatitis virus. Together, these findings reveal an intimate association between CD4 T cells and homeostasis of functional bTRM to CNS viral infection.
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30
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Maginnis MS. Virus-Receptor Interactions: The Key to Cellular Invasion. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2590-2611. [PMID: 29924965 PMCID: PMC6083867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Virus–receptor interactions play a key regulatory role in viral host range, tissue tropism, and viral pathogenesis. Viruses utilize elegant strategies to attach to one or multiple receptors, overcome the plasma membrane barrier, enter, and access the necessary host cell machinery. The viral attachment protein can be viewed as the “key” that unlocks host cells by interacting with the “lock”—the receptor—on the cell surface, and these lock-and-key interactions are critical for viruses to successfully invade host cells. Many common themes have emerged in virus–receptor utilization within and across virus families demonstrating that viruses often target particular classes of molecules in order to mediate these events. Common viral receptors include sialylated glycans, cell adhesion molecules such as immunoglobulin superfamily members and integrins, and phosphatidylserine receptors. The redundancy in receptor usage suggests that viruses target particular receptors or “common locks” to take advantage of their cellular function and also suggests evolutionary conservation. Due to the importance of initial virus interactions with host cells in viral pathogenesis and the redundancy in viral receptor usage, exploitation of these strategies would be an attractive target for new antiviral therapeutics. Viral receptors are key regulators of host range, tissue tropism, and viral pathogenesis. Many viruses utilize common viral receptors including sialic acid, cell adhesion molecules such as immunoglobulin superfamily members and integrins, and phosphatidylserine receptors. Detailed molecular interactions between viruses and receptors have been defined through elegant biochemical analyses including glycan array screens, structural–functional analyses, and cell-based approaches providing tremendous insights into these initial events in viral infection. Commonalities in virus–receptor interactions present promising targets for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5735, USA.
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31
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Geoghegan EM, Pastrana DV, Schowalter RM, Ray U, Gao W, Ho M, Pauly GT, Sigano DM, Kaynor C, Cahir-McFarland E, Combaluzier B, Grimm J, Buck CB. Infectious Entry and Neutralization of Pathogenic JC Polyomaviruses. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1169-1179. [PMID: 29091757 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a lethal brain disease caused by uncontrolled replication of JC polyomavirus (JCV). JCV strains recovered from the brains of PML patients carry mutations that prevent the engagement of sialylated glycans, which are thought to serve as receptors for the infectious entry of wild-type JCV. In this report, we show that non-sialylated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) can serve as alternative attachment receptors for the infectious entry of both wild-type and PML mutant JCV strains. After GAG-mediated attachment, PML mutant strains engage non-sialylated non-GAG co-receptor glycans, such as asialo-GM1. JCV-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies isolated from patients who recovered from PML appear to block infection by preventing the docking of post-attachment co-receptor glycans in an apical pocket of the JCV major capsid protein. Identification of the GAG-dependent/sialylated glycan-independent alternative entry pathway should facilitate the development of infection inhibitors, including recombinant neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Geoghegan
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Rachel M Schowalter
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Upasana Ray
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gary T Pauly
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Dina M Sigano
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jan Grimm
- Neurimmune Holding AG, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263, USA.
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32
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Peretti A, Geoghegan EM, Pastrana DV, Smola S, Feld P, Sauter M, Lohse S, Ramesh M, Lim ES, Wang D, Borgogna C, FitzGerald PC, Bliskovsky V, Starrett GJ, Law EK, Harris RS, Killian JK, Zhu J, Pineda M, Meltzer PS, Boldorini R, Gariglio M, Buck CB. Characterization of BK Polyomaviruses from Kidney Transplant Recipients Suggests a Role for APOBEC3 in Driving In-Host Virus Evolution. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:628-635.e7. [PMID: 29746834 PMCID: PMC5953553 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) frequently causes nephropathy (BKVN) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). BKV has also been implicated in the etiology of bladder and kidney cancers. We characterized BKV variants from two KTRs who developed BKVN followed by renal carcinoma. Both patients showed a swarm of BKV sequence variants encoding non-silent mutations in surface loops of the viral major capsid protein. The temporal appearance and disappearance of these mutations highlights the intra-patient evolution of BKV. Some of the observed mutations conferred resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization. The mutations also modified the spectrum of receptor glycans engaged by BKV during host cell entry. Intriguingly, all observed mutations were consistent with DNA damage caused by antiviral APOBEC3 cytosine deaminases. Moreover, APOBEC3 expression was evident upon immunohistochemical analysis of renal biopsies from KTRs. These results provide a snapshot of in-host BKV evolution and suggest that APOBEC3 may drive BKV mutagenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Peretti
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eileen M Geoghegan
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sigrun Smola
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Pascal Feld
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Marlies Sauter
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Stefan Lohse
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany
| | - Mayur Ramesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Efrem S Lim
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Wang
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cinzia Borgogna
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Peter C FitzGerald
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Valery Bliskovsky
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gabriel J Starrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emily K Law
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - J Keith Killian
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jack Zhu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marbin Pineda
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Virology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Yuan C, Deberardinis C, Patel R, Shroff SM, Messina SA, Goldstein S, Mori S. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: Case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 29512846 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, yet typically fatal complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. It is caused by reactivation of the John Cunningham (JC) virus in an immunocompromised host. This report describes an unfortunate case of PML in a recipient of an allogeneic stem cell transplant for acute myelogenous leukemia. The JC virus was undetectable in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); however, a positive diagnosis was made after a brain biopsy. This and other published cases demonstrate that recipients of allogeneic stem cells can develop PML. Moreover, early diagnosis of the disease is often difficult and, as demonstrated in this case, screening with PCR does not appear to have strong diagnostic significance. With no effective treatment presently available, restoration of immune function is the only intervention that can affect prognosis. Further prospective studies are needed to understand the pathophysiology and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Yuan
- Hematology and Oncology Fellowship, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Rushang Patel
- Blood & Marrow Transplant Center, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Seema M Shroff
- Pathology Department, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Steven Goldstein
- Blood & Marrow Transplant Center, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Shahram Mori
- Blood & Marrow Transplant Center, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
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34
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Susceptibility of Primary Human Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells and Meningeal Cells to Infection by JC Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00105-18. [PMID: 29437972 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00105-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) establishes a lifelong persistence in roughly half the human population worldwide. The cells and tissues that harbor persistent virus in vivo are not known, but renal tubules and other urogenital epithelial cells are likely candidates as virus is shed in the urine of healthy individuals. In an immunosuppressed host, JCPyV can become reactivated and cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Recent observations indicate that JCPyV may productively interact with cells in the choroid plexus and leptomeninges. To further study JCPyV infection in these cells, primary human choroid plexus epithelial cells and meningeal cells were challenged with virus, and their susceptibility to infection was compared to the human glial cell line, SVG-A. We found that JCPyV productively infects both choroid plexus epithelial cells and meningeal cells in vitro Competition with the soluble receptor fragment LSTc reduced virus infection in these cells. Treatment of cells with neuraminidase also inhibited both viral infection and binding. Treatment with the serotonin receptor antagonist, ritanserin, reduced infection in SVG-A and meningeal cells. We also compared the ability of wild-type and sialic acid-binding mutant pseudoviruses to transduce these cells. Wild-type pseudovirus readily transduced all three cell types, but pseudoviruses harboring mutations in the sialic acid-binding pocket of the virus failed to transduce the cells. These data establish a novel role for choroid plexus and meninges in harboring virus that likely contributes not only to meningoencephalopathies but also to PML.IMPORTANCE JCPyV infects greater than half the human population worldwide and causes central nervous system disease in patients with weakened immune systems. Several recent reports have found JCPyV in the choroid plexus and leptomeninges of patients with encephalitis. Due to their role in forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, the choroid plexus and leptomeninges are also poised to play roles in virus invasion of brain parenchyma, where infection of macroglial cells leads to the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a severely debilitating and often fatal infection. In this paper we show for the first time that primary choroid plexus epithelial cells and meningeal cells are infected by JCPyV, lending support to the association of JCPyV with meningoencephalopathies. These data also suggest that JCPyV could use these cells as reservoirs for the subsequent invasion of brain parenchyma.
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ERK Is a Critical Regulator of JC Polyomavirus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01529-17. [PMID: 29321332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01529-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infects the majority of the population worldwide and presents as an asymptomatic, persistent infection in the kidneys. In individuals who are immunocompromised, JCPyV can become reactivated and cause a lytic infection in the central nervous system resulting in the fatal, demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Infection is initiated by interactions between the capsid protein viral protein 1 (VP1) and the α2,6-linked sialic acid on lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc), while JCPyV internalization is facilitated by 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptors (5-HT2Rs). The mechanisms by which the serotonin receptors mediate virus entry and the signaling cascades required to drive viral infection remain poorly understood. JCPyV was previously shown to induce phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a downstream target of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, upon virus entry. However, it remained unclear whether ERK activation was required for JCPyV infection. Both ERK-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) and ERK inhibitor treatments resulted in significantly diminished JCPyV infection in both kidney and glial cells yet had no effect on the infectivity of the polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40). Experiments characterizing the role of ERK during steps in the viral life cycle indicate that ERK activation is required for viral transcription, as demonstrated by a significant reduction in production of large T antigen (TAg), a key viral protein associated with the initiation of viral transcription and viral replication. These findings delineate the role of the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway in JCPyV infection, elucidating how the virus reprograms the host cell to promote viral pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Viral infection is dependent upon host cell factors, including the activation of cellular signaling pathways. These interactions between viruses and host cells are necessary for infection and play an important role in viral disease outcomes. The focus of this study was to determine how the human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), a virus that resides in the kidney of the majority of the population and can cause the fatal, demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in the brains of immunosuppressed individuals, usurps a cellular signaling pathway to promote its own infectious life cycle. We demonstrated that the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, promotes JCPyV transcription, which is required for viral infection. Our findings demonstrate that the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway is a key determinant of JCPyV infection, elucidating new information regarding the signal reprogramming of host cells by a pathogenic virus.
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Mills EA, Mao-Draayer Y. Understanding Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Risk in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Immunomodulatory Therapies: A Bird's Eye View. Front Immunol 2018; 9:138. [PMID: 29456537 PMCID: PMC5801425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased use of newer potent immunomodulatory therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS), including natalizumab, fingolimod, and dimethyl fumarate, has expanded the patient population at risk for developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). These MS therapies shift the profile of lymphocytes within the central nervous system (CNS) leading to increased anti-inflammatory subsets and decreased immunosurveillance. Similar to MS, PML is a demyelinating disease of the CNS, but it is caused by the JC virus. The manifestation of PML requires the presence of an active, genetically rearranged form of the JC virus within CNS glial cells, coupled with the loss of appropriate JC virus-specific immune responses. The reliability of metrics used to predict risk for PML could be improved if all three components, i.e., viral genetic strain, localization, and host immune function, were taken into account. Advances in our understanding of the critical lymphocyte subpopulation changes induced by these MS therapies and ability to detect viral mutation and reactivation will facilitate efforts to develop these metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mills
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Moyano AL, Steplowski J, Wang H, Son KN, Rapolti DI, Marshall J, Elackattu V, Marshall MS, Hebert AK, Reiter CR, Ulloa V, Pituch KC, Givogri MI, Lu QR, Lipton HL, Bongarzone ER. microRNA-219 Reduces Viral Load and Pathologic Changes in Theiler's Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease. Mol Ther 2018; 26:730-743. [PMID: 29433936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of microRNA (miR) expression in the central nervous system white matter of SJL mice infected with the BeAn strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) revealed a significant reduction of miR-219, a critical regulator of myelin assembly and repair. Restoration of miR-219 expression by intranasal administration of a synthetic miR-219 mimic before disease onset ameliorates clinical disease, reduces neurogliosis, and partially recovers motor and sensorimotor function by negatively regulating proinflammatory cytokines and virus RNA replication. Moreover, RNA sequencing of host lesions showed that miR-219 significantly downregulated two genes essential for the biosynthetic cholesterol pathway, Cyp51 (lanosterol 14-α-demethylase) and Srebf1 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1), and reduced cholesterol biosynthesis in infected mice and rat CG-4 glial precursor cells in culture. The change in cholesterol biosynthesis had both anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. Because RNA viruses hijack endoplasmic reticulum double-layered membranes to provide a platform for RNA virus replication and are dependent on endogenous pools of cholesterol, miR-219 interference with cholesterol biosynthesis interfered virus RNA replication. These findings demonstrate that miR-219 inhibits TMEV-induced demyelinating disease through its anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lis Moyano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Steplowski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kyung-No Son
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Diana I Rapolti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vince Elackattu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael S Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amy K Hebert
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Cory R Reiter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Viviana Ulloa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Katarzyna C Pituch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Howard L Lipton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a relatively common complication of HIV disease. In this chapter changes to the epidemiology are discussed along with an update in its pathogenesis and treatment. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is increasingly frequent in PML; accordingly management strategies and prognosis are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Zhai
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce James Brew
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of HIV Medicine and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Inhibition of Retrograde Transport Limits Polyomavirus Infection In Vivo. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00494-17. [PMID: 29152583 PMCID: PMC5687923 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00494-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PyVs can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. No clinically efficacious anti-PyV therapeutic agents are available. A recently identified inhibitor of retrograde transport, Retro-2cycl, blocks movement of PyV virion-containing vesicles from early endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum, an early step in the PyV life cycle. Retro-2cycl and its derivatives have been shown to inhibit infection by human PyVs in tissue culture. Here, we demonstrate that a derivative of Retro-2cycl, Retro-2.1, reduces infection by MuPyV in the kidneys of acutely infected mice. Mimicking the common clinical scenario of PyV resurgence, we further show that MuPyV levels increase in the kidneys of immunocompromised, persistently infected mice and that this increase is inhibited by Retro-2.1. These data provide the first evidence for control of a natural PyV infection in vivo by administration of an inhibitor of retrograde transport. Polyomaviruses (PyVs) silently infect most humans, but they can cause life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised individuals. The JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) induces progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a severe demyelinating disease in multiple sclerosis patients receiving immunomodulatory therapy, and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)-associated nephropathy is a major cause of kidney allograft failure. No effective anti-PyV agents are available. Several compounds have been reported to possess anti-PyV activity in vitro, but none have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Productive PyV infection involves usurping the cellular retrograde vesicular transport pathway to enable endocytosed virions to navigate to the endoplasmic reticulum where virion uncoating begins. Compounds inhibiting this pathway have been shown to reduce infection by simian virus 40 (SV40), JCPyV, and BKPyV in tissue culture. In this study, we investigated the potential of Retro-2.1, a retrograde transport inhibitor, to limit infection by mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) in vivo. We found that Retro-2.1 significantly reduced MuPyV levels in the kidney during acute infection without affecting renal function or the MuPyV-specific CD8 T cell response. To approximate the clinical setting of PyV resurgence in immunocompromised hosts, we showed that antibody-mediated depletion of T cells in persistently infected mice elevated MuPyV levels in the kidney and that Retro-2.1 blunted this increase in virus levels. In summary, these data indicate that inhibition of retrograde vesicular transport in vivo controls infection in a natural PyV mouse model and supports development of these compounds as potential therapeutic agents for individuals at risk for human PyV-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE PyVs can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. No clinically efficacious anti-PyV therapeutic agents are available. A recently identified inhibitor of retrograde transport, Retro-2cycl, blocks movement of PyV virion-containing vesicles from early endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum, an early step in the PyV life cycle. Retro-2cycl and its derivatives have been shown to inhibit infection by human PyVs in tissue culture. Here, we demonstrate that a derivative of Retro-2cycl, Retro-2.1, reduces infection by MuPyV in the kidneys of acutely infected mice. Mimicking the common clinical scenario of PyV resurgence, we further show that MuPyV levels increase in the kidneys of immunocompromised, persistently infected mice and that this increase is inhibited by Retro-2.1. These data provide the first evidence for control of a natural PyV infection in vivo by administration of an inhibitor of retrograde transport.
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40
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Replication of JC Virus DNA in the G144 Oligodendrocyte Cell Line Is Dependent Upon Akt. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00735-17. [PMID: 28768870 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00735-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an often-fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. PML results when oligodendrocytes within immunocompromised individuals are infected with the human JC virus (JCV). We have identified an oligodendrocyte precursor cell line, termed G144, that supports robust levels of JCV DNA replication, a central part of the JCV life cycle. In addition, we have determined that JC virus readily infects G144 cells. Furthermore, we have determined that JCV DNA replication in G144 cells is stimulated by myristoylated (i.e., constitutively active) Akt and reduced by the Akt-specific inhibitor MK2206. Thus, this oligodendrocyte-based model system will be useful for a number of purposes, such as studies of JCV infection, establishing key pathways needed for the regulation of JCV DNA replication, and identifying inhibitors of this process.IMPORTANCE The disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by the infection of particular brain cells, termed oligodendrocytes, by the JC virus. Studies of PML, however, have been hampered by the lack of an immortalized human cell line derived from oligodendrocytes. Here, we report that the G144 oligodendrocyte cell line supports both infection by JC virus and robust levels of JCV DNA replication. Moreover, we have established that the Akt pathway regulates JCV DNA replication and that JCV DNA replication can be inhibited by MK2206, a compound that is specific for Akt. These and related findings suggest that we have established a powerful oligodendrocyte-based model system for studies of JCV-dependent PML.
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JC Polyomavirus Attachment and Entry: Potential Sites for PML Therapeutics. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 4:132-141. [PMID: 28989857 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a significant human pathogen that causes an asymptomatic infection in the kidney in the majority of the population. In immunosuppressed individuals, the virus can become reactivated and spread to the brain, causing the fatal, demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). There are currently limited treatment options for this fatal disease. Attachment to receptors and entry into host cells are the initiating events in JCPyV infection and therefore an attractive target for therapeutics to prevent or treat PML. This review provides the current understanding of JCPyV attachment and entry events and the potential therapeutics to target these areas. RECENT FINDINGS JCPyV attachment and entry to host cells is mediated by α2,6-linked lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT2Rs), respectively, and subsequent trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum is required for infection. Recently, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and small molecules have shown promise as anti-viral and PML therapies. SUMMARY This review summarizes our current understanding of JCPyV attachment, entry, and trafficking and the development of potential PML therapeutics that inhibit these critical steps in JCPyV infection.
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Assetta B, Atwood WJ. The biology of JC polyomavirus. Biol Chem 2017; 398:839-855. [PMID: 28493815 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is the causative agent of a fatal central nervous system demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML occurs in people with underlying immunodeficiency or in individuals being treated with potent immunomodulatory therapies. JCPyV is a DNA tumor virus with a double-stranded DNA genome and encodes a well-studied oncogene, large T antigen. Its host range is highly restricted to humans and only a few cell types support lytic infection in vivo or in vitro. Its oncogenic potential in humans has not been firmly established and the international committee on oncogenic viruses lists JCPyV as possibly carcinogenic. Significant progress has been made in understanding the biology of JCPyV and here we present an overview of the field and discuss some important questions that remain unanswered.
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Abstract
In 1971, the first human polyomavirus was isolated from the brain of a patient who died from a rapidly progressing demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The virus was named JC virus after the initials of the patient. In that same year a second human polyomavirus was discovered in the urine of a kidney transplant patient and named BK virus. In the intervening years it became clear that both viruses were widespread in the human population but only rarely caused disease. The past decade has witnessed the discovery of eleven new human polyomaviruses, two of which cause unusual and rare cancers. We present an overview of the history of these viruses and the evolution of JC polyomavirus-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy over three different epochs. We review what is currently known about JC polyomavirus, what is suspected, and what remains to be done to understand the biology of how this mostly harmless endemic virus gives rise to lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; ,
| | - Walter J Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; ,
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Fujiwara S. Humanized mice: A brief overview on their diverse applications in biomedical research. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2889-2901. [PMID: 28543438 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Model animals naturally differ from humans in various respects and results from the former are not directly translatable to the latter. One approach to address this issue is humanized mice that are defined as mice engrafted with functional human cells or tissues. In humanized mice, we can investigate the development and function of human cells or tissues (including their products encoded by human genes) in the in vivo context of a small animal. As such, humanized mouse models have played important roles that cannot be substituted by other animal models in various areas of biomedical research. Although there are obvious limitations in humanized mice and we may need some caution in interpreting the results obtained from them, it is reasonably expected that they will be utilized in increasingly diverse areas of biomedical research, as the technology for preparing humanized mice are rapidly improved. In this review, I will describe the methodology for generating humanized mice and overview their recent applications in various disciplines including immunology, infectious diseases, drug metabolism, and neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Anton R, Haas M, Arlett P, Weise M, Balabanov P, Mazzaglia G, Prieto L, Keller-Stanislawski B, Raine J. Drug-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis: European regulators' perspective. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:283-289. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Anton
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - M Haas
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - P Arlett
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - M Weise
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices; Bonn Germany
| | - P Balabanov
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - G Mazzaglia
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - L Prieto
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - B Keller-Stanislawski
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices; Paul-Ehrlich Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines; Langen Germany
| | - J Raine
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency; London United Kingdom
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Chen C, Kim WY, Jiang P. Humanized neuronal chimeric mouse brain generated by neonatally engrafted human iPSC-derived primitive neural progenitor cells. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e88632. [PMID: 27882348 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of a humanized chimeric mouse nervous system permits the study of human neural development and disease pathogenesis using human cells in vivo. Humanized glial chimeric mice with the brain and spinal cord being colonized by human glial cells have been successfully generated. However, generation of humanized chimeric mouse brains repopulated by human neurons to possess a high degree of chimerism have not been well studied. Here we created humanized neuronal chimeric mouse brains by neonatally engrafting the distinct and highly neurogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived rosette-type primitive neural progenitors. These neural progenitors predominantly differentiate to neurons, which disperse widely throughout the mouse brain with infiltration of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at 6 and 13 months after transplantation. Building upon the hiPSC technology, we propose that this potentially unique humanized neuronal chimeric mouse model will provide profound opportunities to define the structure, function, and plasticity of neural networks containing human neurons derived from a broad variety of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute.,Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Barth H, Solis M, Lepiller Q, Sueur C, Soulier E, Caillard S, Stoll-Keller F, Fafi-Kremer S. 45 years after the discovery of human polyomaviruses BK and JC: Time to speed up the understanding of associated diseases and treatment approaches. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:178-195. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1189873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Barth
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Morgane Solis
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Lepiller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Sueur
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Soulier
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Caillard
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Françoise Stoll-Keller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Barth H, Solis M, Kack-Kack W, Soulier E, Velay A, Fafi-Kremer S. In Vitro and In Vivo Models for the Study of Human Polyomavirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:E292. [PMID: 27782080 PMCID: PMC5086624 DOI: 10.3390/v8100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Developments of genome amplification techniques have rapidly expanded the family of human polyomaviruses (PyV). Following infection early in life, PyV persist in their hosts and are generally of no clinical consequence. High-level replication of PyV can occur in patients under immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy and causes severe clinical entities, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy or Merkel cell carcinoma. The characterization of known and newly-discovered human PyV, their relationship to human health, and the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. Here, we summarize the most widely-used in vitro and in vivo models to study the PyV-host interaction, pathogenesis and anti-viral drug screening. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the different models and the lessons learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Barth
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Morgane Solis
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Wallys Kack-Kack
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Eric Soulier
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Aurélie Velay
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR-S 1109, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Abstract
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin, an insulating sheath required for the saltatory conduction of electrical impulses along axons. Oligodendrocyte loss results in demyelination, which leads to impaired neurological function in a broad array of diseases ranging from pediatric leukodystrophies and cerebral palsy, to multiple sclerosis and white matter stroke. Accordingly, replacing lost oligodendrocytes, whether by transplanting oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) or by mobilizing endogenous progenitors, holds great promise as a therapeutic strategy for the diseases of central white matter. In this Primer, we describe the molecular events regulating oligodendrocyte development and how our understanding of this process has led to the establishment of methods for producing OPCs and oligodendrocytes from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as directly from somatic cells. In addition, we will discuss the safety of engrafted stem cell-derived OPCs, as well as approaches by which to modulate their differentiation and myelinogenesis in vivo following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Nicholas J Kuypers
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Wharton KA, Quigley C, Themeles M, Dunstan RW, Doyle K, Cahir-McFarland E, Wei J, Buko A, Reid CE, Sun C, Carmillo P, Sur G, Carulli JP, Mansfield KG, Westmoreland SV, Staugaitis SM, Fox RJ, Meier W, Goelz SE. JC Polyomavirus Abundance and Distribution in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Brain Tissue Implicates Myelin Sheath in Intracerebral Dissemination of Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155897. [PMID: 27191595 PMCID: PMC4871437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over half of adults are seropositive for JC polyomavirus (JCV), but rare individuals develop progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a demyelinating JCV infection of the central nervous system. Previously, PML was primarily seen in immunosuppressed patients with AIDS or certain cancers, but it has recently emerged as a drug safety issue through its association with diverse immunomodulatory therapies. To better understand the relationship between the JCV life cycle and PML pathology, we studied autopsy brain tissue from a 70-year-old psoriasis patient on the integrin alpha-L inhibitor efalizumab following a ~2 month clinical course of PML. Sequence analysis of lesional brain tissue identified PML-associated viral mutations in regulatory (non-coding control region) DNA, capsid protein VP1, and the regulatory agnoprotein, as well as 9 novel mutations in capsid protein VP2, indicating rampant viral evolution. Nine samples, including three gross PML lesions and normal-appearing adjacent tissues, were characterized by histopathology and subject to quantitative genomic, proteomic, and molecular localization analyses. We observed a striking correlation between the spatial extent of demyelination, axonal destruction, and dispersion of JCV along white matter myelin sheath. Our observations in this case, as well as in a case of PML-like disease in an immunocompromised rhesus macaque, suggest that long-range spread of polyomavirus and axonal destruction in PML might involve extracellular association between virus and the white matter myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Wharton
- Translational Pathology Laboratory, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Quigley
- Translational Pathology Laboratory, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Marian Themeles
- Translational Pathology Laboratory, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Dunstan
- Translational Pathology Laboratory, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Doyle
- Immunology, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Jing Wei
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Alex Buko
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Carl E. Reid
- Molecular Discovery, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Chao Sun
- Molecular Discovery, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Paul Carmillo
- Molecular Discovery, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Gargi Sur
- Molecular Discovery, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - John P. Carulli
- Molecular Discovery, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - Susan V. Westmoreland
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Staugaitis
- Departments of Pathology, Neurosciences, and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Fox
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Werner Meier
- Discovery Sciences, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Goelz
- Neurology, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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