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LI KUNLUN, LI DANDAN, HAFEZ BARBOD, BEKHIT MOUNIRMSALEM, JARDAN YOUSEFABIN, ALANAZI FARSKAED, TAHA EHABI, AUDA SAYEDH, RAMZAN FAIQAH, JAMIL MUHAMMAD. Identifying and validating MMP family members (MMP2, MMP9, MMP12, and MMP16) as therapeutic targets and biomarkers in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). Oncol Res 2024; 32:737-752. [PMID: 38560573 PMCID: PMC10972725 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.042925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC) is a malignant tumor that carries a substantial risk of morbidity and mortality. The MMP family assumes a crucial role in tumor invasion and metastasis. This study aimed to uncover the mechanistic relevance of the MMP gene family as a therapeutic target and diagnostic biomarker in Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC) through a comprehensive approach encompassing both computational and molecular analyses. STRING, Cytoscape, UALCAN, GEPIA, OncoDB, HPA, cBioPortal, GSEA, TIMER, ENCORI, DrugBank, targeted bisulfite sequencing (bisulfite-seq), conventional PCR, Sanger sequencing, and RT-qPCR based analyses were used in the present study to analyze MMP gene family members to accurately determine a few hub genes that can be utilized as both therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers for KIRC. By performing STRING and Cytohubba analyses of the 24 MMP gene family members, MMP2 (matrix metallopeptidase 2), MMP9 (matrix metallopeptidase 9), MMP12 (matrix metallopeptidase 12), and MMP16 (matrix metallopeptidase 16) genes were denoted as hub genes having highest degree scores. After analyzing MMP2, MMP9, MMP12, and MMP16 via various TCGA databases and RT-qPCR technique across clinical samples and KIRC cell lines, interestingly, all these hub genes were found significantly overexpressed at mRNA and protein levels in KIRC samples relative to controls. The notable effect of the up-regulated MMP2, MMP9, MMP12, and MMP16 was also documented on the overall survival (OS) of the KIRC patients. Moreover, targeted bisulfite-sequencing (bisulfite-seq) analysis revealed that promoter hypomethylation pattern was associated with up-regulation of hub genes (MMP2, MMP9, MMP12, and MMP16). In addition to this, hub genes were involved in various diverse oncogenic pathways. The MMP gene family members (MMP2, MMP9, MMP12, and MMP16) may serve as therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers in KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- KUNLUN LI
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - DANDAN LI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - BARBOD HAFEZ
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - MOUNIR M. SALEM BEKHIT
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - YOUSEF A. BIN JARDAN
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - FARS KAED ALANAZI
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - EHAB I. TAHA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - SAYED H. AUDA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - FAIQAH RAMZAN
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - MUHAMMAD JAMIL
- Department of Arid Zone Research, PARC institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
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Greene TT, Jo Y, Macal M, Fang Z, Khatri FS, Codrington AL, Kazane KR, Chiale C, Akbulut E, Swaminathan S, Fujita Y, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Cordes T, Metallo C, Scott DA, Zuniga EI. Metabolic Deficiencies Underlie Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Exhaustion After Viral Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.582551. [PMID: 38464328 PMCID: PMC10925345 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) are central to host protection against viral infections 1 . While any cell can produce IFN-I, Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDCs) make greater quantities and more varieties of these cytokines than any other cell type 2 . However, following an initial burst of IFN- I, pDCs lose their exceptional IFN-I production capacity and become "exhausted", a phenotype that associates with enhanced susceptibility to secondary infections 3-5 . Despite this apparent cost for the host, pDC exhaustion is conserved across multiple species and viral infections, but the underlying mechanisms and the potential evolutionary advantages are not well understood. Here we characterize pDC exhaustion and demonstrate that it is associated with a reduced capacity of pDCs to engage both oxidative and glycolytic metabolism. Mechanistically, we identify lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) as a novel positive regulator of pDC IFN-I production in mice and humans, show that LDHB deficiency is associated with suppressed IFN-I production, pDC metabolic capacity, and viral control following a viral infection, and demonstrate that preservation of LDHB expression is sufficient to partially restore exhausted pDC function in vitro and in vivo . Furthermore, restoring LDHB in vivo in exhausted pDCs increased IFNAR dependent infection- associated pathology. Therefore, our work identifies a novel and conserved mechanism for balancing immunity and pathology during viral infections, while also providing insight into the highly preserved but previously unexplained phenomenon of pDC exhaustion.
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Van Damme P, Pintó RM, Feng Z, Cui F, Gentile A, Shouval D. Hepatitis A virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37770459 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Over 150 million new infections of hepatitis A occur annually. HAV causes an acute inflammatory reaction in the liver that usually resolves spontaneously without chronic sequelae. However, up to 20% of patients experience a prolonged or relapsed course and <1% experience acute liver failure. Host factors, such as immunological status, age, pregnancy and underlying hepatic diseases, can affect the severity of disease. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies produced in response to HAV infection persist for life and protect against re-infection; vaccine-induced antibodies against hepatitis A confer long-term protection. The WHO recommends vaccination for individuals at higher risk of infection and/or severe disease in countries with very low and low hepatitis A virus endemicity, and universal childhood vaccination in intermediate endemicity countries. To date, >25 countries worldwide have implemented such programmes, resulting in a reduction in the incidence of HAV infection. Improving hygiene and sanitation, rapid identification of outbreaks and fast and accurate intervention in outbreak control are essential to reducing HAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Angela Gentile
- Department of Epidemiology, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Shouval
- Institute of Hepatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Bou JV, Taguwa S, Matsuura Y. Trick-or-Trap: Extracellular Vesicles and Viral Transmission. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1532. [PMID: 37896936 PMCID: PMC10611016 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane-enclosed particles produced by most cells, playing important roles in various biological processes. They have been shown to be involved in antiviral mechanisms such as transporting antiviral molecules, transmitting viral resistance, and participating in antigen presentation. While viral transmission was traditionally thought to occur through independent viral particles, the process of viral infection is complex, with multiple barriers and challenges that viruses must overcome for successful infection. As a result, viruses exploit the intercellular communication pathways of EVs to facilitate cluster transmission, increasing their chances of infecting target cells. Viral vesicle transmission offers two significant advantages. Firstly, it enables the collective transmission of viral genomes, increasing the chances of infection and promoting interactions between viruses in subsequent generations. Secondly, the use of vesicles as vehicles for viral transmission provides protection to viral particles against environmental factors, while also expanding the cell tropism allowing viruses to reach cells in a receptor-independent manner. Understanding the role of EVs in viral transmission is crucial for comprehending virus evolution and developing innovative antiviral strategies, therapeutic interventions, and vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Vicente Bou
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuhei Taguwa
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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MALIK MUNEEBA, MAQBOOL MAMOONA, NISAR TOOBA, AKHTER TAZEEM, UJAN JAVEDAHMED, ALGARNI ALANOODS, JOUFI FAKHRIAAAL, ALANAZI SULTANSHAFIK, ALMOTARED MOHAMMADHADI, BEKHIT MOUNIRMSALEM, JAMIL MUHAMMAD. Deciphering key genes involved in cisplatin resistance in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma through a combined in silico and in vitro approach. Oncol Res 2023; 31:899-916. [PMID: 37744271 PMCID: PMC10513959 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The low survival rate of Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) patients is largely attributed to cisplatin resistance. Rather than focusing solely on individual proteins, exploring protein-protein interactions could offer greater insight into drug resistance. To this end, a series of in silico and in vitro experiments were conducted to identify hub genes in the intricate network of cisplatin resistance-related genes in KIRC chemotherapy. The genes involved in cisplatin resistance across KIRC were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database using search terms as "Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma" and "Cisplatin resistance". The genes retrieved were analyzed for hub gene identification using the STRING database and Cytoscape tool. Expression and promoter methylation profiling of the hub genes was done using UALCAN, GEPIA, OncoDB, and HPA databases. Mutational, survival, functional enrichment, immune cell infiltration, and drug prediction analyses of the hub genes were performed using the cBioPortal, GEPIA, GSEA, TIMER, and DrugBank databases. Lastly, expression and methylation levels of the hub genes were validated on two cisplatin-resistant RCC cell lines (786-O and A-498) and a normal renal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2) using two high throughput techniques, including targeted bisulfite sequencing (bisulfite-seq) and RT-qPCR. A total of 124 genes were identified as being associated with cisplatin resistance in KIRC. Out of these genes, MCL1, IGF1R, CCND1, and PTEN were identified as hub genes and were found to have significant (p < 0.05) variations in their mRNA and protein expressions and effects on the overall survival (OS) of the KIRC patients. Moreover, an aberrant promoter methylation pattern was found to be associated with the dysregulation of the hub genes. In addition to this, hub genes were also linked with different cisplatin resistance-causing pathways. Thus, hub genes can be targeted with Alvocidib, Estradiol, Tretinoin, Capsaicin, Dronabinol, Metribolone, Calcitriol, Acetaminophen, Acitretin, Cyclosporine, Azacitidine, Genistein, and Resveratrol drugs. As the pathogenesis of KIRC is complex, targeting hub genes and associated pathways involved in cisplatin resistance could bring a milestone change in the drug discovery and management of drug resistance, which might uplift overall survival among KIRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - TAZEEM AKHTER
- Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - JAVED AHMED UJAN
- Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - ALANOOD S. ALGARNI
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - FAKHRIA A. AL JOUFI
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - MOUNIR M. SALEM BEKHIT
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - MUHAMMAD JAMIL
- PARC Arid Zone Research Center, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
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Zhao T, Li X, Li M, Jamil M, Zhang J. Characterization and verification of MMP family members as potential biomarkers in kidney clear cell renal carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:3941-3962. [PMID: 37818055 PMCID: PMC10560920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma can arise from lesions in the renal epithelium. This particular type of cancer is prevalent in the realm of renal cancers and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Among these cases, over 70% are classified as kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). Since the underlying causes of KIRC haven't been fully understood, there is an urgent need for deeper investigation into its pathogenesis. Various tools, software, and molecular analysis was used, including Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING), Cytoscape, University of ALabama at Birmingham CANcer data analysis Portal (UALCAN), muTarget, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), OncoDB, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), cBioPortal, Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER), Encyclopedia of RNA Interactomes (ENCORI), DrugBank, Encyclopedia of RNA Interactomes (RT-qPCR), targeted bisulfide sequencing (bisulfide-seq), and receiver operating curve (ROC) to matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) gene family constituents, with the precise objective of identifying a small set of hub genes. These hub genes hold the potential to be harnessed as molecular biomarkers for KIRC. By performing STRING and CytoHubba analyses of the 24 MMP gene family members, MMP2 (matrix metallopeptidase 2), MMP9 (matrix metallopeptidase 9), MMP14 (matrix metallopeptidase 14), and MMP16 (matrix metallopeptidase 16) were recognized as hub genes having highest degree scores. After conducting an in-depth expression analysis of MMP2, MMP9, MMP14, and MMP16 using various The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases and RT-qPCR techniques, these displayed a significant increase in expression at both the mRNA and protein levels within KIRC samples when compared to control samples. The impact of the over expression of MMP2, MMP9, MMP14, and MMP16 also left a distinct mark on the worst overall survival (OS) rates of KIRC patients. Furthermore, a targeted bisulfide-seq investigation unveiled a correlation between promoter hypomethylation patterns and the up-regulation of these key genes in KIRC patients. Additionally, hub genes were involved in various diverse oncogenic pathways. In conclusion, four MMP gene family members, including MMP2, MMP9, MMP14, and MMP16 may serve as therapeutic target and molecular biomarker in KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Central People’s Hospital of ZhanjiangZhanjiang 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Li
- Central People’s Hospital of ZhanjiangZhanjiang 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Central People’s Hospital of ZhanjiangZhanjiang 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- PARC Arid Zone Research CenterDera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Central People’s Hospital of ZhanjiangZhanjiang 524000, Guangdong, China
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Sheikh K, Memon KN, Usman H, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Ullah S, Almanaa TN, Chaudhary A, Jamil M, Gill OBQ, Yar MA, Hussein AM, Zakri AM. Identification of useful biomolecular markers in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma: an in silico and in vitro analysis-based study. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:5574-5593. [PMID: 37854221 PMCID: PMC10579006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is the most prevalent type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with a high incidence and mortality rate. There is a lack of sensitive biomarkers. Therefore, the discovery of accurate biomarkers for KIRC patients is critical to improve prognosis. METHODS We determined hub genes and their associated pathways involved in the pathogenesis of KIRC from the GSE66272 dataset consisting of KIRC (n = 26) and corresponding control (n = 26) samples and later validated the expression and methylation level of the identified hub genes on The Cancer Genomic Atlas (TCGA) datasets and Human RCC 786-O and normal HK-2 cell lines through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and targeted bisulfite sequencing (bisulfite-seq) analyses. RESULTS The identified up-regulated four hub genes include TYROBP (Transmembrane Immune Signaling Adaptor TYROBP), PTPRC (Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C), LCP2 (Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2), and ITGB2 (Integrin Subunit Beta 2). Moreover, the higher expression of TYROBP, PTPRC, LCP2, and ITGB2 in KIRC patients insignificantly correlates with a poor prognosis in KIRC patients. In addition, hub genes were involved in the "Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, asthma, natural cell killer mediated cytotoxicity, T cell receptor signaling pathway, primary immunodeficiency, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, malaria, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and legionellosis" pathways and associated with the infiltration level of CD8+ T, CD4+ T, and macrophage cells. CONCLUSION Our integrated in silico and in vitro analysis identified important hub genes (TYROBP, PTPRC, LCP2, and ITGB2) involved in the pathogenesis of KIRC as possible diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalida Sheikh
- Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS)Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan
| | | | - Humera Usman
- Fazaia Medical College, Air UniversityIslamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Aqsa Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Central PunjabLahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- PARC Arid Zone Research CenterDera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ahmed Yar
- Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching HospitalDera Ismail Khan 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of ViennaVienna 1090, Austria
| | - Adel M Zakri
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Das A, Rivera-Serrano EE, Yin X, Walker CM, Feng Z, Lemon SM. Cell entry and release of quasi-enveloped human hepatitis viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:573-589. [PMID: 37185947 PMCID: PMC10127183 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hepatitis type A and type E are caused by phylogenetically distinct single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that were once considered to be non-enveloped. However, studies show that both are released nonlytically from hepatocytes as 'quasi-enveloped' virions cloaked in host membranes. These virion types predominate in the blood of infected individuals and mediate virus spread within the liver. They lack virally encoded proteins on their surface and are resistant to neutralizing anti-capsid antibodies induced by infection, yet they efficiently enter cells and initiate new rounds of virus replication. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms by which specific peptide sequences in the capsids of these quasi-enveloped virions mediate their endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent release from hepatocytes through multivesicular endosomes, what is known about how they enter cells, and the impact of capsid quasi-envelopment on host immunity and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Das
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Efraín E Rivera-Serrano
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Christopher M Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Ali L, Raza AA, Zaheer AB, Alhomrani M, Alamri AS, Alghamdi SA, Almalki AA, Alghamdi AA, Khawaja I, Alhadrami M, Ramzan F, Jamil M, Ali M, Jabeen N. In vitro analysis of PI3K pathway activation genes for exploring novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in clear cell renal carcinoma. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:4851-4872. [PMID: 37560222 PMCID: PMC10408522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The regulation of various cellular functions such as growth, proliferation, metabolism, and angiogenesis, is dependent on the PI3K pathway. Recent evidence has indicated that kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) can be triggered by the deregulation of this pathway. The objective of this research was to investigate 25 genes associated with activation of the PI3K pathway in KIRC and control samples to identify four hub genes that might serve as novel molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets for treating KIRC. METHODS Multi-omics in silico and in vitro analysis was employed to find hub genes related to the PI3K pathway that may be biomarkers and therapeutic targets for KIRC. RESULTS Using STRING software, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of 25 PI3K pathway-related genes was developed. Based on the degree scoring method, the top four hub genes were identified using Cytoscape's Cytohubba plug-in. TCGA datasets, KIRC (786-O and A-498), and normal (HK2) cells were used to validate the expression of hub genes. Additionally, further bioinformatic analyses were performed to investigate the mechanisms by which hub genes are involved in the development of KIRC. Out of a total of 25 PI3K pathway-related genes, we developed and validated a diagnostic and prognostic model based on the up-regulation of TP53 (tumor protein 53) and CCND1 (Cyclin D1) and the down-regulation of PTEN (Phosphatase and TENsin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), and GSK3B (Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta) hub genes. The hub genes included in our model may be a novel therapeutic target for KIRC treatment. Additionally, associations between hub genes and infiltration of immune cells can enhance comprehension of immunotherapy for KIRC. CONCLUSION We have created a new diagnostic and prognostic model for KIRC patients that uses PI3K pathway-related hub genes (TP53, PTEN, CCND1, and GSK3B). Nevertheless, further experimental studies are required to ascertain the efficacy of our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaqat Ali
- Department of Urology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, Hayatabad Medical ComplexPeshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Ali Raza
- Surgery Department, Bacha Khan Medical College, MTI Mardan Medical ComplexMardan 23200, Pakistan
| | | | - Majid Alhomrani
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S Alamri
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Since, Medical Genetics, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulraheem Ali Almalki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityP.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Khawaja
- Department of Medicine, Ayub Teaching HospitalAbbottabad 22010, Pakistan
| | - Mai Alhadrami
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Alqura UniversityMakkah 24373, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiqah Ramzan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal UniversityDera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- PARC Arid Zone Research CenterDera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Mubarik Ali
- Animal Science Institute, National Agricultural Research CenterIslamabad 54000, Pakistan
| | - Norina Jabeen
- Department of Rural Sociology, University of AgricultureFaisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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Ma Y, Deng X, Zhou L, Dong H, Xu P. HSV-1 selectively packs the transcription factor Oct-1 into EVs to facilitate its infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1205906. [PMID: 37396389 PMCID: PMC10309031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1205906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 hijacks the cellular vesicular secretion system and promotes the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from infected cells. This is believed to facilitate the maturation, secretion, intracellular transportation and immune evasion of the virus. Intriguingly, previous studies have shown that noninfectious EVs from HSV-1-infected cells exert antiviral effects on HSV-1 and have identified host restrictive factors, such as STING, CD63, and Sp100 packed in these lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles. Octamer-binding transcription factor-1 (Oct-1) is shown here to be a pro-viral cargo in non-virion-containing EVs during HSV-1 infection and serves to facilitate virus dissemination. Specifically, during HSV-1 infection, the nuclear localized transcription factor Oct-1 displayed punctate cytosolic staining that frequently colocalized with VP16 and was increasingly secreted into the extracellular space. HSV-1 grown in cells bereft of Oct-1 (Oct-1 KO) was significantly less efficient at transcribing viral genes during the next round of infection. In fact, HSV-1 promoted increased exportation of Oct-1 in non-virion-containing EVs, but not the other VP16-induced complex (VIC) component HCF-1, and EV-associated Oct-1 was promptly imported into the nucleus of recipient cells to facilitate the next round of HSV-1 infection. Interestingly, we also found that EVs from HSV-1-infected cells primed cells for infection by another RNA virus, vesicular stomatitis virus. In summary, this investigation reports one of the first pro-viral host proteins packed into EVs during HSV-1 infection and underlines the heterogenetic nature and complexity of these noninfectious double-lipid particles.
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11
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity via varied functions, including cytokine production and antigen presentation. Plasmacytoid DC (pDC) is a DC subset specialized in the production of type I and III interferons (IFNs). They are thus pivotal players of the host antiviral response during the acute phase of infection by genetically distant viruses. The pDC response is primarily triggered by the endolysosomal sensors Toll-like receptors, which recognize nucleic acids from pathogens. In some pathologic contexts, pDC response can also be triggered by host nucleic acids, hereby contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as, e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus. Importantly, recent in vitro studies from our laboratory and others uncovered that pDCs sense viral infections when a physical contact is established with infected cells. This specialized synapse-like feature enables a robust type I and III IFN secretion at the infected site. Therefore, this concentrated and confined response likely limits the correlated deleterious impacts of excessive cytokine production to the host, notably due to tissue damages. Here we provide a pipeline of methods for ex vivo studies of pDC antiviral functions, designed to address how pDC activation is regulated by cell-cell contact with virally infected cells and the current approaches enabling to decipher the underlying molecular events leading to an efficient antiviral response.
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12
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Many Ways to Communicate-Crosstalk between the HBV-Infected Cell and Its Environment. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010029. [PMID: 36678377 PMCID: PMC9866324 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects an estimated 257 million people worldwide and can lead to liver diseases such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Viral replication is generally considered not to be cytopathic, and although some HBV proteins may have direct carcinogenic effects, the majority of HBV infection-related disease is related to chronic inflammation resulting from disrupted antiviral responses and aberrant innate immune reactions. Like all cells, healthy and HBV-infected cells communicate with each other, as well as with other cell types, such as innate and adaptive immune cells. They do so by both interacting directly and by secreting factors into their environment. Such factors may be small molecules, such as metabolites, single viral proteins or host proteins, but can also be more complex, such as virions, protein complexes, and extracellular vesicles. The latter are small, membrane-enclosed vesicles that are exchanged between cells, and have recently gained a lot of attention for their potential to mediate complex communication and their potential for therapeutic repurposing. Here, we review how HBV infection affects the communication between HBV-infected cells and cells in their environment. We discuss the impact of these interactions on viral persistence in chronic infection, as well as their relation to HBV infection-related pathology.
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13
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Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Potempa J, Koziel J. The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101143. [PMID: 36152458 PMCID: PMC9924004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recognition of specific microbial ligands by TLRs triggers an innate immune response and also promotes adaptive immunity, which is necessary for the efficient elimination of invading pathogens. Successful pathogens have therefore evolved strategies to subvert and/or manipulate TLR signaling. Both the impairment and uncontrolled activation of TLR signaling can harm the host, causing tissue destruction and allowing pathogens to proliferate, thus favoring disease progression. In this context, microbial proteases are key virulence factors that modify components of the TLR signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the role of bacterial and viral proteases in the manipulation of TLR signaling, highlighting the importance of these enzymes during the development of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ciaston
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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14
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Wu X, Xu X, Xiang Y, Fan D, An Q, Yue G, Jin Z, Ding J, Hu Y, Du Q, Xu J, Xie R. Exosome-mediated effects and applications in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:163. [PMID: 36045437 PMCID: PMC9429695 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous vesicles containing RNA and proteins that are specifically secreted in vivo. Exosomes have many functions, such as material transport and signal transduction between cells. Many studies have proven that exosomes can not only be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis but also as carriers to transmit information between cells. Exosomes participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including the immune response, antigen presentation, cell migration, cell differentiation, and tumour development. Differences in exosome functions depend on cell type. In recent years, exosome origin, cargo composition, and precise regulatory mechanisms have been the focus of research. Although exosomes have been extensively reported in digestive tumours, few articles have reviewed their roles in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system, especially inflammatory-related diseases (such as reflux oesophagitis, gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis, and pancreatitis). This paper briefly summarizes the roles of exosomes in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system to provide a basis for research on the mechanism of inflammatory diseases of the digestive system targeted by exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yiwei Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dongdong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qiming An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Gengyu Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianhong Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yanxia Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China. .,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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15
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The encephalomyocarditis virus Leader promotes the release of virions inside extracellular vesicles via the induction of secretory autophagy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3625. [PMID: 35750662 PMCID: PMC9232559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Naked viruses can escape host cells before the induction of lysis via release in extracellular vesicles (EVs). These nanosized EVs cloak the secreted virus particles in a host-derived membrane, which alters virus-host interactions that affect infection efficiency and antiviral immunity. Currently, little is known about the viral and host factors regulating this form of virus release. Here, we assessed the role of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) Leader protein, a 'viral security protein' that subverts the host antiviral response. EV release upon infection with wildtype virus or a Leader-deficient mutant was characterized at the single particle level using high-resolution flow cytometry. Inactivation of the Leader abolished EV induction during infection and strongly reduced EV-enclosed virus release. We demonstrate that the Leader promotes the release of virions within EVs by stimulating a secretory arm of autophagy. This newly discovered role of the EMCV Leader adds to the variety of mechanisms via which this protein affects virus-host interactions. Moreover, these data provide first evidence for a crucial role of a non-structural viral protein in the non-lytic release of picornaviruses via packaging in EVs.
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16
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Xu C, Chen J, Chen X. Host Innate Immunity Against Hepatitis Viruses and Viral Immune Evasion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:740464. [PMID: 34803956 PMCID: PMC8598044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses are primary causative agents of hepatitis and represent a major source of public health problems in the world. The host innate immune system forms the first line of defense against hepatitis viruses. Hepatitis viruses are sensed by specific pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that subsequently trigger the innate immune response and interferon (IFN) production. However, hepatitis viruses evade host immune surveillance via multiple strategies, which help compromise the innate immune response and create a favorable environment for viral replication. Therefore, this article reviews published findings regarding host innate immune sensing and response against hepatitis viruses. Furthermore, we also focus on how hepatitis viruses abrogate the antiviral effects of the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Babuta M, Szabo G. Extracellular vesicles in inflammation: Focus on the microRNA cargo of EVs in modulation of liver diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:75-92. [PMID: 34755380 PMCID: PMC9235439 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0321-156r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous nanometer-ranged particles that are released by cells under both normal and pathological conditions. EV cargo comprises of DNA, protein, lipids cargo, metabolites, mRNA, and non-coding RNA that can modulate the immune system by altering inflammatory response. EV associated miRNAs contribute to the pathobiology of alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, acetaminophen-induced liver injury, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In context of liver diseases, EVs, via their cargo, alter the inflammatory response by communicating with different cell types within the liver and between liver and other organs. Here, the role of EVs and its associated miRNA in inter-cellular communication in different liver disease and as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrigya Babuta
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Greene TT, Zuniga EI. Type I Interferon Induction and Exhaustion during Viral Infection: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Emerging COVID-19 Findings. Viruses 2021; 13:1839. [PMID: 34578420 PMCID: PMC8472174 DOI: 10.3390/v13091839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) are a family of potent antiviral cytokines that act through the direct restriction of viral replication and by enhancing antiviral immunity. However, these powerful cytokines are a caged lion, as excessive and sustained IFN-I production can drive immunopathology during infection, and aberrant IFN-I production is a feature of several types of autoimmunity. As specialized producers of IFN-I plasmacytoid (p), dendritic cells (DCs) can secrete superb quantities and a wide breadth of IFN-I isoforms immediately after infection or stimulation, and are the focus of this review. Notably, a few days after viral infection pDCs tune down their capacity for IFN-I production, producing less cytokines in response to both the ongoing infection and unrelated secondary stimulations. This process, hereby referred to as "pDC exhaustion", favors viral persistence and associates with reduced innate responses and increased susceptibility to secondary opportunistic infections. On the other hand, pDC exhaustion may be a compromise to avoid IFN-I driven immunopathology. In this review we reflect on the mechanisms that initially induce IFN-I and subsequently silence their production by pDCs during a viral infection. While these processes have been long studied across numerous viral infection models, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought their discussion back to the fore, and so we also discuss emerging results related to pDC-IFN-I production in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elina I. Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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19
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Kerviel A, Zhang M, Altan-Bonnet N. A New Infectious Unit: Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Virus Populations. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:171-197. [PMID: 34270326 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-040621-032416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral egress and transmission have long been described to take place through single free virus particles. However, viruses can also shed into the environment and transmit as populations clustered inside extracellular vesicles (EVs), a process we had first called vesicle-mediated en bloc transmission. These membrane-cloaked virus clusters can originate from a variety of cellular organelles including autophagosomes, plasma membrane, and multivesicular bodies. Their viral cargo can be multiples of nonenveloped or enveloped virus particles or even naked infectious genomes, but egress is always nonlytic, with the cell remaining intact. Here we put forth the thesis that EV-cloaked viral clusters are a distinct form of infectious unit as compared to free single viruses (nonenveloped or enveloped) or even free virus aggregates. We discuss how efficient and prevalent these infectious EVs are in the context of virus-associated diseases and highlight the importance of their proper detection and disinfection for public health. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Kerviel
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; .,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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20
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Metzner C, Zaruba M. On the Relationship of Viral Particles and Extracellular Vesicles: Implications for Viral Vector Technology. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071238. [PMID: 34206771 PMCID: PMC8310354 DOI: 10.3390/v13071238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy vectors derived from different viral species have become a fixture in biomedicine, both for direct therapeutic intervention and as tools to facilitate cell-based therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor-based immunotherapies. On the contrary, extracellular vesicles have only recently gained a massive increase in interest and, concomitantly, knowledge in the field has drastically risen. Viral infections and extracellular vesicle biology overlap in many ways, both with pro- and antiviral outcomes. In this review, we take a closer look at these interactions for the most prominent groups of viral vectors (Adenoviral, Adeno-associated and Retro/Lentiviral vectors) and the possible implications of these overlaps for viral vector technology and its biomedical applications.
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21
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Wang M, Feng Z. Mechanisms of Hepatocellular Injury in Hepatitis A. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050861. [PMID: 34066709 PMCID: PMC8151331 DOI: 10.3390/v13050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Despite decades of research, the pathogenic mechanisms of hepatitis A remain incompletely understood. As the replication of HAV is noncytopathic in vitro, a widely accepted concept has been that virus-specific cytotoxic T cells are responsible for liver injury. However, accumulating evidence suggests that natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, and even non-HAV-specific CD8+ T cells contribute to liver damage during HAV infection. In addition, intrinsic death of virus-infected hepatocytes has been implicated as a cause of liver injury in a murine model of hepatitis A. Furthermore, genetic variations in host factors such as T cell immunoglobulin-1 (TIM1) and IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) have been linked to hepatitis A severity. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms of hepatocellular injury in hepatitis A. Different mechanisms may be involved under different conditions and they are not necessarily mutually exclusive. A better understanding of these mechanisms would aid in diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with HAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghang Wang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence:
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22
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Pintó RM, Pérez-Rodríguez FJ, Costafreda MI, Chavarria-Miró G, Guix S, Ribes E, Bosch A. Pathogenicity and virulence of hepatitis A virus. Virulence 2021; 12:1174-1185. [PMID: 33843464 PMCID: PMC8043188 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1910442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A is an acute infection of the liver, which is mostly asymptomatic in children and increases the severity with age. Although in most patients the infection resolves completely, in a few of them it may follow a prolonged or relapsed course or even a fulminant form. The reason for these different outcomes is unknown, but it is generally accepted that host factors such as the immunological status, age and the occurrence of underlaying hepatic diseases are the main determinants of the severity. However, it cannot be ruled out that some virus traits may also contribute to the severe clinical outcomes. In this review, we will analyze which genetic determinants of the virus may determine virulence, in the context of a paradigmatic virus in terms of its genomic, molecular, replicative, and evolutionary features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Pérez-Rodríguez
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Present Address: Division of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria-Isabel Costafreda
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Chavarria-Miró
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Ribes
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, and Institute of Nutrition and Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Shi Y, Du L, Lv D, Li Y, Zhang Z, Huang X, Tang H. Emerging role and therapeutic application of exosome in hepatitis virus infection and associated diseases. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:336-349. [PMID: 33665710 PMCID: PMC8005397 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses are chief pathogens of hepatitis and end-stage liver diseases. Their replication and related pathogenic process highly rely on the host micro-environment and multiple cellular elements, including exosomes. Representing with a sort of cell-derived vesicle structure, exosomes were considered to be dispensable cellular components, even wastes. Along with advancing investigation, a specific profile of exosome in driving hepatitis viruses' infection and hepatic disease progression is revealed. Exosomes greatly affect the pathogenesis of hepatitis viruses by mediating their replication and modulating the host immune responses. The characteristics of host exosomes are markedly changed after infection with hepatitis viruses. Exosomes released from hepatitis virus-infected cells can carry viral nucleic or protein components, thereby acting as an effective subterfuge for hepatitis viruses by participating in viral transportation and immune escape. On the contrary, immune cell-derived exosomes contribute toward the innate antiviral immune defense and virus eradication. There is growing evidence supporting the application of exosomal biomarkers for predicting disease progress or therapeutic outcome, while exosomal nanoshuttles are regarded as promising therapeutic options based on their delivery properties and immune compatibility. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and secretion mechanism of exosomes, review the recent findings pertaining to the role of exosomes in the interplay between hepatitis viruses and innate immune responses, and conclude their potential in further therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Duoduo Lv
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolun Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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24
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Recent Progress on Exosomes in RNA Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020256. [PMID: 33567490 PMCID: PMC7915723 DOI: 10.3390/v13020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates that most tissue and cell types can secrete and release membrane-enclosed small vesicles, known as exosomes, whose content reflects the physiological/pathological state of the cells from which they originate. These exosomes participate in the communication and cell-to-cell transfer of biologically active proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Studies of RNA viruses have demonstrated that exosomes release regulatory factors from infected cells and deliver other functional host genetic elements to neighboring cells, and these functions are involved in the infection process and modulate the cellular responses. This review provides an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and some of the most striking functions of exosome secretion and identifies physiological/pathological areas in need of further research. While initial indications suggest that exosome-mediated pathways operate in vivo, the exosome mechanisms involved in the related effects still need to be clarified. The current review focuses on the role of exosomes in RNA virus infections, with an emphasis on the potential contributions of exosomes to pathogenesis.
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25
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Jung S, Jacobs KFK, Shein M, Schütz AK, Mohr F, Stadler H, Stadler D, Lucko AM, Altstetter SM, Wilsch F, Deng L, Protzer U. Efficient and reproducible depletion of hepatitis B virus from plasma derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 10:e12040. [PMID: 33363711 PMCID: PMC7754750 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging fundamental players in viral infections by shuttling viral components, mediating immune responses and likely the spread of the virus. However, the obstacles involved in purifying EVs and removing contaminating viral particles in a reliable and effective manner bottlenecks the full potential for the development of clinical and diagnostic treatment options targeting EV. Because of the similarities in size, density, membrane composition and mode of biogenesis of EVs and virions there are no standardized approaches for virus-removal from EV preparations yet. Functional EV studies also require EV samples that are devoid of antibody contaminants. Consequently, the study of EVs in virology needs reliable and effective protocols to purify EVs and remove contaminating antibodies and viral particles. Here, we established a protocol for EV purification from hepatitis B virus (HBV)-containing plasma by a combination of size-exclusion chromatography and affinity-based purification. After purification, EV samples were free of virus-sized particles, HBV surface antigen, HBV core antigen, antibodies or infectious material. Viral genomic contamination was also decreased following purification. By using appropriate antibodies and size parameters, this protocol could potentially be applied to purification of EVs from other viral samples. In summary, we established a fast, reproducible and robust approach for the removal of HBV from EV preparations. Looking forward to the point of purifying EVs from clinical samples, this method should enable studies shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of EVs in viral infections and their diagnostic and prognostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jung
- Institute of VirologySchool of MedicineHelmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | | | - Mikhail Shein
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Anne Kathrin Schütz
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | | | | | - Daniela Stadler
- Institute of VirologySchool of MedicineHelmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Aaron Michael Lucko
- Institute of VirologySchool of MedicineHelmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | | | - Florian Wilsch
- Institute of VirologySchool of MedicineHelmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Li Deng
- Institute of VirologySchool of MedicineHelmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of VirologySchool of MedicineHelmholtz Zentrum München/Technical University of MunichGarchingGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Munich partner siteGarchingGermany
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26
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McNamara RP, Dittmer DP. Extracellular vesicles in virus infection and pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:129-138. [PMID: 32846272 PMCID: PMC7755726 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that usurp cellular signaling networks to promote pathogen spread and disease progression. Signaling through extracellular vesicles (EVs) is an emerging field of study in the virus-host interaction network. EVs relay information both locally and distally through incorporated contents, typically without tripping innate immune sensors. Therefore, this extracellular signaling axis presents itself as a tantalizing target for promoting a favorable niche for the pathogen(s) takeover of the host, particularly for chronic infections. From the incorporation of virus-encoded molecules such as micro RNAs and proteins/enzymes to the envelopment of entire infectious particles, evolutionary distinct viruses have shown a remarkable ability to converge on this means of communication. In this review, we will cover the recent advances in this field and explore how EV can be used as potential biomarkers for chronic, persistent, or latent virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McNamara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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27
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Exosome mimicry by a HAVCR1-NPC1 pathway of endosomal fusion mediates hepatitis A virus infection. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1096-1106. [PMID: 32541946 PMCID: PMC7483988 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication by exosomes controls normal and pathogenic processes1,2. Viruses can spread in exosomes and thereby avoid immune recognition3. While biogenesis, binding and uptake of exosomes are well characterized4,5, delivery of exosome cargo into the cytoplasm is poorly understood3. We report that the phosphatidylserine receptor HAVCR1 (refs. 6,7) and the cholesterol transporter NPC1 (ref. 8) participate in cargo delivery from exosomes of hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected cells (exo-HAV) by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Using CRISPR-Cas9 knockout technology, we show that these two lipid receptors, which interact in the late endosome9, are necessary for the membrane fusion and delivery of RNA from exo-HAV into the cytoplasm. The HAVCR1-NPC1 pathway, which Ebola virus exploits to infect cells9, mediates HAV infection by exo-HAV, which indicates that viral infection via this exosome mimicry mechanism does not require an envelope glycoprotein. The capsid-free viral RNA in the exosome lumen, but not the endosomal uncoating of HAV particles contained in the exosomes, is mainly responsible for exo-HAV infectivity as assessed by methylene blue inactivation of non-encapsidated RNA. In contrast to exo-HAV, infectivity of HAV particles is pH-independent and requires HAVCR1 or another as yet unidentified receptor(s) but not NPC1. Our findings show that envelope-glycoprotein-independent fusion mechanisms are shared by exosomes and viruses, and call for a reassessment of the role of envelope glycoproteins in infection.
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28
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Badierah RA, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Dancing with Trojan horses: an interplay between the extracellular vesicles and viruses. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:3034-3060. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1756409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raied A. Badierah
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center ‘Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences’, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Pérez PS, Romaniuk MA, Duette GA, Zhao Z, Huang Y, Martin-Jaular L, Witwer KW, Théry C, Ostrowski M. Extracellular vesicles and chronic inflammation during HIV infection. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1687275. [PMID: 31998449 PMCID: PMC6963413 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1687275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of HIV infection. Among the multiple stimuli that can induce inflammation in untreated infection, ongoing viral replication is a primary driver. After initiation of effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV replication is drastically reduced or halted. However, even virologically controlled patients may continue to have abnormal levels of inflammation. A number of factors have been proposed to cause inflammation in HIV infection: among others, residual (low-level) HIV replication, production of HIV protein or RNA in the absence of replication, microbial translocation from the gut to the circulation, co-infections, and loss of immunoregulatory responses. Importantly, chronic inflammation in HIV-infected individuals increases the risk for a number of non-infectious co-morbidities, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Thus, achieving a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HIV-associated inflammation in the presence of cART is of utmost importance. Extracellular vesicles have emerged as novel actors in intercellular communication, involved in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of HIV infection, with particular emphasis on their role as inducers of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Soledad Pérez
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriel A. Duette
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zezhou Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiyao Huang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lorena Martin-Jaular
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clotilde Théry
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Matías Ostrowski
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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Walker CM. Adaptive Immune Responses in Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus Infections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a033472. [PMID: 29844218 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) cause self-limited infections in humans that are preventable by vaccination. Progress in characterizing adaptive immune responses against these enteric hepatitis viruses, and how they contribute to resolution of infection or liver injury, has therefore remained largely frozen for the past two decades. How HAV and HEV infections are so effectively controlled by B- and T-cell immunity, and why they do not have the same propensity to persist as HBV and HCV infections, cannot yet be adequately explained. The objective of this review is to summarize our understanding of the relationship between patterns of virus replication, adaptive immune responses, and acute liver injury in HAV and HEV infections. Gaps in knowledge, and recent studies that challenge long-held concepts of how antibodies and T cells contribute to control and pathogenesis of HAV and HEV infections, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's, Columbus, Ohio 43004
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31
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Sun D, Wen X, Wang M, Mao S, Cheng A, Yang X, Jia R, Chen S, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. Apoptosis and Autophagy in Picornavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2032. [PMID: 31551969 PMCID: PMC6733961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental process in maintaining cellular homeostasis, which can be either accidental or programed. Programed cell death depends on the specific signaling pathways, resulting in either lytic or non-lytic morphology. It exists in two primary forms: apoptosis and autophagic cell death. Apoptosis is a non-lytic and selective cell death program, which is executed by caspases in response to non-self or external stimuli. In contrast, autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis via the degradation and recycling of cellular components. These two mechanisms also function in the defense against pathogen attack. However, picornaviruses have evolved to utilize diverse strategies and target critical components to regulate the apoptotic and autophagic processes for optimal replication and the release from the host cell. Although an increasing number of investigations have shown that the apoptosis and autophagy are altered in picornavirus infection, the mechanism by which viruses take advantage of these two processes remains unknown. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of picornavirus executes cellular apoptosis and autophagy at the molecular level and the relationship between these interactions and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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32
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TIM1 (HAVCR1): an Essential "Receptor" or an "Accessory Attachment Factor" for Hepatitis A Virus? J Virol 2019; 93:93/11/e01793-18. [PMID: 31092684 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01793-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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33
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Wei Z, Kale S, El Fatimy R, Rabinovsky R, Krichevsky AM. Co-cultures of Glioma Stem Cells and Primary Neurons, Astrocytes, Microglia, and Endothelial Cells for Investigation of Intercellular Communication in the Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:361. [PMID: 31057356 PMCID: PMC6482299 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication within complex biological and pathological systems via extracellular vesicles (EVs) and secreted factors is a highly attractive area of research. However, cell models enabling investigation of such communication in vitro are limited. Commonly utilized is the supplementation of hyper-concentrated EVs or other extracellular factors to the recipient cell cultures. This approach requires purification of the secreted complexes and is confounded by the contamination of media components. Two-chamber co-cultures of donor and recipient cells separated by a pore membrane may represent a more physiological and better-controlled system for the investigation of intercellular communication. Yet, distinct culture conditions for different neural cell types often make them incompatible for co-culturing. Here we optimized short-term co-cultures of patient-derived low-passage glioma-initiating stem cells with normal cells of the brain microenvironment, such as primary neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and brain endothelial cells. We demonstrate the culture compatibility of these cell types and internalization of glioma-derived extracellular RNA by the normal recipient cells. The presented protocols are valuable for the investigation of intercellular communication between glioma brain tumor and cells of its microenvironment, including but not limited to the EVs-mediated communication. RESEARCH IN CONTEXT Cell-to-cell communication is essential in normal physiology and implicated in disease; however, experimental systems for its modeling in vitro are limited. Particularly, the investigation of communication between brain tumors and normal cells of the brain microenvironment has been challenged by the lack of adequate culture models. Here we developed co-cultures of glioma stem cells with various types of normal brain cells, including primary neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and brain endothelial cells, and demonstrated their utility for the study of intercellular communication. Detection of proposed markers in the recipient cells confirmed RNA transfer in these co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Wei
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shubham Kale
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachid El Fatimy
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rosalia Rabinovsky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna M Krichevsky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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34
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Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Infected Cells Form an Interferogenic Synapse Required for Antiviral Responses. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:730-745.e6. [PMID: 31003939 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) is critical for antiviral defense, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a predominant source of IFN-I during virus infection. pDC-mediated antiviral responses are stimulated upon physical contact with infected cells, during which immunostimulatory viral RNA is transferred to pDCs, leading to IFN production via the nucleic acid sensor TLR7. Using dengue, hepatitis C, and Zika viruses, we demonstrate that the contact site of pDCs with infected cells is a specialized platform we term the interferogenic synapse, which enables viral RNA transfer and antiviral responses. This synapse is formed via αLβ2 integrin-ICAM-1 adhesion complexes and the recruitment of the actin network and endocytic machinery. TLR7 signaling in pDCs promotes interferogenic synapse establishment and provides feed-forward regulation, sustaining pDC contacts with infected cells. This interferogenic synapse may allow pDCs to scan infected cells and locally secrete IFN-I, thereby confining a potentially deleterious response.
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35
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Feng Z, Lemon SM. Innate Immunity to Enteric Hepatitis Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a033464. [PMID: 29686040 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are both positive-strand RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, there are important differences in the ways they induce and counteract host innate immune responses. HAV is remarkably stealthy because of its ability to evade and disrupt innate signaling pathways that lead to interferon production. In contrast, HEV does not block interferon production. Instead, it persists in the presence of an interferon response. These differences may provide insight into HEV persistence in immunocompromised patients, an emerging health problem in developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongdi Feng
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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36
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Assil S, Futsch N, Décembre E, Alais S, Gessain A, Cosset FL, Mahieux R, Dreux M, Dutartre H. Sensing of cell-associated HTLV by plasmacytoid dendritic cells is regulated by dense β-galactoside glycosylation. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007589. [PMID: 30818370 PMCID: PMC6413949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T Lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection can persist in individuals resulting, at least in part, from viral escape of the innate immunity, including inhibition of type I interferon response in infected T-cells. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are known to bypass viral escape by their robust type I interferon production. Here, we demonstrated that pDCs produce type I interferons upon physical cell contact with HTLV-infected cells, yet pDC activation inversely correlates with the ability of the HTLV-producing cells to transmit infection. We show that pDCs sense surface associated-HTLV present with glycan-rich structure referred to as biofilm-like structure, which thus represents a newly described viral structure triggering the antiviral response by pDCs. Consistently, heparan sulfate proteoglycans and especially the cell surface pattern of terminal β-galactoside glycosylation, modulate the transmission of the immunostimulatory RNA to pDCs. Altogether, our results uncover a function of virus-containing cell surface-associated glycosylated structures in the activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Assil
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Futsch
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Décembre
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Alais
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (MD); (HD)
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- CIRI–Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (MD); (HD)
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37
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Rivera-Serrano EE, González-López O, Das A, Lemon SM. Cellular entry and uncoating of naked and quasi-enveloped human hepatoviruses. eLife 2019; 8:43983. [PMID: 30801249 PMCID: PMC6422491 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many ‘non-enveloped’ viruses, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), are released non-lytically from infected cells as infectious, quasi-enveloped virions cloaked in host membranes. Quasi-enveloped HAV (eHAV) mediates stealthy cell-to-cell spread within the liver, whereas stable naked virions shed in feces are optimized for environmental transmission. eHAV lacks virus-encoded surface proteins, and how it enters cells is unknown. We show both virion types enter by clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis, facilitated by integrin β1, and traffic through early and late endosomes. Uncoating of naked virions occurs in late endosomes, whereas eHAV undergoes ALIX-dependent trafficking to lysosomes where the quasi-envelope is enzymatically degraded and uncoating ensues coincident with breaching of endolysosomal membranes. Neither virion requires PLA2G16, a phospholipase essential for entry of other picornaviruses. Thus naked and quasi-enveloped virions enter via similar endocytic pathways, but uncoat in different compartments and release their genomes to the cytosol in a manner mechanistically distinct from other Picornaviridae. The Hepatitis A virus is a common cause of liver disease in humans. It is unable to multiply on its own so it needs to enter the cells of its host and hijack them to make new virus particles. Infected human cells produce two different types of Hepatitis A particles. The first, known as ‘naked’ virus particles, consist of molecules of ribonucleic acid (or RNA for short) that are surrounded by a protein shell. Naked virus particles are shed in the feces of infected individuals and are very stable, allowing the virus to spread in the environment to find new hosts. At the same time, a second type of particle, known as the ‘quasi-enveloped’ virus, circulates in the blood of the infected individual. In a quasi-enveloped particle, the RNA and protein shell are completely enclosed within a membrane that is released from the host cell. This membrane protects the protein shell from human immune responses, enabling quasi-enveloped virus particles to spread in a stealthy fashion within the liver. It was not clear how these two different types of virus particle are both able to enter cells despite their surface being so different. To address this question, Rivera-Serrano et al. used a microscopy approach to observe Hepatitis A particles infecting human liver cells. The experiments showed that both types of virus particle actually use similar routes. First, the external membrane of the cell folded around the particles, creating a vesicle that trapped the viruses and brought them within the cell. Inside these vesicles, the naked virus particles soon fell apart, and their RNA was released directly into the interior of the cell. However, the vesicles that carried quasi-enveloped virus travelled further into the cell and eventually delivered their contents to a specialized compartment, the lysosome, where the virus membrane was degraded. This caused the quasi-enveloped viruses to fall apart and release their RNA into the cell more slowly than the naked particles. Several viruses, such as the one that causes polio, also have quasi-enveloped forms. Studying how these particles are able to infect human cells while hiding behind membranes borrowed from the host may help us target these viruses better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraín E Rivera-Serrano
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Olga González-López
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Anshuman Das
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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38
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Picornavirus infection induces temporal release of multiple extracellular vesicle subsets that differ in molecular composition and infectious potential. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007594. [PMID: 30779790 PMCID: PMC6396942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several naked virus species, including members of the Picornaviridae family, have recently been described to escape their host cells and spread infection via enclosure in extracellular vesicles (EV). EV are 50-300 nm sized lipid membrane-enclosed particles produced by all cells that are broadly recognized for playing regulatory roles in numerous (patho)physiological processes, including viral infection. Both pro- and antiviral functions have been ascribed to EV released by virus-infected cells. It is currently not known whether this reported functional diversity is a result of the release of multiple virus-containing and non-virus containing EV subpopulations that differ in composition and function. Using encephalomyocarditis virus infection (EMCV, Picornaviridae family), we here provide evidence that EV populations released by infected cells are highly heterogeneous. Virus was contained in two distinct EV populations that differed in physical characteristics, such as sedimentation properties, and in enrichment for proteins indicative of different EV biogenesis pathways, such as the plasma membrane resident proteins Flotillin-1 and CD9, and the autophagy regulatory protein LC3. Additional levels of EV heterogeneity were identified using high-resolution flow cytometric analysis of single EV. Importantly, we demonstrate that EV subsets released during EMCV infection varied largely in potency of transferring virus infection and in their kinetics of release from infected cells. These data support the notion that heterogeneous EV populations released by virus-infected cells can exert diverse functions at distinct time points during infection. Unraveling the compositional, temporal and functional heterogeneity of these EV populations using single EV analysis technologies, as employed in this study, is vital to understanding the role of EV in virus dissemination and antiviral host responses.
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39
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Lanford RE, Walker CM, Lemon SM. Nonhuman Primate Models of Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus Infections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:a031815. [PMID: 29686041 PMCID: PMC6360867 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although phylogenetically unrelated, human hepatitis viruses share an exclusive or near exclusive tropism for replication in differentiated hepatocytes. This narrow tissue tropism may contribute to the restriction of the host ranges of these viruses to relatively few host species, mostly nonhuman primates. Nonhuman primate models thus figure prominently in our current understanding of the replication and pathogenesis of these viruses, including the enterically transmitted hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV), and have also played major roles in vaccine development. This review draws comparisons of HAV and HEV infection from studies conducted in nonhuman primates, and describes how such studies have contributed to our current understanding of the biology of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Lanford
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 782227
| | - Christopher M Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7030
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40
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Reizis B. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Development, Regulation, and Function. Immunity 2019; 50:37-50. [PMID: 30650380 PMCID: PMC6342491 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique sentinel cell type that can detect pathogen-derived nucleic acids and respond with rapid and massive production of type I interferon. This review summarizes our current understanding of pDC biology, including transcriptional regulation, heterogeneity, role in antiviral immune responses, and involvement in immune pathology, particularly in autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, and cancer. We also highlight the remaining gaps in our knowledge and important questions for the field, such as the molecular basis of unique interferon-producing capacity of pDCs. A better understanding of cell type-specific positive and negative control of pDC function should pave the way for translational applications focused on this immune cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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41
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Hirai-Yuki A, Whitmire JK, Joyce M, Tyrrell DL, Lemon SM. Murine Models of Hepatitis A Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031674. [PMID: 29661811 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic analyses of hepatitis A virus (HAV)-induced pathogenesis have long been thwarted by the lack of tractable small animal models that recapitulate disease observed in humans. Several approaches have shown success, including infection of chimeric mice with human liver cells. Other recent studies show that HAV can replicate to high titer in mice lacking expression of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFN-α/β receptor) or mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein. Mice deficient in the IFN receptor show critical features of type A hepatitis in humans when challenged with human HAV, including histological evidence of liver damage, leukocyte infiltration, and the release of liver enzymes into blood. Acute pathogenesis is caused by MAVS-dependent signaling that leads to intrinsic apoptosis of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Hirai-Yuki
- Division of Experimental Animal Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Michael Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517
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42
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Monitoring of Interferon Response Triggered by Cells Infected by Hepatitis C Virus or Other Viruses Upon Cell-Cell Contact. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1911:319-335. [PMID: 30593636 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8976-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) constitute a unique DC subset specialized in rapid and massive secretion of cytokines, including type I interferon (i.e., IFNα and IFNβ), known to be pivotal for both innate immunity and the onset of adaptive response. The production of type I IFNs by pDCs is primarily induced by the recognition of viral nucleic acids through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and -9 sensors located in the endolysosomal compartment. Importantly, in the context of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, pDC type I IFN response is triggered by the sensing of infected cells via physical cell-cell contact. Such a feature is also observed for many genetically distant viruses, including notably viruses of the Retroviridae, Arenaviridae, Flaviviridae, Picornaviridaea, Togaviridae families and observed for various infected cell types. Here, we described a set of experimental methods for the ex vivo studies of the regulation of pDC activation upon physical cell-cell contact with virally infected cells.
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43
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McKnight KL, Lemon SM. Hepatitis A Virus Genome Organization and Replication Strategy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a033480. [PMID: 29610147 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a positive-strand RNA virus classified in the genus Hepatovirus of the family Picornaviridae It is an ancient virus with a long evolutionary history and multiple features of its capsid structure, genome organization, and replication cycle that distinguish it from other mammalian picornaviruses. HAV proteins are produced by cap-independent translation of a single, long open reading frame under direction of an inefficient, upstream internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Genome replication occurs slowly and is noncytopathic, with transcription likely primed by a uridylated protein primer as in other picornaviruses. Newly produced quasi-enveloped virions (eHAV) are released from cells in a nonlytic fashion in a unique process mediated by interactions of capsid proteins with components of the host cell endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L McKnight
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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44
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Cao X, Xue YJ, Du JL, Xu Q, Yang XC, Zeng Y, Wang BB, Wang HZ, Liu J, Cai KZ, Ma ZR. Induction and Suppression of Innate Antiviral Responses by Hepatitis A Virus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1865. [PMID: 30174659 PMCID: PMC6107850 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) belongs to the family Picornaviridae. It is the pathogen of acute viral hepatitis caused by fecal-oral transmission. RNA viruses are sensed by pathogen-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). PRR activation leads to production of type 1 interferon (IFN-α/β), serving as the first line of defense against viruses. However, HAV has developed various strategies to compromise the innate immune system and promote viral propagation within the host cells. The long coevolution of HAV in hosts has prompted the development of effective immune antagonism strategies that actively fight against host antiviral responses. Proteases encoded by HAV can cleave the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS, also known as IPS-1, VISA, or Cardif), TIR domain- containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF, also known as TICAM-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO), which are key adaptor proteins in RIG-I-like receptor (RLR), TLR3 and NF-κB signaling, respectively. In this mini-review, we summarize all the recent progress on the interaction between HAV and the host, especially focusing on how HAV abrogates the antiviral effects of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-jia Xue
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiang-long Du
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue-cai Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo-bo Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-zhen Wang
- Hebi Precision Medical Research Institute, People's Hospital of Hebi, Hebi, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medical OncologyPeople's Hospital of Hebi, Hebi, China
| | - Kui-zheng Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhong-ren Ma
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Engineering & Technology Research Center for Animal Cell, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Lanzhou, China
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45
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Inoue J, Ninomiya M, Shimosegawa T, McNiven MA. Cellular Membrane Trafficking Machineries Used by the Hepatitis Viruses. Hepatology 2018; 68:751-762. [PMID: 29331069 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While the life cycles of hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) have been modestly characterized, recent intensive studies have provided new insights. Because these viruses "hijack" the membrane trafficking of the host cell machinery during replicative propagation, it is essential to determine and understand these specific cellular pathways. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus are well known as leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While substantial inroads toward treating hepatitis C virus patients have recently been made, patients with HBV continue to require lifelong treatment, which makes a thorough understanding of the HBV life cycle essential. Importantly, these viruses have been observed to "hijack" the secretory and endocytic membrane trafficking machineries of the hepatocyte. These can include the canonical clathrin-mediated endocytic process that internalizes virus through cell surface receptors. While these receptors are encoded by the host genome for normal hepatocellular functions, they also exhibit virus-specific recognition. Further, functions provided by the multivesicular body, which include endosomal sorting complexes required for transport, are now known to envelope a variety of different hepatitis viruses. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the cellular membrane trafficking machineries used by HBV in the context of other hepatitis viruses. (Hepatology 2018; 00:000-000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Ninomiya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mark A McNiven
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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46
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TIM-1 Mediates Dystroglycan-Independent Entry of Lassa Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00093-18. [PMID: 29875238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00093-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is an Old World arenavirus responsible for hundreds of thousands of infections in West Africa every year. LASV entry into a variety of cell types is mediated by interactions with glycosyltransferase LARGE-modified O-linked glycans present on the ubiquitous receptor α-dystroglycan (αDG). However, cells lacking αDG are permissive to LASV infection, suggesting that alternative receptors exist. Previous studies demonstrated that the phosphatidylserine (PtdSer)-binding receptors Axl and Tyro3 along with C-type lectin receptors mediate αDG-independent entry. Here, we demonstrate that another PtdSer receptor, TIM-1, mediates LASV glycoprotein (GP)-pseudotyped virion entry into αDG-knocked-out HEK 293T and wild-type (WT) Vero cells, which express αDG lacking appropriate glycosylation. To investigate the mechanism by which TIM-1 mediates enhancement of entry, we demonstrate that mutagenesis of the TIM-1 IgV domain PtdSer-binding pocket abrogated transduction. Furthermore, the human TIM-1 IgV domain-binding monoclonal antibody ARD5 blocked transduction of pseudovirions bearing LASV GP in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, as we showed previously for other viruses that use TIM-1 for entry, a chimeric TIM-1 protein that substitutes the proline-rich region (PRR) from murine leukemia virus envelope (Env) for the mucin-like domain served as a competent receptor. These studies provide evidence that, in the absence of a functional αDG, TIM-1 mediates the entry of LASV pseudoviral particles through interactions of virions with the IgV PtdSer-binding pocket of TIM-1.IMPORTANCE PtdSer receptors, such as TIM-1, are emerging as critical entry factors for many enveloped viruses. Most recently, hepatitis C virus and Zika virus have been added to a growing list. PtdSer receptors engage with enveloped viruses through the binding of PtdSer embedded in the viral envelope, defining them as GP-independent receptors. This GP-independent entry mechanism should effectively mediate the entry of all enveloped viruses, yet LASV GP-pseudotyped viruses were previously found to be unresponsive to PtdSer receptor enhancement in HEK 293T cells. Here, we demonstrate that LASV pseudovirions can utilize the PtdSer receptor TIM-1 but only in the absence of appropriately glycosylated α-dystroglycan (αDG), the high-affinity cell surface receptor for LASV. Our studies shed light on LASV receptor utilization and explain why previous studies performed with α-DG-expressing cells did not find that LASV pseudovirions utilize PtdSer receptors for virus uptake.
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47
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Sinigaglia L, Gracias S, Décembre E, Fritz M, Bruni D, Smith N, Herbeuval JP, Martin A, Dreux M, Tangy F, Jouvenet N. Immature particles and capsid-free viral RNA produced by Yellow fever virus-infected cells stimulate plasmacytoid dendritic cells to secrete interferons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10889. [PMID: 30022130 PMCID: PMC6052170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized in the production of interferons (IFNs) in response to viral infections. The Flaviviridae family comprises enveloped RNA viruses such as Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Dengue virus (DENV). Cell-free flaviviridae virions poorly stimulate pDCs to produce IFN. By contrast, cells infected with HCV and DENV potently stimulate pDCs via short-range delivery of viral RNAs, which are either packaged within immature virions or secreted exosomes. We report that cells infected with Yellow fever virus (YFV), the prototypical flavivirus, stimulated pDCs to produce IFNs in a TLR7- and cell contact- dependent manner. Such stimulation was unaffected by the presence of YFV neutralizing antibodies. As reported for DENV, cells producing immature YFV particles were more potent at stimulating pDCs than cells releasing mature virions. Additionally, cells replicating a release-deficient YFV mutant or a YFV subgenomic RNA lacking structural protein-coding sequences participated in pDC stimulation. Thus, viral RNAs produced by YFV-infected cells reach pDCs via at least two mechanisms: within immature particles and as capsid-free RNAs. Our work highlights the ability of pDCs to respond to a variety of viral RNA-laden carriers generated from infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sinigaglia
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ségolène Gracias
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Décembre
- CIRI, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Matthieu Fritz
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Bruni
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nikaïa Smith
- Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, UMR8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, UMR8601 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Annette Martin
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR3569 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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48
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van der Grein SG, Defourny KAY, Slot EFJ, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM. Intricate relationships between naked viruses and extracellular vesicles in the crosstalk between pathogen and host. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:491-504. [PMID: 29789863 PMCID: PMC6208671 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is a long-standing paradigm in the field of virology that naked viruses cause lysis of infected cells to release progeny virus. However, recent data indicate that naked virus types of the Picornaviridae and Hepeviridae families can also leave cells via an alternative route involving enclosure in fully host-derived lipid bilayers. The resulting particles resemble extracellular vesicles (EV), which are 50 nm–1 μm vesicles released by all cells. These EV contain lipids, proteins, and RNA, and generally serve as vehicles for intercellular communication in various (patho)physiological processes. EV can act as carriers of naked viruses and as invisibility cloaks to evade immune attacks. However, the exact combination of virions and host-derived molecules determines how these virus-containing EV affect spread of infection and/or triggering of antiviral immune responses. An underexposed aspect in this research area is that infected cells likely release multiple types of virus-induced and constitutively released EV with unique molecular composition and function. In this review, we identify virus-, cell-, and environment-specific factors that shape the EV population released by naked virus-infected cells. In addition, current findings on the formation and molecular composition of EV induced by different virus types will be compared and placed in the context of the widely proven heterogeneity of EV populations and biases caused by different EV isolation methodologies. Close interactions between the fields of EV biology and virology will help to further delineate the intricate relationship between EV and naked viruses and its relevance for viral life cycles and outcomes of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne G van der Grein
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kyra A Y Defourny
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J Slot
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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49
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Aiello A, Giannessi F, Percario ZA, Affabris E. The involvement of plasmacytoid cells in HIV infection and pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:77-89. [PMID: 29588163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique dendritic cell subset that are specialized in type I interferon (IFN) production. pDCs are key players in the antiviral immune response and serve as bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Although pDCs do not represent the main reservoir of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), they are a crucial subset in HIV infection as they influence viral transmission, target cell infection and antigen presentation. pDCs act as inflammatory and immunosuppressive cells, thus contributing to HIV disease progression. This review provides a state of art analysis of the interactions between HIV and pDCs and their potential roles in HIV transmission, chronic immune activation and immunosuppression. A thorough understanding of the roles of pDCs in HIV infection will help to improve therapeutic strategies to fight HIV infection, and will further increase our knowledge on this important immune cell subset.
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50
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Lanford RE, Walker CM, Lemon SM. The Chimpanzee Model of Viral Hepatitis: Advances in Understanding the Immune Response and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis. ILAR J 2017; 58:172-189. [PMID: 29045731 PMCID: PMC5886334 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have contributed to diverse fields of biomedical research due to their close genetic relationship to humans and in many instances due to the lack of any other animal model. This review focuses on the contributions of the chimpanzee model to research on hepatitis viruses where chimpanzees represented the only animal model (hepatitis B and C) or the most appropriate animal model (hepatitis A). Research with chimpanzees led to the development of vaccines for HAV and HBV that are used worldwide to protect hundreds of millions from these diseases and, where fully implemented, have provided immunity for entire generations. More recently, chimpanzee research was instrumental in the development of curative therapies for hepatitis C virus infections. Over a span of 40 years, this research would identify the causative agent of NonA,NonB hepatitis, validate the molecular tools for drug discovery, and provide safety and efficacy data on the therapies that now provide a rapid and complete cure of HCV chronic infections. Several cocktails of antivirals are FDA approved that eliminate the virus following 12 weeks of once-per-day oral therapy. This represents the first cure of a chronic viral disease and, once broadly implemented, will dramatically reduce the occurrence of cirrhosis and liver cancer. The recent contributions of chimpanzees to our current understanding of T cell immunity for HCV, development of novel therapeutics for HBV, and the biology of HAV are reviewed. Finally, a perspective is provided on the events leading to the cessation of the use of chimpanzees in research and the future of the chimpanzees previously used to bring about these amazing breakthroughs in human healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Lanford
- Robert E. Lanford, PhD, is director at Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas. Christopher M. Walker, PhD, is at the Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. Stanley M. Lemon, MD, is at thea Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Christopher M Walker
- Robert E. Lanford, PhD, is director at Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas. Christopher M. Walker, PhD, is at the Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. Stanley M. Lemon, MD, is at thea Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Robert E. Lanford, PhD, is director at Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas. Christopher M. Walker, PhD, is at the Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and College of Medicine, The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. Stanley M. Lemon, MD, is at thea Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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