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Fahmy L, Dardis CM. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies as a mediator between cyber dating violence and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38848386 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2361323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Objective: Cyber dating violence (CDV) is prevalent among emerging adults and could lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, limited research has been conducted on potential mitigating (or exacerbating) factors, such as the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CER). The present study examined whether CER strategies mediate the relationship between CDV and PTSD. Participants: Among a sample of 598 college students, the present study focuses on those who reported past-year CDV (56%; N = 335). Methods: An online survey was completed by college students to assess CDV, CER, and PTSD using validated self-report measures. Results: CDV was bivariately correlated with PTSD symptoms as well as adaptive and maladaptive CER. Within a mediation model, maladaptive (but not adaptive) CER mediated the relationship between CDV and PTSD. Conclusions: CDV is common among college students. Targeting maladaptive CER, such as self-blame and rumination, could lead to reductions in PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Fahmy
- Psychology Department, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
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2
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Benítez-Hidalgo V, Henares-Montiel J, Ruiz-Pérez I, Pastor-Moreno G. Cyber sexual harassment against women and impact on health. A cross-sectional study in a representative population sample. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024; 46:3-11. [PMID: 37717951 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study focuses on the frequency of cyber sexual harassment (CSH) and examines its link with five health impact indicators (self-perceived health, medication, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and use of health services). METHODS Analyzing the data provided by the 2019 Macro-survey on violence against women in Spain, two items of which refer to CSH. It was conducted in Spain on a representative sample of 9568 women aged over 16 years old. RESULTS A total of 9.15% of the women surveyed had experienced CSH at some point in their lives. Being under 25 years old, having higher education, not being in a relationship, having no religious beliefs and having a certified disability are sociodemographic characteristics associated with a higher risk of CSH. Women who have experienced other forms of gender-based violence also show an increased risk. Female victims of CSH reported higher rates of suicidal ideation (20% versus 9.79% in non-victims of CSH) and suicidal attempts (7.20% versus 1.74% in non-victims of CSH). CONCLUSIONS These findings have significant implications for the design of preventive health polices, which should incorporate strategies to address CSH as part of the continuum of multiple interrelated forms of gender violence that affect women and girls throughout their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Henares-Montiel
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica y en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada Ibs, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Ruiz-Pérez
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica y en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada Ibs, Granada, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Pastor-Moreno
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica y en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada Ibs, Granada, Spain
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Kim C, Ferraresso R. Examining Technology-Facilitated Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review of Journal Articles. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1325-1343. [PMID: 35105223 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As intimate partner violence in a cyber world is increasing, scholars have started to pay attention to this phenomenon. This study aims to provide a systematic review of empirical studies in the technology-facilitated intimate partner violence (TFIPV) field. We analyzed 31 studies that examined direct TFIPV perpetration and/or victimization experiences identified from four of the largest databases (i.e., Web of Science, PsyInfo, PubMed, and SCOPUS). We found that most studies recruited adolescents or young adults (i.e., college students) and used a very diverse range of terminologies that describe similar phenomena but are not based on validated instruments. We discuss the implications of our findings and suggestions that can enhance the field's rigor and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrye Kim
- Sociology and Criminal Justice Department, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Riccardo Ferraresso
- College of Police and Criminal Justice, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Wilson C, Sheridan L, Garratt-Reed D. Examining Cyberstalking Perpetration and Victimization: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2019-2033. [PMID: 35387506 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221082937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the body of literature on cyberstalking has expanded rapidly. The present work aimed to summarize the current state of the literature on cyberstalking perpetration and victimization in a scoping review. Forty-one quantitative and qualitative studies that examined variables relating to cyberstalking victimization and perpetration were collated. Following the methodology of Arksey and O'Malley (2005), an in-depth thematic analysis of the articles was undertaken. Prevalence of victimization and perpetration rates were compared and key themes synthesized. Despite examining similar young adult populations, the prevalence of victimization was found to range considerably from 0.7% (Reyns & Engelbrecht, 2010) to 85.2% (Strawhun et al., 2013) across studies. Themes were divided into two overarching classifications, factors relating to victimization and factors relating to perpetration. Deviant peer association, low self-control, previous harassment experiences and personality traits were some of the factors most frequently examined in relation to perpetration; whilst online exposure, online disclosure and guardianship were some of the factors most frequently examined in relation to victimization. Within these themes, deviant peer association and low self-control were found to consistently correlate with an increase in both cyberstalking victimization and perpetration. Guardianship and confidence online demonstrated inconsistent results. This review has summarized what is currently known and has been validated within cyberstalking research pertaining to victimization and perpetration, and has identified gaps and potential areas of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanelle Wilson
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Fang X, Zhang K, Chen J, Chen M, Wang Y, Zhong J. The Effects of Covert Narcissism on Chinese College Students Cyberbullying: The Mediation of Hostile Attribution Bias and the Moderation of Self-Control. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:2353-2366. [PMID: 37396405 PMCID: PMC10314775 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s416902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The prevalence of cyberbullying has increased along with the growth of social media, which has brought about many adverse effects on individual development. The current study aimed to explore the connection between covert narcissism and cyberbullying and to test the roles of hostile attribution bias and self-control in the relationship between covert narcissism and cyberbullying. Materials and Methods A total of 672 Chinese college students filled up questionnaires measuring covert narcissism, cyberbullying, hostile attribution bias, and self-control. Results The results indicated that covert narcissism positively and significantly predicted cyberbullying. Hostile attribution bias partially mediated the relationship between covert narcissism and cyberbullying. Additionally, self-control moderated the relationship between covert narcissism and cyberbullying. Specifically, the positive predictive effect of covert narcissism on cyberbullying gradually weakened as self-control improved. Conclusion This study explored the underlying mechanism of cyberbullying and found that covert narcissism could affect cyberbullying through hostile attribution bias. Self-control moderated the relationship between covert narcissism and cyberbullying. The results have significant implications for the intervention and prevention of cyberbullying and additional evidence for the relationship between covert narcissism and cyberbullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Fang
- School of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meitao Chen
- School of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Zhong
- School of Humanities and Education, Foshan University, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
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Valenzuela-García N, Maldonado-Guzmán DJ, García-Pérez A, Del-Real C. Too Lucky to Be a Victim? An Exploratory Study of Online Harassment and Hate Messages Faced by Social Media Influencers. EUROPEAN JOURNAL ON CRIMINAL POLICY AND RESEARCH 2023; 29:1-25. [PMID: 37361418 PMCID: PMC10244864 DOI: 10.1007/s10610-023-09542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Influencers are persistently exposed through social media. Once almost unapproachable, celebrities are now open to daily interaction with the public. From comments, polls, emails, and even private messages, the public can engage with their celebrities with a mere click. While this engagement provides influencers with advantages, it also renders them particularly susceptible to online harassment and toxic critics. This paper investigates the characteristics, impact, and reactions to cyber victimisation among social media influencers. To accomplish this objective, the paper presents the findings of two studies: a self-reported online victimisation survey conducted among Spanish influencers and an online ethnography. The results indicate that over 70% of influencers have encountered some form of online harassment and toxic critics. Cyber victimisation, its effects, and reactions vary across socio-demographic characteristics and the influencers' profiles. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis of the online ethnography reveals that harassed influencers can be classified as non-ideal victims. The implications of these findings for the literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Valenzuela-García
- Department of International Public, Criminal and Procedural Law, University of Cadiz, Av. De La Universidad S/N, 11405 Jerez de La Frontera, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Diego J. Maldonado-Guzmán
- Department of International Public, Criminal and Procedural Law, University of Cadiz, Av. De La Universidad S/N, 11405 Jerez de La Frontera, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Andrea García-Pérez
- Department of International Public, Criminal and Procedural Law, University of Cadiz, Av. De La Universidad S/N, 11405 Jerez de La Frontera, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristina Del-Real
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Albikawi ZF. Anxiety, Depression, Self-Esteem, Internet Addiction and Predictors of Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization among Female Nursing University Students: A Cross Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4293. [PMID: 36901301 PMCID: PMC10001909 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyberbullying and cybervictimization, which have been linked to the growth of the Internet and issues with mental health, can have serious psychological and academic consequences for young individuals, yet they have received relatively little scientific attention at universities. These phenomena have become an alarming social issue due to their rising rate and devastating physical and psychological effects on undergraduate university students. AIM to estimate the prevalence of depression, low self-esteem, cybervictimization, anxiety, cyberbullying, and Internet addiction among Saudi female nursing university students and to identify the factors that predict cybervictimization and cyberbullying. METHODS Convenience sampling was used to select 179 female nursing university students with an average age of 20.80 ± 1.62 years for the purpose of conducting a descriptive cross-sectional study. RESULTS The percentage of students who reported having low self-esteem was 19.55%, depression (30.17%), Internet addiction (49.16%), anxiety (34.64%), cyberbullying (20.67%), and cybervictimization (17.32%). There was an inverse relationship between students' self-esteem and their risk of engaging in cyberbullying (AOR = 0.782, 95% CI: 0.830-0.950, p = 0.002) or becoming cybervictims (AOR = 0.840, 95% CI: 0.810-0.920, p < 0.001). Further, Internet addiction predicted both cyberbullying (AOR = 1.028, 95% CI: 1.012-1.049, p = 0.003) and cybervictimization (AOR = 1.027, 95% CI: 1.010-1.042, p < 0.001). The likelihood of experiencing anxiety was linked to cyberbullying (AOR = 1.047, 95% CI: 1.031-1.139, p < 0.001) and cybervictimization (AOR = 1.042, 95% CI: 1.030-1.066, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Importantly, the findings suggest that programs designed to help university students avoid participating in cyberbullying activities or becoming cybervictims should take into account the influence of Internet addiction, mental health issues, and self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Fatehi Albikawi
- Community and Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing Department, Nursing College, King Khalid University, Khamis Mushait 39746, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Salem AAMS, Al-Huwailah AH, Abdelsattar M, Al-Hamdan NAH, Derar E, Alazmi S, Abu Al-Diyar M, Griffiths MD. Empathic Skills Training As a Means of Reducing Cyberbullying among Adolescents: An Empirical Evaluation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1846. [PMID: 36767216 PMCID: PMC9914628 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyberbullying is a form of aggression in which electronic communication such as e-mails, mobile phone calls, text messages, instant messenger contacts, photos, social networking sites and personal webpages are used to threaten or intimidate individuals. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) counselling based on empathic training may reduce cyberbullying among adolescents. The present study investigated the impact of developing empathy skills in reducing cyberbullying among a sample of adolescents using two groups (i.e., an experimental group and control group). The experimental group received counselling intervention based on CBT with special focus on improving empathy whereas the control group received CBT general counselling. The participants comprised 217 adolescents (experimental group = 98 adolescents, control group = 119 adolescents) with a mean age of 15.1 years (SD ± 1.5). The measures included the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) and the Bullying, Cyberbullying Scale for Adolescents (BCS-A). Results showed that there were statistically significant differences on TEQ scores and BCS-A scores in the experimental and control groups after the intervention but more so in favor of the experimental group in terms of reduced levels of cyberbullying (both victimization and perpetration). Positive gains among the experimental group in both empathy and reduced cyberbullying remained at two-month follow-up. It is recommended that teachers and school counselors tackling cyberbullying should use empathy training as part of their cyberbullying prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Atta M. S. Salem
- College of Management Sciences, Sadat Academy for Management Sciences, Alexandria 21578, Egypt
| | | | - Mahfouz Abdelsattar
- Hurghada Faculty of Education, South Valley University, Hurghada 84511, Egypt
| | | | - Esraa Derar
- Hurghada Faculty of Education, South Valley University, Hurghada 84511, Egypt
| | - Sheikhah Alazmi
- Evaluation and Testing Unit, Ministry of Eduction, Qurain P.O. Box 47041, Kuwait
| | - Mosaad Abu Al-Diyar
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts, Suez University, Suez 43533, Egypt
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
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9
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Alismaiel OA. Digital Media Used in Education: The Influence on Cyberbullying Behaviors among Youth Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1370. [PMID: 36674128 PMCID: PMC9858636 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Students, colleagues, and other members of society are increasingly using digital media. Students utilize digital media for a variety of reasons, including communication, gaming, making new friends, and simply being curious. However, there are some disadvantages to using digital media. Cyberbullying, cyberharassment, and cyberstalking are examples of useful digital media activities that can have a negative impact on digital media users and lead to societal issues. Surprisingly, limited studies have investigated cyberbullying in depth, utilizing a broad and varied sample of Middle Eastern institutions. As a result, the purpose of this study is to fill a research vacuum by questioning students' use of digital media for cyber involvement. This research aims to create a model for assessing the ethical consequences of behaviors that directly impact students' psychological health because of their use of digital media. The questionnaire looked at how people used digital media to engage in cyberbullying and cyber engagement, the ethical implications of bullying, and being harassed, stalked, and bullied. The study employed a quantitative questionnaire to collect data to achieve the research goal. It was given to 1012 students who are digital media users. Partial least squares (PLS) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to examine the data. Considering the empirical data, nearly half of the participants admitted to being harassed, stalked, or bullied on different digital platforms. The evaluation of discriminant validity is a prerequisite factor for examining possible variables' relationships. The goodness-of-fit index indicates that the model is well-fit. Through the established model, decision-makers and school administration would be able to implement measures that would effectively reduce cyber harassment among students and improve the digital media usage experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Alismaiel
- College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 13982, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Muir SR, Roberts LD, Sheridan L, Coleman AR. Examining the role of moral, emotional, behavioural, and personality factors in predicting online shaming. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279750. [PMID: 36952391 PMCID: PMC10035748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Online shaming, where people engage in social policing by shaming perceived transgressions via the internet, is a widespread global phenomenon. Despite its negative consequences, scarce research has been conducted and existing knowledge is largely anecdotal. Using a correlational online survey, this mixed-method study firstly assessed whether moral grandstanding, moral disengagement, emotional reactivity, empathy, social vigilantism, online disinhibition, machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy predict participants' (N = 411; aged 15-78) likelihood to engage in online shaming. Two hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed these predictors significantly accounted for 39% of variance in online shaming intentions, and 20% of variance in perceived deservedness of online shaming (f2 = .25 and .64 respectively, p < .001). A content analysis of an open-ended question offered further insights into public opinions about online shaming. These qualitative findings included the perception of online shaming as a form of accountability, the perceived destructive effects of online shaming, the perceived role of anonymity in online shaming, online shaming as a form of entertainment, online shaming involving 'two sides to every story', the notion that 'hurt people hurt people', online shaming as now a social norm, and the distinction between the online shaming of public and private figures. These findings can be used to inform the general public and advise appropriate responses from service providers and policy makers to mitigate damaging impacts of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Raine Muir
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lynne Diane Roberts
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lorraine Sheridan
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amy Ruth Coleman
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Butler LC, Graham A, Fisher BS, Henson B, Reyns BW. Examining the Effect of Perceived Responsibility on Online Bystander Intervention, Target Hardening, and Inaction. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP20847-NP20872. [PMID: 34851206 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211055088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Failure to take responsibility for intervening has been identified as a primary barrier to bystander intervention. Building on these findings, we examine how perceptions of responsibility affect responses to witnessing victimization in the online realm-a topic that has received limited attention. Using a maximum-likelihood selection model, we analyze data from the Pew American Trends Panel (N = 3709) to estimate the effects of respondents' perceptions of the role different groups should play in addressing online harassment on their likelihood to engage in intervention, target hardening, or inaction in response to witnessing online harassment, conditioned upon their likelihood of having witnessed such behavior. Findings indicate that the greater role respondents believe online users should have in addressing online harassment, the more likely they are to intervene. (b = .310). The greater role respondents believe law enforcement or elected officials should have in addressing online harassment, the less likely they are to intervene (b = -.135 and -.072, respectively). These findings have implications for future efforts to curb online harassment through users' crime prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Butler
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amanda Graham
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Bonnie S Fisher
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Billy Henson
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bradford W Reyns
- Department of Criminal Justice, Weber State University, Ogden, UT, USA
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12
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Salerno-Ferraro AC, Erentzen C, Schuller RA. Young Women's Experiences With Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence From Male Strangers. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17860-NP17885. [PMID: 34271829 PMCID: PMC9554274 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stranger-perpetrated harassment was identified decades ago to describe the pervasive, unwanted sexual attention women experience in public spaces. This form of harassment, which has evolved in the modern era, targets women as they navigate online spaces, social media, texting, and online gaming. The present research explored university-aged women's experiences (n = 381) with online male-perpetrated sexual harassment, including the nature and frequency of the harassment, how women responded to the harassment, and how men reportedly reacted to women's strategies. Trends in harassment experiences are explored descriptively and with thematic analysis. Most women reported receiving sexually inappropriate messages (84%, n = 318), sexist remarks or comments (74%, n = 281), seductive behavior or come-ons (70%, n = 265), or unwanted sexual attention (64%, n = 245) in an online platform, social media account, email, or text message. This sexual attention from unknown males often began at a very young age (12-14 years). The harassment took many forms, including inappropriate sexual comments on social media posts, explicit photos of male genitalia, and solicitations for sex. Although most women reported strong negative emotional reactions to the harassment (disgust, fear, anger), they generally adopted non-confrontational strategies to deal with the harassment, electing to ignore/delete the content or blocking the offender. Women reported that some men nevertheless persisted with the harassment, following them across multiple sites online, escalating in intensity and severity, and leading some women to delete their own social media accounts. These results suggest the need for early intervention and education programs and industry response.
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13
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Qu J, Shen S, Sun IY, Farmer AK, Xue J. Sexting Victimization Among Dating App Users: A Comparison of U.S. and Chinese College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17109-NP17132. [PMID: 34182820 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211028281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of digital technology and devices has fundamentally transformed people's social life in recent decades, particularly in interpersonal relationships. Two popular social phenomena elucidate how social connections and interactions have dramatically evolved due to technological advancement. Sexting has surfaced as a popular way of getting attention or flirting among young populations over the past decade. Online dating also has emerged as a viable avenue for people to seek interpersonal romantic and/or sexual relationships. Based on survey data collected from two Chinese universities and one U.S. university, this study links sexting and online dating by comparatively assessing the prevalence of sexting victimization and factors influencing such victimization among young online daters. Bivariate and multiple analyses reveal that American college students are more inclined than their Chinese counterparts to be victims of receiving sexts. Chinese students with higher degrees of rape myth acceptance are more likely to experience sexting victimization, but such an association does not exist among U.S. students. Internet-related activities were only weakly connected to sexting victimization among college students. LGBT young adults, regardless of their country affiliation, are at a higher risk for sexting misconduct. Female and younger American students were more likely to experience sexting victimization, whereas Chinese students in a romantic relationship were more inclined to experience sexting victimization. If possible, future research should employ a random sampling strategy to draw a larger number of college students from different types of universities in different regions. Future studies should include other theoretically relevant variables, such as self-control and opportunity variables, into the sexting victimization research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qu
- Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guizhou, China
| | - Shan Shen
- Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ivan Y Sun
- Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | | | - Jia Xue
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Cybervictimisation and Well-Being during the Outbreak of COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Depression. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091627. [PMID: 36141239 PMCID: PMC9498387 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to modifying relational habits and increasing Internet use to engage in antisocial behaviours such as cybervictimisation. Additionally, social distancing can reinforce the relationship with internalising behaviours such as depression. Through an adolescent sample, this study examines the relationship between cybervictimisation and well-being and the mediating role of depression. The hypothesis was tested via Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis to verify the role of depression as a mediator between cybervictimisation and well-being. The main results reveal that the effect of cybervictimisation on well-being was fully mediated by depression. The findings should stimulate debate on possible interventions to promote adolescent well-being and to avoid emotional and mental health problems related to social isolation.
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The Relationship between Cyberbullying and Mental Health among University Students. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: The term ‘cyberbullying’ is linked to traditional bullying, and both refer to oppression. This study aimed to determine the overall effects of cyberbullying on mental health among university students of various ages, and to investigate the extent to which victims (students) directed less attention and focus towards their academic achievement. Methods: The participants in this study were 326 male and female students from King Faisal University in the Al-Ahsa Governorate. The researchers in this study employed the descriptive correlative approach. Results: The study’s findings revealed that there were substantial variations in the categories of sex, academic specialty (medical and non-medical students), and family economic status, in relation to cyberbullying surveys. In addition, there was a significant negative relationship between cyberbullying and mental health. Conclusions: It is highly recommended that, in order to prevent cyberbullying, people of all generations need to be made aware of it via specific programs in different public areas, for example, in schools, colleges, and malls, and on social media.
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16
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Begotti T, Ghigo MA, Acquadro Maran D. Victims of Known and Unknown Cyberstalkers: A Questionnaire Survey in an Italian Sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084883. [PMID: 35457750 PMCID: PMC9029310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyberstalking is a behavior in which an individual, group, or organization uses information technology to harass one or more people, with possible consequences for the victims. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of cyberstalking in terms of physical and emotional consequences, depression, anxiety symptoms, attitudes toward telling of cyberstalking experiences, and coping strategies, comparing young adult victims of known cyberstalkers with those harassed by strangers. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 689 individuals. Of these, 242 victims were included in the analysis: 115 victims of unknown (UC) and 127 of known cyberstalkers (KC). The results emphasize that victims of KC more often reported fatigue as a physical symptom and sadness and lack of trust in others as emotional symptoms. In addition, scores for depressive symptoms and anxiety did not differ significantly between the two groups, whereas significantly higher scores for trait anxiety were found among victims of KC. Finally, victims of KC were significantly more inclined to use alcohol and drugs, reduce social contact with friends, buy a weapon, and try to reason with the cyberstalker, while victims of UC were more inclined to block online contact and ask a social network administrator to intervene. Implications of the findings were discussed, such as the need to intervene immediately and to promote victims’ ability to seek help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Begotti
- Department of Psychology, Università di Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (T.B.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Mariano Alex Ghigo
- Department of Psychology, Università di Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (T.B.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Daniela Acquadro Maran
- Department of Psychology, Università di Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (T.B.); (M.A.G.)
- WOW-Work and Organizational Wellbeing Research Group, 10124 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
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17
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Zagloul NM, Farghaly RM, ELKhatib H, Issa SY, El-Zoghby SM. Technology facilitated sexual violence: a comparative study between working and non-working females in Egypt before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2022; 12:21. [PMID: 35433051 PMCID: PMC8996216 DOI: 10.1186/s41935-022-00278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, quarantine measures policies increased Internet usage, leading to technological hazards as technology facilitated sexual violence (TFSV). Aim The current work aimed to assess TFSV among working and non-working Egyptian females before and during COVID-19. Methods The current work is a cross-sectional observational comparative study using an anonymous online questionnaire distributed through social platforms among working and non-working Egyptian females. Results TFSV was reported by 50.3% of the participants; however, regarding some forms of digital sexual violence, there was a significant decrease during COVID-19 lockdown than before it, considering; threatened creation form (7.8%, 12.0%; p = 0.017); non-consensual pornography (31.4%, 51.9%; p < 0.001) and online sexual harassment and cyber-stalking types (80.9%, 89.4%; p < 0.001). Only 17.3% of the study participants knew the identity of the perpetrator. TFSV led 6.4% to abstain from social media, and 3.9% reported the incident to a law agency. Conclusions The current study revealed that almost half of women experienced TFSV. Although time spent on the Internet by the whole participants during the pandemic was significantly higher than before, there was a significant decrease in some types of TFSV. The current study revealed that divorced females working in non-governmental sectors experienced harassment more significantly than others. There is crucial importance to set laws and penalties against perpetrators of TFSV to provide a safe technological environment for women.
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18
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Carmody MD, Cruz TH, Soto Mas F, Qeadan F, Handal AJ. Violence and the Academic Lives of College Students at the Intersection of Race/Ethnicity and Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP4487-NP4509. [PMID: 32954934 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520958654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To ascertain whether sexual and/or gender minority (SGM) students at a Hispanic-serving institution who experience violence are more likely to experience interference with their academic lives when compared to heterosexual, cisgender students, and how this relationship differs by race/ethnicity. Data came from 736 undergraduate students at a university in the Southwestern United States responding to a 2017 Campus Climate Survey. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted on self-identified SGM students and reported interference with their academic lives. The model was also tested for effect modification by race/ethnicity. Two-thirds (67.65%) of SGM students reported four or more incidences of violence. Nearly one-fifth (18.83%) of SGM students reported being harassed, insulted, threatened, or intimidated, and 2.63% reported being physically hurt (including forced sex), because the perpetrator thought the individual might have been gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. SGM students had 2.44 (95% CI: 1.29, 4.61) increased odds of interference with academic life as a result of violence victimization compared with non-SGM students. When the model was evaluated for effect modification by race/ethnicity, large effect sizes were observed, although the results were not significant. SGM undergraduate students are at significantly increased risk of violence and interference with their academic lives. This research emphasizes the need for institutions of higher education to ensure that their policies and practices support equal access to education by SGM students. Additionally, this study contributes insights into a potential protective effect of Hispanic ethnicity that warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D Carmody
- The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexis J Handal
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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19
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Doria N, Ausman C, Wilson S, Consalvo A, Sinno J, Boulos L, Numer M. Women's experiences of safety apps for sexualized violence: a narrative scoping review. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2330. [PMID: 34969403 PMCID: PMC8719390 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexualized violence against women is a significant human rights problem worldwide. Safety apps have the capacity to provide women with resources to prevent or respond to experiences of sexualized violence. Methods The aim of the following study was to review the scope of the literature on women’s experiences of safety apps related to sexualized violence. The databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus were systematically searched, and seven studies were included in this review. Results Thematic analysis identified the following themes in the literature: (1) security; (2) accessibility; and (3) knowledge. Conclusion The gaps in the literature are identified and implications and recommendations for future research is discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12292-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Doria
- Dalhousie University, 6299 South St, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, USA.
| | | | - Susan Wilson
- Dalhousie University, 6299 South St, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, USA
| | | | - Jad Sinno
- University of Toronto, 155 College St Room 500, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, USA
| | - Leah Boulos
- Maritime SPOR SUPPORT Unit, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3H 1V7, USA
| | - Matthew Numer
- Dalhousie University, 6299 South St, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, USA
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20
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Víllora B, Navarro R, Yubero S. The Role of Social-Interpersonal and Cognitive-Individual Factors in Cyber Dating Victimization and Perpetration: Comparing the Direct, Control, and Combined Forms of Abuse. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:8559-8584. [PMID: 31140341 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519851172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship linking social-interpersonal factors (interpersonal dependency, social support, social skills), cognitive-individual factors (planning behavior and goal efficacy), and different victimization and perpetration forms of cyber dating abuse (direct abuse, control abuse, and the combination of both abuse types). The responses of 1,657 Spanish university students were analyzed (62.1% females, 37.1% males). The multinomial logistic regression model revealed similarities among the three victim groups and revealed that anxious attachment and lack of social support increased the likelihood of direct victimization, control victimization, and direct/control victimization. Differences were found in the three victim groups for social skills and planning behavior. Perpetration was significantly associated with anxious attachment in the three cyber dating perpetration forms. Differences were also found in emotional dependency, social support, and social skills among direct perpetrators, control perpetrators, and direct/control perpetrators. The results revealed that interpersonal and cognitive factors correlated with cyber dating victimization and perpetration.
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21
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Jose R, Fowler JH, Raj A. Political Differences in American Reports of Sexual Harassment and Assault. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:7695-7721. [PMID: 30898004 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519835003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Political ideology has been linked to beliefs regarding sexual harassment and assault (SH&A). Using data from the January 2018 Stop Street Sexual Harassment online poll (N = 2,009), this study examined associations of political identity and political ideology with self-reported experiences of being the victim of SH&A. SH&A experiences were coded into four mutually exclusive groups: none, non-physically aggressive harassment, physically aggressive harassment, or sexual assault. Sex-stratified logistic regression models assessed associations of interest, adjusting for participant demographics. Among women, more conservative political ideology was negatively associated with reports of sexual assault, odds ratio (OR) = 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.74, 0.98]. Among males, more conservative political ideology was negatively associated with reports of physically aggressive sexual harassment (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = [0.73, 0.98]), and greater Republican affiliation was negatively associated with reports of sexual assault (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = [0.68, 0.99]). Conservative and Republican women and men are thus less likely to report more severe forms of SH&A, which may explain differences in beliefs on these issues. Research is needed to determine if political differences are due to reporting biases or differential vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Jose
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Anita Raj
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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22
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Leung ANM. To Help or Not to Help: Intervening in Cyberbullying Among Chinese Cyber-Bystanders. Front Psychol 2021; 12:483250. [PMID: 34335343 PMCID: PMC8316681 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.483250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyberbullying has become a serious concern among Internet users worldwide. However, relatively little is known about individuals who witness cyberbullying and how they behave. A bystander is someone who sees bullying or other forms of aggressive or violent behavior that targets someone else and who may choose to respond by either being part of the problem (a hurtful bystander), or part of the solution (a helpful bystander). Few studies examined the phenomena of cyber-bystanders in Chinese populations. Guided by the five-step bystander theoretical model and the theory of planned behavior, this study, addressed this gap to understand how the characteristics of cyber-bystanders explained their intervention in cyberbullying in a Chinese population. This study tested two preregistered hypotheses: (1) controlling for age and gender, awareness of cyberbullying, attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control to intervene; plus past experience with cyberbullying (measured as past experience in cyberbullying perpetration and victimization), felt responsibility, and self-efficacy to intervene with regard to cyberbullying would explain the intention of cyber-bystanders to intervene in cyberbullying, and (2) the intention of cyber-bystanders to intervene cyberbullying would positively explain their intervening behavior. A total of 581 college students with experience of witnessing cyberbullying were included in the analysis. Applying structural equation modeling with observed variables, a path analysis model was built to test the hypotheses; this study also conducted exploratory analyses by including direct paths from the characteristics of cyber-bystanders to explain intervening behavior. Results found that only awareness of cyberbullying, a subjective norm, and self-efficacy to intervene positively explained intention to intervene cyberbullying; therefore, hypothesis 1 was partly supported. Also, intention to intervene cyberbullying positively explained intervening behavior; therefore, hypothesis 2 was supported. For the exploratory analysis, intention to intervene partially mediated the relation between a subjective norm to intervene and intervening behavior; and intention to intervene also partially mediated the relation between self-efficacy to intervene and intervening behavior. In addition, past experience in cyberbullying victimization also positively and directly predicted intervening behavior. Findings provided a foundation for designing future intervention programs to mobilize cyber-bystanders to become “upstanders.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Nga Man Leung
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Wong RYM, Cheung CMK, Xiao B, Thatcher JB. Standing Up or Standing By: Understanding Bystanders’ Proactive Reporting Responses to Social Media Harassment. INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1287/isre.2020.0983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Social media harassment, a cyberbullying behavior, poses a serious threat to users and platform owners of social media. In this paper, we contextualize the bystander intervention framework and reporting literature to social media in order to understand why bystanders report social media harassment. Our contextualized intervention framework focuses on three sociotechnical aspects—the online social environment, characteristics of the technology platform, and their interplay—that explain bystander reporting on social media platforms. We tested the model using data gathered from active Facebook users. Our findings direct practitioners’ attention to the role of the platform in encouraging bystanders to help stop social media harassment. For policy makers, our findings direct attention to supporting programs that encourage social media users to feel responsible for reporting harassment and making transparent the outcomes of reporting social media harassment using anonymous reporting tools. For platform owners, our findings direct attention to investing in tools that enable anonymous reporting, to fostering a climate that encourages reporting, and to ensuring that all users understand that reporting social media harassment results in swift, effective responses from platform owners. Taken together, we believe our research offer insight into how to build safer and secure social media platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Yee Man Wong
- Department of Information Systems and Operations Management, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christy M. K. Cheung
- Department of Finance and Decision Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Xiao
- Shidler College of Business, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
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24
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Sharma MK, Anand N, Thakur PC, N S, Biswas A, R A, Sahu M, John N, Vishwakarma A, Tadpatrikar A, Singh P, Sj A, Murthy KD. Cyber violence: Case report evidence of an emerging public health concern. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 57:102017. [PMID: 32389510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Sharma
- Professor of Clinical Psychology, SHUT Clinic (Service for Healthy Use of Technology), National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Nitin Anand
- Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | | | - Suma N
- Clinical Psychologist, Department of Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ankita Biswas
- SHUT Clinic, Department of Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Archana R
- Department of Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Maya Sahu
- Department of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Nisha John
- Department of Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Akash Vishwakarma
- SHUT Clinic, Department of Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ashwini Tadpatrikar
- SHUT Clinic, Department of Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Priya Singh
- SHUT Clinic, Department of Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ajith Sj
- SHUT Clinic, Department of Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Keshava D Murthy
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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25
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Koehler WJ, Copp H. Observations of LGBT-specific bullying at a state university. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2020.1850594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Koehler
- Department of Social Work, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hilary Copp
- Department of Social Work, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Van Ouytsel J, Ponnet K, Walrave M. Cyber Dating Abuse: Investigating Digital Monitoring Behaviors Among Adolescents From a Social Learning Perspective. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:5157-5178. [PMID: 29294845 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517719538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Just as with other forms of abuse such as bullying, dating violence is no longer limited to physical spaces. Several forms of dating violence can also be perpetrated by means of technology. Few studies have used a theoretical perspective to investigate cyber dating abuse. This study addresses this gap in the literature by focusing on the perpetration of digital monitoring behaviors-a form of cyber dating abuse-from a social learning perspective. We investigate the extent to which perceived social norms about cyber dating abuse, witnessing controlling behaviors among parents, and endorsing gender stereotypes are linked with adolescents' engagement in digital monitoring behaviors. The study draws on data from 466 secondary school students (71.0% girls, n = 331) aged between 16 and 22 years (M = 17.99 years, SD = 0.92) in Flanders, Belgium, who were in a romantic relationship. Linear regression analysis indicates that being female, being older, the perceived social norms of peers, the endorsement of gender stereotypes, and having observed intrusive controlling behaviors by the father are significantly and positively related to adolescents' perpetration of digital monitoring behaviors. The findings have implications for practice and underscore the need for prevention efforts to address and lower the influence of these perceived social norms. Further implications include the need for prevention efforts to focus on diminishing the impact of gender stereotypical attitudes and the influence of witnessing controlling behaviors within the family context on cyber dating abuse perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koen Ponnet
- University of Antwerp, Belgium
- Ghent University, Belgium
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27
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Henry N, Flynn A, Powell A. Technology-Facilitated Domestic and Sexual Violence: A Review. Violence Against Women 2020; 26:1828-1854. [PMID: 32998673 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219875821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article investigates the phenomenon of domestic and sexual violence against adult women using digital communications technologies. The article explores terminological and conceptual challenges and describes the empirical research literature in this field to date in relation to digital dating abuse, intimate partner cyberstalking, technology-facilitated sexual assault, image-based sexual abuse, and online sexual harassment. The article also discusses policy and practice responses to this growing problem, as well as future directions for research. We argue that research and practice need to be guided by existing conceptual frameworks that utilize gender and actor-network theory to understanding the causes and consequences of women's experiences of abuse and violence facilitated by digital technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asher Flynn
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Zhong LR, Kebbell MR, Webster JL. An exploratory study of Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence in online romantic interactions: Can the Internet's toxic disinhibition exacerbate sexual aggression? COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Al Qudah MF, Al-Barashdi HS, Hassan EMAH, Albursan IS, Heilat MQ, Bakhiet SFA, Al-Khadher MA. Psychological Security, Psychological Loneliness, and Age as the Predictors of Cyber-Bullying Among University Students. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:393-403. [PMID: 31522350 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the relationship between cyber-bullying and psychological security, psychological loneliness, and age. In other words, it sought to identify the predictive power of these three variables on cyber-bullying among university students. Participants were 426 male and female Saudi university students aged between 18 and 36 years (M = 21.00, SD = 2.42). Three scales were used to probe cyber-bullying and psychological security and loneliness. Data analysis revealed that 17.6% of the participants were cyber-bullies. Significant differences in cyber-bullying were found by gender (in favor of males). A significant positive correlation was found between cyber-bullying on one hand and psychological security and loneliness and age on the other. The findings also revealed that cyber-bullying among university students can be predicted by psychological loneliness and age. Psychological loneliness is the best predictor of cyber-bullying. It explained .284 of cyber-bullying, while age, psychological loneliness explained .339 of cyber-bullying. These findings shed more light on the psychological aspects included in cyber-bullying. It is a significant contribution in that it identified the motives beyond cyber-bullying and its adverse effects on individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mustafa Qseem Heilat
- Department Education & Psychology, Princess Alia College, Al Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
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30
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Aguilar SJ, Baek C. Sexual harassment in academe is underreported, especially by students in the life and physical sciences. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230312. [PMID: 32155232 PMCID: PMC7064221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
What factors predict the underreporting of sexual harassment in academe? We used logistic regression and sentiment analysis to examine 2,343 reports of sexual harassment involving members of university communities. Results indicate students were 1.6 times likely to not report their experiences when compared to faculty. Respondents in the life and physical sciences were 1.7 times more likely to not report their experiences when compared to respondents in other disciplines. Men represented 90% of the reported perpetrators of sexual harassment. Analysis of respondents’ written accounts show variation of overall sentiment based on discipline, student type, and the type of institution attended, particularly with regard to mental health. Our results suggest that institutional and departmental barriers driven by power asymmetries play a large role in the underreporting sexual harassment among students—especially those in STEM disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Aguilar
- Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Clare Baek
- Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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31
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Langenderfer-Magruder L, Walls NE, Whitfield DL, Kattari SK, Ramos D. Stalking Victimization in LGBTQ Adults: A Brief Report. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:1442-1453. [PMID: 29294675 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517696871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stalking is often considered to be a form of interpersonal violence; yet, despite an increase in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ)-specific research on other forms of interpersonal violence, such as intimate partner violence and sexual assault, there is a relative lack of literature on stalking victimization of LGBTQ individuals, particularly as it relates to gender identity. This is problematic given the results of numerous studies indicating LGBTQ individuals, and transgender individuals in particular, experience victimization in various forms and contexts at alarming rates. In the current study, we examined secondary data to determine the prevalence of lifetime stalking victimization and subsequent police reporting in a large community-based sample of LGBTQ individuals living in Colorado (N = 1,116). In addition, using chi-square analyses, we examined independence of stalking experiences and police reporting by both gender identity (transgender, cisgender male, cisgender female) and sexual orientation (gay, lesbian, bisexual, heterosexual, queer, other). Approximately 15% of the total sample reported ever experiencing stalking; yet, only about one quarter of those who were stalked reported it to police. Although no statistically significant differences emerged by gender identity or sexual orientation, transgender, bisexual, and queer participants had the highest prevalence of lifetime stalking victimization. Moreover, these groups reported the lowest prevalence of reporting their victimization to the police. We provide suggestions to improve the development of research on this topic including a need for an inclusive definition of stalking and studies using larger, representative samples to better discern potential significant differences in stalking experiences of LGBTQ persons.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Bondestam
- Swedish Secretariat for Gender Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maja Lundqvist
- Swedish Secretariat for Gender Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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33
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Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Sextortion Among Adolescents: Results From a National Survey of U.S. Youth. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 32:30-54. [PMID: 30264657 DOI: 10.1177/1079063218800469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sextortion is the threatened dissemination of explicit, intimate, or embarrassing images of a sexual nature without consent, usually for the purpose of procuring additional images, sexual acts, money, or something else. Despite increased public interest in this behavior, it has yet to be empirically examined among adolescents. The current study fills this gap by exploring the prevalence of sextortion behaviors among a nationally representative sample of 5,568 U.S. middle and high school students. Approximately 5% of students reported that they had been the victim of sextortion, while about 3% admitted to threatening others who had shared an image with them in confidence. Males and nonheterosexual youth were more likely to be targeted, and males were more likely to target others. Moreover, youth who threatened others with sextortion were more likely to have been victims themselves. Implications for future research, as well as the preventive role that youth-serving professionals can play, are discussed.
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Martínez-Monteagudo MC, Delgado B, García-Fernández JM, Ruíz-Esteban C. Cyberbullying in the University Setting. Relationship With Emotional Problems and Adaptation to the University. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3074. [PMID: 32038420 PMCID: PMC6985462 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Little scientific attention has been paid to the problem of cyberbullying in the university environment, compared to similar studies conducted on adolescents. This study attempts to analyze the predictive capacity of certain emotional problems (anxiety, depression, and stress) and university adaptation with respect to cyberbullying in victims and aggressors. The European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 and the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire were administered to a sample of 1282 university students (46.33% male) aged between 18 and 46. The results suggest that high levels of depression and stress increase the probability of being a cyberbullying victim, while high levels of depression increase the probability of being a cyberbullying aggressor. Similarly, the personal-emotional and social adaptation of students are found to be predictor variables of being a cyberbullying victim, in that high levels of personal-emotional and social adaptation decrease the probability of being a victim, while high levels of personal-emotional, academic and institutional adaptation decrease the probability of being a cyberbullying victim. The results of this study are of special relevance, since they indicate that intervention programs should consider the influence of emotional intelligence, as well as the relevance students' adaptation to university.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Delgado
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Didactic, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Fernández
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Didactic, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cecilia Ruíz-Esteban
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Yang X, Jiang X, Mo PKH, Cai Y, Ma L, Lau JTF. Prevalence and Interpersonal Correlates of Internet Gaming Disorders among Chinese Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020579. [PMID: 31963197 PMCID: PMC7013587 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence and interpersonal correlates of Internet gaming disorders (IGD) among Chinese adolescents. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two cities (Shanghai and Xi’an) in China. A total of 2666 (Meanage = 12.77 ± 0.75) year-one students from eight middle schools completed a self-reported questionnaire. It tested their levels of IGD, parental psychological control, negative interpersonal events (physical/verbal abuse by parents, verbal abuse by teachers, peer/online bullying), social support from parents/peers, and positive relationships with parents/peers. Results showed that 346 participants (13.0%) were classified as having IGD. Gender, city, single-parent family, family socio-economic status, and mother’s education level were significantly associated with the risk of IGD. Logistic regression analyses with and without controlling for the significant background variables showed that the studied interpersonal variables were significantly associated with IGD, respectively. Forward stepwise logistic regression showed that the significant correlates of IGD included parental psychological control, physical/verbal abuse by parents, verbal abuse by teachers, and peer/online bullying. Results highlight the importance of addressing interpersonal risk factors to reduce adolescent IGD. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (J.T.-f.L.); Tel.: +852-2637-6606 (J.T.-f.L.); Fax: +852-2645-3098 (J.T.-f.L.)
| | - Xuewen Jiang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Phoenix Kit-han Mo
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Yong Cai
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Le Ma
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Joseph Tak-fai Lau
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (J.T.-f.L.); Tel.: +852-2637-6606 (J.T.-f.L.); Fax: +852-2645-3098 (J.T.-f.L.)
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Fernet M, Lapierre A, Hébert M, Cousineau MM. A systematic review of literature on cyber intimate partner victimization in adolescent girls and women. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Reed E, Wong A, Raj A. Cyber Sexual Harassment: A Summary of Current Measures and Implications for Future Research. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:1727-1740. [PMID: 31631815 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219880959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have described cyber sexual harassment (CSH) as a range of sexually aggressive or harassing images or texts delivered through the use of digital mediums. CSH occurs in high proportions particularly among young populations, but the prevalence varies substantially across studies, largely due to variation in measures used and types of behaviors assessed. We describe the prevalence of CSH by types of CSH assessed, identify the measures used in previous research, and provide recommendations for future assessment. Future research is needed to ensure consistent and comprehensive measures that accurately capture CSH to assess prevalence and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Reed
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alice Wong
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Pörhölä M, Cvancara K, Kaal E, Kunttu K, Tampere K, Torres MB. Bullying in university between peers and by personnel: cultural variation in prevalence, forms, and gender differences in four countries. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-019-09523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study reports results from cross-cultural comparisons of (a) the frequency of university students’ experiences of bullying victimization and perpetration between students, (b) students’ experiences of bullying victimization by university personnel, and (c) the breakdown of victimization by the forms of bullying students have experienced. Gender breakdowns are offered. Survey data were collected from undergraduates in a total of 47 universities, using large sample sizes, similar measures and assessment methods in four countries: Argentina (N = 969), Estonia (N = 1053), Finland (N = 4403), and the United States (N = 2072). The results confirmed previous findings which suggest that a notable number of students experience bullying during university studies by fellow students and/or staff members, and a smaller number of students admit to bully their fellow students. The results add to previous knowledge by demonstrating remarkable cultural differences in the prevalence and forms of bullying and suggesting that bullying at the university level starts to transform similar to bullying in the workplace. The overall rates of bullying victimization and perpetration between students were the highest in Argentina, followed by the USA, Finland, and finally Estonia. However, victimization by university personnel was reported the most in Estonia, followed by Argentina, the USA, and Finland. Gender breakdowns in bullying experiences varied between countries. Verbal forms of bullying were common experiences. The most often reported form in all countries was unjustified criticism, belittling or humiliation related to academic performance. Students in the USA reported the highest frequencies in most forms of victimization. The results are discussed by reflecting on higher education features and comparing cultural characteristics of the countries. Practical implications are provided.
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Hill C, Johnson H. Online Interpersonal Victimization as a Mechanism of Social Control of Women: An Empirical Examination. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:1681-1700. [PMID: 31514633 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219870608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyber space is an ever-expanding mode of perpetrating sexualized violence toward women. This article empirically examines the applicability of Susan Brownmiller's adaptation of the theory of social control to online interpersonal victimization (OIV) against women. Multiple regression analysis identified predictors of behaviors indicative of social control among a Canadian sample. Findings suggest that the theory of social control, which has been applied to violence against women in physical space, is applicable to OIV. This study also provides insights into the separate and compound effects of physical space and cyber space victimizations on women and identifies implications for improving methods and building theories for addressing violence against women in cyber space.
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Powell A, Henry N. Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Victimization: Results From an Online Survey of Australian Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:3637-3665. [PMID: 27697966 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516672055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Online forms of sexual harassment and abuse as experienced by adults represent an emerging yet under-researched set of behaviors, such that very few studies have sought to estimate the extent of the problem. This article presents the results of an online survey of 2,956 Australian adult (aged 18 to 54 years) experiences of technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV) victimization. The prevalence of TFSV was analyzed in relation to a 21-item scale developed in accordance with prior conceptual research identifying multiple dimensions of TFSV including digital sexual harassment, image-based sexual abuse, sexual aggression and/or coercion, and, gender and/or sexuality-based harassment (including virtual sexual violence). Results revealed significant differences in lifetime TFSV victimization for younger (18-24) and non-heterosexual identifying adults. Lifetime TFSV victimization for men and women was not significantly different, though women were more likely to report sexual harassment victimization and men were more likely to report victimization through the distribution of non-consensual images, as well as gender and/or sexuality-based harassment. The authors conclude that although women and men report experiencing similar overall prevalence of TFSV victimization, the nature and impacts of those experiences differ in particular gendered ways that reflect broader patterns in both gender relations and "offline" sexual harassment.
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Reed E, Salazar M, Behar AI, Agah N, Silverman JG, Minnis AM, Rusch MLA, Raj A. Cyber Sexual Harassment: Prevalence and association with substance use, poor mental health, and STI history among sexually active adolescent girls. J Adolesc 2019; 75:53-62. [PMID: 31344557 PMCID: PMC6716784 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current study aims to assess the prevalence, perpetrators, and consequences of cyber sexual harassment (CSH) among adolescent females. METHODS Sexually active adolescent females (N = 159) ages 15-19 were recruited from a health clinic in a low-income, urban area of southeast San Diego County, California to complete a tablet-administered survey that included items on sexual violence and harassment, including CSH. Using logistic regression models, we assessed CSH in relation to substance use, poor mental health outcomes and STI history. RESULTS Participants were, on average, 17 years of age and half were currently in a relationship. The majority of girls (68%) reported at least one form of CSH, which included receiving unwanted sexual messages/photos (53%), receiving unwanted messages asking them to do something sexual (49%), being pressured to send sexual photos (36%), and having sexual photos shared without permission (6%). Perpetrators included known and unknown males; almost a third (27%) reported perpetration by a relationship partner. In logistic regression models adjusting for race, CSH was associated with: past 30-day alcohol use, drug use (ever), feeling depressed (past 30 days), and feeling anxious (past 30 days) (Odds Ratios ranged: 2.9-7.5). CSH was also associated with past-year suicidal thoughts and STI diagnosis (ever) (p < 0.05, ORs not presented due to small numbers). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in some subgroups, CSH appears to be affecting the majority of girls, which is especially concerning given its association with multiple poor health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Reed
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92128, USA; University of California San Diego, Division of Global Public Health, Center on Gender Equity and Health, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Marissa Salazar
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92128, USA; University of California San Diego, Division of Global Public Health, Center on Gender Equity and Health, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alma I Behar
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92128, USA; University of California San Diego, Division of Global Public Health, Center on Gender Equity and Health, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Niloufar Agah
- University of California San Diego, Division of Global Public Health, Center on Gender Equity and Health, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jay G Silverman
- University of California San Diego, Division of Global Public Health, Center on Gender Equity and Health, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Melanie L A Rusch
- University of California San Diego, Division of Global Public Health, Center on Gender Equity and Health, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- University of California San Diego, Division of Global Public Health, Center on Gender Equity and Health, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Lorenz K, Kirkner A, Mazar L. Graduate Student Experiences with Sexual Harassment and Academic and Social (Dis)engagement in Higher Education. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19407882.2018.1540994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Lorenz
- Department of Criminology and Justice Studies, California State University, Northridge
| | - Anne Kirkner
- Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Laurel Mazar
- Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago
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Strauss CV, Haynes EE, Cornelius TL, Shorey RC. Stalking Victimization and Substance Use in College Dating Relationships: An Exploratory Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:2878-2896. [PMID: 27520016 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516663899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, most dating violence research has focused on physical aggression and has left stalking behaviors largely unexamined, despite evidence that stalking of an intimate partner occurs with high frequency. Moreover, the extent to which stalking victimization has the same negative mental health consequences as other forms of dating violence is unclear. Thus, using a sample of male and female undergraduate students in current dating relationships (N = 357), the association between stalking victimization and alcohol and drug use was explored. Results indicated that for both men and women, stalking victimization from a dating partner was related to alcohol and drug use, even after controlling for age, gender, length of dating relationship, and physical aggression victimization. These preliminary findings suggest that stalking victimization is associated with deleterious consequences; thus, additional research is needed to better understand the longitudinal, long-term consequences of stalking victimization. Additional implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Henson B, Fisher BS, Reyns BW. There Is Virtually No Excuse: The Frequency and Predictors of College Students' Bystander Intervention Behaviors Directed at Online Victimization. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:505-527. [PMID: 30940014 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219835050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research shows that a large percentage of college students have experienced online victimization. However, bystander intervention behaviors directed at online contexts are absent from both the online victimization and bystander intervention research. With a sample of undergraduate college students, the current study explores the frequency and predictors of bystander intervention behaviors in response to online situations. Results show that a majority of students intervened during the past academic year when faced with the opportunity. Individuals with high self-control, who previously experienced online victimization, and/or witnessed positive peers' norms offline are more likely to intervene.
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The volume and source of cyberabuse influences victim blame and perceptions of attractiveness. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Martínez-Monteagudo MC, Delgado B, Inglés CJ, García-Fernández JM. Cyberbullying in the university setting. Relationship with family environment and emotional intelligence. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Prevalence of Cyberstalking and Previous Offline Victimization in a Sample of Italian University Students. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci8010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyberstalking has been defined as the use of electronic communication devices (including the Internet and email) to stalk another person. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cyberstalking between victims of cyberstalking and victims of cyberstalking and previous offline victimization in their lifetimes. Our hypothesis was that cyberstalking had an impact on victims’ wellbeing and contributed to increases in physical and emotional symptoms, anxiety and depression, and that those symptoms increased in victims who had suffered previous offline victimization. In an effort to investigate the effects of cyberstalking, a questionnaire was self-administered to 229 Italian students. A total of 107 participants (46.7%) indicated that they had been victims of cyberstalking. Seventy-two of them (67.3%) were victims of both cyberstalking and other forms of offline victimization in their lifetimes. Overall, our findings showed that the prevalence of cyberstalking in our sample was higher than in previous investigations. With regard to consequences, victims indicated higher scores for depression and anxiety than non-victims. In particular, victims of cyberstalking and previous offline victimization in their lifetimes experienced more depression and symptoms of trait anxiety than victims of cyberstalking only and non-victims. This investigation suggests the importance of preventing cyberstalking and offering support to victims of cyberstalking.
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van Baak C, Hayes BE. Correlates of Cyberstalking Victimization and Perpetration Among College Students. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2018; 33:1036-1054. [PMID: 30573549 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.33.6.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined theoretical predictors of cyberstalking victimization and offending. The current study, guided by self-control theory and a feminist framework, analyzed predictors of cyberstalking victimization and offending among undergraduate college students (N = 662). College women were at increased risk of cyberstalking victimization, but were also more likely to report having engaged in cyberstalking perpetration. Higher levels of self-control reduced the likelihood of cyberstalking victimization and offending. While Greek life membership and holding adversarial heterosexual beliefs did not affect cyberstalking victimization and offending, gender stereotyping decreased the odds of experiencing cyberstalking victimization. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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Abstract
With recent technological advances, cyber partner abuse has become increasingly problematic. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the existing literature on cyber partner abuse. This systematic review examines the characteristics and conceptualizations in the cyber partner abuse literature as well as the major topics the research has explored. Literature searches used keywords related to cyber partner abuse. In total, 37 articles were included in this review. Inductive qualitative content analysis methods were used to generate codes and themes from the identified articles. Results detail the study characteristics and conceptualizations in the cyber partner abuse research. Additionally, common thematic patterns reported by researchers in the literature are discussed. Specific recommendations for future research and practice stem from this review and are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Taylor
- California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California
| | - Yan Xia
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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White WE, Carmody D. Preventing Online Victimization: College Students' Views on Intervention and Prevention. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:2291-2307. [PMID: 26772664 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515625501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Facebook, Twitter, and other social networking sites have changed the way we interact online. Technological advances have also facilitated the emergence of cyberstalking and online harassment, a growing issue on college campuses. This study utilizes focus group data to examine college students' experiences with online harassment and cyberstalking. Students voiced concerns with online tracking, falsifying identities, and harassment. They also noted that incoming first-year students and those negotiating some of their first romantic relationships are especially vulnerable. In addition, students were asked to propose appropriate prevention, education, and intervention strategies at the college level. Surprisingly, many students recommended offline programs to battle this online problem.
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