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Urban J, Scherrer V, Strobel A, Preckel F. Continuous Norming Approaches: A Systematic Review and Real Data Example. Assessment 2024:10731911241260545. [PMID: 39066602 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241260545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Norming of psychological tests is decisive for test score interpretation. However, conventional norming based on subgroups results either in biases or require very large samples to gather precise norms. Continuous norming methods, namely inferential, semi-parametric, and (simplified) parametric norming, propose to solve those issues. This article provides a systematic review of continuous norming. The review includes 121 publications with overall 189 studies. The main findings indicate that most studies used simplified parametric norming, not all studies considered essential distributional assumptions, and the evidence comparing different norming methods is inconclusive. In a real data example, using the standardization sample of the Need for Cognition-KIDS scale, we compared the precision of conventional, semi-parametric, and parametric norms. A hierarchy in terms of precision emerged with conventional norms being least precise, followed by semi-parametric norms, and parametric norms being most precise. We discuss these findings by comparing our findings and methods to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Urban
- University of Trier, Germany
- GESIS -Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
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Postema MC, Dubbelman MA, Claesen J, Ritchie C, Verrijp M, Visser L, Visser PJ, Zwan MD, van der Flier WM, Sikkes SAM. Facilitating clinical use of the Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire: Normative data and a diagnostic cutoff value. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38456286 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617724000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (A-IADL-Q) is well validated and commonly used to assess difficulties in everyday functioning regarding dementia. To facilitate interpretation and clinical implementation across different European countries, we aim to provide normative data and a diagnostic cutoff for dementia. METHODS Cross-sectional data from Dutch Brain Research Registry (N = 1,064; mean (M) age = 62 ± 11 year; 69.5% female), European Medial Information Framework-Alzheimer's Disease 90 + (N = 63; Mage = 92 ± 2 year; 52.4% female), and European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia Longitudinal Cohort Study (N = 247; Mage = 63 ± 7 year; 72.1% female) were used. The generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape framework were used to obtain normative values (Z-scores). The beta distribution was applied, and combinations of age, sex, and educational attainment were modeled. The optimal cutoff for dementia was calculated using area under receiver operating curves (AUC-ROC) and Youden Index, using data from Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (N = 2,511, Mage = 64 ± 8 year, 44.4% female). RESULTS The best normative model accounted for a cubic-like decrease of IADL performance with age that was more pronounced in low compared to medium/high educational attainment. The cutoff for dementia was 1.85 standard deviation below the population mean (AUC = 0.97; 95% CI [0.97-0.98]). CONCLUSION We provide regression-based norms for A-IADL-Q and a diagnostic cutoff for dementia, which help improve clinical assessment of IADL performance across European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel C Postema
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Dubbelman
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jürgen Claesen
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Craig Ritchie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Leonie Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marissa D Zwan
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sietske A M Sikkes
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sepúlveda-Ibarra C, Chaparro FH, Marcotti A, Soto G, Slachevsky A. Normalization of Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) in Chilean older people. Dement Neuropsychol 2023; 17:e20230033. [PMID: 38089173 PMCID: PMC10715235 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2023-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) is a cognitive screening that evaluates older people with low educational levels. In Chile, there are no normative data to assess this population. Objective To obtain normative data on RUDAS in older Chilean people with up to 12 years of schooling, and to determine whether age and schooling years influence a person's performance on RUDAS and on the items that constitute it. Methods A group of cognitively healthy people 60 years old or over, with up to 12 schooling years was evaluated (n=135). Multiple regression models were applied to obtain normative data on RUDAS, according to age and schooling years, and to measure the effects of schooling on different items. Results Regression analysis showed that none of the items had schooling as a significant predictor, except for the visuoconstruction item. The variables age and schooling explained 12.6% (R^2=0.126) of the RUDAS total score variance. The item visuoconstruction was the most associated with the educational level (OR=1,147). Conclusion This study showed that RUDAS is a recommended instrument for evaluating older people with low educational levels. However, more studies are needed to prove the validity of the RUDAS on Chilean older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Sepúlveda-Ibarra
- Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Henríquez Chaparro
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Physiopathology Program Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital del Salvador Neurology Department, Memory and Neuropsychiatric Center, Santiago, Chile
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Evolutiva, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anthony Marcotti
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Santiago, Chile
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Escuela de Psicología, Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Soto
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Physiopathology Program Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Departments, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad de Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital del Salvador Neurology Department, Memory and Neuropsychiatric Center, Santiago, Chile
- Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Departamento de Medicina, Servicio de Neurología, Santiago, Chile
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Umlauf A, Vaida F, Gupta S, Cherner M, Gershon RC, Heaton RK. Automated procedure for demographic adjustments on cognitive test scores. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-10. [PMID: 38052056 PMCID: PMC11150334 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2288231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Performances of normal people on cognitive tests are known to vary by demographic characteristics, such as age, education, and sex. Thus, cognitive test scores should be corrected for demographic influences when they are used to detect below-expected results due to disease or injury involving the central nervous system (CNS). Normative corrections, if estimated from a large, diverse, and well-characterized cohort of controls, help to remove expected differences in cognitive performance associated with normal demographic characteristics and associated socio-economic disadvantages. In this paper, we (1) describe in detail the process of generating regression-based normative standards, and its advantages and limitations, (2) provide recommendations for applying these normative standards to data from individuals and populations at risk for CNS dysfunction, and (3) introduce an R package, test2norm, that contains functions for producing and applying normative formulas to generate demographically corrected scores for measuring deviations from expected, normal cognitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Umlauf
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Florin Vaida
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Richard C Gershon
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Gary S, Lenhard A, Lenhard W, Herzberg DS. Reducing the Bias of Norm Scores in Non-Representative Samples: Weighting as an Adjunct to Continuous Norming Methods. Assessment 2023; 30:2491-2509. [PMID: 36794743 PMCID: PMC10623617 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231153832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether the accuracy of normed test scores derived from non-demographically representative samples can be improved by combining continuous norming methods with compensatory weighting of test results. To this end, we introduce Raking, a method from social sciences, to psychometrics. In a simulated reference population, we modeled a latent cognitive ability with a typical developmental gradient, along with three demographic variables that were correlated to varying degrees with the latent ability. We simulated five additional populations representing patterns of non-representativeness that might be encountered in the real world. We subsequently drew smaller normative samples from each population and used an one-parameter logistic Item Response Theory (IRT) model to generate simulated test results for each individual. Using these simulated data, we applied norming techniques, both with and without compensatory weighting. Weighting reduced the bias of the norm scores when the degree of non-representativeness was moderate, with only a small risk of generating new biases.
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Restrepo-Mesa SL, Benjumea Rincón MV, Estrada Restrepo A, Bousquet Carrilho TR, Kac G, Cano Pulgarín JS, Cano-Pulgarín K, Severi C, Sinisterra O, Zimmer Sarmiento MDC, López Ocampos MI, Araya Bannout M, Chico-Barba G, Pinto Arteaga N, Grandi C, Atalah Samur E, Santa Escobar CD. Gestational weight gain charts for Latin American adolescents. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292070. [PMID: 37910544 PMCID: PMC10619863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring gestational weight gain (GWG) throughout pregnancy among adolescents is important for detecting individuals at risk and timely intervention. However, there are no specific tools or guidelines for GWG monitoring of this group. We aimed to construct GWG charts for pregnant adolescents (10-19 years old) according to pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) using a pooled dataset from nine Latin American countries. Datasets from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay collected between 2003 and 2021 were combined after data cleaning and harmonization. Adolescents free of diseases that could affect GWG and who gave birth to newborns weighing between 2,500-4,000 g and free of congenital malformations were included. Multiple imputation techniques were applied to increase the sample size available for underweight and obesity categories. Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape were used to construct the charts of GWG according to gestational age. Internal and external validation procedures were performed to ensure that models were not over-adjusted to the data. The cohort included 6,414 individuals and 29,414 measurements to construct the charts and 1,684 individuals and 8,879 measurements for external validation. The medians (and interquartile ranges) for GWG at 40 weeks according to pre-pregnancy BMI were: underweight, 14.9 (11.9-18.6); normal weight, 14.0 (10.6-17.7); overweight, 11.6 (7.7-15.6); obesity, 10.6 kg (6.7-14.3). Internal and external validation showed that the percentages above/below selected percentiles were close to those expected, except for underweight adolescents. These charts describe the GWG throughout pregnancy among Latin American adolescents and represent a significant contribution to the prenatal care of this group. GWG cut-offs based on values associated with lower risks of unfavorable outcomes for the mother-child binomial should be determined before implementing the charts in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lucía Restrepo-Mesa
- Research Group on Food and Human Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Alejandro Estrada Restrepo
- Research Group on Demographics and Health, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Thais Rangel Bousquet Carrilho
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Kac
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Keren Cano-Pulgarín
- Research Group on Food and Human Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Cecilia Severi
- Faculty of Medicine, Preventive Medicine Department, University of Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Maria Isabel López Ocampos
- Health Promotion Section, Loma Pyta Maternal and Child Hospital, Public Health and Social Welfare Ministry, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Marcela Araya Bannout
- Faculty of Medicine, Women and Newborn Health Promotion Department, Chile University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Chico-Barba
- Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, National Institute of Perinatology, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Carlos Grandi
- Pediatric Research Department, Argentine Society of Pediatrics, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ramgopal S, Sepanski RJ, Crowe RP, Martin-Gill C. Age-based centiles for diastolic blood pressure among children in the out-of-hospital emergency setting. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2023; 4:e12915. [PMID: 36852188 PMCID: PMC9958513 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) diastolic blood pressure (DBP) criteria to empirically derived DBP criteria for the prediction of out-of-hospital interventions in children. Methods We performed a retrospective study of pediatric (<18 years) encounters from the ESO Data Collaborative, which includes approximately 2000 Emergency Medical Services agencies in the United States. We developed age-based centile curves for DBP using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. We compared the proportion of encounters with a low DBP when using empirically derived and PALS criteria and calculated their associations with the delivery of out-of-hospital interventions (advanced airway management, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cardiac epinephrine, any systemic epinephrine, defibrillation, and bolus intravenous fluids). Results We included 343,129 encounters. When using PALS criteria, 155,564 (45.3%) were classified as having abnormal DBP, including 120,624 (35.2%) with high DBP and 34,940 (10.2%) with low DBP. When using empirically-derived criteria, 18.6% had an abnormal DBP (ie, a DBP <10th or >90th centile). The accuracy of low DBP for out-of-hospital interventions between the two criteria was similar. Conclusion PALS criteria for DBP classified a high proportion of children as having abnormal vital signs, particularly with diastolic hypertension. Empirically derived DBP thresholds more accurately predict the delivery of key out-of-hospital interventions. If externally validated, correlated to in-hospital outcomes, and combined with thresholds for other vital signs, these may better predict the need for out-of-hospital interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Ramgopal
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Robert J Sepanski
- Department of Quality Improvement Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters Norfolk Virginia USA.,Department of Pediatrics Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk Virginia USA
| | | | - Christian Martin-Gill
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
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Ramgopal S, Sepanski RJ, Martin-Gill C. Empirically Derived Age-Based Vital Signs for Children in the Out-of-Hospital Setting. Ann Emerg Med 2023; 81:402-412. [PMID: 36402633 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To compare Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) vital signs criteria to empirically derived vital signs cut-points for predicting out-of-hospital interventions in children. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of pediatric encounters (<18 years) using the 2019 to 2020 datasets of the National Emergency Medical Services Information System, which we randomly divided into equal size derivation and validation samples. We developed age-based centile curves for initial heart rate, respiratory rate, and systolic blood pressure using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape, which we evaluated in the validation sample. In addition, we compared the proportion of encounters with at least 1 abnormal vital sign when using empirically derived and PALS criteria and calculated their associations with the delivery of out-of-hospital medical interventions (eg, vascular access, medication delivery, or airway maneuvers). RESULTS We included 3,704,398 encounters. Among encounters with all 3 vital signs recorded (n=2,595,217), 45.9% had at least 1 abnormal vital sign using empirically derived criteria and 75.6% with PALS derived criteria. A higher proportion of encounters with a heart rate, respiratory rate, or systolic blood pressure less than 10th or more than 90th age-based empirically derived percentile had medical interventions than those with abnormal vital signs using PALS criteria. CONCLUSION PALS criteria classified a high proportion of children as having abnormal vital signs. Empirically derived vital signs developed from out-of-hospital encounters more accurately predict the delivery of the out-of-hospital medical interventions. If externally validated and correlated to inhospital outcomes, these cut-points may provide a useful assessment tool for children in the out-of-hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Ramgopal
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
| | - Robert J Sepanski
- Department of Quality Improvement, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters and Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Christian Martin-Gill
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Marmolejo‐Ramos F, Tejo M, Brabec M, Kuzilek J, Joksimovic S, Kovanovic V, González J, Kneib T, Bühlmann P, Kook L, Briseño‐Sánchez G, Ospina R. Distributional regression modeling via generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape: An overview through a data set from learning analytics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DATA MINING AND KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY 2023; 13:e1479. [PMID: 37502671 PMCID: PMC10369920 DOI: 10.1002/widm.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The advent of technological developments is allowing to gather large amounts of data in several research fields. Learning analytics (LA)/educational data mining has access to big observational unstructured data captured from educational settings and relies mostly on unsupervised machine learning (ML) algorithms to make sense of such type of data. Generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) are a supervised statistical learning framework that allows modeling all the parameters of the distribution of the response variable with respect to the explanatory variables. This article overviews the power and flexibility of GAMLSS in relation to some ML techniques. Also, GAMLSS' capability to be tailored toward causality via causal regularization is briefly commented. This overview is illustrated via a data set from the field of LA. This article is categorized under:Application Areas > Education and LearningAlgorithmic Development > StatisticsTechnologies > Machine Learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio Tejo
- Instituto de EstadísticaUniversidad de ValparaísoValparaísoChile
| | - Marek Brabec
- Department of Statistical ModellingInstitute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jakub Kuzilek
- Czech Institute of InformaticsRobotics and Cybernetics, CTUPragueCzech Republic
- Computer Science Education/Computer Science and Society Research GroupHumboldt University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Srecko Joksimovic
- Centre for Change and Complexity in LearningUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
| | - Vitomir Kovanovic
- Centre for Change and Complexity in LearningUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
| | - Jorge González
- Departamento de EstadísticaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago de ChileChile
| | - Thomas Kneib
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS) and Chair of StatisticsGeorg‐August‐Universität GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | | | - Lucas Kook
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention InstituteUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute of Data Analysis and Process DesignZurich University of Applied SciencesWinterthurSwitzerland
| | | | - Raydonal Ospina
- Department of Statistics, CASTLabFederal University of PernambucoRecifeBrazil
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Schurig M, Blumenthal S, Gebhardt M. Continuous norming in learning progress monitoring-An example for a test in spelling from grade 2-4. Front Psychol 2022; 13:943581. [PMID: 36591089 PMCID: PMC9800992 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.943581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main goals of the teacher and the school system as a whole is to close learning gaps and support children with difficulties in learning. The identification of those children as well as the monitoring of their progress in learning is crucial for this task. The derivation of comparative standards that can be applied well in practice is a relevant quality criterion in this context. Continuous normalization is particularly useful for progress monitoring tests that can be conducted at different points in time. Areas that were not available in the normalization sample are extrapolated, closing gaps in applicability due to discontinuity. In Germany, teachers participated in a state-funded research project to formatively measure their children's spelling performance in primary school. Data (N = 3000) from grade two to four were scaled, linked and translated into comparative values that can be used in classrooms independently from specific times. The tests meet the requirements of item response models and can be transferred well to continuous norms. However, we recommend using the 10th or 20th percentile as cut-off points for educational measures, as the 5th percentile is not discriminating enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schurig
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany,*Correspondence: Michael Schurig
| | - Stefan Blumenthal
- Faculty of Philosophy, Institute for Elementary Education, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus Gebhardt
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Sachs BC, Chelune GJ, Rapp SR, Couto AM, Willard JJ, Williamson JD, Sink KM, Coker LH, Gaussoin SA, Gure TR, Lerner AJ, Nichols LO, Still CH, Wadley VG, Pajewski NM. Robust demographically-adjusted normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Results from the systolic blood pressure intervention trial. Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 36:2237-2259. [PMID: 34470584 PMCID: PMC8885785 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1967450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To generate robust, demographically-adjusted regression-based norms for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) using a large sample of diverse older US adults. Baseline MoCA scores were examined for participants in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). A robust, cognitively-normal sample was drawn from individuals not subsequently adjudicated with cognitive impairment through 4 years of follow-up. Multivariable Beta-Binomial regression was used to model the association of demographic variables with MoCA performance and to create demographically-stratified normative tables. Participants' (N = 5,338) mean age was 66.9 ± 8.8 years, with 35.7% female, 63.1% White, 27.4% Black, 9.5% Hispanic, and 44.5% with a college or graduate education. A large proportion scored below published MoCA cutoffs: 61.4% scored below 26 and 29.2% scored below 23. A disproportionate number falling below these cutoffs were Black, Hispanic, did not graduate from college, or were ≥75 years of age. Multivariable modeling identified education, race/ethnicity, age, and sex as significant predictors of MoCA scores (p<.001), with the best fitting model explaining 24.4% of the variance. Model-based predictions of median MoCA scores were generally 1 to 2 points lower for Black and Hispanic participants across combinations of age, sex, and education. Demographically-stratified norm-tables based on regression modeling are provided to facilitate clinical use, along with our raw data. By using regression-based strategies that more fully account for demographic variables, we provide robust, demographically-adjusted metrics to improve cognitive screening with the MoCA in diverse older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie C Sachs
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gordon J Chelune
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stephen R Rapp
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley M Couto
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - James J Willard
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeff D Williamson
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Laura H Coker
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah A Gaussoin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tanya R Gure
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alan J Lerner
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Brain Health and Memory Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Linda O Nichols
- Preventive Medicine Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennesse, USA
| | - Carolyn H Still
- School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Virginia G Wadley
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nicholas M Pajewski
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Jia H, Xu J, Ning L, Feng T, Cao P, Gao S, Shang P, Yu X. Ambient air pollution, temperature and hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases in a cold, industrial city. J Glob Health 2022; 12:04085. [PMID: 36243957 PMCID: PMC9569423 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The influences of air pollution exposure and temperature on respiratory diseases have become major global health concerns. This study investigated the relationship between ambient air pollutant concentrations and temperature in cold industrial cities that have the risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases. Methods A time-series study was conducted in Changchun, China, from 2015 to 2019 to analyse the number of daily admissions for respiratory diseases, air pollutant concentrations, and meteorological factors. Time-series decomposition was applied to analyse the trend and characteristics of the number of admissions. Generalized additive models and distributed lag nonlinear models were constructed to explore the effects of air pollutant concentrations and temperature on the number of admissions. Results The number of daily admissions showed an increasing trend, and the seasonal fluctuation was obvious, with more daily admissions in winter and spring than in summer and autumn. There were positive and gradually decreasing lag effects of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and CO concentrations on the number of admissions, whereas O3 showed a J-shaped trend. The results showed that within the 7-day lag period, 0.5°C was the temperature associated with the lowest relative risk of admission due to respiratory disease, and extremely low and high temperatures (<-18°C, >27°C, respectively) increased the risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases by 8.3% and 12.1%, respectively. Conclusions From 2015 to 2019, respiratory diseases in Changchun showed an increasing trend with obvious seasonality. The increased concentrations of SO2, NO2, CO, PM2.5, O3 and PM10 lead to an increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases, with a significant lag effect. Both extreme heat and cold could lead to increases in the risk of admission due to respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Jia
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiaying Xu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Liangwen Ning
- School of Public Administration, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tianyu Feng
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Peng Cao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shang Gao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Panpan Shang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xihe Yu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
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13
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Chan KW, Chow TY, Yu KY, Xu Y, Zhang NL, Wong VT, Li S, Tang SCW. SYmptom-Based STratification of DiabEtes Mellitus by Renal Function Decline (SYSTEM): A Retrospective Cohort Study and Modeling Assessment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:682090. [PMID: 34195211 PMCID: PMC8236588 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.682090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous UK Biobank studies showed that symptoms and physical measurements had excellent prediction on long-term clinical outcomes in general population. Symptoms and signs could intuitively and non-invasively predict and monitor disease progression, especially for telemedicine, but related research is limited in diabetes and renal medicine. Methods: This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the predictive power of a symptom-based stratification framework and individual symptoms for diabetes. Three hundred two adult diabetic patients were consecutively sampled from outpatient clinics in Hong Kong for prospective symptom assessment. Demographics and longitudinal measures of biochemical parameters were retrospectively extracted from linked medical records. The association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (independent variable) and biochemistry, epidemiological factors, and individual symptoms was assessed by mixed regression analyses. A symptom-based stratification framework of diabetes using symptom clusters was formulated by Delphi consensus method. Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) were compared between statistical models with different combinations of biochemical, epidemiological, and symptom variables. Results: In the 4.2-year follow-up period, baseline presentation of edema (-1.8 ml/min/1.73m2, 95%CI: -2.5 to -1.2, p < 0.001), epigastric bloating (-0.8 ml/min/1.73m2, 95%CI: -1.4 to -0.2, p = 0.014) and alternating dry and loose stool (-1.1 ml/min/1.73m2, 95%CI: -1.9 to -0.4, p = 0.004) were independently associated with faster annual GFR decline. Eleven symptom clusters were identified from literature, stratifying diabetes predominantly by gastrointestinal phenotypes. Using symptom clusters synchronized by Delphi consensus as the independent variable in statistical models reduced complexity and improved explanatory power when compared to using individual symptoms. Symptom-biologic-epidemiologic combined model had the lowest AIC (4,478 vs. 5,824 vs. 4,966 vs. 7,926) and BIC (4,597 vs. 5,870 vs. 5,065 vs. 8,026) compared to the symptom, symptom-epidemiologic and biologic-epidemiologic models, respectively. Patients co-presenting with a constellation of fatigue, malaise, dry mouth, and dry throat were independently associated with faster annual GFR decline (-1.1 ml/min/1.73m2, 95%CI: -1.9 to -0.2, p = 0.011). Conclusions: Add-on symptom-based diagnosis improves the predictive power on renal function decline among diabetic patients based on key biochemical and epidemiological factors. Dynamic change of symptoms should be considered in clinical practice and research design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Wa Chan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tak Yee Chow
- Hong Kong Association for Integration of Chinese-Western Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam Yan Yu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yulong Xu
- School of Information Technology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nevin Lianwen Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivian Taam Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Saimei Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Ziel der Untersuchung war ein systematischer Vergleich verschiedener Verfahren zur Normdatenmodellierung. Der auf Taylor-Polynomen basierende semi-parametrische Normierungsansatz (SPCN) mittels cNORM ( Lenhard, Lenhard & Gary, 2018 ) wurde parametrischen Anpassungen basierend auf Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS; Stasinopoulos et al., 2018 ) gegenübergestellt und die Normierungsgüte in Abhängigkeit der Faktoren Normstichprobengröße ( n = 525, 700, 1 050, 1 750), Itemanzahl (i = 10, 20, 40) sowie Itemschwierigkeit analysiert. Die Modellierung erfolgte kreuzvalidiert auf der Basis simulierter Rohdaten von Normierungs- und Validierungsstichproben: Mittels der verschiedenen Verfahren wurden auf der Basis der Normierungsstichprobe statistische Modelle berechnet und auf die Validierungsstichprobe übertragen, um die jeweils vorhergesagten mit den tatsächlichen Normwerten zu vergleichen. Der semi-parametrische Ansatz lieferte in den meisten Fällen den geringsten Normierungsfehler und damit das beste Normierungsergebnis. Die deutlichsten Unterschiede fanden sich bei leichten bzw. schweren Testskalen in Verbindung mit einer kleinen Itemanzahl. Der Einfluss der Normstichprobengröße war bei allen Methoden vergleichbar.
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15
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Lenhard W, Lenhard A. Improvement of Norm Score Quality via Regression-Based Continuous Norming. EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT 2021; 81:229-261. [PMID: 37929259 PMCID: PMC10621686 DOI: 10.1177/0013164420928457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of psychometric test results is usually based on norm scores. We compared semiparametric continuous norming (SPCN) with conventional norming methods by simulating results for test scales with different item numbers and difficulties via an item response theory approach. Subsequently, we modeled the norm scores based on random samples with varying sizes either with a conventional ranking procedure or SPCN. The norms were then cross-validated by using an entirely representative sample of N = 840,000 for which different measures of norming error were computed. This process was repeated 90,000 times. Both approaches benefitted from an increase in sample size, with SPCN reaching optimal results with much smaller samples. Conventional norming performed worse on data fit, age-related errors, and number of missings in the norm tables. The data fit in conventional norming of fixed subsample sizes varied with the granularity of the age brackets, calling into question general recommendations for sample sizes in test norming. We recommend that test norms should be based on statistical models of the raw score distributions instead of simply compiling norm tables via conventional ranking procedures.
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16
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Gu Z, Emons WHM, Sijtsma K. Precision and Sample Size Requirements for Regression-Based Norming Methods for Change Scores. Assessment 2021; 28:503-517. [PMID: 32336114 PMCID: PMC7885019 DOI: 10.1177/1073191120913607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To interpret a person's change score, one typically transforms the change score into, for example, a percentile, so that one knows a person's location in a distribution of change scores. Transformed scores are referred to as norms and the construction of norms is referred to as norming. Two often-used norming methods for change scores are the regression-based change approach and the T Scores for Change method. In this article, we discuss the similarities and differences between these norming methods, and use a simulation study to systematically examine the precision of the two methods and to establish the minimum sample size requirements for satisfactory precision.
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17
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Voncken L, Kneib T, Albers CJ, Umlauf N, Timmerman ME. Bayesian Gaussian distributional regression models for more efficient norm estimation. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 74:99-117. [PMID: 33128469 PMCID: PMC7891623 DOI: 10.1111/bmsp.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A test score on a psychological test is usually expressed as a normed score, representing its position relative to test scores in a reference population. These typically depend on predictor(s) such as age. The test score distribution conditional on predictors is estimated using regression, which may need large normative samples to estimate the relationships between the predictor(s) and the distribution characteristics properly. In this study, we examine to what extent this burden can be alleviated by using prior information in the estimation of new norms with Bayesian Gaussian distributional regression. In a simulation study, we investigate to what extent this norm estimation is more efficient and how robust it is to prior model deviations. We varied the prior type, prior misspecification and sample size. In our simulated conditions, using a fixed effects prior resulted in more efficient norm estimation than a weakly informative prior as long as the prior misspecification was not age dependent. With the proposed method and reasonable prior information, the same norm precision can be achieved with a smaller normative sample, at least in empirical problems similar to our simulated conditions. This may help test developers to achieve cost-efficient high-quality norms. The method is illustrated using empirical normative data from the IDS-2 intelligence test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Voncken
- Department of Psychometrics & StatisticsFaculty of Behavioural and Social SciencesUniversity of GroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Methodology and StatisticsTilburg School of Social and Behavioral SciencesTilburg UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Kneib
- Department of Statistics and EconometricsFaculty of Business and EconomicsGeorg‐August‐Universität GöttingenGermany
| | - Casper J. Albers
- Department of Psychometrics & StatisticsFaculty of Behavioural and Social SciencesUniversity of GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Nikolaus Umlauf
- Department of StatisticsFaculty of Economics and StatisticsUniversität InnsbruckAustria
| | - Marieke E. Timmerman
- Department of Psychometrics & StatisticsFaculty of Behavioural and Social SciencesUniversity of GroningenThe Netherlands
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18
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Zhao S, Gockenbach M, Grimstein M, Sachs HC, Mirochnick M, Struble K, Belew Y, Wang J, Capparelli EV, Best BM, Johnson T, Momper JD, Maharaj AR. Characterization of Plasma Protein Alterations in Pregnant and Postpartum Individuals Living With HIV to Support Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model Development. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:721059. [PMID: 34722417 PMCID: PMC8550258 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.721059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alterations in plasma protein concentrations in pregnant and postpartum individuals can influence antiretroviral (ARV) pharmacokinetics. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can serve to inform drug dosing decisions in understudied populations. However, development of such models requires quantitative physiological information (e.g., changes in plasma protein concentration) from the population of interest. Objective: To quantitatively describe the time-course of albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentrations in pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV. Methods: Serum and plasma protein concentrations procured from the International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trial Protocol 1026s (P1026s) were analyzed using a generalized additive modeling approach. Separate non-parametric smoothing splines were fit to albumin and AAG concentrations as functions of gestational age or postpartum duration. Results: The analysis included 871 and 757 serum albumin concentrations collected from 380 pregnant (~20 to 42 wks gestation) and 354 postpartum (0 to 46 wks postpartum) women, respectively. Thirty-six and 32 plasma AAG concentrations from 31 pregnant (~24 to 38 wks gestation) and 30 postpartum women (~2-13 wks postpartum), respectively, were available for analysis. Estimated mean albumin concentrations remained stable from 20 wks gestation to term (33.4 to 34.3 g/L); whereas, concentrations rapidly increased postpartum until stabilizing at ~42.3 g/L 15 wk after delivery. Estimated AAG concentrations slightly decreased from 24 wks gestation to term (53.6 and 44.9 mg/dL) while postpartum levels were elevated at two wks after delivery (126.1 mg/dL) and subsequently declined thereafter. Computational functions were developed to quantitatively communicate study results in a form that can be readily utilized for PBPK model development. Conclusion: By characterizing the trajectory of plasma protein concentrations in pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV, our analysis can increase confidence in PBPK model predictions for HIV antiretrovirals and better inform drug dosing decisions in this understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Zhao
- Division of Pediatrics and Maternal Health, Office of Rare Diseases, Pediatrics, Urologic and Reproductive Medicine, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mary Gockenbach
- Division of Pediatrics and Maternal Health, Office of Rare Diseases, Pediatrics, Urologic and Reproductive Medicine, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Manuela Grimstein
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Hari Cheryl Sachs
- Division of Pediatrics and Maternal Health, Office of Rare Diseases, Pediatrics, Urologic and Reproductive Medicine, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mark Mirochnick
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kimberly Struble
- Division of Antivirals, Office of Antimicrobials, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Yodit Belew
- Division of Antivirals, Office of Antimicrobials, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Edmund V Capparelli
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Brookie M Best
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, San Diego-Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tamara Johnson
- Division of Pediatrics and Maternal Health, Office of Rare Diseases, Pediatrics, Urologic and Reproductive Medicine, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Anil R Maharaj
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Meija J, Bushell M, Couillard M, Beck S, Bonevich J, Cui K, Foster J, Will J, Fox D, Cho W, Heidelmann M, Park BC, Park YC, Ren L, Xu L, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, Theissmann R, Purwin H, Wang Z, de Val N, Johnston LJ. Particle Size Distributions for Cellulose Nanocrystals Measured by Transmission Electron Microscopy: An Interlaboratory Comparison. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13434-13442. [PMID: 32865398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Particle size is a key parameter that must be measured to ensure reproducible production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and to achieve reliable performance metrics for specific CNC applications. Nevertheless, size measurements for CNCs are challenging due to their broad size distribution, irregular rod-shaped particles, and propensity to aggregate and agglomerate. We report an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) that tests transmission electron microscopy (TEM) protocols for image acquisition and analysis. Samples of CNCs were prepared on TEM grids in a single laboratory, and detailed data acquisition and analysis protocols were provided to participants. CNCs were imaged and the size of individual particles was analyzed in 10 participating laboratories that represent a cross section of academic, industrial, and government laboratories with varying levels of experience with imaging CNCs. The data for each laboratory were fit to a skew normal distribution that accommodates the variability in central location and distribution width and asymmetries for the various datasets. Consensus values were obtained by modeling the variation between laboratories using a skew normal distribution. This approach gave consensus distributions with values for mean, standard deviation, and shape factor of 95.8, 38.2, and 6.3 nm for length and 7.7, 2.2, and 2.9 nm for width, respectively. Comparison of the degree of overlap between distributions for individual laboratories indicates that differences in imaging resolution contribute to the variation in measured widths. We conclude that the selection of individual CNCs for analysis and the variability in CNC agglomeration and staining are the main factors that lead to variations in measured length and width between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juris Meija
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael Bushell
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Martin Couillard
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | | | - John Bonevich
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kai Cui
- National Research Council Canada, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Johan Foster
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.,Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - John Will
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Douglas Fox
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, District of Columbia 20016, United States
| | - Whirang Cho
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, District of Columbia 20016, United States
| | - Markus Heidelmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Byong Chon Park
- Center for Nanocharacterization, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chang Park
- Division of Measurement & Analysis, National Nanofab Center, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Lingling Ren
- National Institute of Metrology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Xu
- National Institute of Metrology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Ralf Theissmann
- KRONOS INTERNATIONAL Inc., Peschstrasse 5, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Horst Purwin
- KRONOS INTERNATIONAL Inc., Peschstrasse 5, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Ziqiu Wang
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Natalia de Val
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Linda J Johnston
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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20
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Li K, Peng YG, Yan RH, Song WQ, Peng XX, Ni X. Age-dependent changes of total and differential white blood cell counts in children. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:1900-1907. [PMID: 32826452 PMCID: PMC7462212 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total and differential white blood cell counts are important for the diagnostic evaluation of suspected diseases. To facilitate the interpretation of total and differential white blood cell counts in pediatric patients, the present study investigated age-dependent changes in total and differential white blood cell counts in healthy reference children. METHODS Data were obtained from the Pediatric Reference Intervals in China study (PRINCE), which aims to establish and verify pediatric reference intervals for Chinese children based on a nationwide multicenter cross-sectional study from January 2017 to December 2018. Quantile curves were calculated using the generalized additive models for location, shape, and scale method. The 2.5th, 50th, and 97.5th quantile curves were calculated for both total and differential white blood counts. Percents of stacked area charts were used to demonstrate the proportions of differential white blood cells. All statistical analyses were performed using R software. RESULTS Both 50th and 97.5th quantiles of total white blood cell count and monocyte count were highest at birth, then rapidly decreased in the first 6 months of life; relatively slow reduction continued until 2 years of age. The lymphocyte count was low during infancy and increased to its highest level at 6 months of age; it then exhibited moderate and continuous reduction until approximately 9 years of age. The pattern of neutrophil count changed with age in a manner opposite to that of lymphocyte count. Besides, there were two inter-sections of lymphocyte count and neutrophil count during infancy and at approximately 5 years of age, based on locally weighted regression (LOESS) analysis. There were no apparent age-related changes in eosinophil or basophil counts. CONCLUSION These data regarding age-related changes in total and differential white blood cell counts can be used to assess the health of pediatric patients and guide clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ya-Guang Peng
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Ruo-Hua Yan
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Wen-Qi Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Peng
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, Beijing 100045, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin Ni
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck, Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, Beijing 100045, China
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21
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Crompvoets EAV, Keuning J, Emons WHM. Bias and Precision of Continuous Norms Obtained Using Quantile Regression. Assessment 2020; 28:1735-1750. [PMID: 32483976 PMCID: PMC8392776 DOI: 10.1177/1073191120910201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Continuous norming is an increasingly popular approach to establish norms when the performance on a test is dependent on age. However, current continuous norming methods rely on a number of assumptions that are quite restrictive and may introduce bias. In this study, quantile regression was introduced as more flexible alternative. Bias and precision of quantile regression-based norming were investigated with (age-)group as covariate, varying sample sizes and score distributions, and compared with bias and precision of two other norming methods: traditional norming and mean regression-based norming. Simulations showed the norms obtained using quantile regression to be most precise in almost all conditions. Norms were nevertheless biased when the score distributions reflected a ceiling effect. Quantile regression-based norming can thus be considered a promising alternative to traditional norming and mean regression-based norming, but only if the shape of the score distribution can be expected to be close to normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A V Crompvoets
- Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.,Cito Institute for Educational Measurement, Arnhem, Netherlands
| | - Jos Keuning
- Cito Institute for Educational Measurement, Arnhem, Netherlands
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22
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Voncken L, Albers CJ, Timmerman ME. Improving confidence intervals for normed test scores: Include uncertainty due to sampling variability. Behav Res Methods 2019; 51:826-839. [PMID: 30402815 PMCID: PMC6478628 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-018-1122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Test publishers usually provide confidence intervals (CIs) for normed test scores that reflect the uncertainty due to the unreliability of the tests. The uncertainty due to sampling variability in the norming phase is ignored. To express uncertainty due to norming, we propose a flexible method that is applicable in continuous norming and allows for a variety of score distributions, using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS; Rigby & Stasinopoulos, 2005). We assessed the performance of this method in a simulation study, by examining the quality of the resulting CIs. We varied the population model, procedure of estimating the CI, confidence level, sample size, value of the predictor, extremity of the test score, and type of variance-covariance matrix. The results showed that good quality of the CIs could be achieved in most conditions. The method is illustrated using normative data of the SON-R 6-40 test. We recommend test developers to use this approach to arrive at CIs, and thus properly express the uncertainty due to norm sampling fluctuations, in the context of continuous norming. Adopting this approach will help (e.g., clinical) practitioners to obtain a fair picture of the person assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Voncken
- Department Psychometrics & Statistics, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712, TS Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Casper J Albers
- Department Psychometrics & Statistics, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712, TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke E Timmerman
- Department Psychometrics & Statistics, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712, TS Groningen, The Netherlands
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