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Schucan Bird K, Stokes N, Rivas C, Tomlinson M, Delve M, Gordon L, Gregory A, Lawrence K, O’Reilly N. Training Informal Supporters to Improve Responses to Victim-Survivors of Domestic Violence and Abuse: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1568-1584. [PMID: 37649408 PMCID: PMC10913311 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231189191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Informal supporters (friends, family, colleagues, and community members) play a crucial role in societal-wide responses to victim-survivors of domestic violence and abuse. Familial and social networks, however, report a sense of helplessness and difficulties in knowing how to respond. This mixed method systematic review examines the effectiveness, and perceived effectiveness, of training informal supporters to improve their responses to victim-survivors. A novel conceptual framework was developed to underpin the review. A systematic search of four electronic databases, specialist repositories, and websites were used to identify empirical research (in academic or gray literature). Eleven included studies examined educational interventions that aimed to improve responses from informal supporters. Quality appraisal was undertaken, and studies were judged to be "good enough" for synthesis. The studies in the review indicated that informal supporters recognized the value of training for building understanding and equipping them with the skills to respond to victim-survivors. The synthesis identified statistically significant improvements in the knowledge and attitudes of informal supporters in the immediate and short-term following training. Using a behavior change model to frame the evidence, the review found that training/educational activities prime informal supporters to respond to victim-survivors, as well as enhancing their capacity and motivation to do so. This increases the likelihood that informal supporters will take action to support victim-survivors of abuse. We don't know, however, what type of support they will provide and/or whether it would be judged to be helpful by victim-survivors.
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2
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Mantler T, Yates J, Shillington KJ, Tryphonopoulos P, Jackson KT. "If you don't stop the cycle somewhere, it just keeps going": Resilience in the context of structural violence and gender-based violence in rural Ontario. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002775. [PMID: 38206891 PMCID: PMC10783760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Bolstering women's resilience in the context of gender-based violence (GBV) requires attention to structural conditions needed to support women to thrive, particularly in rural communities. This cross-sectional study explored how resilience was influenced by structural violence in rural Ontario among women experiencing GBV (n = 14) and service providers in the GBV sector (n = 12). Interviews were conducted and revealed forms of structural violence that undermine resilience for women experiencing GBV in rural communities, including 1) housing- gentrification, short-term rentals of residential properties, and long waitlists, 2) income- fighting for enough money to survive, 3) safety- abusers gaming the system, and 4) access- successes and new barriers. Structural conditions must be attended to as they are prerequisites required to build resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Mantler
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Yates
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie J. Shillington
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Panagiota Tryphonopoulos
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kimberley T. Jackson
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Bhuptani PH, Hunter J, Goodwin C, Millman C, Orchowski LM. Characterizing Intimate Partner Violence in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3220-3235. [PMID: 36321779 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221126187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant global health concern. Numerous research studies document increases in IPV since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. Despite this widespread recognition, research around the nature of this violence is still growing. This systematic review summarizes the existing literature documenting the prevalence and characteristics of IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic. Inclusion criteria are as follows: reported original data empirical study, assessed for IPV among adult population in the United States, and was published in English between December 2019 and March 2022. A total of 53 articles were then independently reviewed and sorted into four thematic subcategories: victimization, perpetration, articles addressing victimization and perpetration, and provider perspectives. Studies document consistent increases in the prevalence of IPV victimization and perpetration. Providers within agencies providing support to individuals impacted by IPV also documented increased strain on the agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi H Bhuptani
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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4
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Moulding N, Chung D, Zufferey C, Franzway S, Wendt S. Social Participation After Intimate Partner Violence: Investigating the Impact on Women's Citizenship. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:2754-2774. [PMID: 37609828 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231196051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
This large mixed methods study adopted a citizenship lens to examine the impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) on women's social participation. The study found that social participation in all categories contracted dramatically during IPV and, in most cases, never regained pre-violence levels. The study also found that following initial social withdrawal, many women went on to reengage in new ways, including through political activism on gendered violence, revealing how failures on the part of the state and community to adequately respond to IPV can lead to new forms of participatory citizenship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Moulding
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Donna Chung
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carole Zufferey
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Suzanne Franzway
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Wendt
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Ghidei W, Montesanti S, Tomkow K, Silverstone PH, Wells L, Campbell S. Examining the Effectiveness, Acceptability, and Feasibility of Virtually Delivered Trauma-Focused Domestic Violence and Sexual Violence Interventions: A Rapid Evidence Assessment. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1427-1442. [PMID: 35343335 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211069059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced a rapid shift to virtual delivery of treatment and care to individuals affected by domestic violence and sexual violence. A rapid evidence assessment (REA) was undertaken to examine the effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of trauma-focused virtual interventions for persons affected by domestic violence and sexual violence. The findings from this review will provide guidance for service providers and organizational leaders with the implementation of virtual domestic violence and sexual violence-focused interventions. The REA included comprehensive search strategies and systematic screening of and relevant articles. Papers were included into this review (1) if they included trauma-focused interventions; (2) if the intervention was delivered virtually; and (3) if the article was published in the English-language. Twenty-one papers met inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. Findings from the rapid review demonstrate that virtual interventions that incorporate trauma-focused treatment are scarce. Online interventions that incorporate trauma-focused treatment for this at-risk group are limited in scope, and effectiveness data are preliminary in nature. Additionally, there is limited evidence of acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness of virtual interventions for ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse populations experiencing domestic violence and sexual violence. Accessing virtual interventions was also highlighted as a barrier to among participants in studies included in the review. Despite the potential of virtual interventions to respond to the needs of individuals affected by domestic violence and/or sexual violence, the acceptability and effectiveness of virtual trauma-focused care for a diverse range of populations at risk of violence are significantly understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winta Ghidei
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie Montesanti
- School of Public Health, and Centre for Healthy Communities, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karlee Tomkow
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Lana Wells
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sandra Campbell
- Librarian, Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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6
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Lynch KR, Logan T. Rural and Urban/Suburban Victim Professionals' Perceptions of Gender-Based Violence, Victim Challenges, and Safety Advice During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:1060-1084. [PMID: 35938486 PMCID: PMC9412151 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221099987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study surveyed a national sample of victim service professionals (N = 222) and compared rural versus urban/suburban participants' perceptions of a variety of issues, such as the impact of the pandemic on gender-based violence victimization and safety advice for isolated victims. Increased interference with victim employment and the abuser monitoring of online activities were reported by participants across all communities. However, urban/suburban participants rated the magnitude of all victim challenges as greater, while more rural participants noted child abuse as a particular problem in their communities. The results highlight the importance of community context for improving coordinated responses to gender-based violence (n = 101).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie R. Lynch
- Department of Criminology &
Criminal Justice, College for Health, Community and Policy, University of Texas at San
Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - T.K. Logan
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research,
Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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7
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McDowell M, Reinhard D. Community Characteristics and the Geographic Distribution of Intimate Partner Violence: A Partial Test of Social Disorganization Theory. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1494-NP1516. [PMID: 35482937 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory has provided a framework to examine the relationship between community-level structural variables and neighborhood crime. Although empirical support for the theory has been widely demonstrated using property and violent crime data, the body of literature examining the theory's applicability to intimate partner violence (IPV) is more limited. Further, much of the existing literature in this area applies the theory's macro-level variables to individual outcomes instead of assessing community effects. Using negative binomial regression to analyze incident data from the Austin (TX) Police Department and demographic information from the United States Census Bureau, this study assesses the relationship between concentrated disadvantage, racial/ethnic heterogeneity, residential instability, and the geographic distribution of IPV incidents in a major U.S. city with no racial or ethnic majority. The independent variables of interest were constructed using principal axis factoring, and a spatial lag variable was included in the model to control for spatial clustering. The analysis showed that concentrated disadvantage was significantly, positively associated with annual counts of IPV incidents in neighborhoods, as was the control variable total crime reports. These results demonstrate that the geographic distribution of IPV is influenced by community factors. They underscore the importance of considering community-wide prevention and intervention efforts in tandem with individual services to those impacted by IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly McDowell
- School of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 539379Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Reinhard
- School of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 539379Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
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8
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Drotning KJ, Doan L, Sayer LC, Fish JN, Rinderknecht RG. Not All Homes Are Safe: Family Violence Following the Onset of the Covid-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2023; 38:189-201. [PMID: 35221467 PMCID: PMC8860732 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from victim service providers suggests the COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in family violence. However, empirical evidence has been limited. This study uses novel survey data to investigate the occurrence of family violence during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Data come from the second wave of the Assessing the Social Consequences of COVID-19 study, an online non-probability sample collected in April and May 2020. Family violence is measured using four variables: any violence, physical violence, verbal abuse, and restricted access. The authors use logistic regression and KHB decomposition to examine the prevalence of family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that sexual minorities, in particular bisexual people, experienced higher rates of family violence than heterosexual respondents. Women were the only group to report an increase in the frequency of family violence. Household income loss is associated with the incidence of verbal violence. Our findings demonstrate the importance of expanding victim services to address the additional barriers victims face within the pandemic context and beyond, including broad contexts of social isolation and financial precarity experienced by individuals at risk of family violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J. Drotning
- Department of Sociology, Univeristy of Maryland, 2112 Parren Mitchell Art-Sociology Building, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Long Doan
- Department of Sociology, Univeristy of Maryland, 2112 Parren Mitchell Art-Sociology Building, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Liana C. Sayer
- Department of Sociology, Univeristy of Maryland, 2112 Parren Mitchell Art-Sociology Building, 3834 Campus Dr., College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Jessica N. Fish
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
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9
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Mantler T, Shillington KJ, Yates J, Tryphonopoulos P, Jackson KT, Ford-Gilboe M. Resilience is more than Nature: An Exploration of the Conditions that Nurture Resilience Among Rural Women who have Experienced IPV. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022:1-11. [PMID: 36530539 PMCID: PMC9734538 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-022-00479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health concern exacerbated by the pandemic. Experiences of violence vary based on geographic location and living in rural communities has been found, in some contexts, to amplify consequences of IPV. Resilience, the ability to survive and thrive despite facing adversity, has long been a dominant narrative within IPV literature, yet little is known about how resilience is cultivated among rural women experiencing violence. The purpose of this study was to explore how rural women experiencing IPV cultivate resilience. Methods Using Interpretive Description, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 14 women who experienced IPV and 12 staff from women's shelters across rural communities in Ontario, Canada to elicit perspectives about women's resilience and environmental conditions that may shape resilience in the context of IPV. Results Women's resilience was cultivated by personal changes aimed at surviving or thriving, and aspects of their environment that enabled or created barriers for resilience. Women adopted a positive, hopeful mindset and bolstered their inner strength through living from a place of integrity, being resolute in decisions, and using mental resistance when faced with doubt. Women faced barriers to resilience in the form of unhelpful help and COVID-19 public health guidelines. Paradoxically, living in a rural community both cultivated and undermined resilience. Conclusions Supporting women to cultivate resilience through modifying environmental factors to enable personal strengths to flourish is paramount in supporting women who have experienced IPV, particularly in rural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Mantler
- School of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, HSB Room 332, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B9 Canada
| | - Katie J. Shillington
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Julia Yates
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Panagiota Tryphonopoulos
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Kimberley T. Jackson
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Marilyn Ford-Gilboe
- Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
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10
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Demir M, Park S. The Effect of COVID-19 on Domestic Violence and Assaults. CRIMINAL JUSTICE REVIEW 2022; 47:445-463. [PMID: 36471858 PMCID: PMC9638506 DOI: 10.1177/07340168211061160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of COVID-19 on four outcomes including calls for service for domestic violence, calls for service for assaults, arrests for domestic violence, and arrests for assaults in Burlington, Vermont. The data for each outcome collected over the time periods January 2012 through May 2021 were obtained from the Burlington Police Department website and then a monthly time-series data set were created. The analyses including an independent samples t-test, a Poisson regression test, and a monthly interrupted time-series analyses (ITSA) were employed to test the effects of COVID-19 on the previously mentioned outcomes. The results of the ITSA showed that in the first month following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, domestic violence calls statistically significantly increased, but no statistically significant change was observed in domestic violence arrests, while assault calls and assault arrests statistically significantly decreased. In addition, during COVID-19, there was a statistically significant decreasing trend in domestic violence calls and domestic violence arrests, while there was no statistically significant change in the trends of assault calls and assault arrests. The results suggest that COVID-19 had an immediate as well as a persistent effect on the numbers of domestic violence and assaults. The results and limitations of this study were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Demir
- Criminal Justice Department, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
- Mustafa Demir, Criminal Justice Department, SUNY at Plattsburgh, 101 Broad St, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA.
| | - Suyeon Park
- Criminal Justice Department, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
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11
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Schucan Bird KL, Stokes N, Rivas C, Tomlinson M. PROTOCOL: Informal social support interventions for improving outcomes for victim-survivors of domestic violence and abuse: An evidence and gap map. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2022; 18:e1263. [PMID: 36909873 PMCID: PMC9246292 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This is the protocol for a Campbell Evidence Gap Map. The main objectives of the EGM are: establish the nature and extent of the primary empirical evidence on informal social support interventions, identify interventions and clusters of evidence suitable for systematic review/evidence synthesis and identify gaps in the evidence on informal social support interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carol Rivas
- Social Research InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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12
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Social support and intimate partner violence in rural Pakistan: A longitudinal investigation of the bi-directional relationship. SSM Popul Health 2022; 19:101173. [PMID: 35928171 PMCID: PMC9343409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of cross-sectional evidence finds strong and consistent associations between social support and intimate partner violence (IPV). However, the directionality of this relationship has not been firmly established due to a dearth of longitudinal evidence. Using cohort study data collected over a 3 year period from 945 women in rural Pakistan, we investigated the longitudinal relationship between IPV and social support. Friend and family social support was measured with the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, and IPV was measured with questions adopted from the World Health Organization's Violence Against Women Instrument, which was used to construct a measure of IPV severity. We estimated longitudinal associations in linear regression models that controlled for women's educational level, age at marriage, age, household composition, household assets, depressive symptoms, and Adverse Childhood Experiences. We found evidence of a bi-directional, mutually re-enforcing relationship that showed unique associations by type of social support. Specifically, we found that high social support from family, though not friends, decreased IPV severity 1 year later, and that higher IPV severity led to reductions in both friend and family social support 1 year later. Results suggest that interventions involving family members could be especially effective at reducing IPV in this context, and - given that low social support leads to many adverse health outcomes - results suggest that IPV can result in secondary harms due to diminished social support. In summary, our study confirms a bi-directional relationship between IPV and social support and suggests that IPV interventions that integrate social support may be especially effective at reducing IPV and mitigating secondary harms.
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Mantler T, Jackson KT, Walsh EJ, Tobah S, Shillington K, Jackson B, Soares E. Sharing Personal Experiences of Accessibility and Knowledge of Violence: A Qualitative Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:1206-1222. [PMID: 32456529 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520920867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In North America, the most common societal response to intimate partner violence (IPV) has been the establishment of women's shelters for temporary housing and security. Rurality further compounds the challenges women experiencing IPV face, with unique barriers from their urban counterparts. This study sought to explore the intersection of rural women's health care experiences within the context of IPV. Eight rural women living in Southwestern Ontario, who had experienced IPV, had used women's shelter services, and who had accessed health care services in the preceding 6 months were interviewed. Using a feminist, intersectional lens, we collected and analyzed qualitative data using an interpretive description approach. Findings demonstrated that women were able to identify strengths and opportunities from their experiences, but significant challenges also exist for rural women seeking health care who experience IPV. Our findings underscore the need for filling of policy gaps between health care and the services women use. We propose that further research is needed on alternative, integrated models of shelter services that address health care needs for women experiencing IPV.
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14
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Ilabaca Baeza P, Gaete Fiscella JM, Hatibovic Díaz F, Roman Alonso H. Social, Economic and Human Capital: Risk or Protective Factors in Sexual Violence? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020777. [PMID: 35055599 PMCID: PMC8775641 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In Chile, studies on protective factors and risk factors for sexual violence are limited and very few have incorporated analysis of different types of capital (social, economic, human) as social resources in the protection against sexual violence. The objective of this research is to evaluate to what extent the stock of different capitals act together, as either protective or risk factors in sexual violence in different interpersonal environments. The sample consisted of 1665 women between 15 and 30 years of age (M = 23.47, SD = 4.41). Artificial neural network analysis and social network analysis were used. The nodes representative of human and economic capital have a protective role of low relevance due to their position in the network, while the nodes of social capital acquire a structural relevance due to the central positions of the network. It is concluded that the structural social capital of neighborhood networks constitutes the main protective factor for sexual violence in all areas, and in turn, the structural social capital of networks with non-significant others was the main risk factor in sexual victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ilabaca Baeza
- School of Psychology, School of Juridical and Social Sciences, Miraflores Campus, Universidad Viña del Mar, Valparaíso 2520000, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - José Manuel Gaete Fiscella
- Career of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Campus FACSO UV, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Fuad Hatibovic Díaz
- Career of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Campus FACSO UV, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Helena Roman Alonso
- School of Social Work, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Campus San Miguel, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile;
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15
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Riddell H, Haighton C. Staff perspectives on the impact of COVID 19 on the delivery of specialist domestic abuse services in the UK: A qualitative study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000310. [PMID: 36962238 PMCID: PMC10021249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Domestic abuse is a significant public health issue effecting 2.4 million adults in England and Wales each year. In March 2020 the World Health Organisation declared a global pandemic following the outbreak of COVID-19. As a result, the UK moved to a period of lockdown. There is growing evidence that highlights the unintended negative consequences of lockdown, particularly in households where abuse is present. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of frontline specialist domestic abuse staff who continued to support victims during the period of lockdown to understand the impact of COVID-19 on service delivery. Ten, one to one, semi structured qualitative interviews were carried out with staff from a specialist domestic abuse service that operates in regions across the north-east of England. All participants had been involved in service delivery for a minimum of 12 months prior to March 2020 and had continued to deliver services throughout the UK initial lockdown period between March and July 2020. Each interview was transcribed verbatim, anonymised, then subjected to thematic analysis. Six themes were developed from the data covering: emergency support for victims; wider service efficiencies; victim safety; group work versus one-to-one support; criminal and family courts; and workforce development. While lockdown resulted in increased levels and severity of referrals, the switch to remote working brought a range of service efficiencies including time and money saved by negating the need to travel. Remote working also enhanced support offered to male victims and those with mental health issues but not those in rural locations with poor connectivity and those effected by the digital divide. Services should not underestimate the long-term benefits of peer support both to clients and staffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Riddell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Public Health, Adult and Health Services, Durham County Council, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Haighton
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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16
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Lyons M, Brewer G. Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence during Lockdown and the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 37:969-977. [PMID: 33654343 PMCID: PMC7908951 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-021-00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that there is an increase in Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) during times of crisis (e.g., financial, environmental, or socio-political situations). The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered an unprecedented global health and financial tragedy, but research is yet to establish exactly how the situation may impact on IPV. The present study investigates victims' experience of IPV during lockdown and the COVID-19 pandemic. We report a qualitative thematic analysis of 50 discussion forum posts written by victims of IPV. Of these, 48 forum posts were written by female victims of male perpetrated violence. All forum posts were obtained from the popular online platform, Reddit. We identified four themes associated with IPV victims' experiences during lockdown and the global pandemic: (i) Use of COVID-19 by the Abuser, (ii) Service Disruption, (iii) Preparation to Leave, and (iv) Factors Increasing Abuse or Distress. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on those living with IPV, often increasing the severity of IPV experienced. The experiences of those affected by IPV during this period inform interventions and the guidance and support provided to IPV victims during times of crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Lyons
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA UK
| | - Gayle Brewer
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA UK
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Memiah P, Cook C, Kingori C, Munala L, Howard K, Ayivor S, Bond T. Correlates of intimate partner violence among adolescents in East Africa: a multi-country analysis. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 40:142. [PMID: 34925677 PMCID: PMC8654874 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.142.23311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global concern not only among adults but also adolescents. It has been reported that 35% of adolescent women have ever experienced IPV - occuring more so in non-industrialized countries. This study sought to understand the correlates associated with experiencing IPV among adolescent women between the ages 15 and 24 in five East African countries: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Methods this was a secondary analysis of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data on adolescent women aged 15-24 years in five East African countries. IPV was measured as a composite variable of emotional, physical, and sexual violence. Other sociodemographic, income, maternal, sexual, knowledge, behavioral, and partner-related variables were included in the analysis. Results the prevalence of ever experiencing IPV was 45.1% (n=2380). A higher proportion of women who reported experiencing IPV had their first sexual encounter when they were less than 18 years of age (p<0.001). The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of experiencing IPV increased almost two times for women who were aged 18-24 years (aOR: 1.7; CI: 1.3-2.3), almost four times (aOR 3.8; CI: 1.7-8.3) for those who had two or more children, and two-fold for women who had ever terminated a pregnancy compared to those who had not (aOR 2.2; CI: 1.0-4.9). Additionally, there was a higher odds (aOR: 1.5 (1.0-2.3)) of experiencing IPV if the respondent believed their husband/spouse´s abuse was justified. Conclusion raising early awareness and educating both the young males and females appropriately to mitigate contributing factors to IPV could ensure stable, healthy relationships free of domestic violence in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Memiah
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Courtney Cook
- Biology Department, University of West Florida, Florida, United States of America
| | - Caroline Kingori
- Department of Social and Public Health, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University Grover Center, Athens OH 45701, United States of America
| | - Leso Munala
- Department of Public Health, St. Catherine University, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Howard
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra Ayivor
- College of Education and Professional Studies, University of West Florida, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tristi Bond
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
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Garg P, Das M, Goyal LD, Verma M. Trends and correlates of intimate partner violence experienced by ever-married women of India: results from National Family Health Survey round III and IV. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2012. [PMID: 34740337 PMCID: PMC8570022 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to estimate the prevalence of Intimate partner violence (IPV) in India, and changes observed over a decade as per the nationally representative datasets from National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) Round 3 and 4. We also highlight various socio-demographic characteristics associated with different types of IPV in India. The NFHS round 3 and 4 interviewed 124,385, and 699,686 women respondents aged 15-49 years using a multi-stage sampling method across 29 states and 2 union territories in India. For IPV, we only included ever-married women (64,607, and 62,716) from the two rounds. Primary outcomes of the study was prevalence of the ever-experience of different types of IPV: physical, emotional, and sexual violence by ever-married women aged 15 to 49 years. The secondary outcome included predictors of different forms of IPV, and changes in the prevalence of different types of IPV compared to the previous round of the NFHS survey. RESULTS As per NFHS-4, weighted prevalence of physical, sexual, emotional, or any kind of IPV ever-experienced by women were 29.2%, 6.7%, 13.2%, and 32.8%. These subtypes of IPV depicted a relative change of - 14.9%, - 30.2%, - 11.0%, - 15.7% compared to round 3. Significant state-wise variations were observed in the prevalence. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis highlighted women's and partner's education, socio-economic status, women empowerment, urban-rural residence, partner's controlling behaviours as major significant predictors of IPV. CONCLUSIONS Our study findings suggest high prevalence of IPV with state-wise variations in the prevalence. Similar factors were responsible for different forms of IPV. Therefore, based on existing evidences, it is recommended to offer adequate screening and counselling services for the couples, especially in health-care settings so that they speak up against IPV, and are offered timely help to prevent long-term physical and mental health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Garg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab 151001 India
| | - Milan Das
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Lajya Devi Goyal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab 151001 India
| | - Madhur Verma
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab 151001 India
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Fedina L, Mushonga DR, Bessaha ML, Jun HJ, Narita Z, DeVylder J. Moderating Effects of Perceived Neighborhood Factors on Intimate Partner Violence, Psychological Distress, and Suicide Risk. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:10546-10563. [PMID: 31686578 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519884687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood factors such as instability and weakened social ties have been linked to both intimate partner violence (IPV) and poor mental health outcomes; however, research has not yet investigated the relationship between IPV and gentrification-specific change, including whether gentrification-related neighborhood factors affect mental health symptoms commonly associated with IPV. This study aims to determine if (a) perceptions of neighborhood connectedness and recent compositional changes (e.g., residential mobility, crime, and infrastructure) are associated with IPV exposure and (b) perceived neighborhood connectedness and compositional change moderates the relationship between IPV and mental health symptoms (i.e., psychological distress, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts). Data from the 2017 Survey of Police-Public Encounters were used, which is an online, cross-sectional, general population survey administered to male and female adults residing in New York City and Baltimore (N = 1,000). Findings suggest that higher levels of neighborhood disconnectedness were associated with higher levels of IPV, whereas higher levels of neighborhood compositional change were associated with lower levels of IPV. Neighborhood disconnectedness and compositional change worsened psychological distress symptoms and suicide risk most strongly among individuals exposed to IPV. Violence prevention and intervention approaches should consider the extent to which neighborhood instability, related to community connectedness and recent compositional change, impacts the safety and mental health of victims of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fedina
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Hyun-Jin Jun
- University of Maryland School of Social Work, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zui Narita
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- Fordham University Graduate School of Social Services, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Bernados SC, Ocampo LA. Survivors' Social Construction of Intimate Partner Violence in Cebu City, Philippines. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP9796-NP9818. [PMID: 31291791 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519862267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide social issue perpetrated by intimate male partners against their wives. Studies on IPV have generated accurate comparative information since the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights and the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women to guide strategy and track progress in attempts to comprehend the IPV issues. In many attempts to understand violence against women, the social construction of IPV was not well documented in the literature. This article aims to explore IPV survivors' social construction of IPV by analyzing the experiential narratives of IPV survivors. To address the objective, this article used the phenomenological approach by examining the lived experiences of 15 IPV survivors. Our study finds that IPV made IPV survivors empowered, and with this social construction, survivors were able to overcome violence perpetrated by their intimate partners. The findings further proved that giving preferential attention to the needs of IPV victims could lead to victim empowerment, a factor needed in the elimination of violence against women and children in all forms. It is suggested for any intervention activities to (a) ultimately address the empowerment of individuals and (b) respond to the needs of individuals because what may work for one victim may not work for another.
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Barchielli B, Baldi M, Paoli E, Roma P, Ferracuti S, Napoli C, Giannini AM, Lausi G. When "Stay at Home" Can Be Dangerous: Data on Domestic Violence in Italy during COVID-19 Lockdown. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8948. [PMID: 34501537 PMCID: PMC8431219 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by a new strain of Coronavirus has brought the Italian government to adopt quarantine, isolation, and lockdown strategies as restrictive measures to reduce the virus spread. Being forced to stay at home could significantly increase the likelihood of episodes of home-based violence and could also be accompanied by a limited possibility of complaints or defense by the victim. The present study aimed to document, through the use of newspaper articles, the characteristics of domestic violence during the lockdown period related to COVID-19 in Italy (from 9 March 2020 up to 18 May 2020) and compare the results with the same period in 2019. The results showed an increase in domestic violence during the lockdown period compared to the same period the year before and highlighted the differences between the dynamics and violent behavior between the two periods examined. The results and limitations of this research are discussed with reference to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Barchielli
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical Psychology and Health, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Michela Baldi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Elena Paoli
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical Psychology and Health, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Paolo Roma
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (P.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Stefano Ferracuti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (P.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Christian Napoli
- Department of Medical Surgical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Giannini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Giulia Lausi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (A.M.G.)
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Wasileski G, Poteyeva M. IPV in Rural Pennsylvania and Magisterial Courts: Case Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP7439-NP7464. [PMID: 30741079 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519829278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research on the criminal justice system's response to the problem of intimate partner violence (IPV) largely focuses on police and prosecutorial decision making. Fewer studies are dedicated to exploring how IPV cases are processed by the courts. This study examines the perspectives of judges in the Magisterial Courts in rural counties of Pennsylvania. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 27 magisterial court judges. The findings shed light on magisterial court judges' experiences with IPV cases, the challenges that they face and the factors that influence their determination whether the cases will be prosecuted, dismissed, or proceed to the Court of Common Pleas.
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23
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Schaefer LM, Howell KH, Thurston IB, Kaufman CC, Hasselle AJ. Protective Factors Associated With Fewer Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms Among Women Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:5923-5947. [PMID: 30526241 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518817027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has received minimal empirical attention in the context of intimate partner violence (IPV). Furthermore, factors related to lower levels of GAD symptoms in this population have received limited focus. This study evaluated the protective role of four forms of support, spiritual, family, friend, and community, in predicting levels of generalized anxiety among women who have experienced recent IPV. Participants included 116 women who were recruited from local agencies serving IPV-exposed individuals. Participants completed measures of IPV, GAD, stressful life events, spiritual support, social support, and community support during a 1-hr interview. Findings from a hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that after accounting for age, income, mental health service utilization, stressful life events, and severity of IPV, lower GAD symptoms were only associated with higher spiritual support (β = -0.20, p = .02) and community support (β = -0.25, p = .01), not friend or family support, F(9, 114) = 5.10; p < .001; R2 = .30. These findings indicate that alternative sources of support (i.e., spiritual and community) may be more accessible for IPV-exposed women, contributing to their association with reduced GAD symptomatology. The current study highlights the potential for spiritual and community support to serve a beneficial role above and beyond standard social support proffered by friends and family on symptoms of GAD. Results reinforce the examination of a broad range of multiple supports among women experiencing IPV. This thorough examination of different support systems may provide further insight into novel resources that can be strengthened among IPV-exposed populations.
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Houghton A, Jackson-Weaver O, Toraih E, Burley N, Byrne T, McGrew P, Duchesne J, Tatum D, Taghavi S. Firearm homicide mortality is influenced by structural racism in US metropolitan areas. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 91:64-71. [PMID: 33797488 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metropolitan cities in the United States suffer from higher rates of gun violence. However, the specific structural factors associated with increased gun violence are poorly defined. We hypothesized that firearm homicide in metropolitan cities would be impacted by Black-White segregation index. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis evaluated 51 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) using data from 2013 to 2017. Several measures of structural racism were examined, including the Brooking Institute's Black-White segregation index. Demographic data were derived from the US Census Bureau, US Department of Education, and US Department of Labor. Crime data and firearm homicide mortality rates were obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Centers for Disease Control. Spearman ρ and linear regression were performed. RESULTS Firearm mortality was associated with multiple measures of structural racism and racial disparity, including White-Black segregation index, unemployment rate, poverty rate, single parent household, percent Black population, and crime rates. In regression analysis, percentage Black population exhibited the strongest association with firearm homicide mortality (β = 0.42, p < 0.001). Black-White segregation index (β = 0.41, p = 0.001) and percent children living in single-parent households (β = 0.41, p = 0.002) were also associated with higher firearm homicide mortality. Firearm legislation scores were associated with lower firearm homicide mortality (β = -0.20 p = 0.02). High school and college graduation rates were not associated with firearm homicide mortality and were not included in the final model. CONCLUSION Firearm homicide disproportionately impacts communities of color and is associated with measures of structural racism, such as White-Black segregation index. Public health interventions targeting gun violence must address these systemic inequities. Furthermore, given the association between firearm mortality and single-parent households, intervention programs for at-risk youth may be particularly effective. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Epidemiological level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Houghton
- From the Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine (A.C.H., O.J.-W., E.T., N.B., T.B., P.M., J.D., S.T.); Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine (A.H.), New Orleans; and Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center (D.T.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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25
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Bullock L, Ghazarian S, Nimer M, Signing L, Herbell K, Farje D, Campbell JC, Sharps P. Children Exposed to IPV: Impact of Multiple Father Figures. Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:1447-1454. [PMID: 34151395 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) has been associated with adverse infant developmental outcomes; however, the influence of the number of father-figures (abusive vs non-abusive) has on young infants' risk for neurodevelopmental delays has not been examined. PROCEDURES A secondary data analysis was conducted from the Domestic Violence Enhanced Perinatal Home Visits (DOVE) study of abused pregnant women (N = 239) and their infants' neurodevelopment from baseline through 12-months postpartum. RESULTS Although all women reported decreased violence from baseline to 12 months postpartum, there was a significant main effect between baseline IPV scores and infant risk for developmental delay at 12 months (β = .19; p < .05) and a significant interaction between baseline IPV scores and multiple partner categories (β = .89; p < .01). Women in the single abusive partner category demonstrated a negative association between baseline IPV and 12-month infant risk scores (β = -.56; p < .01). Whereas women in the mixed and multiple abusive partner groups demonstrated a positive association between IPV and infant risk scores (β = .32; p < .05). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that an infant's neurodevelopment is impacted by exposure to violence in the home. Additional research is needed to examine the full impact, not only the effects of single and/or abusive partners on child development, but also the possible effect of multiple non-abusive partners on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bullock
- University of Missouri, Sinclair School of Nursing, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - S Ghazarian
- All Star Children's Foundation, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - M Nimer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Signing
- University of Missouri, Sinclair School of Nursing, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - K Herbell
- Ohio State University, School of Nursing, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D Farje
- Northwestern School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J C Campbell
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P Sharps
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lausi G, Pizzo A, Cricenti C, Baldi M, Desiderio R, Giannini AM, Mari E. Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Phenomenon from Victims' and Help Professionals' Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6204. [PMID: 34201161 PMCID: PMC8227680 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation is considered one of the main risk factors leading to intimate partner violence episodes; this evidence also emerged during the application of stay-at-home policies to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, we aimed to collect data on intimate partner violence over the last year, comparing data reported by victims with data collected by help professionals. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, through keywords related to abuse, pandemic and containment measures, 3174 articles were identified for screening. After full-text reading and risk of bias analysis, 19 studies were included, and a thematic synthesis was conducted according to two categories: "studies with victims" and "studies with help professionals". The results of the present review showed that there were significant differences between the data provided by victims and the data collected by health care facilities and police departments; additionally, differences among different forms and severity of victimization emerged. The results have been discussed according to the literature; in particular, we reflected on how containment measures have apparently made it more difficult for victims to report, thus making the existence of the dark figure of crime even more salient.
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Intimate Partner Violence and Structural Violence in the Lives of Incarcerated Women: A Mixed-Method Study in Rural New Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126185. [PMID: 34201033 PMCID: PMC8228824 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a common feature in the lives of incarcerated women returning to rural communities, enhancing their risk of mental ill-health, substance use, and recidivism. Women's experiences of IPV intersect with challenges across multiple social-ecological levels, including risky or criminalizing interpersonal relationships, geographic isolation, and persistent gender, racial, and economic inequities. We conducted quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with 99 incarcerated women in New Mexico who were scheduled to return to micropolitan or non-core areas within 6 months. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed separately and then triangulated to identify convergences and divergences in data. The findings underscore how individual and interpersonal experiences of IPV, substance use, and psychological distress intersect with broad social inequities, such as poverty, lack of supportive resources, and reluctance to seek help due to experiences of discrimination. These results point to the need for a more proactive response to the mutually constitutive cycle of IPV, mental distress, incarceration, and structures of violence to improve reentry for women returning to rural communities. Policy and treatment must prioritize socioeconomic marginalization and expand community resources with attention to the needs of rural women of color.
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Kelling C, Graif C, Korkmaz G, Haran M. Modeling the Social and Spatial Proximity of Crime: Domestic and Sexual Violence Across Neighborhoods. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2021; 37:481-516. [PMID: 34149156 PMCID: PMC8210633 DOI: 10.1007/s10940-020-09454-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our goal is to understand the social dynamics affecting domestic and sexual violence in urban areas by investigating the role of connections between area nodes, or communities. We use innovative methods adapted from spatial statistics to investigate the importance of social proximity measured based on connectedness pathways between area nodes. In doing so, we seek to extend the standard treatment in the neighborhoods and crime literature of areas like census blocks as independent analytical units or as interdependent primarily due to geographic proximity. METHODS In this paper, we develop techniques to incorporate two types of proximity, geographic proximity and commuting proximity in spatial generalized linear mixed models (SGLMM) in order to estimate domestic and sexual violence in Detroit, Michigan and Arlington County, Virginia. Analyses are based on three types of CAR models (the Besag, York, and Mollié (BYM), Leroux, and the sparse SGLMM models) and two types of SAR models (the spatial lag and spatial error models) to examine how results vary with different model assumptions. We use data from local and federal sources such as the Police Data Initiative and American Community Survey. RESULTS Analyses show that incorporating information on commuting ties, a non-spatially bounded form of social proximity, to spatial models contributes to better deviance information criteria (DIC) scores (a metric which explicitly accounts for model fit and complexity) in Arlington for sexual and domestic crime as well as overall crime. In Detroit, the fit is improved only for overall crime. The distinctions in model fit are less pronounced when using cross-validated mean absolute error (MAE) as a comparison criteria. CONCLUSION Overall, the results indicate variations across crime type, urban contexts, and modeling approaches. Nonetheless, in important contexts, commuting ties among neighborhoods are observed to greatly improve our understanding of urban crime. If such ties contribute to the transfer of norms, social support, resources, and behaviors between places, they may then transfer also the effects of crime prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kelling
- 330B Thomas Building, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Corina Graif
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Gizem Korkmaz
- Biocomplexity Institute & Initiative, University of Virginia, 1100 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA
| | - Murali Haran
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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29
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Stoff LW, Bates LM, Schuler SR, Renner LM, Erickson DJ, Osypuk TL. Intimate partner violence and social connection among married women in rural Bangladesh. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 75:1202-1207. [PMID: 34049928 PMCID: PMC8588304 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-214843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is high among married women in Bangladesh. Social isolation is a well-established correlate of women's exposure to IPV, but the role of such factors in low-income and middle-income countries is not well understood. In this study, we explore whether social connection is protective against IPV among married women in rural Bangladesh. METHODS Data were drawn from a multistage, stratified, population-based longitudinal sample of 3355 married women in rural Bangladesh, who were surveyed on individual and contextual risk factors of IPV. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the association between three different domains of social connection (natal family contact, female companionship and instrumental social support), measured at baseline in 2013, and the risk of three different forms of IPV (psychological, physical and sexual), approximately 10 months later, adjusted for woman's level of education, spouse's level of education, level of household wealth, age and age of marriage. RESULTS Adjusted models showed that instrumental social support was associated with a lower risk of past year psychological IPV (risk ratio (RR)=0.84, 95% CI 0.769 to 0.914), sexual IPV (RR=0.90, 95% CI 0.822 to 0.997) and physical IPV (RR=0.81, 95% CI 0.718 to 0.937). Natal family contact was also associated with a lower risk of each type of IPV, but not in a graded fashion. Less consistent associations were observed with female companionship. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that social connection, particularly in the form of instrumental support, may protect married women in rural Bangladesh from experiencing IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Stoff
- Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa M Bates
- Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Lynette M Renner
- University of Minnesota School of Social Work, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Darin J Erickson
- Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Theresa L Osypuk
- Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Mojahed A, Brym S, Hense H, Grafe B, Helfferich C, Lindert J, Garthus-Niegel S. Rapid Review on the Associations of Social and Geographical Isolation and Intimate Partner Violence: Implications for the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:578150. [PMID: 33927649 PMCID: PMC8076499 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.578150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the COVID-19 pandemic forced millions of people to stay home and minimize their social contacts, newspaper reports worldwide raised concerns as they reported an increasing rate of intimate partner violence (IPV). One link of the measures enforced to control the pandemic to IPV might be a possible side effect of those measures, namely social and geographical isolation. As there was no scientific data investigating the association of IPV and social and geographical isolation in the context of epidemics or pandemics at the time of conducting this rapid review, we aimed at investigating a broader range of contexts of social as well as geographical isolation and its association with IPV to draw conclusions regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. We searched Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science (core collection). A research strategy was developed and observational studies were included if they considered men and/or women, estimates of social and geographical isolation, and IPV as a primary outcome. Of the 526 identified studies, 11 were included in this review. The included studies involved 15,695 women and were conducted in the USA, Sweden, Ethiopia, Egypt, Spain, and Turkey. Indicators of social isolation such as lack of social, emotional, or informational support or the frequency and quality of social contacts were narratively assessed. Geographical isolation was primarily assessed by physical distance to the next town or support service. Both social and geographic isolation were found to be associated with an increased risk of IPV. Recommendations made by the individual studies include the following: (a) improving access to social networks outside the victims' own group, (b) improving their economic circumstances, (c) asserting the responsibility for those in contact with the victims, and (d) increasing the focus on access to preventive services and programs need to be taken into account. Therefore, considering the particular infrastructure and legislation of the countries affected by the pandemic, policies need to ensure constant access to shelters and other help services and increase awareness for IPV in the society. In addition, future studies are warranted to assess prevalence rates and risk factors of IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amera Mojahed
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Brym
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Helene Hense
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bianca Grafe
- Social Science Research Institute for Gender Issues (SoFFI F.), Protestant University of Applied Sciences, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Helfferich
- Social Science Research Institute for Gender Issues (SoFFI F.), Protestant University of Applied Sciences, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lindert
- University of Applied Sciences, Emden/Leer, Emden, Germany
- Women's Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Chan E, Catabay CJ, Campbell JC, Rudolph AE, Stockman JK, Tsuyuki K. Feminine gender norms and syndemic harmful drinking, sexual violence, and sexually transmitted infections among Black women at risk for HIV. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 221:108566. [PMID: 33581345 PMCID: PMC8026659 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the associations between feminine gender ideologies (i.e., socially constructed attitudes and beliefs of women's appropriate behavior and roles) and the syndemic comorbidities of harmful alcohol use, sexual violence, and sexually transmitted infections (STI), which disproportionately affect Black women. METHODS Black women, aged 18-44 (n = 305) were recruited from STI clinics in Baltimore, MD into a retrospective cohort study. A survey assessed feminine gender ideologies using a measure of hyperfemininity and sexual hyperfemininity (subscale of sexual domains), harmful drinking (AUDIT), lifetime STI (Y/N and count), and syndemic burden (no burden [0-1 morbidity] and syndemic burden [2-3 comorbidities]). Multivariable regression models identified correlates of harmful drinking, STI, and syndemic burden. The analytic sample included (n = 231) women with complete data. RESULTS Nearly half of our sample reported high hyperfemininity and high sexual hyperfemininity, 23% reported harmful drinking, 39% experienced sexual violence as an adult, and 74% reported a lifetime STI. High sexual hyperfemininity (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.94, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.00-3.76) and sexual violence (AOR = 2.82, 95%CI: 1.43-5.58) were associated with greater odds of harmful drinking. Experiencing sexual violence in adulthood was associated with an increased count of lifetime STIs (Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio [AIRR] = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.06-1.68). Syndemic burden affected 41% of our sample. High sexual hyperfemininity was associated with experiencing syndemic burden in unadjusted models (OR = 1.98, 95%CI: 1.16-3.37), but was not significant after controlling for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to reduce harmful drinking and STIs among Black women in the U.S. should address sexual gender ideologies and sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Chan
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Christina J Catabay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Jacquelyn C Campbell
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, 525 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Abby E Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, 1301 Cecil B Moore Avenue, Ritter Annex 905, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Jamila K Stockman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Kiyomi Tsuyuki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA.
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32
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Esopenko C, Meyer J, Wilde EA, Marshall AD, Tate DF, Lin AP, Koerte IK, Werner KB, Dennis EL, Ware AL, de Souza NL, Menefee DS, Dams-O'Connor K, Stein DJ, Bigler ED, Shenton ME, Chiou KS, Postmus JL, Monahan K, Eagan-Johnson B, van Donkelaar P, Merkley TL, Velez C, Hodges CB, Lindsey HM, Johnson P, Irimia A, Spruiell M, Bennett ER, Bridwell A, Zieman G, Hillary FG. A global collaboration to study intimate partner violence-related head trauma: The ENIGMA consortium IPV working group. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:475-503. [PMID: 33405096 PMCID: PMC8785101 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence includes psychological aggression, physical violence, sexual violence, and stalking from a current or former intimate partner. Past research suggests that exposure to intimate partner violence can impact cognitive and psychological functioning, as well as neurological outcomes. These seem to be compounded in those who suffer a brain injury as a result of trauma to the head, neck or body due to physical and/or sexual violence. However, our understanding of the neurobehavioral and neurobiological effects of head trauma in this population is limited due to factors including difficulty in accessing/recruiting participants, heterogeneity of samples, and premorbid and comorbid factors that impact outcomes. Thus, the goal of the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium Intimate Partner Violence Working Group is to develop a global collaboration that includes researchers, clinicians, and other key community stakeholders. Participation in the working group can include collecting harmonized data, providing data for meta- and mega-analysis across sites, or stakeholder insight on key clinical research questions, promoting safety, participant recruitment and referral to support services. Further, to facilitate the mega-analysis of data across sites within the working group, we provide suggestions for behavioral surveys, cognitive tests, neuroimaging parameters, and genetics that could be used by investigators in the early stages of study design. We anticipate that the harmonization of measures across sites within the working group prior to data collection could increase the statistical power in characterizing how intimate partner violence-related head trauma impacts long-term physical, cognitive, and psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Esopenko
- Department of Rehabilitation & Movement Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA.
- Department of Health Informatics, School of Health Professions, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA.
| | - Jessica Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Summa Health System, Akron, OH, 44304, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Wilde
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - Amy D Marshall
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David F Tate
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - Alexander P Lin
- Department of Clinical Spectroscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Inga K Koerte
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kimberly B Werner
- College of Nursing, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Emily L Dennis
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - Ashley L Ware
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nicola L de Souza
- School of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | | | - Kristen Dams-O'Connor
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7501, South Africa
| | - Erin D Bigler
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Martha E Shenton
- College of Nursing, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Veterans Affairs, Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Kathy S Chiou
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Judy L Postmus
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kathleen Monahan
- School of Social Welfare, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8231, USA
| | | | - Paul van Donkelaar
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Tricia L Merkley
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carmen Velez
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Cooper B Hodges
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Hannah M Lindsey
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Paula Johnson
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Andrei Irimia
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Denney Research Center Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Matthew Spruiell
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther R Bennett
- Rutgers University School of Social Work, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ashley Bridwell
- Barrow Concussion and Brain Injury Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Glynnis Zieman
- Barrow Concussion and Brain Injury Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Frank G Hillary
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Social Life and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Ron Y, Yanai L. Empowering Through Psychodrama: A Qualitative Study at Domestic Violence Shelters. Front Psychol 2021; 12:600335. [PMID: 33868079 PMCID: PMC8044294 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychodrama is a therapeutic method in which the stage is used to enact and reenact life events with the aim of instilling, among other positive changes, hope and empowerment in a wide range of populations suffering from psychological duress. The therapeutic process in psychodrama moves away from the classic treatment of the individual in isolation to treatment of the individual in the context of a group. In domestic violence situations, in which abusive men seek to socially isolate their victims from family and friends, the social support that psychodrama provides can positively influence the psychological health and well-being of the participants. This qualitative study examines the manner in which psychodramatic treatment can empower abused women residing in domestic violence shelters and help them regain control of their lives. An action research study of domestic violence survivors living in a women's shelter in Israel, over a 12-month period, demonstrates the role of psychodrama therapy in promoting the reduction of anxiety, stress, guilt, and self-blame, while reinforcing perceptions of self-worth and confidence. These findings contribute to our understanding of the potential of psychodrama in helping reshape life roles and reframe experiences within a creative process, with the aim of facilitating a transition from powerlessness to powerfulness among vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiftach Ron
- Graduate School of Creative Arts Therapies, Kibbutzim College, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Yanai
- Graduate School of Creative Arts Therapies, Kibbutzim College, Tel Aviv, Israel
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34
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Schalkoff CA, Richard EL, Piscalko HM, Sibley AL, Brook DL, Lancaster KE, Miller WC, Go VF. "Now We Are Seeing the Tides Wash In": Trauma and the Opioid Epidemic in Rural Appalachian Ohio. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:650-659. [PMID: 33678117 PMCID: PMC8276036 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Ohio's opioid epidemic continues to progress, severely affecting its rural Appalachian counties-areas marked by high mortality rates, widespread economic challenges, and a history of extreme opioid overprescribing. Substance use may be particularly prevalent in the region due to interactions between community and interpersonal trauma. Purpose/Objectives: We conducted qualitative interviews to explore the local context of the epidemic and the contributing role of trauma. Methods: Two interviewers conducted in-depth interviews (n = 34) with stakeholders in three rural Appalachian counties, including healthcare and substance use treatment professionals, law enforcement officials, and judicial officials. Semi-structured interview guides focused on the social, economic, and historical context of the opioid epidemic, perceived causes and effects of the epidemic, and ideas for addressing the challenge. Results: Stakeholders revealed three pervasive forms of trauma related to the epidemic in their communities: environmental/community trauma (including economic and historical distress), physical/sexual trauma, and emotional trauma. Traumas interact with one another and with substance use in a self-perpetuating cycle. Although stakeholders in all groups discussed trauma from all three categories, their interpretation and proposed solutions differed, leading to a fragmented epidemic response. Participants also discussed the potential of finding hope and community through efforts to address trauma and substance use. Conclusions: Findings lend support to the cyclical relationship between trauma and substance use, as well as the importance of environmental and community trauma as drivers of the opioid epidemic. Community-level and trauma-informed interventions are needed to increase stakeholder consensus around treatment and prevention strategies, as well as to strengthen community organization networks and support community resilience. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1887248.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Schalkoff
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, US
| | - Emma L. Richard
- The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hannah M. Piscalko
- The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Adams L. Sibley
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, US
| | - Daniel L. Brook
- The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Lancaster
- The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - William C. Miller
- The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vivian F. Go
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, US
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35
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Burrage RL, Gagnon M, Graham-Bermann SA. Trauma History and Social Support Among American Indian/Alaska Native and Non-Native Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP3326-NP3345. [PMID: 29695220 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518772103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Social support (SS) is one of the most important protective factors against the deleterious effects of trauma exposure on mental health, but only a few studies have looked at predictors of SS among trauma-exposed populations. This study examines what predicts SS from friends, family, and other significant individuals in an ethnically diverse group of 61 women residing in Alaskan shelters for women who have experienced Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Results from bivariate tests indicated that survivors who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) reported significantly higher SS from family (M = 5.04, SD = 1.74) in comparison with those who do not identify as AIAN (M = 3.80, SD = 2.31), t(56) = 2.24, p < .05. Income was positively correlated with higher SS from friends, r(59) = .33, p < .05. Lifetime history of interpersonal trauma was significantly and negatively related to variation in SS across multiple domains. When sociodemographic variables, trauma history, and violent relationship history were entered into a multiple regression, this model predicted 34% (p < .001) of the variance in Overall SS and 22% (p < .01), 32% (p < .001), and 17% (p < .05) of SS from family, friends, and other significant individuals, respectively. Taken together, these preliminary results suggest that income, race, lifetime interpersonal trauma history, and number of violent partners are important predictors of SS among women IPV survivors residing in shelters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - MaryBeth Gagnon
- Council on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault, Juneau, AK, USA
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36
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Adibelli D, Sümen A, Teskereci G. Domestic violence against women during the Covid-19 pandemic: Turkey sample. Health Care Women Int 2021; 42:335-350. [PMID: 33769923 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1885408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, researchers aimed to assess the situation of domestic violence against women during the pandemic. 332 women participated in the study. It was found that emotional, verbal and total violence scores of the literate ones were higher. The emotional violence scores of the women who do not work and whose partners do not work due to the pandemic are higher (p < 0.05). The researchers reached the conclusion that emotional violence is higher during the pandemic process, and that failing to work in an income-generating job triggers this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Adibelli
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Akdeniz University Kumluca Health Science Faculty, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Adem Sümen
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Akdeniz University Kumluca Health Science Faculty, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gamze Teskereci
- Department of Women Health Nursing, Akdeniz University Kumluca Health Science Faculty, Antalya, Turkey
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37
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Kahil K, Cheaito MA, El Hayek R, Nofal M, El Halabi S, Kudva KG, Pereira-Sanchez V, El Hayek S. Suicide during COVID-19 and other major international respiratory outbreaks: A systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 56:102509. [PMID: 33418284 PMCID: PMC7764387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was recently declared a pandemic by the WHO. This outbreak threatens not only physical health but also has significant repercussions on mental health. In recent world history, major infectious outbreaks were associated with severe mental health sequelae, including suicide. In this study, we systematically review the literature on suicidal outcomes during major international respiratory outbreaks, including COVID-19. We reviewed descriptive and analytic articles addressing suicide during major international respiratory outbreaks. We searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus, and PsycInfo databases and then utilized an independent method for study selection by a pair of reviewers. Two reviewers completed data abstraction and conducted a narrative summary of the findings. Our search generated 2,153 articles. Nine studies (three descriptive, five analytical, and one with mixed methodology) were eligible. The included studies were heterogeneous, divergent in methods, and with a low degree of evidence. Deducing an association between pandemics, suicide, and suicide-related outcomes remains thus poorly supported. Future research with better methodological characteristics, the use of longitudinal studies, and a focus on suicide as the primary outcome would allow for an in-depth understanding and formulation of the scope of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Kahil
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Ali Cheaito
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rawad El Hayek
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Marwa Nofal
- Helwan Mental Health Hospital, Extension of Mansour St., Behind Kbretaj Helwan Club, Helwan, 25562198, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarah El Halabi
- Columbia University Program in Narrative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10033, USA
| | - Kundadak Ganesh Kudva
- Early Psychosis Intervention Programme and East Region, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Buangkok Green, Medical Park, 539747, Singapore
| | - Victor Pereira-Sanchez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Samer El Hayek
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
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38
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Li L, Sun IY, Button DM. Tolerance for Intimate Partner Violence: A Comparative Study of Chinese and American College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:4533-4557. [PMID: 29294806 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517716941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance for intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important correlate of interpersonal violent behavior. Although a large amount of research on IPV has been conducted in the West and a growing amount of studies on IPV in Chinese societies has been observed in recent years, only a small number of studies have analyzed IPV-related attitudes from an international and comparative perspective. Drawing on survey data collected from 1,178 college students from two Chinese and two U.S. universities, this study empirically compared and contrasted factors influencing students' levels of tolerance for IPV. The results showed that Chinese college students had a higher level of tolerance for IPV than their U.S. counterparts. Regional variation was only detected in China with students in Beijing having a greater tolerance for IPV than students in Hong Kong. Both Chinese and U.S. students' tolerance for IPV was affected primarily by their attitudes toward gender roles and gender-based violence and perceptions of IPV causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luye Li
- University of Delaware, Newark, USA
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39
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Bright CF, Burton C, Kosky M. Considerations of the impacts of COVID-19 on domestic violence in the United States. SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES OPEN 2020; 2:100069. [PMID: 34173500 PMCID: PMC7539928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
"Stay home, save lives" has been shown to reduce the impacts of COVID-19; however, it is crucial to recognize that efforts not to stress healthcare systems may have unintended social consequences for domestic violence. This commentary addresses domestic violence as an important social and public health implication of COVID-19. As a pandemic with a high contagion level, necessary social distancing measures have been put in place across the world to slow transmission and protect medical services. We first present literature that shows that among the effects of social distancing are social and functional isolation and economic stress, which are known to increase domestic violence. We then present preliminary observations from a content analysis conducted on over 300 news articles from the first six weeks of COVID-19 "lockdown" in the United States: articles predict an increase in domestic violence, report an increase in domestic violence, and inform victims on how to access services. Assessing the intersection of the early news media messaging on the effect of COVID-19 on DV and the literature on social isolation and crisis situations, we conclude the commentary with implications for current policy related to (1) increased media attention, (2) increased attention in healthcare systems, (3) promoting social and economic security, and (4) long-term efforts to fund prevention and response, as well as research implications to consider. The research is presented as ongoing, but the policy and procedure recommendations are presented with urgency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Forbes Bright
- East Tennessee State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, PO Box 70644, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Christopher Burton
- East Tennessee State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, PO Box 70644, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Madison Kosky
- East Tennessee State University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, PO Box 70644, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
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Stone R, Campbell JK, Kinney D, Rothman EF. "He Would Take My Shoes and All the Baby's Warm Winter Gear so We Couldn't Leave": Barriers to Safety and Recovery Experienced by a Sample of Vermont Women With Partner Violence and Opioid Use Disorder Experiences. J Rural Health 2020; 37:35-44. [PMID: 32929780 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This qualitative study explored themes about barriers to substance use treatment for women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) and opioid use in rural Vermont. The goal was to collect descriptive information to aid in the development of intervention ideas to facilitate better treatment access for women in this situation. METHODS One-on-one telephone interviews with 33 rural Vermont women who experienced both IPV and opioid use took place between February and August 2019. FINDINGS There were 5 main themes that emerged as barriers to accessing needed services: (1) geographic isolation and transportation difficulties, (2) inaccessibility of existing services, (3) lack of integrated substance use treatment and domestic violence services, (4) social isolation, and (5) amplification of stigma in small rural communities. CONCLUSIONS Improved access to care and increased collaboration between IPV and substance use service providers are required to better serve rural communities in which IPV and opioid use disorder are concurrent problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stone
- Sociology Department, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julia K Campbell
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Emily F Rothman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Goodson A, Bouffard LA. The Rural/Urban Divide: Examining Different Types of Assault Through a Social Disorganization Lens. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:3530-3553. [PMID: 29294769 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517711179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most studies of social disorganization theory focus on urban communities. In addition, these studies largely ignore more intimate crimes, such as intimate partner violence. Yet, results from extant studies are often generalized to explain all types of crime in all types of communities, thus potentially ignoring the dynamics surrounding intimate crimes and rurality. The current study expands on previous research in two ways. First, this study examines whether characteristics of social disorganization can predict assault across various victim-offender relationships. Second, this study applies social disorganization predictors to both metropolitan (or urban) and nonmetropolitan (or rural) counties. The sample consisted of 690 counties located across 13 different states. Results from the Poisson regression models indicate higher levels of ethnic heterogeneity and concentrated disadvantage were associated with increased rates of assault across various victim-offender relationships. Furthermore, the measures of social disorganization functioned in the expected direction in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. These results highlight the importance of controlling for community structures when examining rates of violence, including intimate partner violence. Programs and policies designed to reduce intimate partner violence should include neighborhood components as these affect rates of violence within a community.
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Monteith LL, Holliday R, Brown TL, Brenner LA, Mohatt NV. Preventing Suicide in Rural Communities During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Rural Health 2020; 37:179-184. [PMID: 32282968 PMCID: PMC7262063 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey L Monteith
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ryan Holliday
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Talia L Brown
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nathaniel V Mohatt
- Department of Veterans Affairs Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Valentine CL, Stults BJ, Hasbrouck M. The Nonlinear Effect of Informal Social Control on Repeat Intimate Partner Violence Victimization. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:2723-2748. [PMID: 27495114 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516662847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has examined the effects of neighborhood context on intimate partner violence (IPV) with mixed results. While most studies find that neighborhood disadvantage is positively associated with risk of IPV, the effects are less consistent for characteristics such as social ties and informal social control. One possible explanation for these mixed findings draws from theoretical and empirical literature arguing that a high level of collective efficacy can aid in the control of criminal behavior, but it can also deter residents from acting against crime committed by neighbors. This suggests the possibility of a nonlinear effect of collective efficacy where the risk of IPV may be high in areas with very low levels of collective efficacy because of the inability of neighborhoods to collectively control residents, but it may also be high in areas with very high levels of collective efficacy where residents are less willing to report on the criminal behavior of fellow residents. We test this possibility using survey data for female victims of IPV in Chicago merged with neighborhood characteristics. Findings suggest that the risk of repeat victimization is highest in areas with either very high or very low levels of informal social control.
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"Nobody came to help": interviews with women convicted of filicide in Malaysia. Arch Womens Ment Health 2019; 22:151-158. [PMID: 29569042 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-018-0832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although filicide is of serious concern, it is poorly understood in Malaysia. Our interviews with health and policy professionals revealed that they attribute responsibility for filicide to women's failure to comply with social norms and religious teachings. This research sought to understand the meaning of and background to filicide from the perspectives of women who have been convicted of filicide in Malaysia. In-depth interviews were conducted in person with all eligible and consenting women convicted of filicide and incarcerated in prisons or forensic psychiatric institutions. Women's accounts were translated into English and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis and interpreted using narrative theory. Interviews with nine women convicted of filicide yielded evidence that others were implicated in the crime but punished less severely, if at all, and that the women had experienced lifelong gender-based violence and marginalisation with minimal access to health and social care. These findings illuminate an inadequately understood phenomenon in Malaysia and reveal why existing strategies to reduce filicide, which reflect key stakeholders' views, have had little impact. They reveal the pervasive harm of violence against women and children and its link to filicide.
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Benavides M, León J, Etesse M, Espezúa L, Stuart J. Exploring the association between segregation and physical intimate partner violence in Lima, Peru: The mediating role of gender norms and social capital. SSM Popul Health 2018; 7:100338. [PMID: 30623012 PMCID: PMC6308259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been globally recognized as a major public health problem. A growing body of evidence has identified a significant relationship between living in a neighborhood of concentrated disadvantage and experiencing IPV. Considering the increasing rates of poverty and segregation registered in Latin American cities, research on the effects of segregation on IPV seems to be particularly necessary in the region. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of economic residential segregation on physical IPV, exploring the mediating roles of social capital and gender norms unfavorable to women. This study used an original dataset in which women from five districts of Metropolitan Lima were interviewed. The results show that residential segregation indirectly influences on physical IPV through the considered mechanisms. In this regard, it was found that segregation increases the likelihood of prevailing gender norms unfavorable to women, and this in turn increases the likelihood of IPV. At the same time, segregation fosters the development of greater social ties among the neighbors, which in turn diminish the levels of IPV. Regarding the overall effect of segregation through both mechanisms, on average social capital is a factor of more relevance. The findings suggest that strengthening the informal networks among neighbors is a powerful strategy to reduce physical IPV in contexts of poverty and segregation. Residential segregation have an impact on physical IPV, buy only indirectly. Contexts of segregation foster both the development of greater social ties among neighbors and the development of gender norms unfavorable to women. A greater intensity of neighborhood relations diminishes the likelihood of IPV. Gender norms that promote male control over women increases women’s risk of becoming victims of IPV. The overall effect of segregation shows that having support from the neighbors is a more relevant factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Benavides
- Department of Social Sciences. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Lima, Perú. Senior Rechercher. Grupo de Analisis Para el Desarrollo (GRADE)
| | - Juan León
- Senior Rechercher. Grupo de Analisis Para el Desarrollo (GRADE). Lecturer, Universidad San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
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Voth Schrag RJ, Ravi KE, Robinson SR. The Role of Social Support in the Link Between Economic Abuse and Economic Hardship. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2018; 35:85-93. [PMID: 32435083 PMCID: PMC7223436 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-018-0019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
More data is needed about the pathways through which intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts the economic well-being of survivors. The current study assesses the moderating influence of social support on the association between economic abuse (EA) and economic hardship. Female participants (n = 435) were recruited to participate in a web-based survey which included standardized measures of EA, other forms of IPV, domains of social support, and economic hardship. Analysis included bivariate and multivariate regression with an investigation into interaction effects.Experiencing EA was significantly correlated with economic hardship, even with extent of physical and emotional IPV controlled. Both tangible and appraisal support had significant negative association with extent of material hardship. Significant interactions between forms of social support and economic abuse were observed. For those at high levels of economic abuse, support had less influence on economic hardship. A mix of direct economic aid, advocacy, education and support could provide a blueprint for addressing the economic hardship experiences of community-dwelling survivors of economic abuse. A comprehensive response to EA requires interventions aimed directly at economically controlling and exploitative tactics, including credit building, individual economic advocacy, and education. Interventions that seek to enhance survivors' access to social support may be necessary but not sufficient to buffer the impacts of violence on survivors' economic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Voth Schrag
- School of Social Work, University of Texas-Arlington, 211 S. Cooper, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Kristen E. Ravi
- School of Social Work, University of Texas-Arlington, 211 S. Cooper, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Sarah R. Robinson
- School of Social Work, University of Texas-Arlington, 211 S. Cooper, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
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Intimate partner violence and psychotic experiences in four U.S. cities. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:506-512. [PMID: 28935168 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large body of research has established a relationship between trauma exposure, particularly during childhood, and psychotic experiences. Yet, there remains a general lack of research on adult trauma exposure, including intimate partner violence (IPV), as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between IPV and psychotic experiences in U.S. cities. METHODS Data were collected from 1615 participants in four U.S. cities. Psychotic experiences were assessed through the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) psychosis screen along with adapted IPV measures. RESULTS Findings revealed that experiencing at least one form of IPV was significantly associated with each of the four psychotic experiences assessed for both men and women. The strongest associations were found for threatening and sexual IPV; physical IPV was not significantly associated with psychotic experiences. Exposure to IPV was associated with more than a tripling of the odds of reporting at least one psychotic experience as opposed to none. Among those exposed to IPV there was between three- to five times the odds of reporting specific subtypes of psychotic experiences. CONCLUSION The results expand on prior findings linking psychotic experiences and childhood trauma exposure to include intimate adult exposures. Emotional and sexual IPV appear to be associated with elevated risk for psychotic experiences in adulthood. Even though IPV is more commonly reported by women in the U.S., such victimization appears to have similar associations with psychotic experiences regardless of gender.
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Strand SJM, Storey JE. Intimate Partner Violence in Urban, Rural, and Remote Areas: An Investigation of Offense Severity and Risk Factors. Violence Against Women 2018; 25:188-207. [PMID: 29623774 DOI: 10.1177/1077801218766611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the severity of intimate partner violence (IPV) and the relationship between risk factors for IPV and overall risk judgments of future IPV in urban, rural, and remote areas. IPV risk assessments conducted by the Swedish police between 2010 and 2014 in urban ( n = 564), rural ( n = 456), and remote ( n = 196) areas were examined. Rurality was associated with the severity of IPV reported, as well as the presence of risk factors and their relationship to overall risk judgments. Cases in remote areas included more severe IPV as well as more risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J M Strand
- 1 Örebro University, Sweden.,2 Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Buccheri T, Musaad S, Bost KK, Fiese BH. Development and assessment of stressful life events subscales - A preliminary analysis. J Affect Disord 2018; 226:178-187. [PMID: 28988000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress affects people of all ages, genders, and cultures and is associated with physical and psychological complications. Stressful life events are an important research focus and a psychometrically valid measure could provide useful clinical information. The purpose of the study was to develop a reliable and valid measurement of stressful life events and to assess its reliability and validity using established measures of social support, stress, depression, anxiety and maternal and child health. METHODS The authors used an adaptation from the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to describe the prevalence of life events; they developed a 4-factor stressful life events subscales and used Medical Outcomes Social Support Scale, Social Support Scale, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and 14 general health items for validity analysis. Analyses were performed with descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, Spearman's rho, Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon 2-sample test. RESULTS The 4-factor stressful life events subscales showed acceptable reliability. The resulting subscale scores were significantly associated with established measures of social support, depression, anxiety, stress, and caregiver health indicators. LIMITATIONS The study presented a number of limitations in terms of design and recall bias. CONCLUSIONS Despite the presence of a number of limitations, the study provided valuable insight and suggested that further investigation is needed in order to determine the effectiveness of the measures in revealing the family's wellbeing and to develop and strengthen a more detailed analysis of the stressful life events/health association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Buccheri
- University of Messina, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences - Psychology Unit, 1 Bivona st., 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Salma Musaad
- Family Resiliency Center, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 904 W. Nevada, MC-081, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kelly K Bost
- Family Resiliency Center, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 904 W. Nevada, MC-081, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Barbara H Fiese
- Family Resiliency Center, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 904 W. Nevada, MC-081, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Anderson KM, Renner LM, Bloom TL. Exploring Protective Strategies among Rural Women in an Abusive Relationship. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2017; 38:610-618. [PMID: 28521645 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1322159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore rural women's accounts of intimate partner violence and the strategies they used to protect themselves from such adversity. Convenience sampling included women currently in an abusive relationship (N = 22), who were receiving mental health services at a rural victim-service provider. Standardized measures indicated, on average, that study participants were symptomatic for depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet exhibited higher resilience than other PTSD populations. Participants used a variety of strategies to halt, escape, or resist violence in their lives. Informal and safety planning strategies were rated as most helpful, though resistance and placating strategies were most commonly used. Formal strategy use among participants was associated with higher levels of resilience and depressive symptoms; while participants' increased use of safety planning and resistance strategies were also related to greater resilience. Implications for rural victim service providers include addressing psychological distress and hardiness for women currently in an abusive relationship, while providing the necessary resources to secure their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Anderson
- a School of Social Work, Public Affairs Program , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida , USA
| | - Lynette M Renner
- b School of Social Work , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
| | - Tina L Bloom
- c Sinclair School of Nursing , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri , USA
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