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Yaduvanshi PS, Palika R, Pullakhandam R. A Fluorometric Method for Zinc Estimation: Applications in the Estimation of Plasma Zinc and in Assessing Zinc Bioaccessibility from Rice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04277-3. [PMID: 38922542 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Sensitive and precise methods for the estimation of zinc (Zn) in biological fluids and foods are important tools in understanding the various aspects related to Zn nutrition. Estimation of serum/plasma Zn was suggested for assessing the population Zn status while assessing the bioaccessible Zn following simulated gastrointestinal digestion of crop varieties such as rice helps in ranking the crops. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are widely used for Zn estimation. Zinquin, a Zn fluorophore, has been used for the localization of cellular Zn and labile Zn pools in biological fluids with extremely high sensitivity. However, it was not tested for its use in Zn estimation in serum/plasma or in assessing the Zn bioaccessibility from foods. In the current study, we demonstrate a sensitive method for Zn estimation in human plasma and validate it against the reference method (AAS) by comparing the paired measurements on the same samples. The method-related bias between zinquin with AAS was negligible (0.48 µg/dL), and the precision (CV) of the assay was < 5% across different Zn concentrations. In addition, we also demonstrated the utility of zinquin assay in estimating the bioaccessibility of Zn from rice varieties and showed that the method is again comparable to AAS. The zinquin method is capable of discriminating the differences in zinc bioaccessibility between polished and unpolished rice varieties. In the context of required low plasma volume (100 µL Vs 400 µL), excellent comparability of the results with the reference method and analytical simplicity could be particularly useful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravindranadh Palika
- Drug Safety Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Raghu Pullakhandam
- Drug Safety Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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2
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Wessells KR, Manger MS, Tsang BL, Brown KH, McDonald CM. Mandatory large-scale food fortification programmes can reduce the estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake by up to 50% globally. NATURE FOOD 2024:10.1038/s43016-024-00997-w. [PMID: 38898330 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-024-00997-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Large-scale food fortification (LSFF) can increase dietary micronutrient intake and improve micronutrient status. Here we used food balance sheet data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to estimate current country-specific prevalences of inadequate zinc intake. We assessed the potential effects of improving existing LSFF programmes for cereal grains or implementing new programmes in 40 countries where zinc deficiency is a potential public health problem. Accounting for LSFF programmes as currently implemented, 15% of the global population (1.13 billion individuals) is estimated to have inadequate zinc intake. In countries where zinc deficiency is a potential public health problem, the implementation of high-quality mandatory LSFF programmes that include zinc as a fortificant would substantially increase the availability of zinc in the national food supply, reducing the estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake by up to 50% globally. Investments in strong LSFF programmes could have a substantial impact on population zinc status.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ryan Wessells
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Mari S Manger
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth H Brown
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Alvarez-Bustamante JA, Muñoz AM. Modeling Zinc Absorption in the Adult Population of Colombia: Insights for Nutritional Evaluation and Intervention Strategies. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04180-x. [PMID: 38739259 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Zinc is a vital trace element, yet its deficiency is common in various populations. This study addresses the gap in understanding zinc intake and its relationship with key nutritional parameters in a Colombian population. We analyzed data from 12,987 individuals, focusing on the daily intake of zinc, phytate, protein, and calcium, and used the phytate/zinc molar ratio as an input parameter in the Miller et al. (2013) model. This model was employed to estimate the total absorbed zinc (TAZ) and the fractional absorption of zinc (FAZ). Our findings highlight a general trend towards insufficient intake compared to the standards of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and Colombia, with a significant percentage of the population falling below the estimated average requirement (EAR) and recommended daily allowance (RDA) for zinc, underscoring the need for targeted nutritional strategies. Our study contributes to a broader understanding of zinc nutrition and public health implications in Colombia, providing a basis for future dietary guidelines and health interventions.
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Chen B, Yu P, Chan WN, Xie F, Zhang Y, Liang L, Leung KT, Lo KW, Yu J, Tse GMK, Kang W, To KF. Cellular zinc metabolism and zinc signaling: from biological functions to diseases and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:6. [PMID: 38169461 PMCID: PMC10761908 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc metabolism at the cellular level is critical for many biological processes in the body. A key observation is the disruption of cellular homeostasis, often coinciding with disease progression. As an essential factor in maintaining cellular equilibrium, cellular zinc has been increasingly spotlighted in the context of disease development. Extensive research suggests zinc's involvement in promoting malignancy and invasion in cancer cells, despite its low tissue concentration. This has led to a growing body of literature investigating zinc's cellular metabolism, particularly the functions of zinc transporters and storage mechanisms during cancer progression. Zinc transportation is under the control of two major transporter families: SLC30 (ZnT) for the excretion of zinc and SLC39 (ZIP) for the zinc intake. Additionally, the storage of this essential element is predominantly mediated by metallothioneins (MTs). This review consolidates knowledge on the critical functions of cellular zinc signaling and underscores potential molecular pathways linking zinc metabolism to disease progression, with a special focus on cancer. We also compile a summary of clinical trials involving zinc ions. Given the main localization of zinc transporters at the cell membrane, the potential for targeted therapies, including small molecules and monoclonal antibodies, offers promising avenues for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonan Chen
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peiyao Yu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and Basic Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wai Nok Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuda Xie
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yigan Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and Basic Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kam Tong Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary M K Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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El-Nekeety AA, Hassan MA, Abdel-Aziem SH, Hassan NS, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Zinc citrate-coated whey protein nanoparticles alleviate kidney damage and the disturbances in inflammatory gene expression in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23495. [PMID: 37577756 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
This work was conducted to synthesize whey protein nanoparticles (WPNPs) for the coating of zinc citrate (Zn CITR) at three levels and to study their protective role against CCl4 -induced kidney damage and inflammatory gene expression disorder in rats. Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups and treated orally for 4 weeks as follows; the control group, the group treated twice a week with CCl4 (5 mL/kg b.w), the groups received CCl4 plus WPNPs (300 mg/kg b.w); the group received 50 mg/kg b.w of Zn CITR or the three formulas of Zn CITR-WPNPs at low, medium and high doses (LD, MD, and HD). Blood and kidney samples were collected for different assays and histological analyses. The fabricated particles were semispherical, with an average size of 160 ± 2.7, 180 ± 3.1, and 200 ± 2.6 nm and ζ potential of -126, -93, and -84 mV for ZN CITR-WPNPs (LD), Zn CITR-WPNPs (MD), and ZN CITR-WPNPs (HD), respectively. CCl4 significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) kidney function indices, oxidative stress markers, messenger RNA expression of transforming growth factor-β1, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-α and significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) renal superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase along with the histological changes in the kidney tissues. WPNPs, Zn CITR, and Zn CITR loaded WPNPS showed a protective effect against these complications and Zn CITR-WPNPs (LD) was more effective. WPNPs can be used effectively for coating Zn CITR at a level of 7 mg/g WPNPs to be used as a supplement for the protection of the kidney against different toxicants to enhance immunity and avoid harm of excess Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza A El-Nekeety
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona A Hassan
- Food Evaluation and Food Science Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Nabila S Hassan
- Pathology Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Sharma KK, Partap U, Mistry N, Marathe Y, Wang M, Shaikh S, D'Costa P, Gupta G, Bromage S, Hemler EC, Kain KC, Dholakia Y, Fawzi WW. Randomised trial to determine the effect of vitamin D and zinc supplementation for improving treatment outcomes among patients with COVID-19 in India: trial protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061301. [PMID: 36038172 PMCID: PMC9437735 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Presently, there are few population-level strategies to address SARS-CoV-2 infection except preventive measures such as vaccination. Micronutrient deficiency, particularly vitamin D and zinc deficiency, has been associated with dysregulated host responses, and may play an important role in COVID-19. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We have designed a 2×2 factorial, randomised, double-blind, multi-centre placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of vitamin D and zinc on COVID-19 outcomes in Maharashtra, India. COVID-19 positive individuals are recruited from hospitals in Mumbai and Pune. Participants are provided (1) vitamin D3 bolus (180 000 IU) maintained by daily dose of 2000 IU and/or (2) zinc gluconate (40 mg daily), versus placebo for 8 weeks. Participants undergo a detailed assessment at baseline and at 8 weeks, and are monitored daily in hospital or every 3 days after leaving the hospital to assess symptoms and other clinical measures. A final follow-up telephone call occurs 12 weeks post-enrolment to assess long-term outcomes. The primary outcome of the study is to time to recovery, defined as time to resolution of all of fever, cough and shortness of breath. Secondary outcomes include: duration of hospital stay, all-cause mortality, necessity of assisted ventilation, change in blood biomarker levels and individual symptoms duration. Participant recruitment commenced on April 2021. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from institutional ethical committees of all participating institutions. The study findings will be presented in peer-reviewed medical journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS NCT04641195, CTRI/2021/04/032593, HMSC (GOI)-2021-0060.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uttara Partap
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nerges Mistry
- The Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Marathe
- The Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Molin Wang
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanaa Shaikh
- The Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pradeep D'Costa
- King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Sabri Bromage
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena C Hemler
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin C Kain
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yatin Dholakia
- The Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Pullakhandam R, Ghosh S, Kulkarni B, Reddy GB, Rajkumar H, Kapil U, Deb S, Kurpad AV, Sachdev HS. Reference cut-offs to define low serum zinc concentrations in healthy 1-19 year old Indian children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1150-1157. [PMID: 35140314 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Population zinc (Zn) status assessment is based on serum zinc concentration (SZC) cut-offs defined by the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG). The objective of this study is to derive reference SZC cut-offs in apparently healthy 1-19 year Indian children and adolescents using comprehensive national nutrition survey (CNNS) data, and to measure the prevalence of Zn deficiency. SUBJECTS/METHODS Apparently healthy children (n = 12,473) were selected from the CNNS, by including the highest 2 wealth quintiles, and excluding stunted, thin and obese children, and those with CRP > 5 mg/L, anaemia, hypo-albuminemia, diabetes, recent diarrhoea and history of smoking. The 2.5th centile of age-based distributions defined the SZC cut-offs, used to measure the prevalence of Zn deficiency in India, as against the IZiNCG cut-offs. RESULTS The present study SZC cut-offs were significantly lower, by 10-18 µg/dL, than the IZiNCG cut-offs; more in adolescents. Prevalence of Zn deficiency in the entire CNNS, with these cut-offs, was 2.7 (<10 years) to 5.5 (10-19 years) times lower than with the IZiNCG cut-offs. No geographical state, nor any age group, had Zn deficiency as a serious public health problem (≥20%). In contrast, with IZiNCG cut-offs, 9-27 states (depending on age group) had a public health problem. CONCLUSIONS The present study reference SZC cut-offs for Zn deficiency are lower than the IZiNCG cut-offs, and their rigorous selection from a national sample makes them more appropriate for use in India. A re-examination of the global applicability of IZiNCG recommended cut-offs in other LMICs appears appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Pullakhandam
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Bharati Kulkarni
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - G Bhanuprakash Reddy
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hemalatha Rajkumar
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Umesh Kapil
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sila Deb
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
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8
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Pullakhandam R, Ghosh S, Kulkarni B, Reddy GB, Rajkumar H, Kapil U, Kurpad AV, Sachdev HS. Response to Correspondence from McDonald et al. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1202-1203. [PMID: 35590099 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Pullakhandam
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Bharati Kulkarni
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - G Bhanuprakash Reddy
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hemalatha Rajkumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Umesh Kapil
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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9
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Roca-Umbert A, Caro-Consuegra R, Londono-Correa D, Rodriguez-Lozano GF, Vicente R, Bosch E. Understanding signatures of positive natural selection in human zinc transporter genes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4320. [PMID: 35279701 PMCID: PMC8918337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient with a tightly regulated systemic and cellular homeostasis. In humans, some zinc transporter genes (ZTGs) have been previously reported as candidates for strong geographically restricted selective sweeps. However, since zinc homeostasis is maintained by the joint action of 24 ZTGs, other more subtle modes of selection could have also facilitated human adaptation to zinc availability. Here, we studied whether the complete set of ZTGs are enriched for signals of positive selection in worldwide populations and population groups from South Asia. ZTGs showed higher levels of genetic differentiation between African and non-African populations than would be randomly expected, as well as other signals of polygenic selection outside Africa. Moreover, in several South Asian population groups, ZTGs were significantly enriched for SNPs with unusually extended haplotypes and displayed SNP genotype-environmental correlations when considering zinc deficiency levels in soil in that geographical area. Our study replicated some well-characterized targets for positive selection in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, and proposes new candidates for follow-up in South Asia (SLC39A5) and Africa (SLC39A7). Finally, we identified candidate variants for adaptation in ZTGs that could contribute to different disease susceptibilities and zinc-related human health traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Roca-Umbert
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocio Caro-Consuegra
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Londono-Correa
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Felipe Rodriguez-Lozano
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruben Vicente
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Bosch
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 43206, Reus, Spain.
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10
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McDonald CM, Manger MS, Krebs NF. Correspondence on article by Pullakhandam et al. Reference cut-offs to define low serum zinc concentrations in healthy 1-19-year-old Indian children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1200-1201. [PMID: 35523867 PMCID: PMC9352582 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. McDonald
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Departments of Pediatrics, and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mari S. Manger
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Nancy F. Krebs
- International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.430503.10000 0001 0703 675XDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
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11
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Brown KH, Atkin R, Gorstein J, Osendarp SJM. Comments on article by Pullakhandam et al: Reference cut-offs to define low serum zinc concentrations in healthy 1-19 year old Indian children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1204-1205. [PMID: 35804149 PMCID: PMC9352568 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H. Brown
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,The Micronutrient Forum, Washington DC, USA
| | - Reed Atkin
- The Micronutrient Forum, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jonathan Gorstein
- grid.418309.70000 0000 8990 8592The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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12
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Manzi P, Di Costanzo MG, Ritota M. Content and Nutritional Evaluation of Zinc in PDO and Traditional Italian Cheeses. Molecules 2021; 26:6300. [PMID: 34684881 PMCID: PMC8540438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential mineral which plays a key role in several important biological processes in the human body. The determination of its level in food matrices can contribute to the food quality characterization and to the adequacy of the diet. Animal food products generally have a higher zinc content compared to vegetables. Among them, dairy products consumption can provide a great contribution to the zinc reference intakes. In this study, different Italian cheeses (38 Protected Denomination of Origin and 9 Traditional) were evaluated for their zinc content. Cow cheeses generally showed the highest zinc content (1.83-7.75 mg/100 g cheese), followed by sheep cheeses (1.34-3.69 mg/100 g), and cheeses from mixed milk (0.39-4.54 mg/100 g). The only cheese from buffalo milk (Mozzarella di Bufala Campana PDO) showed a zinc content of 2.14 mg/100 g. The great variability in the zinc content observed among the samples is the result of the influence of several factors, such as the feeding system, the species (cow, sheep, goat, and buffalo), and the cheese-making. Most of the samples resulted in a great contribution (>10%) to the zinc Daily Reference Intake set by EU (10 mg/day), with only two samples contributing to less than 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Manzi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L’analisi Dell’economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (M.G.D.C.); (M.R.)
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Mehata S, Tamang MK, Parajuli KR, Rayamajhee B, Yadav UN, Mehta RK, Singh DR. Serum zinc status is a matter of concern among children and non-pregnant women in a nationwide survey of Nepal. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14904. [PMID: 34290324 PMCID: PMC8295332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nationally representative population data on zinc status in Nepal is lacking at present. This study analyzed data from the recent Nepal National Micronutrient status survey 2016 to determine the prevalence of zinc deficiency and associated risk factors among children aged 6–59 months (n = 1462) and non-pregnant women aged 15–49 years (n = 1923). Venous blood was collected from the participants to measure micronutrients such as zinc, markers of anemia, RBP (vitamin A), and markers of inflammation. Stool samples were collected to assess soil-transmitted helminths and Helicobacter pylori infection. Socio-demographic, household, and other relevant factors were collected by a structured questionnaire. Serum zinc concentration was measured by Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, and zinc deficiency was defined according to the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group’s guidelines. Logistic regression was used to examine the predictors of zinc deficiency among the participants. The overall zinc deficiency in children was 22.9%, while it was higher in non-pregnant women (24.7%). The prevalence of anemia among zinc-deficient children was higher (21.3%) than the zinc non-deficit children (18.7%). The prevalence of anemia was 18% among zinc-deficient non-pregnant women compared to 22% non-deficit non-pregnant women. Predictors associated with zinc deficiency among the study children were living in rural areas (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI, [1.13, 4.49]), the occurrence of diarrhea during the two weeks preceding the survey (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI, [1.07, 2.30]), lowest household wealth quintile (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI, [0.25, 0.92]) and lower vitamin A status (AOR = 0.49, 95% CI, [0.28, 0.85]. The predictors associated with zinc deficiency among non-pregnant women were: being underweight (AOR = 1.55, 95% CI, [1.12, 2.15]), fever occurrence during two weeks preceding the survey (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI, [1.04, 1.98]), H. pylori in the stool (AOR = 1.33, 95% CI, [1.04, 1.71]), lowest household wealth quintile (AOR = 0.62, 95% CI,[0.40, 0.94]) and being at risk of folate deficiency (AOR = 0.58, 95% CI,[0.36, 0.94]). We conclude that community-level intervention programs focused on rural children and women to prevent diarrhea, improve nutrition counseling, and provide economic opportunities in rural communities may help to lower zinc deficiency and other micronutrient deficiencies in the Nepalese population. We believe that intervention programs to address zinc deficiency should not be isolated. Instead, integrated approaches are beneficial to improve overall micronutrient status, such as encouraging dietary diversity, providing livelihood opportunities to the unemployed, micronutrient supplementation to vulnerable populations, and consumption of zinc-rich animal-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Mehata
- Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Man Kumar Tamang
- Center for Research Policy and Implementation, Biratnagar, Nepal. .,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Kedar Raj Parajuli
- Nutrition Section, Family Welfare Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Binod Rayamajhee
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Infection and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences (KRIBS), Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Uday Narayan Yadav
- Center for Research Policy and Implementation, Biratnagar, Nepal.,Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Public Health, Torrens University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Dipendra Raman Singh
- Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
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14
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El Sayed MA, Kheir AM, Hussein FA, Ali EF, Selim ME, Majrashi A, El Shamey EA. Developing new lines of Japonica rice for higher quality and yield under arid conditions. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11592. [PMID: 34178464 PMCID: PMC8210806 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice is the world's largest food crop, and its production needs to be doubled by 2050 to cope with population growth and associated demand. In addition to the value of improving yields, quality is also important for breeders and consumers, but it pays less attention in arid regions. During two successive summer growing seasons, the experimental material focused on 34 genotypes developed from different crosses on Fn generation after fixation as well as six of the most recent commercial cultivars used for comparisons. The results showed that a high yield of grain followed by high milling and grain quality characteristics were observed among the 34 genotypes used in this analysis. Highly important and positive correlations between the percentage of hulling and the percentage of milling (0.424) and the yield ability could be accomplished by choosing the number of panicles per plant and the weight of the panicles. Selection criteria for good quality should be met by the percentage of head rice and many mineral elements, particularly zinc and iron. As a consequence, the genotypes M.J 5460S/SK105-1, M.J 5460S/GZ7768-1, M.J 5460S/G177-1, M.J 5460S/SK105-3 and M.J 5460S/SK106-4 had desirable high yield and quality characteristics and could be used as promising accessions to the rice breeding program in arid regions. In addition to commercial genotypes, improved Japonica rice genotypes could be produced in arid conditions for higher yield and quality, leading to an increase in total production, supporting food security and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A.A. El Sayed
- Rice Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M.S. Kheir
- Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Fatma A. Hussein
- Rice Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt
| | - Esmat F. Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud E. Selim
- Rice Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt
| | - Ali Majrashi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A.Z. El Shamey
- Rice Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt
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15
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Cerf ME. Healthy lifestyles and noncommunicable diseases: Nutrition, the life‐course, and health promotion. LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/lim2.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marlon E. Cerf
- Grants, Innovation and Product Development South African Medical Research Council Cape Town South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform South African Medical Research Council Cape Town South Africa
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16
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Wessells KR, Brown KH, Arnold CD, Barffour MA, Hinnouho GM, Killilea DW, Kounnavong S, Hess SY. Plasma and Nail Zinc Concentrations, But Not Hair Zinc, Respond Positively to Two Different Forms of Preventive Zinc Supplementation in Young Laotian Children: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:442-452. [PMID: 32356207 PMCID: PMC7746564 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasma zinc concentrations (PZC) have been shown to significantly increase during zinc supplementation. This study investigated the effects of daily preventive zinc supplementation on hair and nail zinc concentrations compared with a control group. In a randomized controlled trial, 6- to 23-month-old children (n = 3407) in Lao PDR were randomly assigned to one of four groups and followed for ~ 36 weeks: daily preventive zinc dispersible tablet (7 mg/d; PZ), daily micronutrient powder (10 mg zinc/d; MNP), therapeutic zinc supplements for diarrhea treatment (20 mg/d for 10 days; TZ), or daily placebo powder (Control). Plasma, hair, and nail zinc concentrations were assessed in a sub-sample of participants (n = 457) at baseline and endline. At baseline, 75% of children had low PZC (< 65 μg/dL). At endline, geometric mean (95% CI) PZC were greater in the PZ and MNP groups compared with the TZ and control groups (P < 0.01), but hair zinc concentrations did not differ among groups (P = 0.99). Nail zinc concentrations were marginally higher in the PZ (115.8 (111.6, 119.9) μg/g) and the MNP (117.8 (113.3, 122.3) μg/g) groups than in the TZ group (110.4 (106.0, 114.8) μg/g; P = 0.055) at endline. This study does not support the use of hair zinc as a biomarker of zinc exposure in young children. However, it provides some evidence that zinc concentrations in nails may respond to supplemental zinc interventions and supports the need for collecting additional data on this emerging biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ryan Wessells
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kenneth H. Brown
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Charles D. Arnold
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Maxwell A. Barffour
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- McQueary College of Health and Human Services, Public Health Program, Missouri State University, 606E Cherry St, Springfield, MO 65897 USA
| | - Guy-Marino Hinnouho
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - David W. Killilea
- Children’s Hospital of Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, CA 94609 USA
| | - Sengchanh Kounnavong
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Ban Kaognot, Sisattanak District, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Sonja Y. Hess
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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17
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Aguree S, Gernand AD. A methodology for examining the association between plasma volume and micronutrient biomarker mass and concentration in healthy eumenorrheic women. PeerJ 2021; 8:e10535. [PMID: 33391876 PMCID: PMC7759127 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate estimation and interpretation of nutritional biomarker concentrations are important in nutritional research, clinical care, and public health surveillance. Plasma volume (PV) may affect the interpretation of plasma biomarkers but is rarely measured. We aimed to examine the association between plasma volume (PV) and micronutrient biomarker concentrations and mass as part of pilot work to develop methods. Methods Nine healthy women with regular menstrual cycles provided fasting blood samples to measure micronutrient biomarkers. Indocyanine green was injected, and five timed blood draws were taken from 2 to 5 min to measure PV. Visits were scheduled around menstrual cycle day 2. Retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, riboflavin, alpha-tocopherol, zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, iron, and ferritin concentrations were measured in serum. Total circulating micronutrient biomarker mass was calculated from PV and concentration. Results The mean PV was 2067 ± 470 mL. PV correlated positively with concentration of iron (r = 0.87, P = 0.005); other correlations were weaker with p > 0.05. PV and total mass of retinol (r = 0.90), 25(OH)D (r = 0.75), zinc (r = 0.88), copper (r = 0.83), magnesium (r = 0.93), manganese (r = 0.72), and iron (r = 0.92) were strongly correlated (all p < 0.05). PV was positively correlated with circulating micronutrient mass for most biomarkers, implying that concentrations are maintained at different volumes of plasma. Larger studies are needed to further examine these relationships. Conclusion Though there appear to be some association between micronutrient biomarker mass and plasma volume, we are unable to draw a firm conclusion about any relationship from these results because of the small sample size. We consider these findings as a preliminary analysis to establish methods for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixtus Aguree
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Alison D Gernand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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18
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Gupta PK, Balyan HS, Sharma S, Kumar R. Biofortification and bioavailability of Zn, Fe and Se in wheat: present status and future prospects. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1-35. [PMID: 33136168 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of genetic variation, genetics, physiology/molecular basis and breeding (including biotechnological approaches) for biofortification and bioavailability for Zn, Fe and Se will help in developing nutritionally improved wheat. Biofortification of wheat cultivars for micronutrients is a priority research area for wheat geneticists and breeders. It is known that during breeding of wheat cultivars for productivity and quality, a loss of grain micronutrient contents occurred, leading to decline in nutritional quality of wheat grain. Keeping this in view, major efforts have been made during the last two decades for achieving biofortification and bioavailability of wheat grain for micronutrients including Zn, Fe and Se. The studies conducted so far included evaluation of gene pools for contents of not only grain micronutrients as above, but also for phytic acid (PA) or phytate and phytase, so that, while breeding for the micronutrients, bioavailability is also improved. For this purpose, QTL interval mapping and GWAS were carried out to identify QTLs/genes and associated markers that were subsequently used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) during breeding for biofortification. Studies have also been conducted to understand the physiology and molecular basis of biofortification, which also allowed identification of genes for uptake, transport and storage of micronutrients. Transgenics using transgenes have also been produced. The breeding efforts led to the development of at least a dozen cultivars with improved contents of grain micronutrients, although land area occupied by these biofortified cultivars is still marginal. In this review, the available information on different aspects of biofortification and bioavailability of micronutrients including Zn, Fe and Se in wheat has been reviewed for the benefit of those, who plan to start work or already conducting research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Gupta
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P, 250004, India.
| | - H S Balyan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P, 250004, India
| | - Shailendra Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P, 250004, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P, 250004, India
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19
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Elsaghier AM, Abdel Aal FH, Abu Faddan NH, Farghaly HS, Hassan MAE, Sherif MF. Serum level of some micronutrients in children infected with Helicobacter pylori. EGYPTIAN PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION GAZETTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43054-020-0017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) proved to be highly prevalent all over the world. H. pylori may modify the absorption of many nutrients. Studies have suggested that, beyond iron, H. pylori infection may affect the homeostasis of other micronutrients such as vitamins and trace elements. Our study’s aim was to assess the effect of H. pylori infection on some blood micronutrient level including zinc, selenium, vitamin C, and vitamin B12 in children with chronic or recurrent unexplained dyspeptic symptoms and/or non-variceal hematemesis.
Results
A cross-sectional case-control study was carried out in 32 children (4–18 years) with chronic or recurrent unexplained dyspeptic symptoms and/or non-variceal hematemesis. Patients were divided according to the results histopathology and rapid urease test into two groups, H. pylori-positive patients (18 patients) and H. pylori-negative patients (14 patients). Another control group of 18 children was included. Serum levels of zinc, selenium, vitamin C, and vitamin B12 were measured in all children. Prevalence of H. pylori infection was 56.2%. The mean serum zinc levels were significantly lower in H. pylori-positive cases than in control group (84.2 ± 13.85 versus 94.6 ± 6.52 with P = 0.009) and lower than in H. pylori-negative cases but not statistically significant (84.2 ± 13.85 versus 92.2 ± 8.53 with P = 0.054). The mean serum vitamin C levels were significantly lower in H. pylori-positive cases than in negative cases and control group (220.7 ± 46.16 versus 305.1 ± 28.83 and 313.1 ± 31.43 with P < 0.0001). The mean serum vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower in H. pylori-positive cases than in negative cases and control group (167.8 ± 76.98 versus 290.1 ± 69.92 and 326.1 ± 38.67 with P < 0.0001). The mean serum selenium level was slightly higher in H. pylori-positive patients than in H. pylori-negative patients and control group but not statistically significant (118.2 ± 11.13 versus 112.1 ± 8.69 and 113.1 ± 13.76 with P = 0.096, 0.243 respectively).
Conclusion
Helicobacter pylori infection in children has a significant negative effect on the serum levels of zinc, vitamin C, and vitamin B12.
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20
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Lowe NM, Zaman M, Moran VH, Ohly H, Sinclair J, Fatima S, Broadley MR, Joy EJM, Mahboob U, Lark RM, Zia MH, Ander EL, Sharp PA, Bailey EH, Young SD, Khan MJ. Biofortification of wheat with zinc for eliminating deficiency in Pakistan: study protocol for a cluster-randomised, double-blind, controlled effectiveness study (BIZIFED2). BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039231. [PMID: 33208325 PMCID: PMC7677336 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Micronutrient deficiencies, commonly referred to as 'hidden hunger', affect more than two billion people worldwide, with zinc and iron-deficiency frequently reported. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of consuming zinc biofortified flour (Zincol-2016) on biochemical and functional measures of status in adolescent girls and children living in a low-resource setting in Pakistan. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We are conducting a pragmatic, cluster-randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. A total of 482 households have been recruited from two catchment areas approximately 30-40 km distance from Peshawar. Household inclusion criteria are the presence of both an adolescent girl, aged 10-16 years, and a child aged 1-5 years. The study duration is 12 months, divided into two 6-month phases. During phase 1, all households will be provided with locally procured flour from standard varieties of wheat. During phase 2, clusters will be paired, and randomised to either the control or intervention arm of the study. The intervention arm will be provided with zinc biofortified wheat flour, with a target zinc concentration of 40 mg/kg. The control arm will be provided with locally procured wheat flour from standard varieties with an expected zinc concentration of 20 mg/kg. The primary outcome measure is plasma zinc concentration. Secondary outcomes include anthropometric measurements, biomarkers of iron and zinc status, and the presence and duration of respiratory tract infections and diarrhoea. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was granted from the University of Central Lancashire STEMH Ethics Committee (reference number: STEMH 1014) and Khyber Medical University Ethics Committee (DIR/KMU-EB/BZ/000683). The final study methods will be published in peer-reviewed journals, alongside the study outcomes. In addition, findings will be disseminated to the scientific community via conference presentations and abstracts and communicated to the study participants through the village elders at an appropriate community forum. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN17107812; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Lowe
- UCLan Research Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Mukhtiar Zaman
- Department of Pulmonology, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Victoria Hall Moran
- UCLan Research Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Heather Ohly
- UCLan Research Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jonathan Sinclair
- UCLan Research Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Sadia Fatima
- Institute of Basic Medical sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Martin R Broadley
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Edward J M Joy
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, London, UK
| | - Usman Mahboob
- Institute of Health Professions Education and Research, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - R Murray Lark
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Munir H Zia
- Research and Development, Fauji Fertilizer Co Ltd, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - E Louise Ander
- Inorganic Chemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul A Sharp
- Nutritional Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth H Bailey
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Scott D Young
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Muhammad Jaffar Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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21
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Massad S, Gebre-Medhin M, Dary O, Abdalla M, Holleran S, Karmally W, Bordelois P, Khammash U, Deckelbaum RJ. Micronutrient status of Palestinian school children following salt and flour fortification: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nutr 2020; 6:38. [PMID: 32864153 PMCID: PMC7448451 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-020-00367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 1996 and in 2006, Palestine initiated salt iodization and multiple micronutrient fortification of wheat flour, respectively as a strategy to prevent deficiencies of these nutrients. In 2009, we assessed the impact of these interventions on the health and nutritional status of schoolchildren residing in the West Bank. Methods We surveyed a sample of 22 schools run by the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and the Palestinian Government. We randomly selected students from the first (mean age 6.7 years [SD 0.5]), sixth (11.8 years [0.6]), and ninth grades (14.8 years [0.6]). Data were obtained from 1484 (99%) of 1500 students planned for enrollment. Results Our results suggest that iodine intake appears adequate and there was essentially no iodine deficiency. As to the status of other micronutrients, the main nutritional micronutrient risks for schoolchildren in the West Bank continue to be low serum levels of iron, zinc, and vitamin B-12; folate levels were seemingly high. The overall prevalence of anemia was 9.6%, but there were pockets of anemia in certain districts. Almost 42% of the anemia in our sample was explained by iron deficiency. There were significant differences in iron deficiency between girls and boys, 29.5% vs. 15.7%, respectively (p = 0.0001). There were no cases of lead toxicity in the studied sample. Conclusions Wheat flour and salt fortification has had a major influence on improving the micronutrient status of Palestinian children, for some but not all micronutrients. The recommended key blood and biochemical parameters to be incorporated in the surveillance system are iron, zinc, and vitamin B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Massad
- Juzoor for Health and Social Development, Ramallah, 970 Palestine
| | - Mehari Gebre-Medhin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatrics, University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Omar Dary
- USAID Bureau of Global Health, Washington, DC USA
| | - Marwah Abdalla
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Steve Holleran
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Wahida Karmally
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Paula Bordelois
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Umaiyeh Khammash
- Juzoor for Health and Social Development, Ramallah, 970 Palestine
| | - Richard J Deckelbaum
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
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22
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Çelik B, Nalçacıoğlu H, Karakükçü Ç, Aslaner H, Şahiner ÜM. Assessment of Hair Zinc in the School Children in Kayseri, Turkey. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196:343-348. [PMID: 32221800 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient for the organism and is critical for the functional and structural integrity of cells. Determination of the amount of trace element concentrations in tissues such as hair samples have been used for the evaluation of the metabolic status especially in children. Unlike serum zinc, concentrations of zinc in hair are more stable and indicative of variations over time. The purpose of this study is to assess the zinc status of healthy school-age children in Kayseri (Turkey) by measuring the zinc level in hair samples and its association with BMI and the frequency of intake of zinc-rich foods. A total of 527 healthy children, including preadolescent (n = 360) aged 6-10 years and adolescent (n = 167) aged 11-15 years were included in this study. Hair samples were analyzed for zinc content by the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrophotometry. Analysis of 527 healthy children showed that the mean hair zinc level was 186 ± 77 μg/g. Mean hair zinc level was lower in preadolescent age group than adolescents. There was no significant relationship between the monthly income of the family and the zinc-rich food intake and the zinc level of the hair. Our study shows that samples for analysis of zinc can be obtained with a noninvasive method for determining cases of deficiency during periods of rapid growth. However, further studies are needed to determine the normal tissue zinc level in healthy children, especially in our country and including different geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnaz Çelik
- Department of Pediatrics, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Hülya Nalçacıoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Karakükçü
- Department of Biochemistry, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Ümit Murat Şahiner
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Hacettepe University Medicine faculty, Ankara, Turkey
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23
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Association of dietary patterns with the newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus and central obesity: a community based cross-sectional study. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:16. [PMID: 32499520 PMCID: PMC7272454 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of dietary patterns with the risk of insulin resistance (IR), diabetes mellitus (DM), and central obesity in China. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study on 1432 participants, aged 40–65 years in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Results Factor analysis extracted four major dietary patterns: vegetable-fruits, rice–meat, seafood–eggs, and sweet–fast. The vegetable-fruits pattern was inversely associated with HOMA-IR (p < 0.001 in both genders), while sweet–fast food pattern was significantly associated with higher HOMA-IR (p = 0.002 in male, and p < 0.001 in female). The vegetables–fruits pattern was inversely correlated with visceral fat area (VFA) (p = 0.029 in males, and p = 0.017 in females), while sweet–fast food pattern presented a significant direct association (p < 0.001 in male) with VFA in males. There was no association observed between the rice–meat pattern or the seafood–eggs pattern and HOMA-IR or VFA. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, participants in the highest tertile of vegetable-fruits pattern showed a significantly lower risk of DM in both males and females (OR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.13–0.70 in male, and OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.11–0.72 in female), and lower risk of central obesity was observed in males (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.29–0.86 in male). Conversely, participants in the highest tertile of sweet–fast food pattern had higher risk of DM (OR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.23–5.88 in male), and central obesity (OR: 2.85, 95% CI: 1.67–4.86 in male) only in male. While neither the rice–meat pattern nor the seafood–eggs pattern showed significant association with DM or central obesity in both genders. Conclusions Our findings indicated low risk of IR, DM, and central obesity with vegetable-fruits pattern while inverse relation with sweet–fast food pattern.
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Rerksuppaphol L, Rerksuppaphol S. Efficacy of zinc supplementation in the management of acute diarrhoea: a randomised controlled trial. Paediatr Int Child Health 2020; 40:105-110. [PMID: 31578136 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2019.1673548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Zinc has been recommended for the treatment of acute diarrhoea; however, there are heterogeneous reports regarding its efficacy.Aim: This study investigated the efficacy of zinc supplementation on the treatment outcomes of children admitted to hospital with acute diarrhoea.Methods: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in the Srinakharinwirot University Hospital's Paediatric Department, Thailand. Eligible children were randomly allocated to receive either zinc bisglycinate (15 mg elemental zinc) or a placebo. The study protocol was registered in the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20190423004).Results: Of 86 patients, 50 (58.1%) were male and the mean age (range) was 2.5 years (6 months to 9.3 years). The median (IQR) number of hours to recovery from diarrhoea was significantly less in the zinc group than in the controls [44 (24-48) vs 52 (36-80) hours, respectively, p < 0.01]. The median (IQR) number of stools was significantly lower in the zinc group [5 (3-12)] than in the controls [7 (4-17), p = 0.02]. The median (IQR) duration of intravenous fluid therapy was 40 (24-56) hours in the zinc group and 56 (40-73) in the control group (p < 0.01). The duration of hospitalisation was 60 (44-72) hours in the zinc group and 84 (56-136) hours in the controls (p < 0.01). There was good compliance by all participants in both groups.Conclusion: Zinc supplementation can reduce the time to resolution of acute diarrhoea, the length of hospital stay and the frequency of stools. Zinc supplementation is recommended as a routine strategy for Thai children with acute diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakkana Rerksuppaphol
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Amadi C, Aleme BM. The Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency among Men with and without Prostate Cancer in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:1018-1025. [PMID: 31522560 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1664600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Zinc deficiency is reportedly common and influences prostate cancer (PCa) incidence among elderly males. Hence, this study was designed to determine the prevalence of zinc deficiency among Nigerian males with PCa.Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive case-control study among 220 PCa patients and 220 age-matched controls. Clinical and laboratory variables were obtained and evaluated among both study groups. Analysis of serum PSA and plasma zinc was done under standard protocols.Results: No age difference (cases: 69.73 ± 7.72 vs controls: 68.97 ± 7.32; P > 0.05) was observed among both study groups. Prevalence of zinc deficiency among PCa and control groups was 69.1% and 21.8%, respectively. Zinc deficiency was more prevalent among the elderly PCa patients (n = 119; 78.3%) compared to elderly controls. Higher proportion (n = 136; 89.5%) of zinc-deficient PCa patients presented with moderate-severe PCa disease. Elderly PCa patients (n = 119; 81.0%) predominated among those exhibiting moderate-severe PCa disease. Inverse relationship between zinc and age was more pronounced among the PCa patients (Beta= -0.454; P < 0.001) than the controls (Beta= -0.343; P ≤ 0.001).Conclusion: The study findings indicate a significant burden of zinc deficiency associated with adverse outcome of PCa among elderly males with the disease. Zinc deficiency may serve as a therapeutic target or diagnostic marker in elderly males with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins Amadi
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin M Aleme
- Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Polyneuropathy in Critically Ill Mechanically Ventilated Children: Experience From a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2019; 20:826-831. [PMID: 31348111 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of critical illness polyneuropathy and its risk factors in critically ill children mechanically ventilated for 7 days or more. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING PICU of a tertiary care hospital from North India. PATIENTS Children 1-15 years old admitted in PICU from June 2016 to September 2017, mechanically ventilated for 7 days or more, excluding those with diagnosed neuromuscular disease, stroke, or spinal pathology. INTERVENTION Demographic details, diagnosis, treatment details, and anthropometry at admission and enrolment were recorded. Nerve conduction studies were performed after enrolment and repeated a week later, if the child was still in PICU. Medical Research Council scoring for muscle strength was performed in survivors. Risk factors including Pediatric Index of Mortality-2 score, sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction, hypoalbuminemia, use of steroids, neuromuscular-blocking agents, and vasopressors were recorded. Samples for the level of micronutrients (copper, zinc, folate, and vitamin B12) were collected at the time of enrolling the child and at the time of discharge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Thirty-two children were enrolled, of whom 29 had features of critical illness polyneuropathy on evaluation at day 8 of mechanical ventilation (prevalence, 90.6% [95% CI, 80.5-100%]). The polyneuropathy was axonal in 26 (81.2%), mixed in one patient (3.1%), and uncharacterized in two (6.2%). Sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction were present in 31 subjects (96.9%). No risk factors for critical illness polyneuropathy could be identified although the study was not sufficiently powered to do so. The difference between serum micronutrient levels (copper, zinc, folate, and vitamin B12) between patients who developed polyneuropathy, and those who did not, was statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS We observed a high prevalence of critical illness polyneuropathy in children in PICU, mechanically ventilated for 7 days or more; almost all of whom had underlying sepsis.
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Strand TA. Healthy Growth is More Than Zinc. Indian Pediatr 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-019-1531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Jager I, Borgonjen-van den Berg KJ, Giller KE, Brouwer ID. Current and potential role of grain legumes on protein and micronutrient adequacy of the diet of rural Ghanaian infants and young children: using linear programming. Nutr J 2019; 18:12. [PMID: 30791898 PMCID: PMC6385461 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-019-0435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grain legumes are appreciated for their contribution to dietary protein and micronutrient intake in addition to their benefits in providing income and replenishing soil fertility. They offer potential benefits in developing countries where future food demand is increasing and both undernutrition and overweight co-exist. We studied the current and potential role of grain legumes on protein, both quantity and quality, and micronutrient adequacy in the diet of rural Ghanaian infants and young children. METHODS Energy and nutrient (including amino acids) intakes of breastfed children of 6-8 months (n=97), 9-11 months (n=97), 12-23 months (n=114), and non-breastfed children of 12-23 months (n=29) from Karaga district in Northern Ghana were assessed using a repeated quantitative multi-pass 24-hour recall method. Food-based dietary guidelines that cover nutrient adequacy within the constraints of local current dietary patterns were designed using the linear programming software Optifood (version 4.0.9, Optifood©). Optifood was also used to evaluate whether additional legumes would further improve nutrient adequacy. RESULTS We found that 60% of the children currently consumed legumes with an average portion size of 20 g per day (cooked) contributing more than 10% of their total protein, folate, iron and niacin intake. The final sets of food-based recommendations included legumes and provided adequate protein and essential amino acids but insufficient calcium, iron, niacin and/or zinc among breastfed children and insufficient calcium, vitamin C, vitamin B12 and vitamin A among non-breastfed children. The sets of food-based recommendations combined with extra legumes on top of the current dietary pattern improved adequacy of calcium, iron, niacin and zinc but only reached sufficient amounts for calcium among breastfed children of 6-8 months old. CONCLUSIONS Although legumes are often said to be the 'meat of the poor' and current grain legume consumption among rural children contribute to protein intake, the main nutritional benefit of increased legume consumption is improvement of micronutrient adequacy. Besides food-based recommendations, other interventions are needed such as food-based approaches and/or fortification or supplementation strategies to improve micronutrient adequacy of infants and young children in rural Ghana. TRIAL REGISTRATION Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Institutional Review Board (NMIMR-IRB CPN 087/13-14).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse de Jager
- Division of Human Nutrition and Plant Production Systems group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ken E. Giller
- Plant Production Systems group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge D. Brouwer
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Pike V, Zlotkin S. Excess micronutrient intake: defining toxic effects and upper limits in vulnerable populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1446:21-43. [PMID: 30569544 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive micronutrient intake causes a variety of adverse health effects, depending on dose and duration. The risk of excess intake carries significant implications for micronutrient delivery interventions, particularly when such programs are overlapping. To minimize risk and provide public health guidance, several countries and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization have set upper intake levels (ULs) for various life-stage populations using the risk assessment framework. However, there is a lack of international consensus on the actual ULs due to variability in application of this framework and a scarcity of evidence from which to draw upon, especially for children. Often ULs for children are established through a downward weight-based extrapolation from adult ULs, which is not always appropriate. The published ULs of nine organizations are compared, recent population nutrient intake evidence is presented, and the toxic effects of key minerals and vitamins are reviewed. Finally, the evidence for toxicity and setting of ULs for each nutrient is discussed including a comment on our degree of confidence in the strength of existing individual ULs. Challenges with risk assessment and opportunities for strengthening the definition of ULs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pike
- The Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stanley Zlotkin
- The Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Tanaka YK, Hirata T. Stable Isotope Composition of Metal Elements in Biological Samples as Tracers for Element Metabolism. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:645-655. [PMID: 29887552 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18sbr02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotope composition varies due to different reactivity or mobility among the isotopes. Various pioneering studies revealed that isotope fractionation is common for many elements, and it is now widely recognized that the stable isotope compositions of biometals can be used as new tracers for element metabolism. In this review, we summarize the recently published isotope compositions of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and calcium (Ca) in various biological samples, including tissues from plants, animals, and humans. Discussions were carried out with respect to age, sex, organ, and the presence or absence of particular diseases for animals and humans. For Fe and Cu isotopes, changes in oxidation states generate large isotopic fractionation through the metabolism of those elements. Isotope composition of Zn greatly fractionates among tissues even without changes in oxidation state. Isotopic composition of Ca is a powerful tracer for the metabolism of Ca in bones. The review results suggest that the stable isotope compositions of the biometals can be used as effective markers for diagnostics of various kinds of diseases related to metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ki Tanaka
- Geochemical Research Center, The University of Tokyo
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Pearl millet minerals: effect of processing on bioaccessibility. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:3362-3372. [PMID: 30150794 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pearl millet is an important source of dietary energy, and provides nutritional security for people in the third world countries, particularly in Africa and Asia. Previous studies have shown that pearl millet is an excellent source of micronutrients like iron and zinc. Owing to the presence of inhibitors like phytic acid, polyphenols, and fibres, the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc is very low in pearl millet diet. The present review is an attempt to highlight the localisation of minerals, phytic acid, and polyphenols in pearl millet grains, and various strategies that are being employed for the reduction of inhibitory factors. This review also appraises and gives an overview of the application of combinations of processing conditions and enhancers, that increases the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc either by way of reduction of inhibitory factors or prevention of binding of these inhibitory factors to minerals. The above strategies could be employed to provide better insights into the relevance of different processing methods, to help in the development of speciality foods with enhanced mineral bioaccessibility.
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Creasy W, Stebbings C. Question 1: Does zinc enhance recovery time from gastroenteritis in high-income countries? Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:297-300. [PMID: 29191996 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Will Creasy
- Department of Paediatrics, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury, UK
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Banupriya N, Bhat BV, Benet BD, Catherine C, Sridhar MG, Parija SC. Short Term Oral Zinc Supplementation among Babies with Neonatal Sepsis for Reducing Mortality and Improving Outcome - A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian J Pediatr 2018; 85:5-9. [PMID: 28891027 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-017-2444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of short term zinc supplementation on the mortality rate and neurodevelopment outcome in neonates with sepsis at 12 mo corrected age. METHODS The clinical trial was undertaken in the neonatal intensive care unit of JIPMER during the time period from September 2013 through December 2016. Neonates with clinical manifestations of sepsis who exhibited two positive screening tests (microESR, C- reactive protein, band cell count) were included and randomized into no zinc and zinc group. The intervention was zinc sulfate monohydrate given at a dose of 3 mg/kg twice a day orally for 10 d along with standard antibiotics. The no zinc group was on antibiotic treatment. Blood samples from both groups were collected at baseline and after day 10. Babies were carefully discharged from the hospital. The babies were followed up till 12 mo corrected age using DASII (Development Assessment Scale for Indian Infants). RESULTS At the time of enrolment, patient characteristics were similar in both the groups. The mortality rate was significantly higher in no zinc compared to zinc group (5 vs. 13; P = 0.04). Although motor development quotient was similar, mental development quotient was significantly better among babies who received zinc supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Short term zinc supplementation of newborns with sepsis reduces mortality and improves mental development quotient at 12 mo of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newton Banupriya
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, 605006, India
| | - Ballambattu Vishnu Bhat
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, 605006, India.
| | - Bosco Dhas Benet
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, 605006, India
| | - Christina Catherine
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, 605006, India
| | - Magadi Gopalakrishna Sridhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Subhash Chandra Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, India
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Skalny AV, Tinkov AA, Voronina I, Terekhina O, Skalnaya MG, Kovas Y. Hair Trace Element and Electrolyte Content in Women with Natural and In Vitro Fertilization-Induced Pregnancy. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 181:1-9. [PMID: 28444499 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to perform comparative analysis of hair trace element content in women with natural and in vitro fertilization (IVF)-induced pregnancy. Hair trace element content in 33 women with IVF-induced pregnancy and 99 age- and body mass index-matched control pregnant women (natural pregnancy) was assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated that IVF-pregnant women are characterized by significantly lower hair levels of Cu, Fe, Si, Zn, Ca, Mg, and Ba at p < 0.05 or lower. Comparison of the individual levels with the national reference values demonstrated higher incidence of Fe and Cu deficiency in IVF-pregnant women in comparison to that of the controls. IVF pregnancy was also associated with higher hair As levels (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant interrelation between IVF pregnancy and hair Cu, Fe, Si, and As content. Hair Cu levels were also influenced by vitamin/mineral supplementation and the number of pregnancies, whereas hair Zn content was dependent on prepregnancy anthropometric parameters. In turn, planning of pregnancy had a significant impact on Mg levels in scalp hair. Generally, the obtained data demonstrate an elevated risk of copper, iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium deficiency and arsenic overload in women with IVF-induced pregnancy. The obtained data indicate the necessity of regular monitoring of micronutrient status in IVF-pregnant women in order to prevent potential deleterious effects of altered mineral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Skalny
- All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Moscow, Russia.
- Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia.
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia.
- RUDN University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
- RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
- Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Irina Voronina
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Yulia Kovas
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
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Egal A, Oldewage-Theron W. Association of micronutrients and child growth in children aged 7-15 years from Qwa-Qwa, South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2017.1392743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkadir Egal
- Centre of Sustainable Livelihoods, Vaal University of Technology , Vanderbijl Park, South Africa
| | - Wilna Oldewage-Theron
- Centre of Sustainable Livelihoods, Vaal University of Technology , Vanderbijl Park, South Africa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX, USA
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Krishnan R, Meera MS. Assessment of inhibitory factors on bioaccessibility of iron and zinc in pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) cultivars. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:4378-4386. [PMID: 29184244 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2911-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The variations in iron and zinc bioaccessibility as influenced by inhibitory factors in 13 pearl millet cultivars were evaluated. The results indicated that iron and zinc contents ranged between 5.59-13.41 and 2.11-5.19 mg/100 g. Polyphenols, flavonoids and phytic acid were highest in GHB744 (781 mg/100 g), HHB223 (116 mg/100 g) and HHB226 (1.080 g/100 g) respectively. Insoluble fiber content range from 9.36 to 12.89 g/100 g. Iron and zinc bioaccessibility was the highest in local Anantapur (17.95%) and GHB744 (15.19%) cultivar with low phytic acid. HHB226 exhibited high β-carotene and phytase activity. In this study, the cultivars with high iron and zinc content also possessed high inhibitory factors which affected bioaccessibility. However, the bioaccessibility of iron did not seem to depend on the phytic acid: iron ratio alone. Further, a trend was observed in cultivars with low iron: zinc ratio had increased iron bioaccessibility. On the contrary, phytic acid: zinc ratio appears to play a significant role in zinc bioaccessibility. Certain cultivars with high iron content also had high phytase activity and β-carotene content which could be exploited for further technological treatments to enhance the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rateesh Krishnan
- Department of Grain Science and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
| | - M S Meera
- Department of Grain Science and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
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Taylor H, Webster K, Gray AR, Tey SL, Chisholm A, Bailey K, Kumari S, Brown RC. The effects of ‘activating’ almonds on consumer acceptance and gastrointestinal tolerance. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2771-2783. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bafaro E, Liu Y, Xu Y, Dempski RE. The emerging role of zinc transporters in cellular homeostasis and cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:17029. [PMID: 29218234 PMCID: PMC5661630 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient that plays a role in the structural or enzymatic functions of many cellular proteins. Cellular zinc homeostasis involves the opposing action of two families of metal transporters: the ZnT (SLC30) family that functions to reduce cytoplasmic zinc concentrations and the ZIP (SLC39) family that functions to increase cytoplasmic zinc concentrations. Fluctuations in intracellular zinc levels mediated by these transporter families affect signaling pathways involved in normal cell development, growth, differentiation and death. Consequently, changes in zinc transporter localization and function resulting in zinc dyshomeostasis have pathophysiological effects. Zinc dyshomeostasis has been implicated in the progression of cancer. Here we review recent progress toward understanding the structural basis for zinc transport by ZnT and ZIP family proteins, as well as highlight the roles of zinc as a signaling molecule in physiological conditions and in various cancers. As zinc is emerging as an important signaling molecule in the development and progression of cancer, the ZnT and ZIP transporters that regulate cellular zinc homeostasis are promising candidates for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bafaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert E Dempski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Wadhwa N, Basnet S, Natchu UCM, Shrestha LP, Bhatnagar S, Sommerfelt H, Strand TA, Ramji S, Aggarwal KC, Chellani H, Govil A, Jajoo M, Mathur NB, Bhatt M, Mohta A, Ansari I, Basnet S, Chapagain RH, Shah GP, Shrestha BM. Zinc as an adjunct treatment for reducing case fatality due to clinical severe infection in young infants: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:56. [PMID: 28693558 PMCID: PMC5504606 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An estimated 2.7 of the 5.9 million deaths in children under 5 years of age occur in the neonatal period. Severe infections contribute to almost a quarter of these deaths. Mortality due to severe infections in developing country settings is substantial despite antibiotic therapy. Effective interventions that can be added to standard therapy for severe infections are required to reduce case fatality. Methods/Design This is a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled parallel group superiority trial to investigate the effect of zinc administered orally as an adjunct to standard therapy to infants aged 3 days up to 2 months (59 days) hospitalized with clinical severe infection, that will be undertaken in seven hospitals in Delhi, India and Kathmandu, Nepal. In a 1:1 ratio, we will randomly assign young infants to receive 10 mg of elemental zinc or placebo orally in addition to the standard therapy for a total of 14 days. The primary outcomes hospital case fatality, which is death due to any cause and at any time after enrolment while hospitalized for the illness episode, and extended case fatality, which encompasses the period until 12 weeks after enrolment. Discussion A previous study showed a beneficial effect of zinc in reducing the risk of treatment failure, as well as a non-significant effect on case fatality. This study was not powered to detect an effect on case fatality, which this current study is. If the results are consistent with this earlier trial, we would have provided strong evidence for recommending zinc as an adjunct to standard therapy for clinical severe infection in young infants. Trial registration Universal Trial Number: U1111-1187-6479, Clinical Trials Registry – India: CTRI/2017/02/007966: Registered on February 27, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Wadhwa
- Pediatric Biology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sudha Basnet
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Uma Chandra Mouli Natchu
- Pediatric Biology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Laxman P Shrestha
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Pediatric Biology Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Halvor Sommerfelt
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tor A Strand
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.
| | | | - Siddarth Ramji
- Department of Neonatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - K C Aggarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Harish Chellani
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anuradha Govil
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Jajoo
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Delhi, India
| | - N B Mathur
- Department of Neonatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Bhatt
- Department of Pediatrics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anup Mohta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Delhi, India
| | - Imran Ansari
- Department of Pediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Srijana Basnet
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ram H Chapagain
- Medical Department, Kanti Children's Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ganesh P Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
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Dias DM, Costa NMB, Nutti MR, Tako E, Martino HSD. Advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo methods of iron and zinc bioavailability evaluation in the assessment of biofortification program effectiveness. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2136-2146. [PMID: 28414527 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1306484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification aims to improve the micronutrient concentration of staple food crops through the best practices of breeding and modern biotechnology. However, increased zinc and iron concentrations in food crops may not always translate into proportional increases in absorbed zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Therefore, assessing iron and zinc bioavailability in biofortified crops is imperative to evaluate the efficacy of breeding programs. This review aimed to investigate the advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo methods of iron and zinc bioavailability evaluation in the assessment of biofortification program effectiveness. In vitro, animal and isotopic human studies have shown high iron and zinc bioavailability in biofortified staple food crops. Human studies provide direct knowledge regarding the effectiveness of biofortification, however, human studies are time consuming and are more expensive than in vitro and animal studies. Moreover, in vitro studies may be a useful preliminary screening method to identify promising plant cultivars, however, these studies cannot provide data that are directly applicable to humans. None of these methods provides complete information regarding mineral bioavailability, thus, a combination of these methods should be the most appropriate strategy to investigate the effectiveness of zinc and iron biofortification programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirrê Morais Dias
- a Department of Nutrition and Health , Federal University of Viçosa , Viçosa , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Neuza Maria Brunoro Costa
- b Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition , Center for Exact, Natural and Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alto Universitario , Alegre , ES , Brazil
| | - Marilia Regini Nutti
- c EMBRAPA Food Technology , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil-Leader of the Brazilian Biofortification Network
| | - Elad Tako
- d USDA/ARS , Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University , Ithaca , New York , USA
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The influence of food consumption and socio-economic factors on the relationship between zinc and iron intake and status in a healthy population. Public Health Nutr 2017. [PMID: 28641600 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine Zn and Fe nutritional status of a healthy population by means of anthropometric, dietary and biochemical measurements and to investigate the relationship of usual Zn and Fe dietary intakes to Zn and Fe status. In addition, to examine the impact of food choices and socio-economic factors on Fe and Zn dietary intakes and status with the aim to identify groups at risk of dietary deficiency and suggest factors that may influence the status of these nutrients. DESIGN Food consumption was assessed by 24 h recall questionnaires. Twenty biochemical parameters were measured, of which Hb, haematocrit, erythrocyte count and plasma concentrations of Fe and Zn were directly related to Fe and Zn nutrition. The prevalence of study participants with inadequate micronutrient intakes was calculated using the Estimated Average Requirement cut-point method. SETTING Serbia, Europe. SUBJECTS Apparently healthy adults (25-65 years of age). RESULTS Mean daily Zn and Fe intakes were 9·1 mg and 11·6 mg for males and 7·3 mg and 9·4 mg for females, respectively. Five per cent of the study population had inadequate dietary Fe intake and 15-25 % had inadequate Zn intake. Lower Hb concentrations were measured in women with lower Zn intakes. No differences in Fe and Zn intakes and status among various socio-economic groups were observed, except for Fe intake between the low-income and affluent groups. CONCLUSIONS Regular follow-ups are needed to ensure that potential deficiencies of Zn and Fe do get recognized and addressed in a timely manner.
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Ahmed AMS, Magalhaes RJS, Ahmed T, Long KZ, Hossain M, Islam MM, Mahfuz M, Gaffar SMA, Sharmeen A, Haque R, Guerrant RL, Petri WA, Mamun AA. Vitamin-D status is not a confounder of the relationship between zinc and diarrhoea: a study in 6-24-month-old underweight and normal-weight children of urban Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:620-8. [PMID: 26956127 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The role of micronutrients particularly zinc in childhood diarrhoea is well established. Immunomodulatory functions of vitamin-D in diarrhoea and its role in the effect of other micronutrients are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate whether vitamin-D directly associated or confounded the association between other micronutrient status and diarrhoeal incidence and severity in 6-24-month underweight and normal-weight children in urban Bangladesh. SUBJECTS/METHODS Multivariable generalised estimating equations were used to estimate incidence rate ratios for incidence (Poisson) and severity (binomial) of diarrhoea on cohorts of 446 normal-weight and 466 underweight children. Outcomes of interest included incidence and severity of diarrhoea, measured daily during a follow-up period of 5 months. The exposure of interest was vitamin-D status at enrolment. RESULTS Normal-weight and underweight children contributed 62 117 and 62 967 day observation, with 14.2 and 12.8 days/child/year of diarrhoea, respectively. None of the models showed significant associations of vitamin-D status with diarrhoeal morbidity. In the final model, zinc-insufficient normal-weight children had 1.3 times more days of diarrhoea than sufficient children (P<0.05). Again zinc insufficiency and mother's education (1-5 and >5 years) had 1.8 and 2.3 times more risk of severe diarrhoea. In underweight children, older age and female had 24-63 and 17% fewer days of diarrhoea and 52-54 and 31% fewer chances of severe diarrhoea. CONCLUSION Vitamin-D status was not associated with incidence and severity of diarrhoea in study children. Role of zinc in diarrhoea was only evident in normal-weight children. Our findings demonstrate that vitamin-D is not a confounder of the relationship between zinc and diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M S Ahmed
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R J S Magalhaes
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - T Ahmed
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - K Z Long
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - MdI Hossain
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M M Islam
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Mahfuz
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S M A Gaffar
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A Sharmeen
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R Haque
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - W A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A A Mamun
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Associations of dietary diversity scores and micronutrient status in adolescent Mozambican girls. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1179-1189. [PMID: 26846138 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In low-income settings, dietary diversity scores (DDSs) often predict the micronutrient adequacy of diets, but little is known about whether they predict levels of biochemical indicators of micronutrient status. METHODS In 2010, we studied two samples of non-pregnant 14- to 19-year-old girls in central Mozambique, the first in January-February ('hunger season'; n = 227) and the second in May-June (harvest season; n = 223). In this paper, we examined whether a low Women's Dietary Diversity Score (WDDS) predicts a low concentration of haemoglobin, serum ferritin, zinc, and folate, and plasma retinol in adolescent Mozambican girls. We constructed three scores: WDDS based on 24-h recalls, WDDS15g based on 24-h recall and employing a 15 g limit, and 7dWDDS based on 7-day food frequency questionnaires. Logistic regression models, stratified by season, were used to estimate the odds of having a low concentration of a status indicator (≤25th percentile of the season-specific distribution or cut-off from the literature) in those with a low score compared to those with a higher score. RESULTS In January-February, after adjusting for confounders, a low (≤3) WDDS and a low (≤5) 7dWDDS were each associated with higher odds of having low serum zinc compared to having a higher score, regardless of which of the two types of cut-offs for serum zinc was used. These associations were not present in May-June. CONCLUSIONS Our data from Mozambique suggest that dietary diversity is associated with serum zinc, but this association seems to be limited to the hunger season.
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Trijatmiko KR, Dueñas C, Tsakirpaloglou N, Torrizo L, Arines FM, Adeva C, Balindong J, Oliva N, Sapasap MV, Borrero J, Rey J, Francisco P, Nelson A, Nakanishi H, Lombi E, Tako E, Glahn RP, Stangoulis J, Chadha-Mohanty P, Johnson AAT, Tohme J, Barry G, Slamet-Loedin IH. Biofortified indica rice attains iron and zinc nutrition dietary targets in the field. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19792. [PMID: 26806528 PMCID: PMC4726380 DOI: 10.1038/srep19792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
More than two billion people are micronutrient deficient. Polished grains of popular rice varieties have concentration of approximately 2 μg g(-1) iron (Fe) and 16 μg g(-1) zinc (Zn). The HarvestPlus breeding programs for biofortified rice target 13 μg g(-1) Fe and 28 μg g(-1) Zn to reach approximately 30% of the estimated average requirement (EAR). Reports on engineering Fe content in rice have shown an increase up to 18 μg g(-1) in glasshouse settings; in contrast, under field conditions, 4 μg g(-1) was the highest reported concentration. Here, we report on selected transgenic events, field evaluated in two countries, showing 15 μg g(-1) Fe and 45.7 μg g(-1) Zn in polished grain. Rigorous selection was applied to 1,689 IR64 transgenic events for insert cleanliness and, trait and agronomic performances. Event NASFer-274 containing rice nicotianamine synthase (OsNAS2) and soybean ferritin (SferH-1) genes showed a single locus insertion without a yield penalty or altered grain quality. Endosperm Fe and Zn enrichment was visualized by X-ray fluorescence imaging. The Caco-2 cell assay indicated that Fe is bioavailable. No harmful heavy metals were detected in the grain. The trait remained stable in different genotype backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurniawan R. Trijatmiko
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Bogor 16111, Indonesia
| | - Conrado Dueñas
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Nikolaos Tsakirpaloglou
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Lina Torrizo
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Felichi Mae Arines
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Cheryl Adeva
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Jeanette Balindong
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Norman Oliva
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria V. Sapasap
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Jaime Borrero
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jessica Rey
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Perigio Francisco
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Andy Nelson
- Social Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Faculty of Geo-Information and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Elad Tako
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, New York
| | - Raymond P. Glahn
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, New York
| | - James Stangoulis
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Prabhjit Chadha-Mohanty
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Joe Tohme
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia
| | - Gerard Barry
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Inez H. Slamet-Loedin
- Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
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Daily consumption of ready-to-use peanut-based therapeutic food increased fat free mass, improved anemic status but has no impact on the zinc status of people living with HIV/AIDS: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:1. [PMID: 26728978 PMCID: PMC4700615 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and malnutrition constitute the main obstacles for successful treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of consuming daily 100 g RUTF (ready-to-use therapeutic food) as supplement, on body composition, anemia and zinc status of hospitalized PLWH in Senegal. Methods A Controlled clinical trial was conducted in 65 PLWH randomly allocated to receive either standard hospital diet alone (Control group: n = 33), or the standard diet supplemented with 100 g RUTF/day (RUTF group: n = 32). Supplementation was continued at home during 9 weeks. Individual dietary intakes were measured and compared to the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Body composition was determined using Bio-Impedance Analysis. Hemoglobin was measured by HemoCue and plasma zinc (PZ) concentration by atomic absorption spectrometry. PZ was adjusted to infection (CRP and α1-AGP). All measures were conducted on admission, discharge and after 9 weeks home-based follow up. Results 34 and 24 % of the patients in RUTF and Control groups were suffering from severe malnutrition (BMI < 16 kg/m2), respectively. In both groups, more than 90 % were anemic and zinc deficiency affected over 50 % of the patients. Food consumed by the Control group represented 75, 14 and 55 % of their daily recommended intake (DRI) of energy, iron and zinc, respectively. When 100 g of RUTF was consumed with the standard diet, the DRI of energy and zinc were 100 % covered (2147 kcal, 10.4 mg, respectively), but not iron (2.9 mg). After 9 weeks of supplementation, body weight, and fat-free mass increased significantly by +11 % (p = 0.033), and +11.8 % (p = 0.033) in the RUTF group, but not in the Control group, while percentage body fat was comparable between groups (p = 0.888). In the RUTF group, fat free mass gain is higher in the patients on ART (+11.7 %, n = 14; p = 0.0001) than in those without ART (+6.2 %, n = 6; p = 0.032). Anemia decreased significantly with the supplementation, but zinc status, measured using plasma zinc concentration, remained unchanged. Conclusion Improving PLWH’ diet with 100 g RUTF for a long period has a positive impact on muscle mass and anemia but not on the zinc status of the patients. Trial number NCT02433743, registered 29 April 2015.
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Cediel G, Olivares M, Brito A, Cori H, López de Romaña D. Zinc Deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean. Food Nutr Bull 2015; 36:S129-38. [PMID: 26125198 DOI: 10.1177/0379572115585781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc deficiency affects multiple vital functions in the life cycle, especially growth. Limited information is available on the magnitude of zinc deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean. OBJECTIVE To examine the latest available information on both the prevalence of zinc deficiency and the risk of zinc deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS The prevalence of zinc deficiency was identified through a systematic review looking for the latest available data on serum zinc concentrations from surveys or studies with national representativeness conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean. The risk of zinc deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean was estimated based on dietary zinc inadequacy (according to the 2011 National Food Balance Sheets) and stunting in children under 5 years of age. RESULTS Only four countries had available national biochemical data. Mexican, Colombian, Ecuadorian, and Guatemalan children under 6 years of age and women 12 to 49 years of age had a high prevalence of zinc deficiency (19.1% to 56.3%). The countries with the highest risk of zinc deficiency (estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake > 25% plus prevalence of stunting > 20%) were Belize, Bolivia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Zinc dietary inadequacy was directly correlated with stunting (r = 0.64, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence data from the four available Latin America and Caribbean national surveys indicate a high prevalence of zinc deficiency in children under 6 years of age and women 12 to 49 years of age. High rates of both estimated zinc dietary inadequacy and stunting were also reported in most Latin America and Caribbean countries.
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Rodrigues DMF, Freitas AC, Rocha-Santos TAP, Vasconcelos MW, Roriz M, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM, Gomes AMP, Duarte AC. Chemical composition and nutritive value of Pleurotus citrinopileatus var cornucopiae, P. eryngii, P. salmoneo stramineus, Pholiota nameko and Hericium erinaceus. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
The essential trace element zinc (Zn) has a large number of physiologic roles, in particular being required for growth and functioning of the immune system. Adaptive mechanisms enable the body to maintain normal total body Zn status over a wide range of intakes, but deficiency can occur because of reduced absorption or increased gastrointestinal losses. Deficiency impairs physiologic processes, leading to clinical consequences that include failure to thrive, skin rash, and impaired wound healing. Mild deficiency that is not clinically overt may still cause nonspecific consequences, such as susceptibility to infection and poor growth. The plasma Zn concentration has poor sensitivity and specificity as a test of deficiency. Consequently, diagnosis of deficiency requires a combination of clinical assessment and biochemical tests. Patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) are susceptible to Zn deficiency and its consequences. Nutrition support teams should have a strategy for assessing Zn status and optimizing this by appropriate supplementation. Nutrition guidelines recommend generous Zn provision from the start of PN. This review covers the physiology of Zn, the consequences of its deficiency, and the assessment of its status, before discussing its role in PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Livingstone
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Trust, Guildford, Surrey, UK Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Krebs NF, Miller LV, Hambidge KM. Zinc deficiency in infants and children: a review of its complex and synergistic interactions. Paediatr Int Child Health 2014; 34:279-88. [PMID: 25203844 DOI: 10.1179/2046905514y.0000000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Zinc deficiency is estimated to contribute to over half a million deaths per year in infants and children under 5 years of age. This paper reviews the features of mild-to-moderate zinc deficiency, which include growth faltering, deficits in immune function and altered integrity and function of the gastro-intestinal tract. Sub-clinical features include oxidative stress and a pro-inflammatory state. The homeostatic response to low dietary zinc intake by increasing absorption is limited, especially if the source of zinc is of poor bioavailability, and conservation of endogenous intestinal losses is a critical component of adaptation. Owing to low zinc intakes, older breastfed infants, especially those of low birthweight, are predictably at risk of zinc deficiency if complementary food choices are unfortified and/or low in zinc. Host factors such as young age, poor intra-uterine zinc accretion owing to poor maternal status and/or prematurity, and gastro-intestinal dysfunction also potently predispose to zinc deficiency. Environmental enteropathy, which is prevalent in low-resource settings, may substantially impair zinc absorption and/or increase endogenous losses, and thus lead to relatively high zinc requirements. Emerging evidence highlights common features between chronic inflammation and zinc deficiency, and each may exacerbate the other. More investigations of zinc homeostasis in populations in low-resource settings are needed to better quantify absorption capacity and losses. Effective preventive strategies must address potentially higher zinc requirements as well as the underlying context that perpetuates a vicious cycle of zinc deficiency and multiple adverse outcomes.
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