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Hennessee JP, Schorn JM, Walsh C, Castel AD, Knowlton BJ. Goal-directed remembering in older adults. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024; 31:891-913. [PMID: 37982211 PMCID: PMC11102934 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2282223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Compared to younger adults, older adults show a reduced difference in memory between items they are directed to remember and items they are directed to forget. This effect may result from increased processing of goal-irrelevant information in aging. In contrast, healthy older adults are often able to selectively remember valuable information, suggesting preservation of goal-directed encoding in aging. Here, we examined how value may differentially affect directed-forgetting and memory for irrelevant details for younger and older adults in a value-directed remembering task. In Experiment 1, participants studied words paired with a directed-forgetting cue and a point-value they earned for later recognition. Participants' memory was then tested, either after an 8-min or 24-hr retention interval. In Experiment 2 words were presented in two colors and the recognition test assessed whether the participant could retrieve the incidentally-presented point value and the color of each recognized words. In both experiments, older and younger adults displayed a comparable ability to selectively encode valuable items. However, older adults showed a reduced directed-forgetting effect compared to younger adults that was maintained across the 24-hr retention interval. In Experiment 2, older adults showed both intact directed-forgetting and similar incidental detail retrieval compared to younger adults. These findings suggest that older adults maintained selectivity to value, demonstrating that aging does not impact the differential encoding of valuable information. Furthermore, younger and older adults may be similarly goal-directed in terms of item features to encode, but that instructions to forget presented items are less effective in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Hennessee
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Julia M Schorn
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan D Castel
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barbara J Knowlton
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Klug S, Murgaš M, Godbersen GM, Hacker M, Lanzenberger R, Hahn A. Synaptic signaling modeled by functional connectivity predicts metabolic demands of the human brain. Neuroimage 2024; 295:120658. [PMID: 38810891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The human brain is characterized by interacting large-scale functional networks fueled by glucose metabolism. Since former studies could not sufficiently clarify how these functional connections shape glucose metabolism, we aimed to provide a neurophysiologically-based approach. METHODS 51 healthy volunteers underwent simultaneous PET/MRI to obtain BOLD functional connectivity and [18F]FDG glucose metabolism. These multimodal imaging proxies of fMRI and PET were combined in a whole-brain extension of metabolic connectivity mapping. Specifically, functional connectivity of all brain regions were used as input to explain glucose metabolism of a given target region. This enabled the modeling of postsynaptic energy demands by incoming signals from distinct brain regions. RESULTS Functional connectivity input explained a substantial part of metabolic demands but with pronounced regional variations (34 - 76%). During cognitive task performance this multimodal association revealed a shift to higher network integration compared to resting state. In healthy aging, a dedifferentiation (decreased segregated/modular structure of the brain) of brain networks during rest was observed. Furthermore, by including data from mRNA maps, [11C]UCB-J synaptic density and aerobic glycolysis (oxygen-to-glucose index from PET data), we show that whole-brain functional input reflects non-oxidative, on-demand metabolism of synaptic signaling. The metabolically-derived directionality of functional inputs further marked them as top-down predictions. In addition, the approach uncovered formerly hidden networks with superior efficiency through metabolically informed network partitioning. CONCLUSIONS Applying multimodal imaging, we decipher a crucial part of the metabolic and neurophysiological basis of functional connections in the brain as interregional on-demand synaptic signaling fueled by anaerobic metabolism. The observed task- and age-related effects indicate promising future applications to characterize human brain function and clinical alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Matej Murgaš
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Godber M Godbersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Wu W, Hoffman P. Functional integration and segregation during semantic cognition: Evidence across age groups. Cortex 2024; 178:157-173. [PMID: 39013249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Semantic cognition is underpinned by ventral anterior temporal lobe (vATL) which encodes knowledge representations and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), which controls activation of knowledge based on the needs of the current context. This core semantic network has been validated in substantial empirical findings in the past. However, it remains unclear how these core semantic areas dynamically communicate with each other, and with other neural networks, to achieve successful semantic processing. Here, we investigated this question by testing functional connectivity in the core semantic network during semantic tasks and whether these connections were affected by cognitive ageing. Compared to a non-semantic task, semantic tasks increased the connectivity between left and right IFGs, indicating a bilateral semantic control system. Strengthened connectivity was also found between left IFG and left vATL, and this effect was stronger in the young group. At a whole-brain scale, IFG and vATL increased their coupling with multiple-demand regions during semantic tasks, even though these areas were deactivated relative to non-semantic tasks. This suggests that the domain-general executive network contributes to semantic processing. In contrast, IFG and vATL decreased their interaction with default mode network (DMN) areas during semantic tasks, even though these areas were positively activated by the task. This suggests that DMN areas do not contribute to all semantic tasks: their activation may sometimes reflect automatic retrieval of task-irrelevant memories and associations. Taken together, our study characterizes a dynamic connectivity mechanism supporting semantic cognition within and beyond core semantic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Music, Durham University, Durham, UK.
| | - Paul Hoffman
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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4
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Lin GJ, Xu JJ, Peng XR, Yu J. Subjective sleep more predictive of global cognitive function than objective sleep in older adults: A specification curve analysis. Sleep Med 2024; 119:155-163. [PMID: 38678759 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sleep is associated with cognitive function in older adults. In the current study, we examined this relationship from subjective and objective perspectives, and determined the robustness and dimensional specificity of the associations using a comprehensive modelling approach. METHODS Multiple dimensions of subjective (sleep quality and daytime sleepiness) and objective sleep (sleep stages, sleep parameters, sleep spindles, and slow oscillations), as well as subjectively reported and objectively measured cognitive function were collected from 55 older adults. Specification curve analysis was used to examine the robustness of correlations for the effects of sleep on cognitive function. RESULTS Robust associations were found between sleep and objectively measured cognitive function, but not with subjective cognitive complaints. In addition, subjective sleep showed robust and consistent associations with global cognitive function, whereas objective sleep showed a more domain-specific association with episodic memory. Specifically, subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness correlated with global cognitive function, and objective sleep parameters correlated with episodic memory. CONCLUSIONS Overall, associations between sleep and cognitive function in older adults depend on how they are measured and which specific dimensions of sleep and domains of cognitive function are considered. It highlights the importance of focusing on specific associations to ameliorate the detrimental effects of sleep disturbance on cognitive function in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Lin
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jia-Jie Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xue-Rui Peng
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany; Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jing Yu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Yue WL, Ng KK, Liu S, Qian X, Chong JSX, Koh AJ, Ong MQW, Ting SKS, Ng ASL, Kandiah N, Yeo BTT, Zhou JH. Differential spatial working memory-related functional network reconfiguration in young and older adults. Netw Neurosci 2024; 8:395-417. [PMID: 38952809 PMCID: PMC11142455 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional brain networks have preserved architectures in rest and task; nevertheless, previous work consistently demonstrated task-related brain functional reorganization. Efficient rest-to-task functional network reconfiguration is associated with better cognition in young adults. However, aging and cognitive load effects, as well as contributions of intra- and internetwork reconfiguration, remain unclear. We assessed age-related and load-dependent effects on global and network-specific functional reconfiguration between rest and a spatial working memory (SWM) task in young and older adults, then investigated associations between functional reconfiguration and SWM across loads and age groups. Overall, global and network-level functional reconfiguration between rest and task increased with age and load. Importantly, more efficient functional reconfiguration associated with better performance across age groups. However, older adults relied more on internetwork reconfiguration of higher cognitive and task-relevant networks. These reflect the consistent importance of efficient network updating despite recruitment of additional functional networks to offset reduction in neural resources and a change in brain functional topology in older adults. Our findings generalize the association between efficient functional reconfiguration and cognition to aging and demonstrate distinct brain functional reconfiguration patterns associated with SWM in aging, highlighting the importance of combining rest and task measures to study aging cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Lin Yue
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore
| | - Kwun Kei Ng
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Siwei Liu
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Xing Qian
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Joanna Su Xian Chong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Amelia Jialing Koh
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Marcus Qin Wen Ong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | | | | | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - B. T. Thomas Yeo
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, N.1 Institute for Health and Memory Networks Program, National University of Singapore
| | - Juan Helen Zhou
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Rogers B. Evaluating frontoparietal network topography for diagnostic markers of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14135. [PMID: 38898075 PMCID: PMC11187222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64699-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous prospective biomarkers are being studied for their ability to diagnose various stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). High-density electroencephalogram (EEG) methods show promise as an accurate, economical, non-invasive approach to measuring the electrical potentials of brains associated with AD. Event-related potentials (ERPs) may serve as clinically useful biomarkers of AD. Through analysis of secondary data, the present study examined the performance and distribution of N4/P6 ERPs across the frontoparietal network (FPN) using EEG topographic mapping. ERP measures and memory as a function of reaction time (RT) were compared between a group of (n = 63) mild untreated AD patients and a control group of (n = 73) healthy age-matched adults. Based on the literature presented, it was expected that healthy controls would outperform patients in peak amplitude and mean component latency across three parameters of memory when measured at optimal N4 (frontal) and P6 (parietal) locations. It was also predicted that the control group would exhibit neural cohesion through FPN integration during cross-modal tasks, thus demonstrating healthy cognitive functioning consistent with older healthy adults. By targeting select frontal and parietal EEG reference channels based on N4/P6 component time windows and positivity, our findings demonstrated statistically significant group variations between controls and patients in N4/P6 peak amplitudes and latencies during cross-modal testing. Our results also support that the N4 ERP might be stronger than its P6 counterpart as a possible candidate biomarker. We conclude through topographic mapping that FPN integration occurs in healthy controls but is absent in AD patients during cross-modal memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayard Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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7
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Kries J, De Clercq P, Gillis M, Vanthornhout J, Lemmens R, Francart T, Vandermosten M. Exploring neural tracking of acoustic and linguistic speech representations in individuals with post-stroke aphasia. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26676. [PMID: 38798131 PMCID: PMC11128780 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aphasia is a communication disorder that affects processing of language at different levels (e.g., acoustic, phonological, semantic). Recording brain activity via Electroencephalography while people listen to a continuous story allows to analyze brain responses to acoustic and linguistic properties of speech. When the neural activity aligns with these speech properties, it is referred to as neural tracking. Even though measuring neural tracking of speech may present an interesting approach to studying aphasia in an ecologically valid way, it has not yet been investigated in individuals with stroke-induced aphasia. Here, we explored processing of acoustic and linguistic speech representations in individuals with aphasia in the chronic phase after stroke and age-matched healthy controls. We found decreased neural tracking of acoustic speech representations (envelope and envelope onsets) in individuals with aphasia. In addition, word surprisal displayed decreased amplitudes in individuals with aphasia around 195 ms over frontal electrodes, although this effect was not corrected for multiple comparisons. These results show that there is potential to capture language processing impairments in individuals with aphasia by measuring neural tracking of continuous speech. However, more research is needed to validate these results. Nonetheless, this exploratory study shows that neural tracking of naturalistic, continuous speech presents a powerful approach to studying aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Kries
- Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain InstituteKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of PsychologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pieter De Clercq
- Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain InstituteKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Marlies Gillis
- Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain InstituteKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Jonas Vanthornhout
- Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain InstituteKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Experimental Neurology, Department of NeurosciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Tom Francart
- Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain InstituteKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Maaike Vandermosten
- Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain InstituteKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Walker CS, Li L, Baracchini G, Tremblay-Mercier J, Spreng RN, Geddes MR. Neurobehavioral Mechanisms Influencing the Association Between Generativity, the Desire to Promote Well-Being of Younger Generations, and Purpose in Life in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbae060. [PMID: 38623965 PMCID: PMC11138215 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Generativity, the desire and action to improve the well-being of younger generations, is associated with purpose in life among older adults. However, the neurobehavioral factors supporting the relationship between generativity and purpose in life remain unknown. This study aims to identify the functional neuroanatomy of generativity and mechanisms linking generativity with purpose in life in at-risk older adults. METHODS Fifty-eight older adults (mean age = 70.8, SD = 5.03, 45 females) with a family history of Alzheimer's disease (AD) were recruited from the PREVENT-AD cohort. Participants underwent brain imaging and completed questionnaires assessing generativity, social support, and purpose in life. Mediation models examined whether social support mediated the association between generativity and purpose in life. Seed-to-voxel analyses investigated the association between generativity and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and ventral striatum (VS), and whether this rsFC moderated the relationship between generativity and purpose in life. RESULTS Affectionate social support mediated the association between generative desire and purpose in life. Generative desire was associated with rsFC between VS and precuneus, and, vmPFC and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rdlPFC). The vmPFC-rdlPFC rsFC moderated the association between generative desire and purpose in life. DISCUSSION These findings provide insight into how the brain supports complex social behavior and, separately, purpose in life in at-risk aging. Affectionate social support may be a putative target process to enhance purpose in life in older adults. This knowledge contributes to future developments of personalized interventions that promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Walker
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Linda Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Giulia Baracchini
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Tremblay-Mercier
- Centre for Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maiya R Geddes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Stoica T, Andrews ES, Deffner AM, Griffith C, Grilli MD, Andrews-Hanna JR. Speaking Well and Feeling Good: Age-Related Differences in the Affective Language of Resting State Thought. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2024; 5:141-159. [PMID: 39050037 PMCID: PMC11264499 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-024-00239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence and importance of resting state thought for daily functioning and psychological well-being, it remains unclear how such thoughts differ between young and older adults. Age-related differences in the affective tone of resting state thoughts, including the affective language used to describe them, could be a novel manifestation of the positivity effect, with implications for well-being. To examine this possibility, a total of 77 young adults (M = 24.9 years, 18-35 years) and 74 cognitively normal older adults (M = 68.6 years, 58-83 years) spoke their thoughts freely during a think-aloud paradigm across two studies. The emotional properties of spoken words and participants' retrospective self-reported affective experiences were computed and examined for age differences and relationships with psychological well-being. Study 1, conducted before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, revealed that older adults exhibited more diversity of positive, but not negative, affectively tinged words compared to young adults and more positive self-reported thoughts. Despite being conducted virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic, study 2 replicated many of study 1's findings, generalizing results across samples and study contexts. In an aggregated analysis of both samples, positive diversity predicted higher well-being beyond other metrics of affective tone, and the relationship between positive diversity and well-being was not moderated by age. Considering that older adults also exhibited higher well-being, these results hint at the possibility that cognitively healthy older adults' propensity to experience more diverse positive concepts during natural periods of restful thought may partly underlie age-related differences in well-being and reveal a novel expression of the positivity effect. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-024-00239-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Stoica
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Eric S. Andrews
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Austin M. Deffner
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Christopher Griffith
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Matthew D. Grilli
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucso, AZ USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Cognitive Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucso, AZ USA
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10
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Garcia A, Cohen RA, Langer KG, O'Neal AG, Porges EC, Woods AJ, Williamson JB. Semantic processing in older adults is associated with distributed neural activation which varies by association and abstractness of words. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01216-x. [PMID: 38822124 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The extent to which the neural systems underlying semantic processes degrade with advanced age remains unresolved, which motivated the current study of neural activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during semantic judgments of associated vs. unassociated, semantic vs. rhyme, and abstract vs. rhyme word pairs. Thirty-eight older adults, 55-85 years of age, performed semantic association decision tasks in a mixed event-related block fMRI paradigm involving binary judgments as to whether word pairs were related (i.e., semantically associated). As hypothesized, significantly greater activation was evident during processing of associated (vs. unassociated) word pairs in cortical areas implicated in semantic processing, including the angular gyrus, temporal cortex, and inferior frontal cortex. Cortical areas showed greater activation to unassociated (vs. associated) word pairs, primarily within a large occipital cluster. Greater activation was evident in cortical areas when response to semantic vs. phonemic word pairs. Contrasting activation during abstract vs. concrete semantic processing revealed areas of co-activation to both semantic classes, and areas that had greater response to either abstract or concrete word pairs. Neural activation across conditions did not vary as a function of greater age, indicating only minimal age-associated perturbation in neural activation during semantic processing. Therefore, the response of the semantic hubs, semantic control, and secondary association areas appear to be largely preserved with advanced age among older adults exhibiting successful cognitive aging. These findings may provide a useful clinical contrast if compared to activation among adults experiencing cognitive decline due Alzheimer's, frontal-temporal dementia, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Garcia
- Behavioral Sciences Department, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Brain Rehabilitation and Research Center, Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Kailey G Langer
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandria G O'Neal
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for OCD and Anxiety Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eric C Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation and Research Center, Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for OCD and Anxiety Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John B Williamson
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation and Research Center, Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for OCD and Anxiety Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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11
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Baciu M, Roger E. Finding the Words: How Does the Aging Brain Process Language? A Focused Review of Brain Connectivity and Compensatory Pathways. Top Cogn Sci 2024. [PMID: 38734967 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
As people age, there is a natural decline in cognitive functioning and brain structure. However, the relationship between brain function and cognition in older adults is neither straightforward nor uniform. Instead, it is complex, influenced by multiple factors, and can vary considerably from one person to another. Reserve, compensation, and maintenance mechanisms may help explain why some older adults can maintain high levels of performance while others struggle. These mechanisms are often studied concerning memory and executive functions that are particularly sensitive to the effects of aging. However, language abilities can also be affected by age, with changes in production fluency. The impact of brain changes on language abilities needs to be further investigated to understand the dynamics and patterns of aging, especially successful aging. We previously modeled several compensatory profiles of language production and lexical access/retrieval in aging within the Lexical Access and Retrieval in Aging (LARA) model. In the present paper, we propose an extended version of the LARA model, called LARA-Connectivity (LARA-C), incorporating recent evidence on brain connectivity. Finally, we discuss factors that may influence the strategies implemented with aging. The LARA-C model can serve as a framework to understand individual performance and open avenues for possible personalized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Baciu
- LPNC, Psychology Department, Grenoble Alps University
- Neurology Department, Grenoble Alps University Hospital
| | - Elise Roger
- LPNC, Psychology Department, Grenoble Alps University
- Communication and Aging Laboratory, Research Center of the University Institute of Geriatrics of Montreal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal
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12
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Krethlow G, Fargier R, Atanasova T, Ménétré E, Laganaro M. Asynchronous behavioral and neurophysiological changes in word production in the adult lifespan. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae187. [PMID: 38715409 PMCID: PMC11077060 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and brain-related changes in word production have been claimed to predominantly occur after 70 years of age. Most studies investigating age-related changes in adulthood only compared young to older adults, failing to determine whether neural processes underlying word production change at an earlier age than observed in behavior. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating whether changes in neurophysiological processes underlying word production are aligned with behavioral changes. Behavior and the electrophysiological event-related potential patterns of word production were assessed during a picture naming task in 95 participants across five adult lifespan age groups (ranging from 16 to 80 years old). While behavioral performance decreased starting from 70 years of age, significant neurophysiological changes were present at the age of 40 years old, in a time window (between 150 and 220 ms) likely associated with lexical-semantic processes underlying referential word production. These results show that neurophysiological modifications precede the behavioral changes in language production; they can be interpreted in line with the suggestion that the lexical-semantic reorganization in mid-adulthood influences the maintenance of language skills longer than for other cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Krethlow
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Bd du Pont d’Arve 40, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Tanja Atanasova
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Bd du Pont d’Arve 40, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Ménétré
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Bd du Pont d’Arve 40, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marina Laganaro
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Bd du Pont d’Arve 40, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Bätz LR, Ye S, Lan X, Ziaei M. Increased functional integration of emotional control network in late adulthood. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.10.588823. [PMID: 38659752 PMCID: PMC11040603 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Across the adult lifespan, there are changes in how emotions are perceived and regulated. As individuals age, there is an observed improvement in emotion regulation and overall quicker recovery from negative emotions. While previous studies have shown differences in emotion processing in late adulthood, the corresponding differences in large-scale brain networks remain largely underexplored. By utilizing large-scale datasets such as the Human Connectome Project (HCP-Aging, N = 621 ) and Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN, N = 333 ), we were able to investigate how emotion regulation networks' functional topography differs across the entire adult lifespan. Based on previous meta-analytic work that identified four large-scale functional brain networks involved in emotion generation and regulation, we found an increase in the functional integration of the emotional control network among older adults. Additionally, confirming through the nonlinear model, individuals around the age of 70 showed a steadier decline in integration of a network mediating emotion generation and regulation via interoception. Furthermore, the analyses revealed a negative association between age and perceived stress and loneliness that could be attributed to differences in large-scale emotion regulation networks. Our study highlights the importance of identifying topological changes in the functional emotion network architecture across the lifespan, as it allows for a better understanding of emotional aging and psychological well-being in late adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Rahel Bätz
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shuer Ye
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Xiaqing Lan
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maryam Ziaei
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Alzheimer’s disease, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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14
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Chang M, Hong B, Savel K, Du J, Meade ME, Martin CB, Barense MD. Spatial context scaffolds long-term episodic richness of weaker real-world autobiographical memories in both older and younger adults. Memory 2024; 32:431-448. [PMID: 38557252 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2334008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Remembering life experiences involves recalling not only what occurred (episodic details), but also where an event took place (spatial context), both of which decline with age. Although spatial context can cue episodic detail recollection, it is unknown whether initially recalling an event alongside greater reinstatement of spatial context protects memory for episodic details in the long term, and whether this is affected by age. Here, we analysed 1079 personally-experienced, real-world events from 29 older adults and 12 younger adults. Events were recalled first on average 6 weeks after they occurred and then again on average 24 weeks after they occurred. We developed a novel scoring protocol to quantify spatial contextual details and used the established Autobiographical Interview to quantify episodic details. We found improved recall of episodic details after a delay if those details had initially been recalled situated in greater spatial context. Notably, for both older and younger adults, this preservation was observed for memories initially recalled with low, but not high, numbers of episodic details, suggesting that spatial context aided episodic retrieval for memories that required more support. This work supports the notion that spatial context scaffolds detail-rich event recollection and inspires memory interventions that leverage this spatial scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Bryan Hong
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katarina Savel
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jialin Du
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Melissa E Meade
- Department of Psychology, Huron University College, London, Canada
| | - Chris B Martin
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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15
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Goodman ZT, Nomi JS, Kornfeld S, Bolt T, Saumure RA, Romero C, Bainter SA, Uddin LQ. Brain signal variability and executive functions across the life span. Netw Neurosci 2024; 8:226-240. [PMID: 38562287 PMCID: PMC10918754 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural variability is thought to facilitate survival through flexible adaptation to changing environmental demands. In humans, such capacity for flexible adaptation may manifest as fluid reasoning, inhibition of automatic responses, and mental set-switching-skills falling under the broad domain of executive functions that fluctuate over the life span. Neural variability can be quantified via the BOLD signal in resting-state fMRI. Variability of large-scale brain networks is posited to underpin complex cognitive activities requiring interactions between multiple brain regions. Few studies have examined the extent to which network-level brain signal variability across the life span maps onto high-level processes under the umbrella of executive functions. The present study leveraged a large publicly available neuroimaging dataset to investigate the relationship between signal variability and executive functions across the life span. Associations between brain signal variability and executive functions shifted as a function of age. Limbic-specific variability was consistently associated with greater performance across subcomponents of executive functions. Associations between executive function subcomponents and network-level variability of the default mode and central executive networks, as well as whole-brain variability, varied across the life span. Findings suggest that brain signal variability may help to explain to age-related differences in executive functions across the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason S. Nomi
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Salome Kornfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- REHAB Basel, Klinik für Neurorehabilitation und Paraplegiologie, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taylor Bolt
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roger A. Saumure
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Celia Romero
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Sierra A. Bainter
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Lucina Q. Uddin
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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von Bastian CC, Hyde ERA, Jiang S. Tackling cognitive decline in late adulthood: Cognitive interventions. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 56:101780. [PMID: 38176281 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Affordable and easy-to-administer interventions such as cognitive training, cognitively stimulating everyday leisure activities, and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, are promising avenues to counteract age-related cognitive decline and support people in maintaining cognitive health into late adulthood. However, the same pattern of findings emerges across all three fields of cognitive intervention research: whereas improvements within the intervention context are large and often reliable, generalisation to other cognitive abilities and contexts are severely limited. These findings suggest that while cognitive interventions can enhance the efficiency with which people use their existing cognitive capacity, these interventions are unlikely to expand existing capacity limits. Therefore, future research investigating generalisation of enhanced efficiency constitutes a promising avenue for developing reliably effective cognitive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C von Bastian
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleanor R A Hyde
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Shuangke Jiang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
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17
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Gaubert F, Borg C, Roux JC, Chainay H. Decision-making and ageing: everyday life situations under risk and under ambiguity. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:747-766. [PMID: 37277919 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231182403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive modifications during ageing can affect decision-making competence (DMC). As this ability is central to the preservation of autonomy, our study aims to investigate how it changes in elderly adults and to determine whether such changes are linked to the deterioration of executive functions and working memory. To this end, 50 young adults and 50 elderly adults were assessed with executive, working memory, and DMC tasks. The latter comprised the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and a scenario task based on situations inspired by everyday life, under conditions of both risk and ambiguity. The results revealed lower performances in old than in young adults for the updating, inhibition, and working memory tasks. The IGT failed to distinguish between the two age groups. However, the scenario task did permit such a distinction, with young adults seeking more risky and ambiguous choices than elderly adults. Moreover, updating and inhibition capacities appeared to influence DMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gaubert
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EMC), Université Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - Céline Borg
- CMRR, Hôpital Nord, Saint Priest-en Jarez, France
- Psychology Faculty, Catholic University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, University of Grenoble Alpes, Saint Priest-en Jarez, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Roux
- Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes (LTDS), Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs Saint-Etienne (ENISE), Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France
| | - Hanna Chainay
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EMC), Université Lyon 2, Bron, France
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18
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Guichet C, Banjac S, Achard S, Mermillod M, Baciu M. Modeling the neurocognitive dynamics of language across the lifespan. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26650. [PMID: 38553863 PMCID: PMC10980845 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with a heterogeneous decline across cognitive functions, typically observed between language comprehension and language production (LP). Examining resting-state fMRI and neuropsychological data from 628 healthy adults (age 18-88) from the CamCAN cohort, we performed state-of-the-art graph theoretical analysis to uncover the neural mechanisms underlying this variability. At the cognitive level, our findings suggest that LP is not an isolated function but is modulated throughout the lifespan by the extent of inter-cognitive synergy between semantic and domain-general processes. At the cerebral level, we show that default mode network (DMN) suppression coupled with fronto-parietal network (FPN) integration is the way for the brain to compensate for the effects of dedifferentiation at a minimal cost, efficiently mitigating the age-related decline in LP. Relatedly, reduced DMN suppression in midlife could compromise the ability to manage the cost of FPN integration. This may prompt older adults to adopt a more cost-efficient compensatory strategy that maintains global homeostasis at the expense of LP performances. Taken together, we propose that midlife represents a critical neurocognitive juncture that signifies the onset of LP decline, as older adults gradually lose control over semantic representations. We summarize our findings in a novel synergistic, economical, nonlinear, emergent, cognitive aging model, integrating connectomic and cognitive dimensions within a complex system perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Banjac
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS LPNC UMR 5105GrenobleFrance
| | - Sophie Achard
- LJK, UMR CNRS 5224, Université Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | | | - Monica Baciu
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS LPNC UMR 5105GrenobleFrance
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19
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Snytte J, Setton R, Mwilambwe-Tshilobo L, Natasha Rajah M, Sheldon S, Turner GR, Spreng RN. Structure-Function Interactions in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with Episodic Memory in Healthy Aging. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0418-23.2023. [PMID: 38479810 PMCID: PMC10972739 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0418-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging comes with declines in episodic memory. Memory decline is accompanied by structural and functional alterations within key brain regions, including the hippocampus and lateral prefrontal cortex, as well as their affiliated default and frontoparietal control networks. Most studies have examined how structural or functional differences relate to memory independently. Here we implemented a multimodal, multivariate approach to investigate how interactions between individual differences in structural integrity and functional connectivity relate to episodic memory performance in healthy aging. In a sample of younger (N = 111; mean age, 22.11 years) and older (N = 78; mean age, 67.29 years) adults, we analyzed structural MRI and multiecho resting-state fMRI data. Participants completed measures of list recall (free recall of words from a list), associative memory (cued recall of paired words), and source memory (cued recall of the trial type, or the sensory modality in which a word was presented). The findings revealed that greater structural integrity of the posterior hippocampus and middle frontal gyrus were linked with a pattern of increased within-network connectivity, which together were related to better associative and source memory in older adulthood. Critically, older adults displayed better memory performance in the context of decreased hippocampal volumes when structural differences were accompanied by functional reorganization. This functional reorganization was characterized by a pruning of connections between the hippocampus and the limbic and frontoparietal control networks. Our work provides insight into the neural mechanisms that underlie age-related compensation, revealing that the functional architecture associated with better memory performance in healthy aging is tied to the structural integrity of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Snytte
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Roni Setton
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Laetitia Mwilambwe-Tshilobo
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - M Natasha Rajah
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Gary R Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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20
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Liu X, Zhang L, Yu S, Bai Z, Qi T, Mao H, Zhen Z, Dong Q, Liu L. The Effects of Age and Reading Experience on the Lifespan Neurodevelopment for Reading Comprehension. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:239-260. [PMID: 38010312 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Reading comprehension is a vital cognitive skill that individuals use throughout their lives. The neurodevelopment of reading comprehension across the lifespan, however, remains underresearched. Furthermore, factors such as maturation and experience significantly influence functional brain development. Given the complexity of reading comprehension, which incorporates lower-level word reading process and higher-level semantic integration process, our study aims to investigate how age and reading experience influence the neurobiology underpinning these two processes across the lifespan. fMRI data of 158 participants aged from 7 to 77 years were collected during a passive word viewing task and a sentence comprehension task to engage the lower- and higher-level processes, respectively. We found that the neurodevelopment of the lower-level process was primarily influenced by age, showing increased activation and connectivity with age in parieto-occipital and middle/inferior frontal lobes related to morphological-semantic mapping while decreased activation in the temporoparietal regions linked to phonological processing. However, the brain function of the higher-level process was primarily influenced by reading experience, exhibiting a greater reliance on the frontotemporal semantic network with enhanced sentence-level reading performance. Furthermore, reading experience did not significantly affect the brain function of children, but had a positive effect on young adults in the lower-level process and on middle-aged and older adults in the higher-level process. These findings indicate that the brain function for lower- and higher-level processes of reading comprehension is differently affected by maturation and reading experience, and the experience effect is contingent on age regarding the two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ting Qi
- Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
| | | | | | | | - Li Liu
- Beijing Normal University
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21
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Lockrow AW, Setton R, Spreng KAP, Sheldon S, Turner GR, Spreng RN. Taking stock of the past: A psychometric evaluation of the Autobiographical Interview. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:1002-1038. [PMID: 36944860 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) involves a rich phenomenological re-experiencing of a spatio-temporal event from the past, which is challenging to objectively quantify. The Autobiographical Interview (AI; Levine et al. Psychology and Aging, 17(4), 677-689, 2002) is a manualized performance-based assessment designed to quantify episodic (internal) and semantic (external) features of recalled and verbally conveyed prior experiences. The AI has been widely adopted, yet has not undergone a comprehensive psychometric validation. We investigated the reliability, validity, association to individual differences measures, and factor structure in healthy younger and older adults (N = 352). Evidence for the AI's reliability was strong: the subjective scoring protocol showed high inter-rater reliability and previously identified age effects were replicated. Internal consistency across timepoints was robust, suggesting stability in recollection. Central to our validation, internal AI scores were positively correlated with standard, performance-based measures of episodic memory, demonstrating convergent validity. The two-factor structure for the AI was not well supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Adjusting internal and external detail scores for the number of words spoken (detail density) improved trait estimation of AM performance. Overall, the AI demonstrated sound psychometric properties for inquiry into the qualities of autobiographical remembering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber W Lockrow
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Roni Setton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gary R Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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22
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Wang X, Huang CC, Tsai SJ, Lin CP, Cai Q. The aging trajectories of brain functional hierarchy and its impact on cognition across the adult lifespan. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1331574. [PMID: 38313436 PMCID: PMC10837851 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1331574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The hierarchical network architecture of the human brain, pivotal to cognition and behavior, can be explored via gradient analysis using restingstate functional MRI data. Although it has been employed to understand brain development and disorders, the impact of aging on this hierarchical architecture and its link to cognitive decline remains elusive. Methods This study utilized resting-state functional MRI data from 350 healthy adults (aged 20-85) to investigate the functional hierarchical network using connectome gradient analysis with a cross-age sliding window approach. Gradient-related metrics were estimated and correlated with age to evaluate trajectory of gradient changes across lifespan. Results The principal gradient (unimodal-to-transmodal) demonstrated a significant non-linear relationship with age, whereas the secondary gradient (visual-to-somatomotor) showed a simple linear decreasing pattern. Among the principal gradient, significant age-related changes were observed in the somatomotor, dorsal attention, limbic and default mode networks. The changes in the gradient scores of both the somatomotor and frontal-parietal networks were associated with greater working memory and visuospatial ability. Gender differences were found in global gradient metrics and gradient scores of somatomotor and default mode networks in the principal gradient, with no interaction with age effect. Discussion Our study delves into the aging trajectories of functional connectome gradient and its cognitive impact across the adult lifespan, providing insights for future research into the biological underpinnings of brain function and pathological models of atypical aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Brain and Education Innovation, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chu-Chung Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Brain and Education Innovation, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Qing Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Brain and Education Innovation, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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23
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Wyatt LE, Hewan PA, Hogeveen J, Spreng RN, Turner GR. Exploration versus exploitation decisions in the human brain: A systematic review of functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies. Neuropsychologia 2024; 192:108740. [PMID: 38036246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Thoughts and actions are often driven by a decision to either explore new avenues with unknown outcomes, or to exploit known options with predictable outcomes. Yet, the neural mechanisms underlying this exploration-exploitation trade-off in humans remain poorly understood. This is attributable to variability in the operationalization of exploration and exploitation as psychological constructs, as well as the heterogeneity of experimental protocols and paradigms used to study these choice behaviours. To address this gap, here we present a comprehensive review of the literature to investigate the neural basis of explore-exploit decision-making in humans. We first conducted a systematic review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of exploration-versus exploitation-based decision-making in healthy adult humans during foraging, reinforcement learning, and information search. Eleven fMRI studies met inclusion criterion for this review. Adopting a network neuroscience framework, synthesis of the findings across these studies revealed that exploration-based choice was associated with the engagement of attentional, control, and salience networks. In contrast, exploitation-based choice was associated with engagement of default network brain regions. We interpret these results in the context of a network architecture that supports the flexible switching between externally and internally directed cognitive processes, necessary for adaptive, goal-directed behaviour. To further investigate potential neural mechanisms underlying the exploration-exploitation trade-off we next surveyed studies involving neurodevelopmental, neuropsychological, and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as lifespan development, and neurodegenerative diseases. We observed striking differences in patterns of explore-exploit decision-making across these populations, again suggesting that these two decision-making modes are supported by independent neural circuits. Taken together, our review highlights the need for precision-mapping of the neural circuitry and behavioural correlates associated with exploration and exploitation in humans. Characterizing exploration versus exploitation decision-making biases may offer a novel, trans-diagnostic approach to assessment, surveillance, and intervention for cognitive decline and dysfunction in normal development and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Wyatt
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick A Hewan
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy Hogeveen
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Montréal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Gary R Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Zhu Z, Zwerling JL, Qi X, Pei Y, Zheng Y, Wu B. Mechanisms of Change in Cognitive Function Domains Among Older Adults in Cognitive Deterioration and Improvement Groups: Evidence From Phenotypic Network Structure. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2023; 24:2009-2016.e9. [PMID: 37770013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how cognitive function domains change in phenotypic networks in cognitive deterioration and improvement groups. DESIGN Secondary data analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Respondents in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS) who were 70 years or older at the time of the data collection in 2000 or 2002. METHODS This study used data from the ADAMS in Wave A and Wave B. We assessed 12 cognitive function domains. Latent profile transition analysis (LPTA) and the cross-lagged panel network model were used to the dynamic interactions of the 12 cognitive function domains over time in both the deterioration and improvement groups. RESULTS A total of 252 participants were included in the final analysis. LPTA identified 5 subgroups and categorized all samples into 3 main categories: improvement group (n = 61), deterioration group (n = 54), and no change group (n = 137). "D9: psychomotor processing" showed the largest value of out-strength in the deterioration group (r = 0.941) and improvement group (r = 0.969). The strongest direct positive effect in the deterioration group was "C9: psychomotor processing" -> "C8: attention" [β = 0.39 (0.00, 1.13)]. In the improvement group, the strongest direct positive effect was "C9 = psychomotor processing" -> "C7 = visual memory" [β = 0.69 (0.07, 1.30)]. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Psychomotor processing affected other cognitive domains, and it played a crucial role in changes of cognitive function. The paths of psychomotor processing to attention and visual memory were found to be major factors in cognitive deterioration and improvement. Targeting psychomotor processing may lead to the development of more effective and precise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhu
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA; School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jessica L Zwerling
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xiang Qi
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaolin Pei
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaguang Zheng
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bei Wu
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA; NYU Aging Incubator, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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25
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Heckner MK, Cieslik EC, Paas Oliveros LK, Eickhoff SB, Patil KR, Langner R. Predicting executive functioning from brain networks: modality specificity and age effects. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10997-11009. [PMID: 37782935 PMCID: PMC10646699 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with structural and functional network changes in the brain, which have been linked to deterioration in executive functioning (EF), while their neural implementation at the individual level remains unclear. As the biomarker potential of individual resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) patterns has been questioned, we investigated to what degree individual EF abilities can be predicted from the gray-matter volume (GMV), regional homogeneity, fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), and RSFC within EF-related, perceptuo-motor, and whole-brain networks in young and old adults. We examined whether the differences in out-of-sample prediction accuracy were modality-specific and depended on age or task-demand levels. Both uni- and multivariate analysis frameworks revealed overall low prediction accuracies and moderate-to-weak brain-behavior associations (R2 < 0.07, r < 0.28), further challenging the idea of finding meaningful markers for individual EF performance with the metrics used. Regional GMV, well linked to overall atrophy, carried the strongest information about individual EF differences in older adults, whereas fALFF, measuring functional variability, did so for younger adults. Our study calls for future research analyzing more global properties of the brain, different task-states and applying adaptive behavioral testing to result in sensitive predictors for young and older adults, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K Heckner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Edna C Cieslik
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lya K Paas Oliveros
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kaustubh R Patil
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Wu W, Hoffman P. Age differences in the neural processing of semantics, within and beyond the core semantic network. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 131:88-105. [PMID: 37603932 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with functional activation changes in domain-specific regions and large-scale brain networks. This preregistered Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated these effects within the domain of semantic cognition. Participants completed 1 nonsemantic and 2 semantic tasks. We found no age differences in semantic activation in core semantic regions. However, the right inferior frontal gyrus showed difficulty-related increases in both age groups. This suggests that age-related upregulation of this area may be a compensatory response to increased processing demands. At a network level, older people showed more engagement in the default mode network and less in the executive multiple-demand network, aligning with older people's greater knowledge reserves and executive declines. In contrast, activation was age-invariant in semantic control regions. Finally, older adults showed reduced demand-related modulation of multiple-demand network activation in the nonsemantic task but not the semantic tasks. These findings provide a new perspective on the neural basis of semantic cognition in aging, suggesting that preserved function in specialized semantic networks may help to maintain semantic cognition in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Paul Hoffman
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Stevens WD, Khan N, Anderson JAE, Grady CL, Bialystok E. A neural mechanism of cognitive reserve: The case of bilingualism. Neuroimage 2023; 281:120365. [PMID: 37683809 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive Reserve (CR) refers to the preservation of cognitive function in the face of age- or disease-related neuroanatomical decline. While bilingualism has been shown to contribute to CR, the extent to which, and what particular aspect of, second language experience contributes to CR are debated, and the underlying neural mechanism(s) unknown. Intrinsic functional connectivity reflects experience-dependent neuroplasticity that occurs across timescales ranging from minutes to decades, and may be a neural mechanism underlying CR. To test this hypothesis, we used voxel-based morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity analyses of MRI data to compare structural and functional brain integrity between monolingual and bilingual older adults, matched on cognitive performance, and across levels of second language proficiency measured as a continuous variable. Bilingualism, and degree of second language proficiency specifically, were associated with lower gray matter integrity in a hub of the default mode network - a region that is particularly vulnerable to decline in aging and dementia - but preserved intrinsic functional network organization. Bilingualism moderated the association between neuroanatomical differences and cognitive decline, such that lower gray matter integrity was associated with lower executive function in monolinguals, but not bilinguals. Intrinsic functional network integrity predicted executive function when controlling for group differences in gray matter integrity and language status. Our findings confirm that lifelong bilingualism is a CR factor, as bilingual older adults performed just as well as their monolingual peers on tasks of executive function, despite showing signs of more advanced neuroanatomical aging, and that this is a consequence of preserved intrinsic functional network organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dale Stevens
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Naail Khan
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - John A E Anderson
- Department of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Grady
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ellen Bialystok
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada; Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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28
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Ebner NC, Pehlivanoglu D, Shoenfelt A. Financial Fraud and Deception in Aging. ADVANCES IN GERIATRIC MEDICINE AND RESEARCH 2023; 5:e230007. [PMID: 37990708 PMCID: PMC10662792 DOI: 10.20900/agmr20230007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Financial exploitation among older adults is a significant concern with often devastating consequences for individuals and society. Deception plays a critical role in financial exploitation, and detecting deception is challenging, especially for older adults. Susceptibility to deception in older adults is heightened by age-related changes in cognition, such as declines in processing speed and working memory, as well as socioemotional factors, including positive affect and social isolation. Additionally, neurobiological changes with age, such as reduced cortical volume and altered functional connectivity, are associated with declining deception detection and increased risk for financial exploitation among older adults. Furthermore, characteristics of deceptive messages, such as personal relevance and framing, as well as visual cues such as faces, can influence deception detection. Understanding the multifaceted factors that contribute to deception risk in aging is crucial for developing interventions and strategies to protect older adults from financial exploitation. Tailored approaches, including age-specific warnings and harmonizing artificial intelligence as well as human-centered approaches, can help mitigate the risks and protect older adults from fraud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C. Ebner
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Institute for National Security, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Didem Pehlivanoglu
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Institute for Cybersecurity Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Institute for National Security, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alayna Shoenfelt
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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29
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Paas Oliveros LK, Cieslik EC, Pieczykolan A, Pläschke RN, Eickhoff SB, Langner R. Brain functional characterization of response-code conflict in dual-tasking and its modulation by age. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10155-10180. [PMID: 37540164 PMCID: PMC10502578 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between conflicting response codes contributes to interference in dual-tasking, an effect exacerbated in advanced age. Here, we investigated (i) brain activity correlates of such response-code conflicts, (ii) activity modulations by individual dual-task performance and related cognitive abilities, (iii) task-modulated connectivity within the task network, and (iv) age-related differences in all these aspects. Young and older adults underwent fMRI while responding to the pitch of tones through spatially mapped speeded button presses with one or two hands concurrently. Using opposing stimulus-response mappings between hands, we induced conflict between simultaneously activated response codes. These response-code conflicts elicited activation in key regions of the multiple-demand network. While thalamic and parietal areas of the conflict-related network were modulated by attentional, working-memory and task-switching abilities, efficient conflict resolution in dual-tasking mainly relied on increasing supplementary motor activity. Older adults showed non-compensatory hyperactivity in left superior frontal gyrus, and higher right premotor activity was modulated by working-memory capacity. Finally, connectivity between premotor or parietal seed regions and the conflict-sensitive network was neither conflict-specific nor age-sensitive. Overall, resolving dual-task response-code conflict recruited substantial parts of the multiple-demand network, whose activity and coupling, however, were only little affected by individual differences in task performance or age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lya K Paas Oliveros
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Edna C Cieslik
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Aleks Pieczykolan
- Rheinische Fachhochschule – University of Applied Sciences, Cologne 50923, Germany
| | - Rachel N Pläschke
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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30
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Moisseinen N, Särkämö T, Kauramäki J, Kleber B, Sihvonen AJ, Martínez-Molina N. Differential effects of ageing on the neural processing of speech and singing production. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1236971. [PMID: 37731954 PMCID: PMC10507273 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1236971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding healthy brain ageing has become vital as populations are ageing rapidly and age-related brain diseases are becoming more common. In normal brain ageing, speech processing undergoes functional reorganisation involving reductions of hemispheric asymmetry and overactivation in the prefrontal regions. However, little is known about how these changes generalise to other vocal production, such as singing, and how they are affected by associated cognitive demands. Methods The present cross-sectional fMRI study systematically maps the neural correlates of vocal production across adulthood (N=100, age 21-88 years) using a balanced 2x3 design where tasks varied in modality (speech: proverbs / singing: song phrases) and cognitive demand (repetition / completion from memory / improvisation). Results In speech production, ageing was associated with decreased left pre- and postcentral activation across tasks and increased bilateral angular and right inferior temporal and fusiform activation in the improvisation task. In singing production, ageing was associated with increased activation in medial and bilateral prefrontal and parietal regions in the completion task, whereas other tasks showed no ageing effects. Direct comparisons between the modalities showed larger age-related activation changes in speech than singing across tasks, including a larger left-to-right shift in lateral prefrontal regions in the improvisation task. Conclusion The present results suggest that the brains' singing network undergoes differential functional reorganisation in normal ageing compared to the speech network, particularly during a task with high executive demand. These findings are relevant for understanding the effects of ageing on vocal production as well as how singing can support communication in healthy ageing and neurological rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nella Moisseinen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and the Brain, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teppo Särkämö
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and the Brain, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kauramäki
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and the Brain, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Boris Kleber
- Centre for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aleksi J. Sihvonen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and the Brain, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noelia Martínez-Molina
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and the Brain, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Centre for Brain and Cognition, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Craik FI. Memory, aging and the brain: Old findings and current issues. AGING BRAIN 2023; 4:100096. [PMID: 37701730 PMCID: PMC10494262 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article I reprise some selected findings and issues from my previous behavioural work on age-related differences in memory, and relate them to current work on the neural correlates of encoding, retrieval and representation. In particular, I describe the case study of a woman who had persistent experiences of erroneous recollection. I also describe the results of a study showing a double dissociation of implicit and explicit memory in younger and older adults. Finally, I assess recent work on loss of specificity in older adults' encoding and retrieval processes of episodic events. In all cases I attempt to relate these older findings to current ideas and empirical results in the area of memory, aging, and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus I.M. Craik
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy, 3560 Bathurst St., Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
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Martin S, Frieling R, Saur D, Hartwigsen G. TMS over the pre-SMA enhances semantic cognition via remote network effects on task-based activity and connectivity. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:1346-1357. [PMID: 37704032 PMCID: PMC10615837 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continuous decline of executive abilities with age is mirrored by increased neural activity of domain-general networks during task processing. So far, it remains unclear how much domain-general networks contribute to domain-specific processes such as language when cognitive demands increase. The current neuroimaging study explored the potential of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) over a domain-general hub to enhance executive and semantic processing in healthy middle-aged to older adults. METHODS We implemented a cross-over within-subject study design with three task-based neuroimaging sessions per participant. Using an individualized stimulation approach, each participant received once effective and once sham iTBS over the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), a region of domain-general control. Subsequently, task-specific stimulation effects were assessed in functional MRI using a semantic and a non-verbal executive task with varying cognitive demand. RESULTS Effective stimulation increased activity only during semantic processing in visual and dorsal attention networks. Further, iTBS induced increased seed-based connectivity in task-specific networks for semantic and executive conditions with high cognitive load but overall reduced whole-brain coupling between domain-general networks. Notably, stimulation-induced changes in activity and connectivity related differently to behavior: While stronger activity of the parietal dorsal attention network was linked to poorer semantic performance, its enhanced coupling with the pre-SMA was associated with more efficient semantic processing. CONCLUSIONS iTBS modulates networks in a task-dependent manner and generates effects at regions remote to the stimulation site. These neural changes are linked to more efficient semantic processing, which underlines the general potential of network stimulation approaches in cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martin
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Language & Aphasia Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Regine Frieling
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorothee Saur
- Language & Aphasia Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University, Neumarkt 9-19, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
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Seifert C, Zhao J, Brandi ML, Kampe T, Hermsdörfer J, Wohlschläger A. Investigating the effects of the aging brain on real tool use performance-an fMRI study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1238731. [PMID: 37674783 PMCID: PMC10477673 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1238731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Healthy aging affects several domains of cognitive and motor performance and is further associated with multiple structural and functional neural reorganization patterns. However, gap of knowledge exists, referring to the impact of these age-related alterations on the neural basis of tool use-an important, complex action involved in everyday life throughout the entire lifespan. The current fMRI study aims to investigate age-related changes of neural correlates involved in planning and executing a complex object manipulation task, further providing a better understanding of impaired tool use performance in apraxia patients. Methods A balanced number of sixteen older and younger healthy adults repeatedly manipulated everyday tools in an event-related Go-No-Go fMRI paradigm. Results Our data indicates that the left-lateralized network, including widely distributed frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions, involved in tool use performance is not subjected to age-related functional reorganization processes. However, age-related changes regarding the applied strategical procedure can be detected, indicating stronger investment into the planning, preparatory phase of such an action in older participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Seifert
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jingkang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Brandi
- Department of Neuroradiology, TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thabea Kampe
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Hermsdörfer
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Afra Wohlschläger
- Department of Neuroradiology, TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Gazes Y, Lee S, Fang Z, Mensing A, Noofoory D, Hidalgo Nazario G, Babukutty R, Chen BB, Habeck C, Stern Y. Effects of Brain Maintenance and Cognitive Reserve on Age-Related Decline in Three Cognitive Abilities. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1284-1293. [PMID: 36882044 PMCID: PMC10394982 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age-related cognitive changes can be influenced by both brain maintenance (BM), which refers to the relative absence over time of changes in neural resources or neuropathologic changes, and cognitive reserve (CR), which encompasses brain processes that allow for better-than-expected behavioral performance given the degree of life-course-related brain changes. This study evaluated the effects of age, BM, and CR on longitudinal changes over 2 visits, 5 years apart, in 3 cognitive abilities that capture most of age-related variability. METHODS Participants included 254 healthy adults aged 20-80 years at recruitment. Potential BM was estimated using whole-brain cortical thickness and white matter mean diffusivity at both visits. Education and intelligence quotient (IQ; estimated with American National Adult Reading Test) were tested as moderating factors for cognitive changes in the 3 cognitive abilities. RESULTS Consistent with BM-after accounting for age, sex, and baseline performance-individual differences in the preservation of mean diffusivity and cortical thickness were independently associated with relative preservation in the 3 abilities. Consistent with CR-after accounting for age, sex, baseline performance, and structural brain changes-higher IQ, but not education, was associated with reduced 5-year decline in reasoning (β = 0.387, p = .002), and education was associated with reduced decline in speed (β = 0.237, p = .039). DISCUSSION These results demonstrate that both CR and BM can moderate cognitive changes in healthy aging and that the 2 mechanisms can make differential contributions to preserved cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunglin Gazes
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Seonjoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhiqian Fang
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Mensing
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Diala Noofoory
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Geneva Hidalgo Nazario
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Reshma Babukutty
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bryan B Chen
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christian Habeck
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Dexter M, Ossmy O. The effects of typical ageing on cognitive control: recent advances and future directions. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1231410. [PMID: 37577352 PMCID: PMC10416634 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1231410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control is one of the most fundamental aspects of human life. Its ageing is an important contemporary research area due to the needs of the growing ageing population, such as prolonged independence and quality of life. Traditional ageing research argued for a global decline in cognitive control with age, typically characterised by slowing processing speed and driven by changes in the frontal cortex. However, recent advances questioned this perspective by demonstrating high heterogeneity in the ageing data, domain-specific declines, activity changes in resting state networks, and increased functional connectivity. Moreover, improvements in neuroimaging techniques have enabled researchers to develop compensatory models of neural reorganisation that helps negate the effects of neural losses and promote cognitive control. In this article on typical ageing, we review recent behavioural and neural findings related to the decline in cognitive control among older adults. We begin by reviewing traditional perspectives and continue with how recent work challenged those perspectives. In the discussion section, we propose key areas of focus for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ori Ossmy
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Heckner MK, Cieslik EC, Oliveros LKP, Eickhoff SB, Patil KR, Langner R. Predicting Executive Functioning from Brain Networks: Modality Specificity and Age Effects. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.29.547036. [PMID: 37425780 PMCID: PMC10327061 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.547036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with structural and functional network changes in the brain, which have been linked to deterioration in executive functioning (EF), while their neural implementation at the individual level remains unclear. As the biomarker potential of individual resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) patterns has been questioned, we investigated to what degree individual EF abilities can be predicted from gray-matter volume (GMV), regional homogeneity, fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), and RSFC within EF-related, perceptuo-motor, and whole-brain networks in young and old adults. We examined whether differences in out-of-sample prediction accuracy were modality-specific and depended on age or task-demand levels. Both uni- and multivariate analysis frameworks revealed overall low prediction accuracies and moderate to weak brain-behavior associations (R2 < .07, r < .28), further challenging the idea of finding meaningful markers for individual EF performance with the metrics used. Regional GMV, well linked to overall atrophy, carried the strongest information about individual EF differences in older adults, whereas fALFF, measuring functional variability, did so for younger adults. Our study calls for future research analyzing more global properties of the brain, different task-states and applying adaptive behavioral testing to result in sensitive predictors for young and older adults, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K. Heckner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Edna C. Cieslik
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lya K. Paas Oliveros
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kaustubh R. Patil
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Ahmed H, Pauly-Takacs K, Abraham A. Evaluating the effects of episodic and semantic memory induction procedures on divergent thinking in younger and older adults. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286305. [PMID: 37267278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggesting that episodic specificity induction improves divergent thinking performance in younger and older adults has been taken as indicative of the role of declarative memory processes in creativity. A series of studies were carried out to verify the specificity of such findings by investigating the effects of several novel episodic and semantic memory induction procedures on a widely employed measure of divergent creative thinking (the Alternate Uses Task), in comparison to a control induction and a no-induction baseline in both younger and older adults. There was no clear evidence for a specific role played by the induction of episodic or semantic memory processes in facilitating creative thinking across the three experiments, and the effects of the induction procedures (episodic, semantic and control) on divergent thinking were not comparable across age groups. On the other hand, higher levels of creativity were generally associated with older adults (60-80 years). In Experiments 2 and 3, older adults generated a greater number of responses (fluency), more unique responses (average originality, peak originality, creativity ratings) and more varied responses (flexibility) than younger adults (18-30 years). The findings are discussed in relation to the specificity of declarative memory operations and their impact on creative thinking, especially within the context of healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima Ahmed
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kata Pauly-Takacs
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Abraham
- Department of Educational Psychology, Mary Frances Early College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Torrance Center for Creativity and Talent Development, Mary Frances Early College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Montemurro S, Filippini N, Ferrazzi G, Mantini D, Arcara G, Marino M. Education differentiates cognitive performance and resting state fMRI connectivity in healthy aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1168576. [PMID: 37293663 PMCID: PMC10244540 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1168576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives In healthy aging, the way people cope differently with cognitive and neural decline is influenced by exposure to cognitively enriching life-experiences. Education is one of them, so that in general, the higher the education, the better the expected cognitive performance in aging. At the neural level, it is not clear yet how education can differentiate resting state functional connectivity profiles and their cognitive underpinnings. Thus, with this study, we aimed to investigate whether the variable education allowed for a finer description of age-related differences in cognition and resting state FC. Methods We analyzed in 197 healthy individuals (137 young adults aged 20-35 and 60 older adults aged 55-80 from the publicly available LEMON database), a pool of cognitive and neural variables, derived from magnetic resonance imaging, in relation to education. Firstly, we assessed age-related differences, by comparing young and older adults. Then, we investigated the possible role of education in outlining such differences, by splitting the group of older adults based on their education. Results In terms of cognitive performance, older adults with higher education and young adults were comparable in language and executive functions. Interestingly, they had a wider vocabulary compared to young adults and older adults with lower education. Concerning functional connectivity, the results showed significant age- and education-related differences within three networks: the Visual-Medial, the Dorsal Attentional, and the Default Mode network (DMN). For the DMN, we also found a relationship with memory performance, which strengthen the evidence that this network has a specific role in linking cognitive maintenance and FC at rest in healthy aging. Discussion Our study revealed that education contributes to differentiating cognitive and neural profiles in healthy older adults. Also, the DMN could be a key network in this context, as it may reflect some compensatory mechanisms relative to memory capacities in older adults with higher education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marco Marino
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Koshino H, Osaka M, Shimokawa T, Kaneda M, Taniguchi S, Minamoto T, Yaoi K, Azuma M, Higo K, Osaka N. Cooperation and competition between the default mode network and frontal parietal network in the elderly. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1140399. [PMID: 37275713 PMCID: PMC10237017 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1140399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that the Default Mode Network (DMN) typically exhibits increased activation during processing of social and personal information but shows deactivation during working memory (WM) tasks. Previously, we reported the Frontal Parietal Network (FPN) and DMN showed coactivation during task preparation whereas the DMN exhibited deactivation during task execution in working memory tasks. Aging research has shown that older adults exhibited decreased functional connectivity in the DMN relative to younger adults. Here, we investigated whether age-related cognitive decline is related to a reduced relationship between the FPN and DMN using a working memory task during the execution period. First, we replicated our previous finding that the FPN and DMN showed coactivation during the preparation period, whereas the DMN showed deactivation during the execution period. The older adults showed reduced DMN activity during task preparation and reduced deactivation during task execution; however, they exhibited a higher magnitude of activation in the FPN than the young individuals during task execution. Functional connectivity analyses showed that the elderly group, compared to the young group, showed weaker correlations within the FPN and the DMN, weaker positive correlations between the FPN and DMN during task preparation, and weaker negative correlations between the FPN and DMN during execution. The results suggest that cognitive decline in the older adults might be related to reduced connectivity within the DMN as well as between the FPN and DMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Koshino
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Mariko Osaka
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kaneda
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seira Taniguchi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Minamoto
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Yaoi
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuki Higo
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Osaka
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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40
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Pereira HM, Hunter SK. Cognitive challenge as a probe to expose sex- and age-related differences during static contractions. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1166218. [PMID: 37260592 PMCID: PMC10227451 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1166218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite activities of daily living being frequently performed simultaneously with a cognitive task, motor function is often investigated in isolation, which can hinder the applicability of findings. This brief review presents evidence that 1) performing a cognitive challenge simultaneously with a motor task can negatively impact force steadiness and fatigability of limb muscles during a static contraction, 2) the negative impact on old adults (>65 years old), particularly older women is greater than young when a cognitive challenge is simultaneously performed with a static motor task, 3) age-related mechanisms potentially explain impairments in motor performance in the presence of a cognitive challenge, and 4) the mechanisms for the age-related decrements in motor performance can be distinct between men and women. These observations are highly relevant to the older adults, given the increased risk of accidents and injury when a motor task is performed with a high cognitive-demand task, especially in light of the expanding reliance on an aging workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M. Pereira
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Sandra K. Hunter
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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41
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Chen M, He Y, Hao L, Xu J, Tian T, Peng S, Zhao G, Lu J, Zhao Y, Zhao H, Jiang M, Gao JH, Tan S, He Y, Liu C, Tao S, Uddin LQ, Dong Q, Qin S. Default mode network scaffolds immature frontoparietal network in cognitive development. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:5251-5263. [PMID: 36320154 PMCID: PMC10152054 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) is a workspace for convergence of internal and external information. The frontal parietal network (FPN) is indispensable to executive functioning. Yet, how they interplay to support cognitive development remains elusive. Using longitudinal developmental fMRI with an n-back paradigm, we show a heterogeneity of maturational changes in multivoxel activity and network connectivity among DMN and FPN nodes in 528 children and 103 young adults. Compared with adults, children exhibited prominent longitudinal improvement but still inferior behavioral performance, which paired with less pronounced DMN deactivation and weaker FPN activation in children, but stronger DMN coupling with FPN regions. Children's DMN reached an adult-like level earlier than FPN at both multivoxel activity pattern and intranetwork connectivity levels. Intrinsic DMN-FPN internetwork coupling in children mediated the relationship between age and working memory-related functional coupling of these networks, with posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) coupling emerging as most prominent pathway. Coupling of PCC-DLPFC may further work together with task-invoked activity in PCC to account for longitudinal improvement in behavioral performance in children. Our findings suggest that the DMN provides a scaffolding effect in support of an immature FPN that is critical for the development of executive functions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lei Hao
- College of Teacher Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Qiongtai Normal University Key Laboratory of Child Cognition & Behavior Development of Hainan Province, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Jiahua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ting Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Siya Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Gai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Sha Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100069, China
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Zhang X, Li Q, Gao P, Zhu J, Tuo H, Lin Q, Jing F, Liu W. The effect of mobile phone task and age on gait: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1163655. [PMID: 37082239 PMCID: PMC10110872 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1163655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Mobile phone usage while performing postural-locomotor tasks is everyday activity across persons of all ages in various environmental contexts and health conditions. However, it is also an important factor contributing to accidents. To lower the risk of pedestrian accidents, this meta-analysis aimed to examine how mobile phones affect pedestrian gait and identify how mobile phone tasks and participant age affect gait differently.Methods: Electronic database searches were performed in The Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Medline. Two examiners evaluated the eligibility and quality of included studies using the Downs and Black checklist. The mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated for each outcome. Subgroup analyses were used to compare the differential effects of mobile phone task and participant age on gait.Results: Among 22 eligible studies, 592 participants in 10 countries were analyzed in this meta-analysis. The overall meta-analysis showed that using a mobile phone significantly decreased pedestrian gait velocity (SMD = −1.45; 95% CI: −1.66 to −1.24; p < 0.00001; I2 = 66%), step length (SMD = −1.01; 95% CI: −1.43 to −0.59; p < 0.00001; I2 = 82%), and stride length (SMD = −0.9; 95% CI: −1.19 to −0.60; p < 0.00001; I2 = 79%), significantly increased pedestrian step time (SMD = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.45 to 1.08; p < 0.00001; I2 = 78%), stride time (SMD = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.69 to 1.06; p < 0.00001; I2 = 24%), step width (SMD = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.24; p = 0.0006. I2 = 75%), double support time (SMD = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.31; p < 0.00001; I2 = 42%), and double support (%gait cycle, %GC) (MD = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.75 to 2.88; p < 0.00001; I2 = 26%).Conclusion: In summary, the effects of mobile phone tasks and participant age on gait were inconsistent. Our study found that resource-intensive tasks (texting and reading) significantly reduced gait velocity, and step time; however, small resource-intensive tasks (calling, talking, and dialing) did not affect these outcomes. In contrast to young adults, step length and step time were not affected by mobile phone use in older adults. Tips: Pedestrians should consider using a mobile phone in their daily lives according to the application scenarios (walking environment, the complexity of mobile phone tasks, pedestrians’ task processing abilities, etc.) as appropriate to avoid dangerous accidents.Systematic Review Registration: identifier CRD42022358963.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Physical Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Pincao Gao
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- College of Rehabilitation and Health, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jialin Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Haowen Tuo
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Qihan Lin
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Feiyue Jing
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- *Correspondence: Feiyue Jing, ; Weiguo Liu,
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- *Correspondence: Feiyue Jing, ; Weiguo Liu,
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Akwe J, Hall MAK. Primary Care Considerations for Elderly U.S. Veterans of World War II and the Korean War: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e37309. [PMID: 37182054 PMCID: PMC10166705 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the United States' more than 18 million veterans obtain healthcare through the Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA) Veterans Health Administration system; however, recent legislative changes have expanded veterans' access to non-VA care in their communities, particularly for those who do not live near VA medical centers. Veterans are seen by physicians in outpatient practice across the United States and are admitted to non-VA hospitals; this is particularly salient for older veterans, who may require a more frequent and high level of care. We present a review of characteristics of U.S. veterans from two conflicts: World War II (WWII) and the Korean War. While non-VA clinicians are well equipped to provide care for patients of all different ages, veterans of armed conflicts have a unique constellation of exposures and cultural considerations that must be accounted for when providing them care. In this review, we describe characteristics of the generations of American veterans who served in WWII and the Korean War conflicts in a brief historical context. We then note conflict-specific exposures and potential long-term sequelae to watch for during physical examinations and to monitor thereafter, age-specific health and emotional concerns, and best practices for providing care to this cohort of veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Akwe
- Hospital Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, USA
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Ménétré E, Laganaro M. The temporal dynamics of the Stroop effect from childhood to young and older adulthood. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0256003. [PMID: 36996048 PMCID: PMC10062650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The processes involved in the Stroop task/effect are thought to involve conflict detection and resolution stages. Little is known about the evolution of these two components over the lifespan. It is well admitted that children and older adults tend to show longer response latencies than young adults. The present study aims at clarifying the rational of such changes from childhood to adulthood and in aging by comparing the impacted cognitive processes across age groups. More precisely, the aim was to clarify if all processes take more time to be executed, hence implying that longer latencies rely mainly on processing speed or if an additional process lengthens the resolution of the conflict in children and/or older adults. To this aim we recorded brain electrical activity using EEG in school-age children, young and older adults while they performed a classic verbal Stroop task. The signal was decomposed in microstate brain networks, and age groups and conditions were compared. Behavioral results evolved following an inverted U-shaped curve. In children, different brain states from the ones observed in adults were highlighted, both in the conflict detection and resolution time-windows. Longer latencies in the incongruent condition were mainly attributed to an overly increased duration of the microstates involved in the conflict resolution time window. In aging, the same microstate maps were reported for both young and older adult groups. The differences in performances between groups could be explained by a disproportionally long conflict detection phase, even compressing the latest stage of response articulation. These results tend to favor a specific immaturity of the brain networks involved coupled with a slowing of the processes in children, while cognitive decline could be mostly explained by a general slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ménétré
- Laboratory of NeuroPsychoLinguistic, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marina Laganaro
- Laboratory of NeuroPsychoLinguistic, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Pelegrini LNDC, Casemiro FG, Bregola A, Ottaviani AC, Pavarini SCI. Performance of older adults in a digital change detection task: The role of heterogeneous education. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY: ADULT 2023:1-9. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2189520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Zemach M, Lifshitz H, Vakil E. Brain reserve theory: Are adults with intellectual disability more vulnerable to age than peers with typical development? JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2023. [PMID: 36919892 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life expectancy is on rise and the intriguing question is: When does cognitive decline occur among adults with intellectual disability, compared to adults with typical development? This cross-sectional study examined cognitive performance of crystallised/fluid intelligence, working and long-term memory of adults with intellectual disability of etiologies other than Down syndrome (IQ 50-68) and adults with typical development (IQ 85-114) in four age cohorts (30-39; 40-49; 50-59; 60-69). METHOD The WAIS IIIHEB and the Rey-AVLT were administered to both groups. RESULTS Four patterns of cognitive performance were found: (a) Vocabulary (crystallised intelligence), Spatial Span Forward and Retention yielded similar scores across all four age cohorts in participants with typical development and with intellectual disability. (b) Similarities, Raven and Digit Span Backward exhibit lower scores only in 50-59 or 60-69 compared to the 30-39 age cohort in both groups, (c) Digit Span Forward, Spatial Span Backward and Total Leaning (LTM) yielded lower scores in the 50-59 or 60-69 age cohorts in the typical group, but similar scores in participants with intellectual disability along the age cohorts, (d) Block Design (fluid intelligence) yielded a lower score in the 50-59 cohort versus lower scores only at ages 60-69 in participants with typical development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a possible parallel trajectory in age-related cognitive performance for individuals with and without intellectual disability in six measures, and a possible more preserved trajectory in fluid intelligence and some memory measures in adults with intellectual disability compared to their peers. Caution should be exercised regarding Digit and Spatial Span Backwards, which yielded a floor effect in participants with intellectual disability. The Cognitive Reserve Theory, the Safeguard Hypothesis and late maturation might serve as explanations for these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Zemach
- Faculty of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Eli Vakil
- Department of Psychology and Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Kalaivanan K, Wong PCM, Wong FCK, Chan AHD. Native Language Perceptual Sensitivity Predicts Nonnative Speech Perception Differently in Younger and Older Singaporean Bilinguals. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:987-1017. [PMID: 36800502 DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigate in this study how individual variability in native language speech perception (termed Perceptual Sensitivity) influences nonnative speech perception in Singaporean Tamil-English bilinguals. Further, we assess if and how contextual and demographic factors influence Perceptual Sensitivity in the acquired languages and if the influence of Perceptual Sensitivity on nonnative speech perception is different across younger and older bilinguals. METHOD Perceptual Sensitivity in the native languages was examined by implementing Tamil and English gating tasks in 87 Singaporean Tamil-English bilinguals from two age groups (younger: 19-33 years; older: 55-70 years). Mandarin lexical tone discrimination was implemented as a measure of nonnative speech perception. RESULTS There was a wide range of variability in Perceptual Sensitivity scores in both languages across both age groups. Perceptual Sensitivity in the first native language (L1 Tamil) was a robust predictor of nonnative speech perception across both age groups, especially for the older bilinguals. However, general intelligence emerged as a stronger predictor than Tamil Perceptual Sensitivity in younger bilinguals. The influence of Tamil Perceptual Sensitivity on lexical tone perception was not tone-specific, supporting a general enhancement of lexical tone perception with better Tamil Perceptual Sensitivity. There was an influence of demographic factors on English Perceptual Sensitivity in older bilinguals, but not for Tamil and not in younger bilinguals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings corroborate with previous studies in showing that native language Perceptual Sensitivity is positively associated with and predicts nonnative speech perception in younger and older adulthood regardless of language similarity but to varying degrees. Specifically, the influence of Perceptual Sensitivity on nonnative speech perception is stronger in older adulthood, suggesting a possible shift in reliance on crystallized language knowledge with age. Proficiency and use, among other demographic and language variables, do not appear to influence L1 Perceptual Sensitivity in a lesser used language (Tamil) as significantly as previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kastoori Kalaivanan
- Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Patrick C M Wong
- Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
- Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis C K Wong
- Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Alice H D Chan
- Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Daley RT, Kensinger EA. Cognitive decline, socioemotional change, or both? How the science of aging can inform future research on sacrificial moral dilemmas. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:272-299. [PMID: 34933658 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2021.2019183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Older adults comprise the fastest-growing population in the United States. By exercising their right to vote, guiding the value systems of future generations, and holding political office, they shape the moral context of society. It is therefore imperative that we understand older adults' capacity for moral decision-making. Although the vast majority of research on moral decision-making has either focused specifically on younger adults or has not considered age, recent work points to age-related differences in sacrificial moral decision-making, with cognitively healthy older adults making more deontological decisions relative to younger adults. Although only a small number of studies have to date examined age-related differences, there is a wealth of relevant literature on cognitive aging, as well as on sacrificial moral decision-making in younger adults, that point to possible mechanistic explanations for the observed age-related differences. The goal of this review is to situate these age-related differences in sacrificial moral decision-making in the context of these existing literatures in order to guide future, theory-informed, research in this area. We specifically highlight age-related decline in cognitive abilities purported to support utilitarian moral decision-making in younger adults, along with age-related changes to socioemotional information processing as potential mechanistic explanations for these age-related differences. The last section of this review discusses how age-related neural changes may contribute to both cognitive decline and motivational shifts, highlighting the importance for future research to understand brain-behavior relationships on the topic of sacrificial moral decision-making and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Daley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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Li TJ, Hua MS, Liu MY, Liao YC, Chang HT. Extending Normative Data of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test to Account for Preliminary Psychometric Properties among Elderly Individuals in Taiwan. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 38:264-269. [PMID: 36420697 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is widely used to assess cognitive performance in clinical settings. However, availability of normative data for Revised Version of PASAT (PASAT-R) is often constrained by sample size among elderly individuals. In this study, we sought to establish normative data for PASAT-R for elderly individuals in Taiwan. METHODS This study recruited 166 individuals aged over 65 years stratified in accordance with the general population in terms of demographic characteristics, including age, educational level, and sex. We assessed PASAT-R test results in terms of psychometric properties. RESULTS PASAT-R demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Performance on PASAT-R was correlated with performance on the criterion tests. Performance on PASAT-R was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with educational level. This study provides normative data for PASAT-R for elderly Taiwanese individuals. CONCLUSIONS PASAT-R is applicable to neuropsychological assessment among elderly Taiwanese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jia Li
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mau-Sun Hua
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ying Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Liao
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Te Chang
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Assistance Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua City, Changhua, Taiwan
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Zhukovsky P, Coughlan G, Buckley R, Grady C, Voineskos AN. Connectivity between default mode and frontoparietal networks mediates the association between global amyloid-β and episodic memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:1147-1157. [PMID: 36420978 PMCID: PMC9875925 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Βeta-amyloid (Aβ) is a neurotoxic protein that deposits early in the pathogenesis of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. We aimed to identify network connectivity that may alter the negative effect of Aβ on cognition. Following assessment of memory performance, resting-state fMRI, and mean cortical PET-Aβ, a total of 364 older adults (286 with clinical dementia rating [CDR-0], 59 with CDR-0.5 and 19 with CDR-1, mean age: 74.0 ± 6.4 years) from the OASIS-3 sample were included in the analysis. Across all participants, a partial least squares regression showed that lower connectivity between posterior medial default mode and frontoparietal networks, higher within-default mode, and higher visual-motor connectivity predict better episodic memory. These connectivities partially mediate the effect of Aβ on episodic memory. These results suggest that connectivity strength between the precuneus cortex and the superior frontal gyri may alter the negative effect of Aβ on episodic memory. In contrast, education was associated with different functional connectivity patterns. In conclusion, functional characteristics of specific brain networks may help identify amyloid-positive individuals with a higher likelihood of memory decline, with implications for AD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zhukovsky
- Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthCampbell Family Mental Health Research InstituteTorontoCanada
| | - Gillian Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Rachel Buckley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of NeurologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Melbourne School of Psychological SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Cheryl Grady
- Rotman Research InstituteBaycrest Health SciencesTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Aristotle N. Voineskos
- Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthCampbell Family Mental Health Research InstituteTorontoCanada
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