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Yamamoto K, Scilabra SD, Bonelli S, Jensen A, Scavenius C, Enghild JJ, Strickland DK. Novel insights into the multifaceted and tissue-specific roles of the endocytic receptor LRP1. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107521. [PMID: 38950861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated endocytosis provides a mechanism for the selective uptake of specific molecules thereby controlling the composition of the extracellular environment and biological processes. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a widely expressed endocytic receptor that regulates cellular events by modulating the levels of numerous extracellular molecules via rapid endocytic removal. LRP1 also participates in signalling pathways through this modulation as well as in the interaction with membrane receptors and cytoplasmic adaptor proteins. LRP1 SNPs are associated with several diseases and conditions such as migraines, aortic aneurysms, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, corneal clouding, and bone dysmorphology and mineral density. Studies using Lrp1 KO mice revealed a critical, nonredundant and tissue-specific role of LRP1 in regulating various physiological events. However, exactly how LRP1 functions to regulate so many distinct and specific processes is still not fully clear. Our recent proteomics studies have identified more than 300 secreted proteins that either directly interact with LRP1 or are modulated by LRP1 in various tissues. This review will highlight the remarkable ability of this receptor to regulate secreted molecules in a tissue-specific manner and discuss potential mechanisms underpinning such specificity. Uncovering the depth of these "hidden" specific interactions modulated by LRP1 will provide novel insights into a dynamic and complex extracellular environment that is involved in diverse biological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Simone D Scilabra
- Proteomics Group of Ri.MED Foundation, Research Department IRCCS ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Bonelli
- Proteomics Group of Ri.MED Foundation, Research Department IRCCS ISMETT, Palermo, Italy; Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anders Jensen
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Akahane S, Matsuura H, Kaido T, Usami Y, Ishimine N, Uehara T, Yamauchi K. Apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins and their extracellular interactions with LRP1 affect LPS-induced inflammation. Biol Chem 2024; 405:383-393. [PMID: 38488124 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2024-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The linkage between low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)1-mediated metabolism of apolipoprotein (apo) E-containing lipoproteins (apoE-LP) and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response contributes to the pathogenesis of sepsis; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Therefore, in this study, the effects of apoE-LP and their constituents on the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and LRP1 were evaluated using a culture system of human fibroblasts supplemented with LPS and apoE-containing emulsion particles (apoE-EP). The affinity of apoE-LP for LPS was examined using the interaction between fluorescence-labeled LPS and serum lipoprotein fractions. LPS-induced inflammation significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and LRP1. This upregulation was markedly suppressed by pre-incubation of LPS with apoE-EP or its constituents (apoE or EP). The suppressive effect of apoE-EP on IL-6 upregulation was attenuated in the presence of lactoferrin, an inhibitor of LRP1. The prepared apoE-EP and serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins showed significant affinity for LPS. However, these affinities appeared to be lower than expected based on the extent to which IL-6 upregulation was suppressed by pre-incubation of LPS with apoE-EP. Overall, these results indicate that LPS-induced inflammation may be regulated by 1) the LPS-neutralizing effect of apoE-LP, 2) anti-inflammatory effect of apoE, and 3) LRP1-mediated metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Akahane
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, 34808 Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University , Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroto Matsuura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, 34808 Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University , Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kaido
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, 34808 Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University , Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 34808 Shinshu University Hospital , Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoko Usami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 34808 Shinshu University Hospital , Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Nau Ishimine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 34808 Shinshu University Hospital , Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 34808 Shinshu University Hospital , Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, 34808 Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University , Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, 34808 School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University , 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Gosset C, Foguenne J, Simul M, Layios N, Massion PB, Damas P, Gothot A. A reactive monocyte subset characterized by low expression of CD91 is expanded during sterile and septic inflammation. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:1438-1449. [PMID: 38278526 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to assess CD91 expression on monocytes and changes in monocyte subset distribution during acute tissue damage and bloodstream infection (BSI). METHODS We investigated blood specimens from healthy individuals, trauma and cardiac surgery patients as a model of tissue damage, and patients with BSI, by flow cytometry using a panel of antibodies comprising CD45, HLA-DR, CD14, CD16 and CD91 for the identification of monocyte subsets. RESULTS While infrequent in healthy subjects, CD91low/neg monocyte levels were markedly high in BSI, trauma and after cardiac surgery. This monocyte subset expanded up to 15-fold in both patient cohorts, whereas CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes were multiplied by a factor of 5 only. CD14+CD91low monocytes displayed a significantly lower density of HLA-DR and markedly reduced expression of CD300e, compared to the other subsets. They also expressed high levels of myeloperoxidase and showed robust phagocytic and oxidative burst activity. CONCLUSIONS Expansion of CD91low monocytes is a sensitive marker of acute inflammatory states of infectious and non-infectious etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gosset
- Department of Hematobiology and Immuno-Hematology, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacques Foguenne
- Department of Hematobiology and Immuno-Hematology, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Simul
- Department of Hematobiology and Immuno-Hematology, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Layios
- Intensive Care Unit, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Paul B Massion
- Intensive Care Unit, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Damas
- Intensive Care Unit, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - André Gothot
- Department of Hematobiology and Immuno-Hematology, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
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Zhang Q, Yue Y, Wang X, Cui H, Liu Y, Gao M, Liu T, Xiao L. Tandem Mass Tag-Labeled Quantitative Proteome Analyses Identify C1R and A2M as Novel Serum Biomarkers in Pregnant Women with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:1232-1248. [PMID: 38407963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify serum diagnostic biomarkers associated with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) during pregnancy. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in the control (C), mild (O), and moderate (MO) OSA groups (n = 3 in each group). Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify the underlying functions, pathways, and networks of the proteins. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the diagnostic value of the identified DEPs. The enzyme-linked immunoassay was performed to detect serum levels of the complement C1r subcomponent (C1R) and alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) in 79 pregnant women with OSA (mild OSA [n = 32]; moderate OSA [n = 29], and severe OSA [n = 18]) and 65 healthy pregnant women without OSA. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to analyze the correlation between C1R and A2M levels and OSA clinicopathological factors. In total, 141 DEPs, 29 DEPs, and 103 DEPs were identified in the three groups (i.e., the mild OSA vs control group, the moderate OSA vs mild apnea group, and the moderate OSA vs control group, respectively). C1R and A2M were identified as continuously up-regulated proteins, and the levels of C1R and A2M were associated with OSA severity. C1R and A2M were found to be correlated with body mass index, systolic blood pressure, apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation index, time with saturation below 90%, and lowest SaO2. Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes were observed in pregnant women with OSA. C1R and A2M have been identified as diagnostic biomarkers and are associated with the severity of OSA during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yuanyi Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Hong Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yishu Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
- Sleep Medicine Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Man Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
- Sleep Medicine Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
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Li Z, Deng X, Lan Y. Identification of a potentially functional circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in type 2 diabetes mellitus by integrated microarray analysis. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2024; 49:33-46. [PMID: 33792237 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) function as miRNA sponges by adsorbing microRNAs (miRNAs), thereby regulating messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has rarely been explored. A circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network associated with T2DM was established to help deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanism of and therapeutic targets for T2DM. METHODS Differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs), miRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray datasets GSE114248, GSE51674 and GSE95849, respectively. A circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network associated with T2DM and its subnetwork were constructed. The hub genes were screened using a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Finally, a hub gene-related network was constructed. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed. RESULTS The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network included 9 circRNAs, 24 miRNAs and 320 mRNAs. When four key circRNAs (circMYO9B, circGRAMD1B, circTHAP4 and circTMC7) were chosen, the subnetwork contained 4 circRNAs, 18 miRNAs and 307 mRNAs. Afterwards, 8 hub genes (SIRT1, GNG7, KDR, FOS, SIN3B, STAT1, SP1, and MAPK3) were extracted from the PPI network. GO and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that the network might be involved in oxidative stress responses, regulation of inflammation, neovascularization, endocrine and cancer-related processes, etc. CONCLUSIONS A circRNA-miRNA-hub gene regulatory network was constructed, and the potential functions of the hub genes were analyzed. Four important circRNAs (circMYO9B, circGRAMD1B, circTHAP4 and circTMC7) might be involved in the occurrence and development of T2DM, and this finding provides new insight into the molecular mechanism of and therapeutic targets for T2DM and its complications. Future studies are needed to validate the sponge effects and mechanisms of these 4 circRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Clinical Research Center of Diabetes Mellitus and its Chronic Complications, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Provincial Clinical Research Center of Diabetes Mellitus and its Chronic Complications, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China -
- Provincial Clinical Research Center of Diabetes Mellitus and its Chronic Complications, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang Z, Hong W, Wu Q, Tsavachidis S, Li JR, Amos CI, Cheng C, Sartain SE, Afshar-Kharghan V, Dong JF, Bhatraju P, Martin PJ, Makar RS, Bendapudi PK, Li A. Pathway-driven rare germline variants associated with transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA). Thromb Res 2023; 225:39-46. [PMID: 36948020 PMCID: PMC10147584 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The significance of rare germline mutations in transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) is not well studied. We performed a genetic association study in 100 adult TA-TMA patients vs. 98 post-transplant controls after matching by race, sex, and year. We focused on 5 pathways in complement, von Willebrand factor (VWF) function and related proteins, VWF clearance, ADAMTS13 function and related proteins, and endothelial activation (3641variants in 52 genes). In the primary analysis focused on 189 functional rare variants, no differential variant enrichment was observed in any of the pathways; specifically, 29 % TA-TMA and 33 % controls had at least 1 rare complement mutation. In the secondary analysis focused on 37 rare variants predicted to be pathogenic or likely pathogenic by ClinVar, Complement Database, or REVEL in-silico prediction tool, rare variants in the VWF clearance pathway were found to be significantly associated with TA-TMA (p = 0.008). On the gene level, LRP1 was the only one with significantly increased variants in TA-TMA in both analyses (p = 0.025 and 0.015). In conclusion, we did not find a significant association between rare variants in the complement pathway and TA-TMA; however, we discovered a new signal in the VWF clearance pathway driven by the gene LRP1 among likely pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Wei Hong
- Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Qian Wu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Spiridon Tsavachidis
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Chao Cheng
- Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sarah E Sartain
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Vahid Afshar-Kharghan
- Section of Benign Hematology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Pavan Bhatraju
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Paul J Martin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Robert S Makar
- Division of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Pavan K Bendapudi
- Division of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ang Li
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America.
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Mazura AD, Pietrzik CU. Endocrine Regulation of Microvascular Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis and Its Therapeutic Opportunities: Insights by PCSK9-Mediated Regulation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041268. [PMID: 37111752 PMCID: PMC10144601 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, many neurological disorders lack effective treatment options due to biological barriers that effectively separate the central nervous system (CNS) from the periphery. CNS homeostasis is maintained by a highly selective exchange of molecules, with tightly controlled ligand-specific transport systems at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) playing a key role. Exploiting or modifying these endogenous transport systems could provide a valuable tool for targeting insufficient drug delivery into the CNS or pathological changes in the microvasculature. However, little is known about how BBB transcytosis is continuously regulated to respond to temporal or chronic changes in the environment. The aim of this mini-review is to draw attention to the sensitivity of the BBB to circulating molecules derived from peripheral tissues, which may indicate a fundamental endocrine-operating regulatory system of receptor-mediated transcytosis at the BBB. We present our thoughts in the context of the recent observation that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-mediated clearance of brain amyloid-β (Aβ) across the BBB is negatively regulated by peripheral proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). We hope that our conclusions will inspire future investigations of the BBB as dynamic communication interface between the CNS and periphery, whose peripheral regulatory mechanisms could be easily exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Mazura
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Soler Y, Rodriguez M, Austin D, Gineste C, Gelber C, El-Hage N. SERPIN-Derived Small Peptide (SP16) as a Potential Therapeutic Agent against HIV-Induced Inflammatory Molecules and Viral Replication in Cells of the Central Nervous System. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040632. [PMID: 36831299 PMCID: PMC9954444 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) increasing the survival rate in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, low levels of viremia persist in the brain of patients leading to glia (microglia and astrocytes)-induced neuroinflammation and consequently, the reactivation of HIV and neuronal injury. Here, we tested the therapeutic efficacy of a Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP-1) agonistic small peptide drug (SP16) in attenuating HIV replication and the secretion of inflammatory molecules in brain reservoirs. SP16 was developed by Serpin Pharma and is derived from the pentapeptide sequence of the serine protease inhibitor alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT). The SP16 peptide sequence was subsequently modified to improve the stability, bioavailability, efficacy, and binding to LRP-1; a scavenger regulatory receptor that internalizes ligands to induce anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and pro-survival signals. Using glial cells infected with HIV, we showed that: (i) SP16 attenuated viral-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules; and (ii) SP16 attenuated viral replication. Using an artificial 3D blood-brain barrier (BBB) system, we showed that: (i) SP16 was transported across the BBB; and (ii) restored the permeability of the BBB compromised by HIV. Mechanistically, we showed that SP16 interaction with LRP-1 and binding lead to: (i) down-regulation in the expression levels of nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB); and (ii) up-regulation in the expression levels of Akt. Using an in vivo mouse model, we showed that SP16 was transported across the BBB after intranasal delivery, while animals infected with EcoHIV undergo a reduction in (i) viral replication and (ii) viral secreted inflammatory molecules, after exposure to SP16 and antiretrovirals. Overall, these studies confirm a therapeutic response of SP16 against HIV-associated inflammatory effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemmy Soler
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Dana Austin
- Serpin Pharma, 9501 Discovery Blvd Suite 120, Manassas, VA 20109, USA
| | - Cyrille Gineste
- Serpin Pharma, 9501 Discovery Blvd Suite 120, Manassas, VA 20109, USA
| | - Cohava Gelber
- Serpin Pharma, 9501 Discovery Blvd Suite 120, Manassas, VA 20109, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(305)-348-4346; Fax: +1-(305)-348-1109
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Vandooren J, Itoh Y. Alpha-2-Macroglobulin in Inflammation, Immunity and Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 12:803244. [PMID: 34970276 PMCID: PMC8712716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-2-macroglobulin is an extracellular macromolecule mainly known for its role as a broad-spectrum protease inhibitor. By presenting itself as an optimal substrate for endopeptidases of all catalytic types, alpha-2-macroglobulin lures active proteases into its molecular cage and subsequently ‘flags’ their complex for elimination. In addition to its role as a regulator of extracellular proteolysis, alpha-2-macroglobulin also has other functions such as switching proteolysis towards small substrates, facilitating cell migration and the binding of cytokines, growth factors and damaged extracellular proteins. These functions appear particularly important in the context of immune-cell function. In this review manuscript, we provide an overview of all functions of alpha-2-macroglobulin and place these in the context of inflammation, immunity and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vandooren
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Gonias SL. Plasminogen activator receptor assemblies in cell signaling, innate immunity, and inflammation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C721-C734. [PMID: 34406905 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00269.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) are serine proteases and major activators of fibrinolysis in mammalian systems. Because fibrinolysis is an essential component of the response to tissue injury, diverse cells, including cells that participate in the response to injury, have evolved receptor systems to detect tPA and uPA and initiate appropriate cell-signaling responses. Formation of functional receptor systems for the plasminogen activators requires assembly of diverse plasma membrane proteins, including but not limited to: the urokinase receptor (uPAR); integrins; N-formyl peptide receptor-2 (FPR2), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1). The cell-signaling responses elicited by tPA and uPA impact diverse aspects of cell physiology. This review describes rapidly evolving knowledge regarding the structure and function of plasminogen activator receptor assemblies. How these receptor assemblies regulate innate immunity and inflammation is then considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California
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11
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Labarrere CA, Kassab GS. Pattern Recognition Proteins: First Line of Defense Against Coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652252. [PMID: 34630377 PMCID: PMC8494786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China, has become a worldwide pandemic affecting almost 204 million people and causing more than 4.3 million deaths as of August 11 2021. This pandemic has placed a substantial burden on the global healthcare system and the global economy. Availability of novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are crucially needed to prevent development of severe disease leading to major complications both acutely and chronically. The success in fighting this virus results from three main achievements: (a) Direct killing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (b) Development of a specific vaccine, and (c) Enhancement of the host's immune system. A fundamental necessity to win the battle against the virus involves a better understanding of the host's innate and adaptive immune response to the virus. Although the role of the adaptive immune response is directly involved in the generation of a vaccine, the role of innate immunity on RNA viruses in general, and coronaviruses in particular, is mostly unknown. In this review, we will consider the structure of RNA viruses, mainly coronaviruses, and their capacity to affect the lungs and the cardiovascular system. We will also consider the effects of the pattern recognition protein (PRP) trident composed by (a) Surfactant proteins A and D, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement component 1q (C1q), (b) C-reactive protein, and (c) Innate and adaptive IgM antibodies, upon clearance of viral particles and apoptotic cells in lungs and atherosclerotic lesions. We emphasize on the role of pattern recognition protein immune therapies as a combination treatment to prevent development of severe respiratory syndrome and to reduce pulmonary and cardiovascular complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and summarize the need of a combined therapeutic approach that takes into account all aspects of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 disease to allow mankind to beat this pandemic killer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghassan S Kassab
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
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12
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Chen J, Su Y, Pi S, Hu B, Mao L. The Dual Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:682389. [PMID: 34124208 PMCID: PMC8192809 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.682389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic and signaling receptor belonging to the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene family and that is widely expressed in several tissues. LRP1 comprises a large extracellular domain (ECD; 515 kDa, α chain) and a small intracellular domain (ICD; 85 kDa, β chain). The deletion of LRP1 leads to embryonic lethality in mice, revealing a crucial but yet undefined role in embryogenesis and development. LRP1 has been postulated to participate in numerous diverse physiological and pathological processes ranging from plasma lipoprotein homeostasis, atherosclerosis, tumor evolution, and fibrinolysis to neuronal regeneration and survival. Many studies using cultured cells and in vivo animal models have revealed the important roles of LRP1 in vascular remodeling, foam cell biology, inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, its role in atherosclerosis remains controversial. LRP1 not only participates in the removal of atherogenic lipoproteins and proatherogenic ligands in the liver but also mediates the uptake of aggregated LDL to promote the formation of macrophage- and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-derived foam cells, which causes a prothrombotic transformation of the vascular wall. The dual and opposing roles of LRP1 may also represent an interesting target for atherosclerosis therapeutics. This review highlights the influence of LRP1 during atherosclerosis development, focusing on its dual role in vascular cells and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulan Pi
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Meszaros M, Kunos L, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Lazar Z, Bikov A. The Role of Soluble Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071494. [PMID: 33916750 PMCID: PMC8038392 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is related to inflammation and metabolic abnormalities. Soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (sLRP-1) is involved in anti-inflammatory and metabolic processes. However, its ligand, calreticulin (CALR) promotes pro-inflammatory responses and apoptosis. Our aim was to analyse the levels of these biomarkers in OSA. We recruited 46 patients with OSA and 30 control subjects. Inpatient sleep study was performed and fasting plasma samples were collected. Triglyceride glucose index (TyG) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were calculated. Plasma sLRP-1 levels were significantly lower in the OSA group compared to the controls (1.67 (0.90–2.11) mg/L vs. 1.99 (1.53–3.51) mg/L; p = 0.04) after adjustment for age, gender, BMI and lipid profile. Plasma sLRP-1 concentrations were inversely related to age (r = −0.29), BMI (r = −0.35), cigarette pack years (r = −0.31), LDL-C (r = −0.34) and triglyceride levels (r = −0.27), TyG (r = −0.37) and AIP (r = −0.27) as well as to the oxygen desaturation index (ODI, r = −0.24; all p < 0.05). BMI (p = 0.01) and ODI (p = 0.04) were independent predictors for low sLRP-1 levels. CALR did not differ significantly between the two groups (0.23 (0.17–0.34) ng/mL vs. 0.24 (0.20–0.36) ng/mL p = 0.76). We detected lower sLRP-1 levels in subjects with OSA which could contribute to metabolic abnormalities associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Meszaros
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (M.M.); (L.K.); (Z.L.)
| | - Laszlo Kunos
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (M.M.); (L.K.); (Z.L.)
| | - Adam Domonkos Tarnoki
- Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary; (A.D.T.); (D.L.T.)
| | - David Laszlo Tarnoki
- Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary; (A.D.T.); (D.L.T.)
| | - Zsofia Lazar
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (M.M.); (L.K.); (Z.L.)
| | - Andras Bikov
- North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1612912493; Fax: +44-1612915730
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14
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From the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 to neuropathic pain: a potentially novel target. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e898. [PMID: 33981930 PMCID: PMC8108589 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 plays a major role in the regulation of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, neuroregeneration, neuropathic pain, and deficient cognitive functions. This review describes the roles of the low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 (LRP-1) in inflammatory pathways, nerve nerve degeneration and -regeneration and in neuropathic pain. Induction of LRP-1 is able to reduce the activation of the proinflammatory NFκB-mediated pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 signaling pathways, in turn decreasing the production of inflammatory mediators. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 activation also decreases reactive astrogliosis and polarizes microglial cells and macrophages from a proinflammatory phenotype (M1) to an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2), attenuating the neuroinflammatory environment. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 can also modulate the permeability of the blood–brain barrier and the blood–nerve barrier, thus regulating the infiltration of systemic insults and cells into the central and the peripheral nervous system, respectively. Furthermore, LRP-1 is involved in the maturation of oligodendrocytes and in the activation, migration, and repair phenotype of Schwann cells, therefore suggesting a major role in restoring the myelin sheaths upon injury. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 activation can indirectly decrease neurodegeneration and neuropathic pain by attenuation of the inflammatory environment. Moreover, LRP-1 agonists can directly promote neural cell survival and neurite sprouting, decrease cell death, and attenuate pain and neurological disorders by the inhibition of MAPK c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38-pathway and activation of MAPK extracellular signal–regulated kinase pathway. In addition, activation of LRP-1 resulted in better outcomes for neuropathies such as Alzheimer disease, nerve injury, or diabetic peripheral neuropathy, attenuating neuropathic pain and improving cognitive functions. To summarize, LRP-1 plays an important role in the development of different experimental diseases of the nervous system, and it is emerging as a very interesting therapeutic target.
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15
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Rezaei E, Hogan D, Trost B, Kusalik AJ, Boire G, Cabral DA, Campillo S, Chédeville G, Chetaille AL, Dancey P, Duffy C, Watanabe Duffy K, Gordon J, Guzman J, Houghton K, Huber AM, Jurencak R, Lang B, Morishita K, Oen KG, Petty RE, Ramsey SE, Scuccimarri R, Spiegel L, Stringer E, Taylor-Gjevre RM, Tse SML, Tucker LB, Turvey SE, Tupper S, Yeung RSM, Benseler S, Ellsworth J, Guillet C, Karananayake C, Muhajarine N, Roth J, Schneider R, Rosenberg AM. Clinical and associated inflammatory biomarker features predictive of short-term outcomes in non-systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:2402-2411. [PMID: 31919503 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify early predictors of disease activity at 18 months in JIA using clinical and biomarker profiling. METHODS Clinical and biomarker data were collected at JIA diagnosis in a prospective longitudinal inception cohort of 82 children with non-systemic JIA, and their ability to predict an active joint count of 0, a physician global assessment of disease activity of ≤1 cm, and inactive disease by Wallace 2004 criteria 18 months later was assessed. Correlation-based feature selection and ReliefF were used to shortlist predictors and random forest models were trained to predict outcomes. RESULTS From the original 112 features, 13 effectively predicted 18-month outcomes. They included age, number of active/effused joints, wrist, ankle and/or knee involvement, ESR, ANA positivity and plasma levels of five inflammatory biomarkers (IL-10, IL-17, IL-12p70, soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and vitamin D), at enrolment. The clinical plus biomarker panel predicted active joint count = 0, physician global assessment ≤ 1, and inactive disease after 18 months with 0.79, 0.80 and 0.83 accuracy and 0.84, 0.83, 0.88 area under the curve, respectively. Using clinical features alone resulted in 0.75, 0.72 and 0.80 accuracy, and area under the curve values of 0.81, 0.78 and 0.83, respectively. CONCLUSION A panel of five plasma biomarkers combined with clinical features at the time of diagnosis more accurately predicted short-term disease activity in JIA than clinical characteristics alone. If validated in external cohorts, such a panel may guide more rationally conceived, biologically based, personalized treatment strategies in early JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Rezaei
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Daniel Hogan
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada
| | - Brett Trost
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada
| | - Anthony J Kusalik
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada
| | - Gilles Boire
- Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QCCanada
| | - David A Cabral
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BCCanada
| | - Sarah Campillo
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QCCanada
| | - Gaëlle Chédeville
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QCCanada
| | - Anne-Laure Chetaille
- Département de Médecine le, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec, QCCanada
| | - Paul Dancey
- Department of Pediatrics, Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre, St John's, NLCanada
| | - Ciaran Duffy
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ONCanada
| | - Karen Watanabe Duffy
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ONCanada
| | - John Gordon
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SKCanada
| | - Jaime Guzman
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BCCanada
| | - Kristin Houghton
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BCCanada
| | - Adam M Huber
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSCanada
| | - Roman Jurencak
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ONCanada
| | - Bianca Lang
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSCanada
| | - Kimberly Morishita
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BCCanada
| | - Kiem G Oen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBCanada
| | - Ross E Petty
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BCCanada
| | - Suzanne E Ramsey
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSCanada
| | - Rosie Scuccimarri
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QCCanada
| | - Lynn Spiegel
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONCanada
| | - Elizabeth Stringer
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NSCanada
| | | | - Shirley M L Tse
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONCanada
| | - Lori B Tucker
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BCCanada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BCCanada
| | - Susan Tupper
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Rae S M Yeung
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONCanada
| | - Susanne Benseler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, ABCanada
| | - Janet Ellsworth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABCanada
| | - Chantal Guillet
- Department of Pediatrics, Hôpital Fleurimont (CHUS), Quebec, QCCanada
| | | | - Nazeem Muhajarine
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Johannes Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ONCanada
| | - Rayfel Schneider
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONCanada
| | - Alan M Rosenberg
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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16
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Heissig B, Salama Y, Takahashi S, Osada T, Hattori K. The multifaceted role of plasminogen in inflammation. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109761. [PMID: 32861744 PMCID: PMC7452830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A fine-tuned activation and deactivation of proteases and their inhibitors are involved in the execution of the inflammatory response. The zymogen/proenzyme plasminogen is converted to the serine protease plasmin, a key fibrinolytic factor by plasminogen activators including tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Plasmin is part of an intricate protease network controlling proteins of initial hemostasis/coagulation, fibrinolytic and complement system. Activation of these protease cascades is required to mount a proper inflammatory response. Although best known for its ability to dissolve clots and cleave fibrin, recent studies point to the importance of fibrin-independent functions of plasmin during acute inflammation and inflammation resolution. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of the enzymatic and cytokine-like effects of tPA and describe the role of tPA and plasminogen receptors in the regulation of the inflammatory response with emphasis on the cytokine storm syndrome such as observed during coronavirus disease 2019 or macrophage activation syndrome. We discuss tPA as a modulator of Toll like receptor signaling, plasmin as an activator of NFkB signaling, and summarize recent studies on the role of plasminogen receptors as controllers of the macrophage conversion into the M2 type and as mediators of efferocytosis during inflammation resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Heissig
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Yousef Salama
- An-Najah Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Taro Osada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu-shi, 279-0021 Chiba, Japan.
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genomic & Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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17
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Rezaei E, Newkirk MM, Li Z, Gordon JR, Oen KG, Benseler SM, Boire G, Cabral DA, Campillo S, Chédeville G, Chetaille AL, Dancey P, Duffy C, Duffy KW, Houghton K, Huber AM, Jurencak R, Lang B, Morishita KA, Petty RE, Ramsey SE, Roth J, Schneider R, Scuccimarri R, Spiegel L, Stringer E, Tse SML, Tucker LB, Turvey SE, Yeung RSM, Rosenberg AM. Soluble Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 1 in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. J Rheumatol 2020; 48:760-766. [PMID: 33060303 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.200391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to expand knowledge about soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (sLRP1) in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) by determining associations of sLRP1 levels in nonsystemic JIA patients with clinical and inflammatory biomarker indicators of disease activity. METHODS Plasma sLRP1 and 44 inflammation-related biomarkers were measured at enrollment and 6 months later in a cohort of 96 newly diagnosed Canadian patients with nonsystemic JIA. Relationships between sLRP1 levels and indicators of disease activity and biomarker levels were analyzed at both visits. RESULTS At enrollment, sLRP1 levels correlated negatively with age and active joint counts. Children showed significantly higher levels of sLRP1 than adolescents (mean ranks: 55.4 and 41.9, respectively; P = 0.02). Participants with 4 or fewer active joints, compared to those with 5 or more active joints, had significantly higher sLRP1 levels (mean ranks: 56.2 and 40.7, respectively; P = 0.006). At enrollment, considering the entire cohort, sLRP1 correlated negatively with the number of active joints (r = -0.235, P = 0.017). In the entire cohort, sLRP1 levels at enrollment and 6 months later correlated with 13 and 6 pro- and antiinflammatory biomarkers, respectively. In JIA categories, sLRP1 correlations with inflammatory markers were significant in rheumatoid factor-negative polyarticular JIA, oligoarticular JIA, enthesitis-related arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis at enrollment. Higher sLRP1 levels at enrollment increased the likelihood of absence of active joints 6 months later. CONCLUSION Plasma sLRP1 levels correlate with clinical and biomarker indicators of short-term improvement in JIA disease activity, supporting sLRP1 as an upstream biomarker of potential utility for assessing JIA disease activity and outcome prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Rezaei
- E. Rezaei, MD, PhD, A.M. Rosenberg, MD, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
| | - Marianna M Newkirk
- M.M. Newkirk, PhD, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Zhenhong Li
- Z. Li, MSc, RC-CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
| | - John R Gordon
- J.R. Gordon, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
| | - Kiem G Oen
- K.G. Oen, MD, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Susanne M Benseler
- S.M. Benseler, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Gilles Boire
- G. Boire, MD, Département de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec
| | - David A Cabral
- D.A. Cabral, MD, K. Houghton, MD, K.A. Morishita, MD, R.E. Petty, MD, PhD, L.B. Tucker, MD, S.E. Turvey, MD, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Sarah Campillo
- S. Campillo, MD, G. Chédeville, MD, R. Scuccimarri, MD, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Gaëlle Chédeville
- S. Campillo, MD, G. Chédeville, MD, R. Scuccimarri, MD, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Anne-Laure Chetaille
- A.L. Chetaille, MD, Département de Médecine le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec
| | - Paul Dancey
- P. Dancey, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland
| | - Ciaran Duffy
- C. Duffy, MD, R. Jurencak, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Karen Watanabe Duffy
- K. Watanabe Duffy, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Kristin Houghton
- D.A. Cabral, MD, K. Houghton, MD, K.A. Morishita, MD, R.E. Petty, MD, PhD, L.B. Tucker, MD, S.E. Turvey, MD, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Adam M Huber
- A.M. Huber, MD, B. Lang, MD, S.E. Ramsey, MD, E. Stringer, MD, Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Roman Jurencak
- C. Duffy, MD, R. Jurencak, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Bianca Lang
- A.M. Huber, MD, B. Lang, MD, S.E. Ramsey, MD, E. Stringer, MD, Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Kimberly A Morishita
- D.A. Cabral, MD, K. Houghton, MD, K.A. Morishita, MD, R.E. Petty, MD, PhD, L.B. Tucker, MD, S.E. Turvey, MD, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Ross E Petty
- D.A. Cabral, MD, K. Houghton, MD, K.A. Morishita, MD, R.E. Petty, MD, PhD, L.B. Tucker, MD, S.E. Turvey, MD, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Suzanne E Ramsey
- A.M. Huber, MD, B. Lang, MD, S.E. Ramsey, MD, E. Stringer, MD, Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Johannes Roth
- J. Roth, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Rayfel Schneider
- R. Schneider, MD, L. Spiegel, MD, S.M. Tse, MD, R.S. Yeung, MD, PhD, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosie Scuccimarri
- S. Campillo, MD, G. Chédeville, MD, R. Scuccimarri, MD, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Lynn Spiegel
- R. Schneider, MD, L. Spiegel, MD, S.M. Tse, MD, R.S. Yeung, MD, PhD, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Stringer
- A.M. Huber, MD, B. Lang, MD, S.E. Ramsey, MD, E. Stringer, MD, Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Shirley M L Tse
- R. Schneider, MD, L. Spiegel, MD, S.M. Tse, MD, R.S. Yeung, MD, PhD, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lori B Tucker
- D.A. Cabral, MD, K. Houghton, MD, K.A. Morishita, MD, R.E. Petty, MD, PhD, L.B. Tucker, MD, S.E. Turvey, MD, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- D.A. Cabral, MD, K. Houghton, MD, K.A. Morishita, MD, R.E. Petty, MD, PhD, L.B. Tucker, MD, S.E. Turvey, MD, Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Rae S M Yeung
- R. Schneider, MD, L. Spiegel, MD, S.M. Tse, MD, R.S. Yeung, MD, PhD, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan M Rosenberg
- E. Rezaei, MD, PhD, A.M. Rosenberg, MD, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan;
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18
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Cai H, Cai T, Zheng H, Liu L, Zhou L, Pang X, Zhan Q, Wang Y, Yang C, Guo Z, Pan H, Wang Q. The Neuroprotective Effects of Danggui-Shaoyao San on Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Involvement of the Role of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein. Rejuvenation Res 2020; 23:420-433. [PMID: 32242481 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2019.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Cai
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiantian Cai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotao Zheng
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijin Liu
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liuchang Zhou
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xile Pang
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinkai Zhan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouke Guo
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huafeng Pan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Oikonomou E, Leopoulou M, Theofilis P, Antonopoulos AS, Siasos G, Latsios G, Mystakidi VC, Antoniades C, Tousoulis D. A link between inflammation and thrombosis in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: Clinical and therapeutic implications. Atherosclerosis 2020; 309:16-26. [PMID: 32858395 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The association between thrombosis and acute coronary syndromes is well established. Inflammation and activation of innate and adaptive immunity are another important factor implicated in atherosclerosis. However, the exact interactions between thrombosis and inflammation in atherosclerosis are less well understood. Accumulating data suggest a firm interaction between these two key pathophysiologic processes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1, have been implicated in the thrombotic cascade following plaque rupture and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, cell adhesion molecules accelerate not only atheromatosis but also thrombosis formation while activated platelets are able to trigger leukocyte adhesion and accumulation. Additionally, tissue factor, thrombin, and activated coagulation factors induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin and C reactive protein, which may further induce von Willebrand factor secretion. Treatments targeting immune activation (i.e. interleukin-1 inhibitors, colchicine, statins, etc.) may also beneficially modulate platelet activation while common anti-thrombotic therapies appear to attenuate the inflammatory process. Taken together in the context of cardiovascular diseases, thrombosis and inflammation should be studied and managed as a common entity under the concept of thrombo-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | - Marianna Leopoulou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Theofilis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios S Antonopoulos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - George Latsios
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Chara Mystakidi
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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20
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Panicker SR, Biswas I, Giri H, Cai X, Rezaie AR. PKC (Protein Kinase C)-δ Modulates AT (Antithrombin) Signaling in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1748-1762. [PMID: 32404004 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Native and latent conformers of AT (antithrombin) induce anti-inflammatory and proapoptotic signaling activities, respectively, in vascular endothelial cells by unknown mechanisms. Synd-4 (syndecan-4) has been identified as a receptor that is involved in transmitting signaling activities of AT in endothelial cells. Approach and Results: In this study, we used flow cytometry, signaling assays, immunoblotting and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy to investigate the mechanism of the paradoxical signaling activities of high-affinity heparin (native) and low-affinity heparin (latent) conformers of AT in endothelial cells. We discovered that native AT binds to glycosaminoglycans on vascular endothelial cells via its heparin-binding D-helix to induce anti-inflammatory signaling responses by recruiting PKC (protein kinase C)-δ to the plasma membrane and promoting phosphorylation of the Synd-4 cytoplasmic domain at Ser179. By contrast, the binding of latent AT to endothelial cells to a site(s), which is not competed by the native AT, induces a proapoptotic effect by localizing PKC-δ to the perinuclear/nuclear compartment in endothelial cells. Overexpression of a dominant-negative form of PKC-δ resulted in inhibition of anti-inflammatory and proapoptotic signaling activities of both native and latent AT. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the native and latent conformers of AT may exert their distinct intracellular signaling effects through differentially modulating the subcellular localization of PKC-δ in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumith R Panicker
- From the Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (S.R.P., I.B., H.G., X.C., A.R.R.)
| | - Indranil Biswas
- From the Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (S.R.P., I.B., H.G., X.C., A.R.R.)
| | - Hemant Giri
- From the Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (S.R.P., I.B., H.G., X.C., A.R.R.)
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- From the Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (S.R.P., I.B., H.G., X.C., A.R.R.)
| | - Alireza R Rezaie
- From the Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (S.R.P., I.B., H.G., X.C., A.R.R.).,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (A.R.R.)
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21
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Fernández-Castañeda A, Chappell MS, Rosen DA, Seki SM, Beiter RM, Johanson DM, Liskey D, Farber E, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Overall CC, Dupree JL, Gaultier A. The active contribution of OPCs to neuroinflammation is mediated by LRP1. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:365-382. [PMID: 31552482 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) account for about 5% of total brain and spinal cord cells, giving rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes that provide electrical insulation to neurons of the CNS. OPCs have also recently been shown to regulate inflammatory responses and glial scar formation, suggesting functions that extend beyond myelination. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a multifaceted phagocytic receptor that is highly expressed in several CNS cell types, including OPCs. Here, we have generated an oligodendroglia-specific knockout of LRP1, which presents with normal myelin development, but is associated with better outcomes in two animal models of demyelination (EAE and cuprizone). At a mechanistic level, LRP1 did not directly affect OPC differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Instead, animals lacking LRP1 in OPCs in the demyelinating CNS were characterized by a robust dampening of inflammation. In particular, LRP1-deficient OPCs presented with impaired antigen cross-presentation machinery, suggesting a failure to propagate the inflammatory response and thus promoting faster myelin repair and neuroprotection. Our study places OPCs as major regulators of neuroinflammation in an LRP1-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fernández-Castañeda
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Megan S Chappell
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Dorian A Rosen
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Scott M Seki
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Rebecca M Beiter
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - David M Johanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Delaney Liskey
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Emily Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Christopher C Overall
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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22
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Brophy ML, Dong Y, Tao H, Yancey PG, Song K, Zhang K, Wen A, Wu H, Lee Y, Malovichko MV, Sithu SD, Wong S, Yu L, Kocher O, Bischoff J, Srivastava S, Linton MF, Ley K, Chen H. Myeloid-Specific Deletion of Epsins 1 and 2 Reduces Atherosclerosis by Preventing LRP-1 Downregulation. Circ Res 2019; 124:e6-e19. [PMID: 30595089 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atherosclerosis is, in part, caused by immune and inflammatory cell infiltration into the vascular wall, leading to enhanced inflammation and lipid accumulation in the aortic endothelium. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease is critical for the development of new therapies. Our recent studies demonstrate that epsins, a family of ubiquitin-binding endocytic adaptors, are critical regulators of atherogenicity. Given the fundamental contribution lesion macrophages make to fuel atherosclerosis, whether and how myeloid-specific epsins promote atherogenesis is an open and significant question. OBJECTIVE We will determine the role of myeloid-specific epsins in regulating lesion macrophage function during atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We engineered myeloid cell-specific epsins double knockout mice (LysM-DKO) on an ApoE-/- background. On Western diet, these mice exhibited marked decrease in atherosclerotic lesion formation, diminished immune and inflammatory cell content in aortas, and reduced necrotic core content but increased smooth muscle cell content in aortic root sections. Epsins deficiency hindered foam cell formation and suppressed proinflammatory macrophage phenotype but increased efferocytosis and anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype in primary macrophages. Mechanistically, we show that epsin loss specifically increased total and surface levels of LRP-1 (LDLR [low-density lipoprotein receptor]-related protein 1), an efferocytosis receptor with antiatherosclerotic properties. We further show that epsin and LRP-1 interact via epsin's ubiquitin-interacting motif domain. ox-LDL (oxidized LDL) treatment increased LRP-1 ubiquitination, subsequent binding to epsin, and its internalization from the cell surface, suggesting that epsins promote the ubiquitin-dependent internalization and downregulation of LRP-1. Crossing ApoE-/-/LysM-DKO mice onto an LRP-1 heterozygous background restored, in part, atherosclerosis, suggesting that epsin-mediated LRP-1 downregulation in macrophages plays a pivotal role in propelling atherogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Myeloid epsins promote atherogenesis by facilitating proinflammatory macrophage recruitment and inhibiting efferocytosis in part by downregulating LRP-1, implicating that targeting epsins in macrophages may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy to treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Brophy
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital (M.L.B., Y.D., K.S., K.Z., A.W., H.W., Y.L., S.W., L.Y., J.B., H.C.), Harvard Medical School, MA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (M.L.B.)
| | - Yunzhou Dong
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital (M.L.B., Y.D., K.S., K.Z., A.W., H.W., Y.L., S.W., L.Y., J.B., H.C.), Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Huan Tao
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.T., P.G.Y., M.F.L.)
| | - Patricia G Yancey
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.T., P.G.Y., M.F.L.)
| | - Kai Song
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital (M.L.B., Y.D., K.S., K.Z., A.W., H.W., Y.L., S.W., L.Y., J.B., H.C.), Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Kun Zhang
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital (M.L.B., Y.D., K.S., K.Z., A.W., H.W., Y.L., S.W., L.Y., J.B., H.C.), Harvard Medical School, MA.,Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (K.Z.)
| | - Aiyun Wen
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital (M.L.B., Y.D., K.S., K.Z., A.W., H.W., Y.L., S.W., L.Y., J.B., H.C.), Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Hao Wu
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital (M.L.B., Y.D., K.S., K.Z., A.W., H.W., Y.L., S.W., L.Y., J.B., H.C.), Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Yang Lee
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital (M.L.B., Y.D., K.S., K.Z., A.W., H.W., Y.L., S.W., L.Y., J.B., H.C.), Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Marina V Malovichko
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY (M.V.M., S.D.S., S.S.)
| | - Srinivas D Sithu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY (M.V.M., S.D.S., S.S.)
| | - Scott Wong
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital (M.L.B., Y.D., K.S., K.Z., A.W., H.W., Y.L., S.W., L.Y., J.B., H.C.), Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Lili Yu
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital (M.L.B., Y.D., K.S., K.Z., A.W., H.W., Y.L., S.W., L.Y., J.B., H.C.), Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Olivier Kocher
- Department of Pathology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Medical Deaconess Medical Center (O.K.), Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital (M.L.B., Y.D., K.S., K.Z., A.W., H.W., Y.L., S.W., L.Y., J.B., H.C.), Harvard Medical School, MA
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY (M.V.M., S.D.S., S.S.)
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (H.T., P.G.Y., M.F.L.)
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA (K.L.)
| | - Hong Chen
- From the Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital (M.L.B., Y.D., K.S., K.Z., A.W., H.W., Y.L., S.W., L.Y., J.B., H.C.), Harvard Medical School, MA
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23
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TLR Crosstalk Activates LRP1 to Recruit Rab8a and PI3Kγ for Suppression of Inflammatory Responses. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3033-3044. [PMID: 30208326 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-ligand endocytic receptor, low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), has anti-inflammatory roles in disease. Here, we reveal that pathogen-activated Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate LRP1 in human and mouse primary macrophages, resulting in phosphorylation of LRP1 at Y4507. In turn, this allows LRP1 to activate and recruit the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), Rab8a, with p110γ/p101 as its phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) effector complex. PI3Kγ is a known regulator of TLR signaling and macrophage reprogramming. LRP1 coincides with Rab8a at signaling sites on macropinosomal membranes. In LRP1-deficient cells, TLR-induced Rab8 activation is abolished. CRISPR-mediated knockout of LRP1 in macrophages alters Akt/mTOR signaling and produces a pro-inflammatory bias in cytokine outputs, mimicking the Rab8a knockout and PI3Kγ-null phenotype. Thus, TLR-LRP1 crosstalk activates the Rab8a/PI3Kγ complex for reprogramming macrophages, revealing this as a key mechanism through which LRP1 helps to suppress inflammation.
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24
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A human antithrombin isoform dampens inflammatory responses and protects from organ damage during bacterial infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2442-2455. [PMID: 31548687 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Severe infectious diseases are often characterized by an overwhelming and unbalanced systemic immune response to microbial infections. Human antithrombin (hAT) is a crucial coagulation inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activities. Here we identify three hAT-binding proteins (CD13, CD300f and LRP-1) on human monocytes that are involved in blocking the activity of nuclear factor-κB. We found that the modulating effect is primarily restricted to the less abundant β-isoform (hβAT) of hAT that lacks N-glycosylation at position 135. Individuals with a mutation at this position have increased production of hβAT and analysis of their blood, which was stimulated ex vivo with lipopolysaccharide, showed a decreased inflammatory response. Similar findings were recorded when heterozygotic mice expressing hAT or hβAT were challenged with lipopolysaccharide or infected with Escherichia coli bacteria. Our results finally demonstrate that in a lethal E. coli infection model, survival rates increased when mice were treated with hβAT one hour and five hours after infection. The treatment also resulted in a reduction of the inflammatory response and less severe organ damage.
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25
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Novita BD. Metformin: A review of its potential as enhancer for anti tuberculosis efficacy in diabetes mellitus-tuberculosis coinfection patients. Indian J Tuberc 2019; 66:294-298. [PMID: 31151499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is the most commonly prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nowadays metformin is also use for efficacy in diabetes mellitus-tuberculosis coinfection patients through several mechanisms, such increasing superoxide production therefore activation isoniazid is increasing; inducing adeno-monophosphate kinase (AMPK) associated autophagy process; and regulating inflammation cytokines. This article will review the mechanism of action of Metformin as enhancer for anti tuberculosis efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Dian Novita
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Indonesia.
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26
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Potere N, Del Buono MG, Mauro AG, Abbate A, Toldo S. Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 in Cardiac Inflammation and Infarct Healing. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:51. [PMID: 31080804 PMCID: PMC6497734 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) leads to myocardial cell death and ensuing sterile inflammatory response, which represents an attempt to clear cellular debris and promote cardiac repair. However, an overwhelming, unopposed or unresolved inflammatory response following AMI leads to further injury, worse remodeling and heart failure (HF). Additional therapies are therefore warranted to blunt the inflammatory response associated with ischemia and reperfusion and prevent long-term adverse events. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a ubiquitous endocytic cell surface receptor with the ability to recognize a wide range of structurally and functionally diverse ligands. LRP1 transduces multiple intracellular signal pathways regulating the inflammatory reaction, tissue remodeling and cell survival after organ injury. In preclinical studies, activation of LRP1-mediated signaling in the heart with non-selective and selective LRP1 agonists is linked with a powerful cardioprotective effect, reducing infarct size and cardiac dysfunction after AMI. The data from early phase clinical studies with plasma-derived α1-antitrypsin (AAT), an endogenous LRP1 agonist, and SP16 peptide, a synthetic LRP1 agonist, support the translational value of LRP1 as a novel therapeutic target in AMI. In this review, we will summarize the cellular and molecular bases of LRP1 functions in modulating the inflammatory reaction and the reparative process after injury in various peripheral tissues, and discuss recent evidences implicating LRP1 in myocardial inflammation and infarct healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Potere
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Marco Giuseppe Del Buono
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Adolfo Gabriele Mauro
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Stefano Toldo
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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27
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Rosen DA, Seki SM, Fernández-Castañeda A, Beiter RM, Eccles JD, Woodfolk JA, Gaultier A. Modulation of the sigma-1 receptor-IRE1 pathway is beneficial in preclinical models of inflammation and sepsis. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaau5266. [PMID: 30728287 PMCID: PMC6936250 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is an often deadly complication of infection in which systemic inflammation damages the vasculature, leading to tissue hypoperfusion and multiple organ failure. Currently, the standard of care for sepsis is predominantly supportive, with few therapeutic options available. Because of increased sepsis incidence worldwide, there is an urgent need for discovery of novel therapeutic targets and development of new treatments. The recently discovered function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in regulation of inflammation offers a potential avenue for sepsis control. Here, we identify the ER-resident protein sigma-1 receptor (S1R) as an essential inhibitor of cytokine production in a preclinical model of septic shock. Mice lacking S1R succumb quickly to hypercytokinemia induced by a sublethal challenge in two models of acute inflammation. Mechanistically, we find that S1R restricts the endonuclease activity of the ER stress sensor IRE1 and cytokine expression but does not inhibit the classical inflammatory signaling pathways. These findings could have substantial clinical implications, as we further find that fluvoxamine, an antidepressant therapeutic with high affinity for S1R, protects mice from lethal septic shock and dampens the inflammatory response in human blood leukocytes. Our data reveal the contribution of S1R to the restraint of the inflammatory response and place S1R as a possible therapeutic target to treat bacterial-derived inflammatory pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian A Rosen
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Graduate Program in Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Scott M Seki
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anthony Fernández-Castañeda
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Rebecca M Beiter
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jacob D Eccles
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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28
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Schubert K, Collins LE, Green P, Nagase H, Troeberg L. LRP1 Controls TNF Release via the TIMP-3/ADAM17 Axis in Endotoxin-Activated Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1501-1509. [PMID: 30659107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The metalloproteinase ADAM17 plays a pivotal role in initiating inflammation by releasing TNF from its precursor. Prolonged TNF release causes many chronic inflammatory diseases, indicating that tight regulation of ADAM17 activity is essential for resolution of inflammation. In this study, we report that the endogenous ADAM17 inhibitor TIMP-3 inhibits ADAM17 activity only when it is bound to the cell surface and that cell surface levels of TIMP-3 in endotoxin-activated human macrophages are dynamically controlled by the endocytic receptor LRP1. Pharmacological blockade of LRP1 inhibited endocytic clearance of TIMP-3, leading to an increase in cell surface levels of the inhibitor that blocked TNF release. Following LPS stimulation, TIMP-3 levels on the surface of macrophages increased 4-fold within 4 h and continued to accumulate at 6 h, before a return to baseline levels at 8 h. This dynamic regulation of cell surface TIMP-3 levels was independent of changes in TIMP-3 mRNA levels, but correlated with shedding of LRP1. These results shed light on the basic mechanisms that maintain a regulated inflammatory response and ensure its timely resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schubert
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E Collins
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Green
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Hideaki Nagase
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
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Lu D, Li J, Liu H, Foxa GE, Weaver K, Li J, Williams BO, Yang T. LRP1 Suppresses Bone Resorption in Mice by Inhibiting the RANKL-Stimulated NF-κB and p38 Pathways During Osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1773-1784. [PMID: 29750835 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the LRP1 gene coding sequence are associated with low bone mass, and cell culture studies suggest that LRP1 plays a role in osteoblast proliferation and osteoblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis. However, the in vivo function of LRP1 in bone homeostasis has not been explored. In this work, we studied the osteoclast-specific role of LRP1 in bone homeostasis using a Ctsk-Cre;Lrp1f/f mouse model on the C57BL/6J background. These mice had a dramatically decreased trabecular bone mass with markedly more osteoclasts, while the osteoblast activity was unaffected or slightly increased. The cortical bone parameters were largely unaltered. Upon RANKL treatment, Lrp1-deficient bone marrow monocytes more efficiently differentiated into osteoclasts and showed elevated p65 NFκB and p38 signaling. Consistently, Lrp1-overexpressing Raw264.7 cells were desensitized to RANKL-induced p38 and p65 activation and osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, RANKL treatment led to a sharp decrease of LRP1 protein and RNA in BMMs. Overall, our data suggest that osteoclast-expressed LRP1 is a crucial regulator of bone mass. It inhibits the NFκB and p38 pathways and lessens the efficiency of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- Program of Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Program of Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Huadie Liu
- Program of Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gabrielle E Foxa
- Program of Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Kevin Weaver
- Program of Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Program of Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program of Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Program of Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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30
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Mishra A, Yao X, Saxena A, Gordon EM, Kaler M, Cuento RA, Barochia AV, Dagur PK, McCoy JP, Keeran KJ, Jeffries KR, Qu X, Yu ZX, Levine SJ. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 attenuates house dust mite-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation by suppressing dendritic cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 142:1066-1079.e6. [PMID: 29274414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) is a scavenger receptor that regulates adaptive immunity and inflammation. LRP-1 is not known to modulate the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess whether LRP-1 expression by dendritic cells (DCs) modulates adaptive immune responses in patients with house dust mite (HDM)-induced airways disease. METHODS LRP-1 expression on peripheral blood DCs was quantified by using flow cytometry. The role of LRP-1 in modulating HDM-induced airways disease was assessed in mice with deletion of LRP-1 in CD11c+ cells (Lrp1fl/fl; CD11c-Cre) and by adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed CD11b+ DCs from Lrp1fl/fl; CD11c-Cre mice to wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS Human peripheral blood myeloid DC subsets from patients with eosinophilic asthma have lower LRP-1 expression than cells from healthy nonasthmatic subjects. Similarly, LRP-1 expression by CD11b+ lung DCs was significantly reduced in HDM-challenged WT mice. HDM-challenged Lrp1fl/fl; CD11c-Cre mice have a phenotype of increased eosinophilic airway inflammation, allergic sensitization, TH2 cytokine production, and mucous cell metaplasia. The adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed LRP-1-deficient CD11b+ DCs into WT mice generated a similar phenotype of enhanced eosinophilic inflammation and allergic sensitization. Furthermore, CD11b+ DCs in the lungs of Lrp1fl/fl; CD11c-Cre mice have an increased ability to take up HDM antigen, whereas bone marrow-derived DCs display enhanced antigen presentation capabilities. CONCLUSION This identifies a novel role for LRP-1 as a negative regulator of DC-mediated adaptive immune responses in the setting of HDM-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation. Furthermore, the reduced LRP-1 expression by circulating myeloid DCs in patients with eosinophilic asthma suggests a possible role for LRP-1 in modulating type 2-high asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjit Mishra
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Xianglan Yao
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Ankit Saxena
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Elizabeth M Gordon
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Maryann Kaler
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Rosemarie A Cuento
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Amisha V Barochia
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - J Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Karen J Keeran
- Animal Surgery and Resources Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Kenneth R Jeffries
- Animal Surgery and Resources Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Xuan Qu
- Pathology Core Facility, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core Facility, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Stewart J Levine
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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Brifault C, Gilder AS, Laudati E, Banki M, Gonias SL. Shedding of membrane-associated LDL receptor-related protein-1 from microglia amplifies and sustains neuroinflammation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18699-18712. [PMID: 28972143 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.798413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the CNS, microglia are activated in response to injury or infection and in neurodegenerative diseases. The endocytic and cell signaling receptor, LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), is reported to suppress innate immunity in macrophages and oppose microglial activation. The goal of this study was to identify novel mechanisms by which LRP1 may regulate microglial activation. Using primary cultures of microglia isolated from mouse brains, we demonstrated that LRP1 gene silencing increases expression of proinflammatory mediators; however, the observed response was modest. By contrast, the LRP1 ligand, receptor-associated protein (RAP), robustly activated microglia, and its activity was attenuated in LRP1-deficient cells. An important element of the mechanism by which RAP activated microglia was its ability to cause LRP1 shedding from the plasma membrane. This process eliminated cellular LRP1, which is anti-inflammatory, and generated a soluble product, shed LRP1 (sLRP1), which is potently proinflammatory. Purified sLRP1 induced expression of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and the mRNA encoding inducible nitric-oxide synthase in both LRP1-expressing and -deficient microglia. LPS also stimulated LRP1 shedding, as did the heat-shock protein and LRP1 ligand, calreticulin. Other LRP1 ligands, including α2-macroglobulin and tissue-type plasminogen activator, failed to cause LRP1 shedding. Treatment of microglia with a metalloproteinase inhibitor inhibited LRP1 shedding and significantly attenuated RAP-induced cytokine expression. RAP and sLRP1 both caused neuroinflammation in vivo when administered by stereotaxic injection into mouse spinal cords. Collectively, these results suggest that LRP1 shedding from microglia may amplify and sustain neuroinflammation in response to proinflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Brifault
- From the Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Andrew S Gilder
- From the Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Emilia Laudati
- From the Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Michael Banki
- From the Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Steven L Gonias
- From the Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Mantuano E, Azmoon P, Brifault C, Banki MA, Gilder AS, Campana WM, Gonias SL. Tissue-type plasminogen activator regulates macrophage activation and innate immunity. Blood 2017; 130:1364-1374. [PMID: 28684538 PMCID: PMC5600142 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-04-780205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the major intravascular activator of fibrinolysis and a ligand for receptors involved in cell signaling. In cultured macrophages, tPA inhibits the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by a pathway that apparently requires low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1). Herein, we show that the mechanism by which tPA neutralizes LPS involves rapid reversal of IκBα phosphorylation. tPA independently induced transient IκBα phosphorylation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation in macrophages; however, these events did not trigger inflammatory mediator expression. The tPA signaling response was distinguished from the signature of signaling events elicited by proinflammatory LRP1 ligands, such as receptor-associated protein (RAP), which included sustained IκBα phosphorylation and activation of all 3 MAP kinases (ERK1/2, c-Jun kinase, and p38 MAP kinase). Enzymatically active and inactive tPA demonstrated similar immune modulatory activity. Intravascular administration of enzymatically inactive tPA in mice blocked the toxicity of LPS. In mice not treated with exogenous tPA, the plasma concentration of endogenous tPA increased 3-fold in response to LPS, to 116 ± 15 pM, but remained below the approximate threshold for eliciting anti-inflammatory cell signaling in macrophages (∼2.0 nM). This threshold is readily achieved in patients when tPA is administered therapeutically for stroke. In addition to LRP1, we demonstrate that the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDA-R) is expressed by macrophages and essential for anti-inflammatory cell signaling and regulation of cytokine expression by tPA. The NMDA-R and Toll-like receptor-4 were not required for proinflammatory RAP signaling. By mediating the tPA response in macrophages, the NMDA-R provides a pathway by which the fibrinolysis system may regulate innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mantuano
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; and
| | - Pardis Azmoon
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Coralie Brifault
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Michael A Banki
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrew S Gilder
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wendy M Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Astaxanthin acts via LRP-1 to inhibit inflammation and reverse lipopolysaccharide-induced M1/M2 polarization of microglial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69370-69385. [PMID: 29050210 PMCID: PMC5642485 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia become activated during neuroinflammation and produce neurotoxic and neurotrophic factors, depending on whether they acquire M1 proinflammatory or M2 anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Astaxanthin (ATX), a natural carotenoid, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. We investigated whether ATX could reverse M1/M2 polarization and suppress neuroinflammation via low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). We observed increased expression of M1 (TNF-α, IL-1β, and CD86) and decreased expression of M2 (Arg-1, IL-10, and CD206) markers in BV2 microglial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These alterations were reversed by pretreating the cells with ATX. Activation of the NF-κB and JNK pathways was observed upon LPS stimulation, which was reversed by ATX. ATX-induced M2 polarization was attenuated by inhibition of NF-κB and JNK. Pretreatment of LPS-stimulated BV2 cells with ATX resulted in increased LRP-1 expression. The addition of receptor-associated protein, an LRP-1 antagonist, ameliorated ATX-induced inactivation of NF-κB and JNK signaling, and M2 polarization. ATX promotes M2 polarization to suppress neuroinflammation via LRP-1 by inhibiting NF-κB and JNK signaling. This novel mechanism may suppress neuroinflammation in diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
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Yang T, Williams BO. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Proteins in Skeletal Development and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1211-1228. [PMID: 28615463 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) provided a foundation for subsequent studies in lipoprotein metabolism, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and many other fundamental biological functions. The importance of the LDLR led to numerous studies that identified homologous molecules and ultimately resulted in the description of the LDL-receptor superfamily, a group of proteins that contain domains also found in the LDLR. Subsequent studies have revealed that members of the LDLR-related protein family play roles in regulating many aspects of signal transduction. This review is focused on the roles of selected members of this protein family in skeletal development and disease. We present background on the identification of this subgroup of receptors, discuss the phenotypes associated with alterations in their function in human patients and mouse models, and describe the current efforts to therapeutically target these proteins to treat human skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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35
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Hermanns HM, Wohlfahrt J, Mais C, Hergovits S, Jahn D, Geier A. Endocytosis of pro-inflammatory cytokine receptors and its relevance for signal transduction. Biol Chem 2017; 397:695-708. [PMID: 27071147 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are key players of the innate and adaptive immunity. Their activity needs to be tightly controlled to allow the initiation of an appropriate immune response as defense mechanism against pathogens or tissue injury. Excessive or sustained signaling of either of these cytokines leads to severe diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), steatohepatitis, periodic fevers and even cancer. Studies carried out in the last 30 years have emphasized that an elaborate control system for each of these cytokines exists. Here, we summarize what is currently known about the involvement of receptor endocytosis in the regulation of these pro-inflammatory cytokines' signaling cascades. Particularly in the last few years it was shown that this cellular process is far more than a mere feedback mechanism to clear cytokines from the circulation and to shut off their signal transduction.
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Xia J, Chen H, Yan J, Wu H, Wang H, Guo J, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhao C, Chen Y. High-Purity Magnesium Staples Suppress Inflammatory Response in Rectal Anastomoses. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9506-9515. [PMID: 28240546 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium-based materials are promising biodegradable implants, although the impact of magnesium on rectal anastomotic inflammation is poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the inflammatory effects of high-purity Mg staples in rectal anastomoses by in vivo luciferase reporter gene expression in transgenic mice, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. As expected, strong IL-1β-mediated inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed 1 day after rectal anastomoses were stapled with high-purity Mg or Ti. However, inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration decreased more robustly 4-7 days postoperation in tissues stapled with high-purity Mg. This rapid reduction in inflammation was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of IL-6 and TNF-α. Western blot also suggested that the reduced inflammatory response is due to suppressed TLR4/NF-κB signaling. In contrast, MCP-1, uPAR, and VEGF were abundantly expressed, in line with the notion that expression of these proteins is regulated by feedback between the VEGF and NF-κB pathways. In vitro expression of MCP-1, uPAR, and VEGF was also similarly high in primary rectal mucosal epithelial cells exposed to extracts from Mg staples, as measured by antibody array. Collectively, the results suggest that high-purity Mg staples suppress the inflammatory response during rectal anastomoses via TLR4/NF-κB and VEGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazeng Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Jiangsu 214002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing General Hospital , Jiangsu 210002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Jiangsu 214002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Jiangsu 214002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxiang Zhang
- Suzhou Origin Medical Technology Company Ltd. , 2 Haicheng Road, Changshu Economic and Technology Development Zone, Jiangsu 215513, People's Republic of China
| | - Changli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yigang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Jiangsu 214002, People's Republic of China
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Ferrer DG, Dato VA, Jaldín-Fincati JR, Lorenc VE, Sánchez MC, Chiabrando GA. Activated α 2 -Macroglobulin Induces Mesenchymal Cellular Migration Of Raw264.7 Cells Through Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1810-1818. [PMID: 28012205 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Distinct modes of cell migration contribute to diverse types of cell movements. The mesenchymal mode is characterized by a multistep cycle of membrane protrusion, the formation of focal adhesion, and the stabilization at the leading edge associated with the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and with regulated extracellular proteolysis. Both α2 -Macroglobulin (α2 M) and its receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), play important roles in inflammatory processes, by controlling the extracellular activity of several proteases. The binding of the active form of α2 M (α2 M*) to LRP1 can also activate different signaling pathways in macrophages, thus inducing extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation and cellular proliferation. In the present study, we investigated whether the α2 M*/LRP1 interaction induces cellular migration of the macrophage-derived cell line, Raw264.7. By using the wound-scratch migration assay and confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that α2 M* induces LRP1-mediated mesenchymal cellular migration. This migration exhibits the production of enlarged cellular protrusions, MT1-MMP distribution to these leading edge protrusions, actin polymerization, focal adhesion formation, and increased intracellular LRP1/β1-integrin colocalization. Moreover, the presence of calphostin-C blocked the α2 M*-stimulated cellular protrusions, suggesting that the PKC activation is involved in the cellular motility of Raw264.7 cells. These findings could constitute a therapeutic target for inflammatory processes with deleterious consequences for human health, such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis and cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1810-1818, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío G Ferrer
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Ciudad Universitaria (5000), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Virginia Actis Dato
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Ciudad Universitaria (5000), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier R Jaldín-Fincati
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Ciudad Universitaria (5000), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria E Lorenc
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Ciudad Universitaria (5000), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Ciudad Universitaria (5000), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Chiabrando
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Ciudad Universitaria (5000), Córdoba, Argentina
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Qian JY, Chopp M, Liu Z. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Promote Axonal Outgrowth Alone and Synergistically with Astrocytes via tPA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168345. [PMID: 27959956 PMCID: PMC5154605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) enhance neurological recovery from experimental stroke and increase tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) expression in astrocytes. Here, we investigate mechanisms by which tPA mediates MSC enhanced axonal outgrowth. Primary murine neurons and astrocytes were isolated from wild-type (WT) and tPA-knockout (KO) cortices of embryos. Mouse MSCs (WT) were purchased from Cognate Inc. Neurons (WT or KO) were seeded in soma side of Xona microfluidic chambers, and astrocytes (WT or KO) and/or MSCs in axon side. The chambers were cultured as usual (normoxia) or subjected to oxygen deprivation. Primary neurons (seeded in plates) were co-cultured with astrocytes and/or MSCs (in inserts) for Western blot. In chambers, WT axons grew significantly longer than KO axons and exogenous tPA enhanced axonal outgrowth. MSCs increased WT axonal outgrowth alone and synergistically with WT astrocytes at both normoxia and oxygen deprivation conditions. The synergistic effect was inhibited by U0126, an ERK inhibitor, and receptor associated protein (RAP), a low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) ligand antagonist. However, MSCs exerted neither individual nor synergistic effects on KO axonal outgrowth. Western blot showed that MSCs promoted astrocytic tPA expression and increased neuronal tPA alone and synergistically with astrocytes. Also, MSCs activated neuronal ERK alone and synergistically with astrocytes, which was inhibited by RAP. We conclude: (1) MSCs promote axonal outgrowth via neuronal tPA and synergistically with astrocytic tPA; (2) neuronal tPA is critical to observe the synergistic effect of MSC and astrocytes on axonal outgrowth; and (3) tPA mediates MSC treatment-induced axonal outgrowth through the LRP1 receptor and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Qian
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang L, Liu CC, Zheng H, Kanekiyo T, Atagi Y, Jia L, Wang D, N'songo A, Can D, Xu H, Chen XF, Bu G. LRP1 modulates the microglial immune response via regulation of JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:304. [PMID: 27931217 PMCID: PMC5146875 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is characterized by microglial activation and the increased levels of cytokines and chemokines in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent evidence has implicated both beneficial and toxic roles of microglia when over-activated upon nerve injury or in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a major receptor for apolipoprotein E (apoE) and amyloid-β (Aβ), which play critical roles in AD pathogenesis. LRP1 regulates inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues by modulating the release of inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis. However, the roles of LRP1 in brain innate immunity and neuroinflammation remain unclear. Methods In this study, we determined whether LRP1 modulates microglial activation by knocking down Lrp1 in mouse primary microglia. LRP1-related functions in microglia were also assessed in the presence of LRP1 antagonist, the receptor-associated protein (RAP). The effects on the production of inflammatory cytokines were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Potential involvement of specific signaling pathways in LRP1-regulated functions including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were assessed using specific inhibitors. Results We found that knocking down of Lrp1 in mouse primary microglia led to the activation of both c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB pathways with corresponding enhanced sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Similar effects were observed when microglia were treated with LRP1 antagonist RAP. In addition, treatment with pro-inflammatory stimuli suppressed Lrp1 expression in microglia. Interestingly, NF-κB inhibitor not only suppressed the production of cytokines induced by the knockdown of Lrp1 but also restored the down-regulated expression of Lrp1 by LPS. Conclusions Our study uncovers that LRP1 suppresses microglial activation by modulating JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Given that dysregulation of LRP1 has been associated with AD pathogenesis, our work reveals a critical regulatory mechanism of microglial activation by LRP1 that could be associated with other AD-related pathways thus further nominating LRP1 as a potential disease-modifying target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA
| | - Honghua Zheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA
| | - Yuka Atagi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Daxin Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Aurelie N'songo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA
| | - Dan Can
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518063, China.
| | - Guojun Bu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA.
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Gupta A, Bhatnagar S. Vasoregression: A Shared Vascular Pathology Underlying Macrovascular And Microvascular Pathologies? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:733-53. [PMID: 26669709 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vasoregression is a common phenomenon underlying physiological vessel development as well as pathological microvascular diseases leading to peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular oculopathies. In this review, we describe the hallmarks and pathways of vasoregression. We argue here that there is a parallel between characteristic features of vasoregression in the ocular microvessels and atherosclerosis in the larger vessels. Shared molecular pathways and molecular effectors in the two conditions are outlined, thus highlighting the possible systemic causes of local vascular diseases. Our review gives us a system-wide insight into factors leading to multiple synchronous vascular diseases. Because shared molecular pathways might usefully address the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of multiple common complex diseases, the literature analysis presented here is of broad interest to readership in integrative biology, rational drug development and systems medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India .,2 Department of Biotechnology, IMS Engineering College , Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- 1 Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Dixon DL, Trankle C, Buckley L, Parod E, Carbone S, Van Tassell BW, Abbate A. A review of PCSK9 inhibition and its effects beyond LDL receptors. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10:1073-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Chuang TY, Guo Y, Seki SM, Rosen AM, Johanson DM, Mandell JW, Lucchinetti CF, Gaultier A. LRP1 expression in microglia is protective during CNS autoimmunity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:68. [PMID: 27400748 PMCID: PMC4940960 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a devastating neurological disorder characterized by the autoimmune destruction of the central nervous system myelin. While T cells are known orchestrators of the immune response leading to MS pathology, the precise contribution of CNS resident and peripheral infiltrating myeloid cells is less well described. Here, we explore the myeloid cell function of Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), a scavenger receptor involved in myelin clearance and the inflammatory response, in the context of Multiple sclerosis. Supporting its central role in Multiple sclerosis pathology, we find that LRP1 expression is increased in Multiple sclerosis lesions in comparison to the surrounding healthy tissue. Using two genetic mouse models, we show that deletion of LRP1 in microglia, but not in peripheral macrophages, negatively impacts the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of Multiple sclerosis. We further show that the increased disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is not due to haplodeficiency of the Cx3cr1 locus. At the cellular level, microglia lacking LRP1 adopt a pro-inflammatory phenotype characterized by amoeboid morphology and increased production of the inflammatory mediator TNF-α. We also show that LRP1 functions as a robust inhibitor of NF-kB activation in myeloid cells via a MyD88 dependent pathway, potentially explaining the increase in disease severity observed in mice lacking LRP1 expression in microglia. Taken together, our data suggest that the function of LRP1 in microglia is to keep these cells in an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective status during inflammatory insult, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and potentially in Multiple sclerosis.
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Abstract
Microglia constitute the powerhouse of the innate immune system in the brain. It is now widely accepted that they are monocytic-derived cells that infiltrate the developing brain at the early embryonic stages, and acquire a resting phenotype characterized by the presence of dense branching processes, called ramifications. Microglia use these dynamic ramifications as sentinels to sense and detect any occurring alteration in brain homeostasis. Once a danger signal is detected, such as molecular factors associated to brain damage or infection, they get activated by acquiring a less ramified phenotype, and mount adequate responses that range from phagocyting cell debris to secreting inflammatory and trophic factors. Here, we review the origin of microglia and we summarize the main molecular signals involved in controlling their function under physiological conditions. In addition, their implication in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University Quebec, CA, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University Quebec, CA, Canada
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LDL receptor-related protein-1 regulates NFκB and microRNA-155 in macrophages to control the inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1369-74. [PMID: 26787872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515480113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is an endocytic and cell-signaling receptor. In mice in which LRP1 is deleted in myeloid cells, the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was greatly exacerbated. LRP1 deletion in macrophages in vitro, under the control of tamoxifen-activated Cre-ER(T) fusion protein, robustly increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In LRP1-expressing macrophages, proinflammatory mediator expression was regulated by LRP1 ligands in a ligand-specific manner. The LRP1 agonists, α2-macroglobulin and tissue-type plasminogen activator, attenuated expression of inflammatory mediators, even in the presence of LPS. The antagonists, receptor-associated protein (RAP) and lactoferrin (LF), and LRP1-specific antibody had the entirely opposite effect, promoting inflammatory mediator expression and mimicking LRP1 deletion. NFκB was rapidly activated in response to RAP and LF and responsible for the initial increase in expression of proinflammatory mediators. RAP and LF also significantly increased expression of microRNA-155 (miR-155) after a lag phase of about 4 h. miR-155 expression reflected, at least in part, activation of secondary cell-signaling pathways downstream of TNFα. Although miR-155 was not involved in the initial induction of cytokine expression in response to LRP1 antagonists, miR-155 was essential for sustaining the proinflammatory response. We conclude that LRP1, NFκB, and miR-155 function as members of a previously unidentified system that has the potential to inhibit or sustain inflammation, depending on the continuum of LRP1 ligands present in the macrophage microenvironment.
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Miao C, Ma J, Zhang Y, Chu Y, Li J, Kuai R, Wang S, Peng H. Perfluorooctanoic acid enhances colorectal cancer DLD-1 cells invasiveness through activating NF-κB mediated matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:10512-10522. [PMID: 26617761 PMCID: PMC4637576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is widely used in consumer products and detected in human serum. Our study meant to elucidate the uncovered molecular mechanisms underlying the PFOA induced colorectal cancer cell DLD-1 invasion and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) expression. METHODS AND RESULTS Trans-well filter assay appeared that PFOA treatment stimulated DLD-1 cells invasion significantly. Meanwhile, the results of luciferase reporter, quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and gelatin zymography showed that PFOA induced MMP-2/-9 expression and enzyme activation levels consistently (P < 0.05 each). Subsequently, western blotting and immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that PFOA could enhance nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) activity by stimulating NF-κB translocation into nuclear in DLD-1 cells. Furthermore, JSH-23, a well-known NF-κB inhibitor, could reverse the PFOA induced colorectal cancer cell invasion and MMP-2/-9 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed that PFOA could induce colorectal cancer cell DLD-1 invasive ability and MMP-2/-9 expression through activating NF-κB, which deserves more concerns on environmental pollutant-resulted public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Miao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityGuangzhou Road 300#, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200336, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210001, P. R. China
| | - Yimin Chu
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200336, P. R. China
| | - Ji Li
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200336, P. R. China
| | - Rong Kuai
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200336, P. R. China
| | - Saiyu Wang
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200336, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Peng
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Tongren Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200336, P. R. China
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A Pro-Nerve Growth Factor (proNGF) and NGF Binding Protein, α2-Macroglobulin, Differentially Regulates p75 and TrkA Receptors and Is Relevant to Neurodegeneration Ex Vivo and In Vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26217017 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00544-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is generated from a precursor, proNGF, that is proteolytically processed. NGF preferentially binds a trophic tyrosine kinase receptor, TrkA, while proNGF binds a neurotrophin receptor (NTR), p75(NTR), that can have neurotoxic activity. Previously, we along with others showed that the soluble protein α2-macroglobulin (α2M) is neurotoxic. Toxicity is due in part to α2M binding to NGF and inhibiting trophic activity, presumably by preventing NGF binding to TrkA. However, the mechanisms remained unclear. Here, we show ex vivo and in vivo three mechanisms for α2M neurotoxicity. First, unexpectedly the α2M-NGF complexes do bind TrkA receptors but do not induce TrkA dimerization or activation, resulting in deficient trophic support. Second, α2M makes stable complexes with proNGF, conveying resistance to proteolysis that results in more proNGF and less NGF. Third, α2M-proNGF complexes bind p75(NTR) and are more potent agonists than free proNGF, inducing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production. Hence, α2M regulates proNGF/p75(NTR) positively and mature NGF/TrkA negatively, causing neuronal death ex vivo. These three mechanisms are operative in vivo, and α2M causes neurodegeneration in a p75(NTR)- and proNGF-dependent manner. α2M could be exploited as a therapeutic target, or as a modifier of neurotrophin signals.
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Tao H, Yancey PG, Babaev VR, Blakemore JL, Zhang Y, Ding L, Fazio S, Linton MF. Macrophage SR-BI mediates efferocytosis via Src/PI3K/Rac1 signaling and reduces atherosclerotic lesion necrosis. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1449-60. [PMID: 26059978 PMCID: PMC4513986 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m056689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage apoptosis and efferocytosis are key determinants of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and necrosis. Bone marrow transplantation studies in ApoE- and LDLR-deficient mice revealed that hematopoietic scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) deficiency results in severely defective efferocytosis in mouse atherosclerotic lesions, resulting in a 17-fold higher ratio of free to macrophage-associated dead cells in lesions containing SR-BI−/− cells, 5-fold more necrosis, 65.2% less lesional collagen content, nearly 7-fold higher dead cell accumulation, and 2-fold larger lesion area. Hematopoietic SR-BI deletion elicited a maladaptive inflammatory response [higher interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α lower IL-10 and transforming growth factor β]. Efferocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes was reduced by 64% in SR-BI−/− versus WT macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo. In response to apoptotic cells, macrophage SR-BI bound with phosphatidylserine and induced Src phosphorylation and cell membrane recruitment, which led to downstream activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) for engulfment and clearance of apoptotic cells, as inhibition of Src decreased PI3K, Rac1-GTP, and efferocytosis in WT cells. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 reduced macrophage efferocytosis in a SR-BI-dependent fashion, and activation of Rac1 corrected the defective efferocytosis in SR-BI−/− macrophages. Thus, deficiency of macrophage SR-BI promotes defective efferocytosis signaling via the Src/PI3K/Rac1 pathway, resulting in increased plaque size, necrosis, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Tao
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Patricia G Yancey
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Vladimir R Babaev
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John L Blakemore
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Youmin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Department of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Center of Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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Yang E, Zheng H, Peng H, Ding Y. Lentivirus-induced knockdown of LRP1 induces osteoarthritic-like effects and increases susceptibility to apoptosis in chondrocytes via the nuclear factor-κB pathway. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:97-105. [PMID: 26170918 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is known to regulate cell survival and inflammation. The present study investigated the involvement of LRP1 in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13. Furthermore, the study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of LRP1 on TNF-α-induced inflammation and apoptosis of chondrocytes. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference techniques were used to knockdown the LRP1 gene. Subsequently, the effects of LRP1 on TNF-α-induced MMP-13 expression were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis and ELISA. Furthermore, the TNF-α-induced intracellular pathway was investigated using a nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor (Bay 11-7082). In addition, the effect of LRP1 regulation on growth and apoptosis in chondrocytes was investigated using western blot analysis and a TUNEL assay. LRP1 knockdown was shown to increase TNF-α-induced MMP-13 expression via the activation of the NF-κB (p65) pathway, which reduced the expression of collagen type II and cell viability. In addition, LRP1 inhibited cell apoptosis by increasing the expression of phospho-Akt and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), while suppressing the expression of caspase-3 and Bcl-2-associated X protein. The results of the present study indicated that LRP1 was able to inhibit TNF-α-induced apoptosis and inflammation in chondrocytes. Therefore, LRP1 may be an effective osteoarthritis inhibitor, potentially providing a novel approach for antiarthritic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erping Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Huifeng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yinyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Kanekiyo T, Bu G. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and amyloid-β clearance in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:93. [PMID: 24904407 PMCID: PMC4033011 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain trigger the development of progressive neurodegeneration and dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Perturbation in Aβ clearance, rather than Aβ production, is likely the cause of sporadic, late-onset AD, which accounts for the majority of AD cases. Since cellular uptake and subsequent degradation constitute a major Aβ clearance pathway, the receptor-mediated endocytosis of Aβ has been intensely investigated. Among Aβ receptors, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is one of the most studied receptors. LRP1 is a large endocytic receptor for more than 40 ligands, including apolipoprotein E, α2-macroglobulin and Aβ. Emerging in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrates that LRP1 is critically involved in brain Aβ clearance. LRP1 is highly expressed in a variety of cell types in the brain including neurons, vascular cells and glial cells, where LRP1 functions to maintain brain homeostasis and control Aβ metabolism. LRP1-mediated endocytosis regulates cellular Aβ uptake by binding to Aβ either directly or indirectly through its co-receptors or ligands. Furthermore, LRP1 regulates several signaling pathways, which also likely influences Aβ endocytic pathways. In this review, we discuss how LRP1 regulates the brain Aβ clearance and how this unique endocytic receptor participates in AD pathogenesis. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying LRP1-mediated Aβ clearance should enable the rational design of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville FL, USA
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Duellman T, Warren CL, Matsumura J, Yang J. Analysis of multiple genetic polymorphisms in aggressive-growing and slow-growing abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2014; 60:613-21.e3. [PMID: 24801553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.03.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural history of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) suggests that some remain slow in growth rate whereas many develop a more accelerated growth rate and reach a threshold for intervention. We hypothesized that different mechanisms are responsible for AAAs that remain slow growing and never become actionable vs the aggressive AAAs that require intervention and may be reflected by distinct associations with genetic polymorphisms. METHODS AAA growth rate was determined from serial imaging data in 168 control and 141 AAA patients with ultrasound or computed tomography imaging studies covering ∼5 years. Genetic polymorphisms all previously reported as showing a significant correlation with AAA with functional effects on the expression or function were determined by analysis of the genomic DNA, including angiotensin 1 receptor (rs5186), interleukin-10 (IL-10; rs1800896), methyl-tetrahydrofolate reductase (rs1801133), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1; rs1466535), angiotensin-converting enzyme (rs1799752), and several matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) single nucleotide polymorphisms. RESULTS Of the AAA patients, 81 were classified as slow AAA growth rate (<3.25 mm/y) vs 60 with aggressive AAA growth rate (>3.25 mm/y, those presenting with a rupture, or those with maximal aortic diameter >5.5 cm [male] or >5.0 cm [female]). Discriminating confounds between the groups were identified by logistic regression. Analyses identified MMP-9 p-2502 single nucleotide polymorphism (odds ratio [OR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31-0.94; P = .029) as a significant confound discriminating between control vs slow-growth AAA, MMP-9 D165N (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26-0.95; P = .035) and LRP1 (OR, 4.99; 95% CI, 1.13-22.1; P = .034) between control vs aggressive-growth AAAs, and methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.01-8.86; P = .048), MMP-9 p-2502 (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.05-4.58; P = .037), and LRP1 (OR, 4.96; 95% CI, 1.03-23.9; P = .046) as the statistically significant confounds distinguishing slow-growth AAAs vs aggressive-growth AAAs. CONCLUSIONS Logistic regression identified different genetic confounds for the slow-growth and aggressive-growth AAAs, indicating a potential for different genetic influences on AAAs of distinct aggressiveness. Future logistic regression studies investigating for potential genetic or clinical confounds for this disease should take into account the growth rate and size of the AAA to better identify confounds likely to be associated with aggressive AAAs likely to require intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Duellman
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc
| | | | - Jon Matsumura
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc
| | - Jay Yang
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc.
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