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Gupta S, Dalpati N, Rai SK, Sehrawat A, Pai V, Sarangi PP. A synthetic bioactive peptide of the C-terminal fragment of adhesion protein Fibulin7 attenuates the inflammatory functions of innate immune cells in LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:1333-1348. [PMID: 38836870 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic inflammation is associated with improper localization of hyperactive neutrophils and monocytes in visceral organs. Previously, a C-terminal fragment of adhesion protein Fibulin7 (Fbln7-C) was shown to regulate innate immune functionality during inflammation. Recently, a shorter bioactive peptide of Fbln7-C, FC-10, via integrin binding was shown to reduce ocular angiogenesis. However, the role of FC-10 in regulating the neutrophils and monocyte functionality during systemic inflammatory conditions is unknown. The study sought to explore the role of FC-10 peptide on the functionality of innate immune cells during inflammation and endotoxemic mice. METHODS Neutrophils and monocytes were isolated from healthy donors and septic patient clinical samples and Cell adhesion assay was performed using a UV spectrophotometer. Gene expression studies were performed using qPCR. Protein level expression was measured using ELISA and flow cytometry. ROS assay, and activation markers analysis in vitro, and in vivo were done using flow cytometry. TREATMENT Cells were stimulated with LPS (100 ng/mL) and studied in the presence of peptides (10 μg, and 20 μg/mL) in vitro. In an in vivo study, mice were administered with LPS (36.8 mg/kg bw) and peptide (20 μg). RESULTS This study demonstrates that human neutrophils and monocytes adhere to FC-10 via integrin β1, inhibit spreading, ROS, surface activation markers (CD44, CD69), phosphorylated Src kinase, pro-inflammatory genes, and protein expression, compared to scrambled peptide in cells isolated from healthy donors and clinical sample. In line with the in vitro data, FC-10 (20 μg) administration significantly decreases innate cell infiltration at inflammatory sites, improves survival in endotoxemia animals & reduces the inflammatory properties of neutrophils and monocytes isolated from septic patients. CONCLUSION FC-10 peptide can regulate neutrophils and monocyte functions and has potential to be used as an immunomodulatory therapeutic in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Nibedita Dalpati
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Shubham Kumar Rai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Amit Sehrawat
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Venkatesh Pai
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pranita P Sarangi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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2
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O'Donnell JS, Fleming H, Noone D, Preston RJS. Unraveling coagulation factor-mediated cellular signaling. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3342-3353. [PMID: 37391097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood coagulation is initiated in response to blood vessel injury or proinflammatory stimuli, which activate coagulation factors to coordinate complex biochemical and cellular responses necessary for clot formation. In addition to these critical physiologic functions, plasma protein factors activated during coagulation mediate a spectrum of signaling responses via receptor-binding interactions on different cell types. In this review, we describe examples and mechanisms of coagulation factor signaling. We detail the molecular basis for cell signaling mediated by coagulation factor proteases via the protease-activated receptor family, considering new insights into the role of protease-specific cleavage sites, cofactor and coreceptor interactions, and distinct signaling intermediate interactions in shaping protease-activated receptor signaling diversity. Moreover, we discuss examples of how injury-dependent conformational activation of other coagulation proteins, such as fibrin(ogen) and von Willebrand factor, decrypts their signaling potential, unlocking their capacity to contribute to aberrant proinflammatory signaling. Finally, we consider the role of coagulation factor signaling in disease development and the status of pharmacologic approaches to either attenuate or enhance coagulation factor signaling for therapeutic benefit, emphasizing new approaches to inhibit deleterious coagulation factor signaling without impacting hemostatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S O'Donnell
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland. https://twitter.com/profJSOdonnell
| | - Harry Fleming
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland. https://www.twitter.com/PrestonLab_RCSI
| | - David Noone
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland. https://www.twitter.com/PrestonLab_RCSI
| | - Roger J S Preston
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
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3
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in protein C (PC) pathway research. RECENT FINDINGS The PC pathway is crucial for maintaining hemostasis to prevent venous thromboembolism. This is evident from genetic mutations that result in impaired PC pathway activity and contribute to increased venous thromboembolism risk in affected individuals. In addition to its anticoagulant role, activated PC (APC) also mediates a complex, pleiotropic role in the maintenance of vascular cell health, which it achieves via anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic cell signaling on endothelial cells. Emerging data have demonstrated that cell signaling by APC, mediated by multiple receptor interactions on different cell types, also confers cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory benefits. Defects in both arms of the PC pathway are associated with increased susceptibility to thrombo-inflammatory disease in various preclinical thrombotic, proinflammatory and neurological disease models. Moreover, recent studies have identified attenuation of anticoagulant PC pathway activity as an exciting therapeutic opportunity to promote hemostasis in patients with inherited or acquired bleeding disorders. SUMMARY In this review, we provide an overview of some recent developments in our understanding of the PC pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Leon
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Aisling M Rehill
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
| | - Roger J S Preston
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
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4
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Zheng Y, Tian C, Fan C, Xu N, Xiao J, Zhao X, Lu Z, Cao H, Liu J, Yu L. Sheng-Mai Yin exerts anti-inflammatory effects on RAW 264.7 cells and zebrafish. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113497. [PMID: 33091492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sheng-Mai Yin (SMY), a famous traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been commonly used in China for centuries to treat various diseases, such as inflammation-related diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory activity of SMY and its potential mechanisms still have not yet been clearly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of SMY and explore its underlying mechanisms both on RAW 264.7 cells and zebrafish. MATERIALS AND METHODS The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α secreted by RAW 264.7 cells were measured by ELISA. The protein expressions of IκBα, p-IκBα (Ser32), STAT3 and p-STAT3 (Tyr705) were determined by Western blotting. And the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was detected by confocal microscopy. Moreover, the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of SMY and its potential mechanisms were further investigated by survival analysis, hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E), observation of neutrophil migration and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis in zebrafish inflammatory models. RESULTS SMY reduced the release of IL-6 and TNF-α, inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα and STAT3 as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, the increased survival, decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells and the attenuated migration of neutrophils together suggested the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of SMY. More importantly, SMY reduced the gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressed LPS-induced up-regulation of NF-κB, IκBα and STAT3 in zebrafish inflammatory models. CONCLUSION SMY exerts significant anti-inflammatory effects with a potential mechanism of inhibiting the NF-κB and STAT3 signal pathways. Our findings suggest a scientific rationale of SMY to treat inflammatory diseases in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanru Zheng
- Traditional Chinese Pharmacological Laboratory, Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Chunyang Tian
- Traditional Chinese Pharmacological Laboratory, Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Chunlin Fan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Nishan Xu
- Traditional Chinese Pharmacological Laboratory, Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Traditional Chinese Pharmacological Laboratory, Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Traditional Chinese Pharmacological Laboratory, Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Zibin Lu
- Traditional Chinese Pharmacological Laboratory, Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Huihui Cao
- Traditional Chinese Pharmacological Laboratory, Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Junshan Liu
- Traditional Chinese Pharmacological Laboratory, Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Linzhong Yu
- Traditional Chinese Pharmacological Laboratory, Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
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5
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Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are vascular, nonconventional immune cells that play a major role in the systemic response after bacterial infection to limit its dissemination. Triggered by exposure to pathogens, microbial toxins, or endogenous danger signals, EC responses are polymorphous, heterogeneous, and multifaceted. During sepsis, ECs shift toward a proapoptotic, proinflammatory, proadhesive, and procoagulant phenotype. In addition, glycocalyx damage and vascular tone dysfunction impair microcirculatory blood flow, leading to organ injury and, potentially, life-threatening organ failure. This review aims to cover the current understanding of the EC adaptive or maladaptive response to acute inflammation or bacterial infection based on compelling recent basic research and therapeutic clinical trials targeting microvascular and endothelial alterations during septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Joffre
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Can Ince
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,INSERM U970, Cardiovascular Research Center, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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6
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Madhusudhan T, Ghosh S, Wang H, Dong W, Gupta D, Elwakiel A, Stoyanov S, Al-Dabet MM, Krishnan S, Biemann R, Nazir S, Zimmermann S, Mathew A, Gadi I, Rana R, Zeng-Brouwers J, Moeller MJ, Schaefer L, Esmon CT, Kohli S, Reiser J, Rezaie AR, Ruf W, Isermann B. Podocyte Integrin- β 3 and Activated Protein C Coordinately Restrict RhoA Signaling and Ameliorate Diabetic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1762-1780. [PMID: 32709711 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019111163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (dNP), now the leading cause of ESKD, lacks efficient therapies. Coagulation protease-dependent signaling modulates dNP, in part via the G protein-coupled, protease-activated receptors (PARs). Specifically, the cytoprotective protease-activated protein C (aPC) protects from dNP, but the mechanisms are not clear. METHODS A combination of in vitro approaches and mouse models evaluated the role of aPC-integrin interaction and related signaling in dNP. RESULTS The zymogen protein C and aPC bind to podocyte integrin-β 3, a subunit of integrin-α v β 3. Deficiency of this integrin impairs thrombin-mediated generation of aPC on podocytes. The interaction of aPC with integrin-α v β 3 induces transient binding of integrin-β 3 with G α13 and controls PAR-dependent RhoA signaling in podocytes. Binding of aPC to integrin-β 3 via its RGD sequence is required for the temporal restriction of RhoA signaling in podocytes. In podocytes lacking integrin-β 3, aPC induces sustained RhoA activation, mimicking the effect of thrombin. In vivo, overexpression of wild-type aPC suppresses pathologic renal RhoA activation and protects against dNP. Disrupting the aPC-integrin-β 3 interaction by specifically deleting podocyte integrin-β 3 or by abolishing aPC's integrin-binding RGD sequence enhances RhoA signaling in mice with high aPC levels and abolishes aPC's nephroprotective effect. Pharmacologic inhibition of PAR1, the pivotal thrombin receptor, restricts RhoA activation and nephroprotects RGE-aPChigh and wild-type mice.Conclusions aPC-integrin-α v β 3 acts as a rheostat, controlling PAR1-dependent RhoA activation in podocytes in diabetic nephropathy. These results identify integrin-α v β 3 as an essential coreceptor for aPC that is required for nephroprotective aPC-PAR signaling in dNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thati Madhusudhan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany .,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanchita Ghosh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dheerendra Gupta
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elwakiel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stoyan Stoyanov
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Moh'd Mohanad Al-Dabet
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shruthi Krishnan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sumra Nazir
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Silke Zimmermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Akash Mathew
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ihsan Gadi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rajiv Rana
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Hospital and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcus J Moeller
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Hospital and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Charles T Esmon
- Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alireza R Rezaie
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany .,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Chakraborty P, Dalpati N, Bhan C, Dash SP, Kumar P, Sarangi PP. A C-terminal fragment of adhesion protein Fibulin7 regulates neutrophil migration and functions and improves survival in LPS induced systemic inflammation. Cytokine 2020; 131:155113. [PMID: 32388247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of hyperactive neutrophils in the visceral organs was shown to be associated with sepsis-induced multi-organ failure. Recently, a C-terminal fragment of secreted glycoprotein Fibulin7 (Fbln7-C) was shown to inhibit angiogenesis and regulate monocyte functions in inflammatory conditions. However, its effects on neutrophil functions and systemic inflammation induced lethality remain unknown. In this study, we show that human peripheral blood neutrophils adhered to Fbln7-C in a dose-dependent manner via integrin β1. Moreover, the presence of Fbln7-C inhibited spreading, and fMLP mediated random migration of neutrophils on fibronectin. Significant reduction in ROS and inflammatory cytokine production (i.e., IL-6, IL-1β) was observed, including a reduction in ERK1⁄2 phosphorylation in neutrophils stimulated with LPS and fMLP in the presence of Fbln7-C compared to untreated controls. In an in vivo model of endotoxemia, the administration of Fbln7-C (10 μg/dose) significantly improved survival and reduced the infiltration of neutrophils to the site of inflammation. Additionally, neutrophils infiltrating into the inflamed peritoneum of Fbln7-C administered animals expressed lower levels CD11b marker, IL-6, and produced lower levels of ROS upon stimulation with PMA compared to untreated controls. In conclusion, our results show that Fbln7-C could bind to the integrin β1 on the neutrophil surface and regulate their inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papiya Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Nibedita Dalpati
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Chandra Bhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shiba Prasad Dash
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pranita P Sarangi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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8
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The serine protease activated protein C (aPC) was initially characterized as an endogenous anticoagulant, but in addition conveys anti-inflammatory, barrier-protective, and pro cell-survival functions. Its endogenous anticoagulant function hampered the successful and continuous implantation of aPC as a therapeutic agent in septic patients. However, it became increasingly apparent that aPC controls cellular function largely independent of its anticoagulant effects through cell-specific and context-specific receptor complexes and intracellular signaling pathways. The purpose of this review is to outline the mechanisms of aPC-dependent cell signaling and its intracellular molecular targets. RECENT FINDINGS With the advent of new therapeutic agents either modulating directly and specifically the activity of coagulation proteases or interfering with protease-activated receptor signaling a better understanding not only of the receptor mechanisms but also of the intracellular signaling mechanisms controlled by aPC in a disease-specific and context-specific fashion, is required to tailor new therapeutic approaches based on aPC's anti-inflammatory, barrier-protective, and pro cell-survival functions. SUMMARY This review summarizes recent insights into the intracellular signaling pathways controlled by aPC in a cell-specific and context-specific fashion. We focus on aPC-mediated barrier protection, inhibition of inflammation, and cytoprotecting within this review.
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9
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Therapeutic Role of Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin for Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050172. [PMID: 31137593 PMCID: PMC6571552 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) is an acute respiratory worsening of unidentifiable cause that sometimes develops during the clinical course of IPF. Although the incidence of AE-IPF is not high, prognosis is poor. The pathogenesis of AE-IPF is not well understood; however, evidence suggests that coagulation abnormalities and inflammation are involved. Thrombomodulin is a transmembranous glycoprotein found on the cell surface of vascular endothelial cells. Thrombomodulin combines with thrombin, regulates coagulation/fibrinolysis balance, and has a pivotal role in suppressing excess inflammation through its inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 protein and the complement system. Thus, thrombomodulin might be effective in the treatment of AE-IPF, and we and other groups found that recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin improved survival in patients with AE-IPF. This review summarizes the existing evidence and considers the therapeutic role of thrombomodulin in AE-IPF.
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10
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Chung HH, Bellefeuille SD, Miller HN, Gaborski TR. Extended live-tracking and quantitative characterization of wound healing and cell migration with SiR-Hoechst. Exp Cell Res 2018; 373:198-210. [PMID: 30399373 PMCID: PMC6327846 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential to many life processes, including immune response, tissue repair, and cancer progression. A reliable quantitative characterization of the cell migration can therefore aid in the high throughput screening of drug efficacy in wound healing and cancer treatments. In this work, we report what we believe is the first use of SiR-Hoechst for extended live tracking and automated analysis of cell migration and wound healing. We showed through rigorous statistical comparisons that this far-red label does not affect migratory behavior. We observed excellent automated tracking of random cell migration, in which the motility parameters (speed, displacement, path length, directionality ratio, persistence time, and direction autocorrelation) obtained closely match those obtained from manual tracking. We also present an analysis framework to characterize the healing of a scratch wound from the perspective of single cells. The use of SiR-Hoechst is advantageous for the crowded environments in wound healing assays because as long as cell nuclei do not overlap, continuous tracking can be maintained even if there is cell-cell contact. In this paper, we report wound recovery based on the number of cells migrating into the wound over time, normalized by the initial cell count prior to the infliction of the wound. This normalized cell count approach is impervious to operator bias during the arbitration of wound edges and is also robust against variability that arises due to differences in the cell density of different samples. Additional wound healing characteristics were also defined based on the evolution of cell speed and directionality during healing. Not unexpected, the wound healing cells exhibited much higher tendency to maintain the same migratory direction in comparison to the randomly migrating cells. The use of SiR-Hoechst thus greatly simplified the automation of single cell and whole population analysis with high spatial and temporal resolution over extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Chung
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, United States
| | - Sean D Bellefeuille
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, United States
| | - Hayley N Miller
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, United States
| | - Thomas R Gaborski
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, United States.
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11
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Exploring traditional and nontraditional roles for thrombomodulin. Blood 2018; 132:148-158. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-12-768994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThrombomodulin (TM) is an integral component of a multimolecular system, localized primarily to the vascular endothelium, that integrates crucial biological processes and biochemical pathways, including those related to coagulation, innate immunity, inflammation, and cell proliferation. These are designed to protect the host from injury and promote healing. The “traditional” role of TM in hemostasis was determined with its discovery in the 1980s as a ligand for thrombin and a critical cofactor for the major natural anticoagulant protein C system and subsequently for thrombin-mediated activation of the thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (also known as procarboxypeptidase B2). Studies in the past 2 decades are redefining TM as a molecule with many properties, exhibited via its multiple domains, through its interacting partners, complex regulated expression, and synthesis by cells other than the endothelium. In this report, we review some of the recently reported diverse properties of TM and how these may impact on our understanding of the pathogenesis of several diseases.
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12
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Griffin JH, Zlokovic BV, Mosnier LO. Activated protein C, protease activated receptor 1, and neuroprotection. Blood 2018; 132:159-169. [PMID: 29866816 PMCID: PMC6043978 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-769026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein C is a plasma serine protease zymogen whose active form, activated protein C (APC), exerts potent anticoagulant activity. In addition to its antithrombotic role as a plasma protease, pharmacologic APC is a pleiotropic protease that activates diverse homeostatic cell signaling pathways via multiple receptors on many cells. Engineering of APC by site-directed mutagenesis provided a signaling selective APC mutant with 3 Lys residues replaced by 3 Ala residues, 3K3A-APC, that lacks >90% anticoagulant activity but retains normal cell signaling activities. This 3K3A-APC mutant exerts multiple potent neuroprotective activities, which require the G-protein-coupled receptor, protease activated receptor 1. Potent neuroprotection in murine ischemic stroke models is linked to 3K3A-APC-induced signaling that arises due to APC's cleavage in protease activated receptor 1 at a noncanonical Arg46 site. This cleavage causes biased signaling that provides a major explanation for APC's in vivo mechanism of action for neuroprotective activities. 3K3A-APC appeared to be safe in ischemic stroke patients and reduced bleeding in the brain after tissue plasminogen activator therapy in a recent phase 2 clinical trial. Hence, it merits further clinical testing for its efficacy in ischemic stroke patients. Recent studies using human fetal neural stem and progenitor cells show that 3K3A-APC promotes neurogenesis in vitro as well as in vivo in the murine middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. These recent advances should encourage translational research centered on signaling selective APC's for both single-agent therapies and multiagent combination therapies for ischemic stroke and other neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Griffin
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA; and
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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13
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Park SA, Jeong S, Choe YH, Hyun YM. Sensing of Vascular Permeability in Inflamed Vessel of Live Animal. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:5797152. [PMID: 29862122 PMCID: PMC5976979 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5797152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Increase in vascular permeability is a conclusive response in the progress of inflammation. Under controlled conditions, leukocytes are known to migrate across the vascular barriers to the sites of inflammation without severe vascular rupture. However, when inflammatory state becomes excessive, the leakage of blood components may occur and can be lethal. Basically, vascular permeability can be analyzed based on the intensity of blood outflow. To evaluate the amount and rate of leakage in live mice, we performed cremaster muscle exteriorization to visualize blood flow and neutrophil migration. Using two-photon intravital microscopy of the exteriorized cremaster muscle venules, we found that vascular barrier function is transiently and locally disrupted in the early stage of inflammatory condition induced by N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Measurement of the concentration of intravenously (i.v.) injected Texas Red dextran inside and outside the vessels resulted in clear visualization of real-time increases in transient and local vascular permeability increase in real-time manner. We successfully demonstrated repeated leakage from a target site on a blood vessel in association with increasing severity of inflammation. Therefore, compared to other methods, two-photon intravital microscopy more accurately visualizes and quantifies vascular permeability even in a small part of blood vessels in live animals in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang A Park
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soi Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Choe
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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14
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Healy LD, Rigg RA, Griffin JH, McCarty OJ. Regulation of immune cell signaling by activated protein C. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:10.1002/JLB.3MIR0817-338R. [PMID: 29601101 PMCID: PMC6165708 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0817-338r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells are an essential part of the host defense response, promoting inflammation through release of proinflammatory cytokines or formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. While these processes are important for defense against infectious agents or injury, aberrant activation potentiates pathologic inflammatory disease. Thus, understanding regulatory mechanisms that limit neutrophil extracellular traps formation and cytokine release is of therapeutic interest for targeting pathologic diseases. Activated protein C is an endogenous serine protease with anticoagulant activity as well as anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective functions, the latter of which are mediated through binding cell surface receptors and inducing intracellular signaling. In this review, we discuss certain leukocyte functions, namely neutrophil extracellular traps formation and cytokine release, and the inhibition of these processes by activated protein C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Healy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rachel A. Rigg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Owen J.T. McCarty
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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15
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The Role of Gap Junction-Mediated Endothelial Cell-Cell Interaction in the Crosstalk between Inflammation and Blood Coagulation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112254. [PMID: 29077057 PMCID: PMC5713224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) play a pivotal role in the crosstalk between blood coagulation and inflammation. Endothelial cellular dysfunction underlies the development of vascular inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have revealed that aberrant gap junctions (GJs) and connexin (Cx) hemichannels participate in the progression of cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac infarction, hypertension and atherosclerosis. ECs can communicate with adjacent ECs, vascular smooth muscle cells, leukocytes and platelets via GJs and Cx channels. ECs dynamically regulate the expression of numerous Cxs, as well as GJ functionality, in the context of inflammation. Alterations to either result in various side effects across a wide range of vascular functions. Here, we review the roles of endothelial GJs and Cx channels in vascular inflammation, blood coagulation and leukocyte adhesion. In addition, we discuss the relevant molecular mechanisms that endothelial GJs and Cx channels regulate, both the endothelial functions and mechanical properties of ECs. A better understanding of these processes promises the possibility of pharmacological treatments for vascular pathogenesis.
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16
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Sarangi PP, Lee HW, Lerman YV, Trzeciak A, Harrower EJ, Rezaie AR, Kim M. Activated Protein C Attenuates Severe Inflammation by Targeting VLA-3 high Neutrophil Subpopulation in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:2930-2936. [PMID: 28877991 PMCID: PMC5658029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The host injury involved in multiorgan system failure during severe inflammation is mediated, in part, by massive infiltration and sequestration of hyperactive neutrophils in the visceral organ. A recombinant form of human activated protein C (rhAPC) has shown cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory functions in some clinical and animal studies, but the direct mechanism is not fully understood. Recently, we reported that, during endotoxemia and severe polymicrobial peritonitis, integrin VLA-3 (CD49c/CD29) is specifically upregulated on hyperinflammatory neutrophils and that targeting the VLA-3high neutrophil subpopulation improved survival in mice. In this article, we report that rhAPC binds to human neutrophils via integrin VLA-3 (CD49c/CD29) with a higher affinity compared with other Arg-Gly-Asp binding integrins. Similarly, there is preferential binding of activated protein C (PC) to Gr1highCD11bhighVLA-3high cells isolated from the bone marrow of septic mice. Furthermore, specific binding of rhAPC to human neutrophils via VLA-3 was inhibited by an antagonistic peptide (LXY2). In addition, genetically modified mutant activated PC, with a high affinity for VLA-3, shows significantly improved binding to neutrophils compared with wild-type activated PC and significantly reduced neutrophil infiltration into the lungs of septic mice. These data indicate that variants of activated PC have a stronger affinity for integrin VLA-3, which reveals novel therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranita P Sarangi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Yelena V Lerman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Alissa Trzeciak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Eric J Harrower
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Alireza R Rezaie
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642;
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17
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Minhas N, Xue M, Jackson CJ. Activated protein C binds directly to Tie2: possible beneficial effects on endothelial barrier function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1895-1906. [PMID: 28005151 PMCID: PMC11107519 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a natural anticoagulant with strong anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and barrier stabilizing properties. These cytoprotective properties of APC are thought to be exerted through its pathway involving the binding of APC to endothelial protein C receptor and cleavage of protease-activated receptors. In this study, we found that APC enhanced endothelial barrier integrity via a novel pathway, by binding directly to and activating Tie2, a transmembrane endothelial tyrosine kinase receptor. Binding assays demonstrated that APC competed with the only known ligands of Tie2, the angiopoietins (Angs). APC bound directly to Tie2 (Kd ~3 nM), with markedly stronger binding affinity than Ang2. After binding, APC rapidly activated Tie2 to enhance endothelial barrier function as shown by Evan's blue dye transfer across confluent cell monolayers and in vivo studies. Blocking Tie2 restricted endothelial barrier integrity. This study highlights a novel mechanism by which APC binds directly to Tie2 to enhance endothelial barrier integrity, which helps to explain APC's protective effects in vascular leakage-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Minhas
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, Level 10, The Kolling Building, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Meilang Xue
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, Level 10, The Kolling Building, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Christopher J Jackson
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, Level 10, The Kolling Building, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
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18
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Healy LD, Puy C, Fernández JA, Mitrugno A, Keshari RS, Taku NA, Chu TT, Xu X, Gruber A, Lupu F, Griffin JH, McCarty OJT. Activated protein C inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap formation in vitro and activation in vivo. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8616-8629. [PMID: 28408624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a multifunctional serine protease with anticoagulant, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition to the cytoprotective effects of APC on endothelial cells, podocytes, and neurons, APC cleaves and detoxifies extracellular histones, a major component of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs promote pathogen clearance but also can lead to thrombosis; the pathways that negatively regulate NETosis are largely unknown. Thus, we studied whether APC is capable of directly inhibiting NETosis via receptor-mediated cell signaling mechanisms. Here, by quantifying extracellular DNA or myeloperoxidase, we demonstrate that APC binds human leukocytes and prevents activated platelet supernatant or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) from inducing NETosis. Of note, APC proteolytic activity was required for inhibiting NETosis. Moreover, antibodies against the neutrophil receptors endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), protease-activated receptor 3 (PAR3), and macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1) blocked APC inhibition of NETosis. Select mutations in the Gla and protease domains of recombinant APC caused a loss of NETosis. Interestingly, pretreatment of neutrophils with APC prior to induction of NETosis inhibited platelet adhesion to NETs. Lastly, in a nonhuman primate model of Escherichia coli-induced sepsis, pretreatment of animals with APC abrogated release of myeloperoxidase from neutrophils, a marker of neutrophil activation. These findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory function of APC at therapeutic concentrations may include the inhibition of NETosis in an EPCR-, PAR3-, and Mac-1-dependent manner, providing additional mechanistic insight into the diverse functions of neutrophils and APC in disease states including sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Healy
- From the Departments of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology and
| | - Cristina Puy
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
| | - José A Fernández
- the Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Annachiara Mitrugno
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
| | - Ravi S Keshari
- the Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Nyiawung A Taku
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
| | - Tiffany T Chu
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
| | - Xiao Xu
- the Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - András Gruber
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
| | - Florea Lupu
- the Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - John H Griffin
- the Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- From the Departments of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology and.,Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97230
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19
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The Vitamin E Analog Gamma-Tocotrienol (GT3) and Statins Synergistically Up-Regulate Endothelial Thrombomodulin (TM). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111937. [PMID: 27869747 PMCID: PMC5133932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins; a class of routinely prescribed cholesterol-lowering drugs; inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzymeA reductase (HMGCR) and strongly induce endothelial thrombomodulin (TM); which is known to have anti-inflammatory; anti-coagulation; anti-oxidant; and radioprotective properties. However; high-dose toxicity limits the clinical use of statins. The vitamin E family member gamma-tocotrienol (GT3) also suppresses HMGCR activity and induces TM expression without causing significant adverse side effects; even at high concentrations. To investigate the synergistic effect of statins and GT3 on TM; a low dose of atorvastatin and GT3 was used to treat human primary endothelial cells. Protein-level TM expression was measured by flow cytometry. TM functional activity was determined by activated protein C (APC) generation assay. Expression of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), one of the key transcription factors of TM, was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). TM expression increased in a dose-dependent manner after both atorvastatin and GT3 treatment. A combined treatment of a low-dose of atorvastatin and GT3 synergistically up-regulated TM expression and functional activity. Finally; atorvastatin and GT3 synergistically increased KLF2 expression. These findings suggest that combined treatment of statins with GT3 may provide significant health benefits in treating a number of pathophysiological conditions; including inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases.
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20
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Physiological cerebrovascular remodeling in response to chronic mild hypoxia: A role for activated protein C. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:396-403. [PMID: 27412766 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a serine protease that promotes favorable changes in vascular barrier integrity and post-ischemic angiogenic remodeling in animal models of ischemic stroke, and its efficacy is currently being investigated in clinical ischemic stroke trials. Interestingly, application of sub-clinical chronic mild hypoxia (CMH) (8% O2) also promotes angiogenic remodeling and increased tight junction protein expression, suggestive of enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, though the role of APC in mediating the influence of CMH has not been investigated. To examine this potential link, we studied CMH-induced cerebrovascular remodeling after treating mice with two different reagents: (i) a function-blocking antibody that neutralizes APC activity, and (ii) exogenous recombinant murine APC. While CMH promoted endothelial proliferation, increased vascular density, and upregulated the angiogenic endothelial integrins α5β1 and αvβ3, these events were almost completely abolished by functional blockade of APC. Consistent with these findings, addition of exogenous recombinant APC enhanced CMH-induced endothelial proliferation, expansion of total vascular area and further enhanced the CMH-induced right-shift in vessel size distribution. Taken together, our findings support a key role for APC in mediating physiological remodeling of cerebral blood vessels in response to CMH.
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21
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Role of cellular events in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:853-868. [PMID: 27392441 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is a dysregulated host immune response due to an uncontrolled infection. It is a leading cause of mortality in adult intensive care units globally. When the host immune response induced against a local infection fails to contain it locally, it progresses to sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock and death. METHOD Literature survey was performed on the roles of different innate and adaptive immune cells in the development and progression of sepsis. Additionally, the effects of septic changes on reprogramming of different immune cells were also summarized to prepare the manuscript. FINDINGS Scientific evidences to date suggest that the loss of balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses results in reprogramming of immune cell activities that lead to irreversible tissue damaging events and multi-organ failure during sepsis. Many surface receptors expressed on immune cells at various stages of sepsis have been suggested as biomarkers for sepsis diagnosis. Various immunomodulatory therapeutics, which could improve the functions of immune cells during sepsis, were shown to restore immunological homeostasis and improve survival in animal models of sepsis. CONCLUSION In-depth and comprehensive knowledge on the immune cell activities and their correlation with severity of sepsis will help clinicians and scientists to design effective immunomodulatory therapeutics for treating sepsis.
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Abstract
In recent years, the traditional view of the hemostatic system as being regulated by a coagulation factor cascade coupled with platelet activation has been increasingly challenged by new evidence that activation of the immune system strongly influences blood coagulation and pathological thrombus formation. Leukocytes can be induced to express tissue factor and release proinflammatory and procoagulant molecules such as granular enzymes, cytokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns. These mediators can influence all aspects of thrombus formation, including platelet activation and adhesion, and activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. Leukocyte-released procoagulant mediators increase systemic thrombogenicity, and leukocytes are actively recruited to the site of thrombus formation through interactions with platelets and endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Additionally, phagocytic leukocytes are involved in fibrinolysis and thrombus resolution, and can regulate clearance of platelets and coagulation factors. Dysregulated activation of leukocyte innate immune functions thus plays a role in pathological thrombus formation. Modulation of the interactions between leukocytes or leukocyte-derived procoagulant materials and the traditional hemostatic system is an attractive target for the development of novel antithrombotic strategies.
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23
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LFA-1 and Mac-1 integrins bind to the serine/threonine-rich domain of thrombomodulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:1005-1012. [PMID: 27055590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
LFA-1 (αLβ2) and Mac-1 (αMβ2) integrins regulate leukocyte trafficking in health and disease by binding primarily to IgSF ligand ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 on endothelial cells. Here we have shown that the anti-coagulant molecule thrombomodulin (TM), found on the surface of endothelial cells, functions as a potentially new ligand for leukocyte integrins. We generated a recombinant extracellular domain of human TM and Fc fusion protein (TM-domains 123-Fc), and showed that pheripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) bind to TM-domains 123-Fc dependent upon integrin activation. We then demonstrated that αL integrin-blocking mAb, αM integrin-blocking mAb, and β2 integrin-blocking mAb inhibited the binding of PBMCs to TM-domains 123-Fc. Furthermore, we show that the serine/threonine-rich domain (domain 3) of TM is required for the interaction with the LFA-1 (αLβ2) and Mac-1 (αMβ2) integrins to occur on PBMCs. These results demonstrate that the LFA-1 and Mac-1 integrins on leukocytes bind to TM, thereby establishing the molecular and structural basis underlying LFA-1 and Mac-1 integrin interaction with TM on endothelial cells. In fact, integrin-TM interactions might be involved in the dynamic regulation of leukocyte adhesion with endothelial cells.
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24
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de Boer JD, Berger M, Majoor CJ, Kager LM, Meijers JCM, Terpstra S, Nieuwland R, Boing AN, Lutter R, Wouters D, van Mierlo GJ, Zeerleder SS, Bel EH, van't Veer C, de Vos AF, van der Zee JS, van der Poll T. Activated protein C inhibits neutrophil migration in allergic asthma: a randomised trial. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:1636-44. [PMID: 26381519 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00459-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Asthma patients show evidence of a procoagulant state in their airways, accompanied by an impaired function of the anticoagulant protein C system. We aimed to study the effect of recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) in allergic asthma patients.We conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study in house dust mite (HDM) allergic asthma patients. Patients were randomised to receive intravenous rhAPC (24 µg·kg(-1)·h(-1); n=12) or placebo (n=12) for 11 h. 4 h after the start of infusion, a first bronchoscopy was performed to challenge one lung segment with saline (control) and a contralateral segment with a combination of HDM extract and lipopolysaccharide (HDM+LPS), thereby mimicking environmental house dust exposure. A second bronchoscopy was conducted 8 h after intrabronchial challenge to obtain bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).rhAPC did not influence HDM+LPS induced procoagulant changes in the lung. In contrast, rhAPC reduced BALF leukocyte counts by 43% relative to placebo, caused by an inhibitory effect on neutrophil influx (64% reduction), while leaving eosinophil influx unaltered. rhAPC also reduced neutrophil degranulation products in the airways.Intravenous rhAPC attenuates HDM+LPS-induced neutrophil migration and protein release in allergic asthma patients by an effect that does not rely on coagulation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daan de Boer
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Berger
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Christof J Majoor
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Liesbeth M Kager
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost C M Meijers
- Dept of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Dept of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Terpstra
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Dept of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita N Boing
- Dept of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Lutter
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Dept of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana Wouters
- Dept of Immunopathology, Sanquin, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sacha S Zeerleder
- Dept of Immunopathology, Sanquin, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Dept of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H Bel
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van't Veer
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tom van der Poll
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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Coagulation factor V mediates inhibition of tissue factor signaling by activated protein C in mice. Blood 2015; 126:2415-23. [PMID: 26341257 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-644401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The key effector molecule of the natural protein C pathway, activated protein C (aPC), exerts pleiotropic effects on coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation. Coagulation-independent cell signaling by aPC appears to be the predominant mechanism underlying its highly reproducible therapeutic efficacy in most animal models of injury and infection. In this study, using a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus sepsis, we demonstrate marked disease stage-specific effects of the anticoagulant and cell signaling functions of aPC. aPC resistance of factor (f)V due to the R506Q Leiden mutation protected against detrimental anticoagulant effects of aPC therapy but also abrogated the anti-inflammatory and mortality-reducing effects of the signaling-selective 5A-aPC variant that has minimal anticoagulant function. We found that procofactor V (cleaved by aPC at R506) and protein S were necessary cofactors for the aPC-mediated inhibition of inflammatory tissue-factor signaling. The anti-inflammatory cofactor function of fV involved the same structural features that govern its cofactor function for the anticoagulant effects of aPC, yet its anti-inflammatory activities did not involve proteolysis of activated coagulation factors Va and VIIIa. These findings reveal a novel biological function and mechanism of the protein C pathway in which protein S and the aPC-cleaved form of fV are cofactors for anti-inflammatory cell signaling by aPC in the context of endotoxemia and infection.
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Iba T, Nagakari K. The effect of plasma-derived activated protein C on leukocyte cell-death and vascular endothelial damage. Thromb Res 2015; 135:963-9. [PMID: 25813362 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of leukocyte and its death in the progression in inflammation attracts attention nowadays. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of activated protein C (APC) on leucocyte cell death and vascular endothelial damage in sepsis. METHODS Wistar rats were infused with lipopolysaccharide (8.0mg/kg) concomitantly with either a low dose (0.5mg/kg), a high dose (5.0mg/kg) of plasma-derived APC or albumin. One and 3hours after the injections, the mesenteric microcirculation was observed by intravital microscopy. The serum levels of nucleosome and High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) were measured in each group. In another series, cultured leukocyte cell-death in the medium supplemented with serum obtained from each group was examined in vitro. RESULTS Microcirculatory disturbance was significantly suppressed in both the high-dose and low-dose groups compared to the control group (P<0.01, 0.05, respectively). The bleeding area was significantly increased in the control and high-dose groups (P<0.05, 0.01, respectively). Serum levels of cell death markers such as nucleosome and HMGB1 were significantly decreased in the treatment groups (P<0.01), and the protective effect was more pronounced in high-dose group. Cell death suppression was most prominent in high-dose group and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was significantly suppressed in the treatment groups. CONCLUSION Low-dose plasma-derived APC exerted protective effects on the microcirculation without increasing the risk of bleeding. The protective effect against leukocyte cell death and the suppressive effect on NETs formation of APC might be related to its beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Iba
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of MedicineJapan.
| | - Kunihiko Nagakari
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of MedicineJapan.
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Chim SM, Kuek V, Chow ST, Lim BS, Tickner J, Zhao J, Chung R, Su YW, Zhang G, Erber W, Xian CJ, Rosen V, Xu J. EGFL7 is expressed in bone microenvironment and promotes angiogenesis via ERK, STAT3, and integrin signaling cascades. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:82-94. [PMID: 24909139 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in bone formation, remodeling, and fracture healing. The regulation of angiogenesis in the bone microenvironment is highly complex and orchestrated by intercellular communication between bone cells and endothelial cells. Here, we report that EGF-like domain 7 (EGFL7), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeat protein superfamily is expressed in both the osteoclast and osteoblast lineages, and promotes endothelial cell activities. Addition of exogenous recombinant EGFL7 potentiates SVEC (simian virus 40-transformed mouse microvascular endothelial cell line) cell migration and tube-like structure formation in vitro. Moreover, recombinant EGFL7 promotes angiogenesis featuring web-like structures in ex vivo fetal mouse metatarsal angiogenesis assay. We show that recombinant EGFL7 induces phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in SVEC cells. Inhibition of ERK1/2 and STAT3 signaling impairs EGFL7-induced endothelial cell migration, and angiogenesis in fetal mouse metatarsal explants. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that EGFL7 contains a conserved RGD/QGD motif and EGFL7-induced endothelial cell migration is significantly reduced in the presence of RGD peptides. Moreover, EGFL7 gene expression is significantly upregulated during growth plate injury repair. Together, these results demonstrate that EGFL7 expressed by bone cells regulates endothelial cell activities through integrin-mediated signaling. This study highlights the important role that EGFL7, like EGFL6, expressed in bone microenvironment plays in the regulation of angiogenesis in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shek Man Chim
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Ikezoe T. Thrombomodulin/activated protein C system in septic disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Intensive Care 2015; 3:1. [PMID: 25705426 PMCID: PMC4336127 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-014-0050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The thrombomodulin (TM)/activated protein C (APC) system plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of thrombosis and hemostasis and maintaining vascular integrity in vivo. TM expressed on vascular endothelium binds to thrombin, forming a 1:1 complex and acts as an anticoagulant. In addition, the thrombin-TM complex activates protein C to produce APC, which inactivates factors VIIIa and Va in the presence of protein S, thereby inhibiting further thrombin formation. Intriguingly, APC possesses anti-inflammatory as well as cytoprotective activities. Moreover, the extracellular domain of TM also possesses APC-independent anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. Of note, the TM/APC system is compromised in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) caused by sepsis due to various mechanisms, including cleavage of cell-surface TM by exaggerated cytokines and proteases produced by activated inflammatory cells. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that reconstitution of the TM/APC system by recombinant proteins would alleviate sepsis and DIC. On the basis of the success of the Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) trial, the FDA approved the use of recombinant human APC (rhAPC) for severe sepsis patients in 2002. However, subsequent clinical trials failed to show clinical benefits for rhAPC, and an increased incidence of hemorrhage-related adverse events was noted, which prompted the industry to withdraw rhAPC from the market. On the other hand, recombinant human soluble TM (rTM) has been used for treatment of individuals with DIC since 2008 in Japan, and a phase III clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of rTM in severe sepsis patients with coagulopathy is now ongoing in the USA, South America, Asia, Australia, European Union, and other countries. This review article discusses the molecular mechanisms by which the TM/APC system produces anticoagulant as well as anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities in septic DIC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan
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de Boer JD, Kager LM, Roelofs JJTH, Meijers JCM, de Boer OJ, Weiler H, Isermann B, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Overexpression of activated protein C hampers bacterial dissemination during pneumococcal pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:559. [PMID: 25366058 PMCID: PMC4228088 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During pneumonia, inflammation and coagulation are activated as part of anti-bacterial host defense. Activated protein C (APC) has anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties and until recently was a registered drug for the treatment of severe sepsis. Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae is the most common causative pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia. Methods We aimed to investigate the effect of high APC levels during experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. Wild type (WT) and APC overexpressing (APChigh)-mice were intranasally infected with S. pneumoniae and sacrificed after 6, 24 or 48 hours, or followed in a survival study. Results In comparison to WT mice, APChigh-mice showed decreased bacterial dissemination to liver and spleen, while no differences in bacterial loads were detected at the primary site of infection. Although no differences in the extent of lung histopathology were seen, APChigh-mice showed a significantly decreased recruitment of neutrophils into lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Activation of coagulation was not altered in APChigh-mice. No differences in survival were observed between WT and APChigh-mice (P =0.06). Conclusion APC overexpression improves host defense during experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. This knowledge may add to a better understanding of the regulation of the inflammatory and procoagulant responses during severe Gram-positive pneumonia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0559-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Daan de Boer
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Liesbeth M Kager
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-130, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost C M Meijers
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department Plasma Proteins, Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Berend Isermann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Recombinant thrombomodulin monotherapy for secondary thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Emerg Med 2014; 33:599.e1-3. [PMID: 25266770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Goodman M, Liu Z, Zhu P, Li J. AMPK Activators as a Drug for Diabetes, Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATORY AFFAIRS : OPEN ACCESS 2014; 3:118. [PMID: 27478687 PMCID: PMC4966671 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7689.1000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) activators in the treatment and prevention of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Goodman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Zhenling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Anti-inflammatory functions of protein C require RAGE and ICAM-1 in a stimulus-dependent manner. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:743678. [PMID: 24876676 PMCID: PMC4024424 DOI: 10.1155/2014/743678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
By binding β2-integrins both ICAM-1 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) mediate leukocyte recruitment in a stimulus-dependent manner. Using different inflammatory mouse models we investigated how RAGE and ICAM-1 are involved in anti-inflammatory functions of protein C (PC; Ceprotin, 100 U/kg). We found that, depending on the stimulus, RAGE and ICAM-1 are cooperatively involved in PC-induced inhibition of leukocyte recruitment in cremaster models of inflammation. During short-term proinflammatory stimulation (trauma, fMLP, and CXCL1), ICAM-1 is more important for mediation of anti-inflammatory effects of PC, whereas RAGE plays a major role after longer proinflammatory stimulation (TNFα). In contrast to WT and Icam-1−/− mice, PC had no effect on bronchoalveolar neutrophil emigration in RAGE−/− mice during LPS-induced acute lung injury, suggesting that RAGE critically mediates PC effects during acute lung inflammation. In parallel, PC treatment effectively blocked leukocyte recruitment and improved survival of WT mice and Icam-1-deficient mice in LPS-induced endotoxemia, but failed to do so in RAGE-deficient mice. Exploring underlying mechanisms, we found that PC is capable of downregulating intracellular RAGE and extracellular ICAM-1 in endothelial cells. Taken together, our data show that RAGE and ICAM-1 are required for the anti-inflammatory functions of PC.
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Kager LM, Wiersinga WJ, Roelofs JJTH, de Boer OJ, Weiler H, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. A thrombomodulin mutation that impairs active protein C generation is detrimental in severe pneumonia-derived gram-negative sepsis (melioidosis). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2819. [PMID: 24762740 PMCID: PMC3998929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During severe (pneumo)sepsis inflammatory and coagulation pathways become activated as part of the host immune response. Thrombomodulin (TM) is involved in a range of host defense mechanisms during infection and plays a pivotal role in activation of protein C (PC) into active protein C (APC). APC has both anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study we investigated the effects of impaired TM-mediated APC generation during melioidosis, a common form of community-acquired Gram-negative (pneumo)sepsis in South-East Asia caused by Burkholderia (B.) pseudomallei. Methodology/Principal Findings (WT) mice and mice with an impaired capacity to activate protein C due to a point mutation in their Thbd gene (TMpro/pro mice) were intranasally infected with B. pseudomallei and sacrificed after 24, 48 or 72 hours for analyses. Additionally, survival studies were performed. When compared to WT mice, TMpro/pro mice displayed a worse survival upon infection with B. pseudomallei, accompanied by increased coagulation activation, enhanced lung neutrophil influx and bronchoalveolar inflammation at late time points, together with increased hepatocellular injury. The TMpro/pro mutation had limited if any impact on bacterial growth and dissemination. Conclusion/Significance TM-mediated protein C activation contributes to protective immunity after infection with B. pseudomallei. These results add to a better understanding of the regulation of the inflammatory and procoagulant response during severe Gram-negative (pneumo)sepsis. Pneumonia and sepsis are conditions in which a procoagulant state is observed, with activation of coagulation and downregulation of anticoagulant pathways, both closely interrelated with inflammation. The protein C (PC) system is an important anticoagulant pathway implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis. After binding to thrombomodulin (TM), PC is converted into active protein C (APC), mediated via high-affinity binding of thrombin to thrombomodulin (TM) and further augmented via association of the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) to the TM-thrombin complex. We studied the role of TM-associated PC-activation during the host response during pneumonia-derived sepsis caused by Burkholderia (B.) pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, a common form of community-acquired Gram-negative (pneumo)sepsis in South-East Asia and a serious potential bioterrorism threat agent. Mice with an impaired capacity to activate protein C displayed a worse survival upon infection with B. pseudomallei, accompanied by increased coagulation activation, enhanced lung neutrophil influx and bronchoalveolar inflammation at late time points, together with increased hepatocellular injury. These data further expand the knowledge about the role of the protein C system during melioidosis and may be of value in the development of therapeutic strategies against this dangerous pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth M. Kager
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - W. Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J. T. H. Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J. de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Polesskaya O, Wong C, Lebron L, Chamberlain JM, Gelbard HA, Goodfellow V, Kim M, Daiss JL, Dewhurst S. MLK3 regulates fMLP-stimulated neutrophil motility. Mol Immunol 2014; 58:214-22. [PMID: 24389043 PMCID: PMC3946811 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) is part of the intracellular regulatory system that connects extracellular cytokine or mitogen signals received through G-protein coupled receptors to changes in gene expression. MLK3 activation stimulates motility of epithelial cells and epithelial-derived tumor cells, but its role in mediating the migration of other cell types remains unknown. Since neutrophils play a crucial role in innate immunity and contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases, we therefore examined whether MLK3 might regulate the motility of mouse neutrophils responding to a chemotactic stimulus, the model bacterial chemoattractant fMLP. METHODS The expression of Mlk3 in mouse neutrophils was determined by immunocytochemistry and by RT-PCR. In vitro chemotaxis in a gradient of fMLP, fMLP-stimulated random motility, fMLP-stimulated F-actin formation were measured by direct microscopic observation using neutrophils pre-treated with a novel small molecule inhibitor of MLK3 (URMC099) or neutrophils obtained from Mlk3-/- mice. In vivo effects of MLK3 inhibition were measured by counting the fMLP-induced accumulation of neutrophils in the peritoneum following pre-treatment with URMC099 in wild-type C57Bl/6 or mutant Mlk3-/- mice. RESULTS The expression of Mlk3 mRNA and protein was observed in neutrophils purified from wild-type C57Bl/6 mice but not in neutrophils from mutant Mlk3-/- mice. Chemotaxis by wild-type neutrophils induced by a gradient of fMLP was reduced by pre-treatment with URMC099. Neutrophils from C57Bl/6 mice pretreated with URMC099 and neutrophils from Mlk3-/- mice moved far less upon fMLP-stimulation and did not form F-actin as readily as untreated neutrophils from C57Bl/6 controls. In vivo recruitment of neutrophils into the peritoneum by fMLP was significantly reduced in wild-type mice treated with URMC099, as well as in untreated Mlk3-/- mice-thereby confirming the role of MLK3 in neutrophil migration. CONCLUSIONS Mlk3 mRNA is expressed in murine neutrophils. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of MLK3 blocks fMLP-mediated motility of neutrophils both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that MLK3 may be a therapeutic target in human diseases characterized by exuberant neutrophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642 NY, USA.
| | - Christopher Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642 NY, USA; Carleton College, 1N College Street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Luis Lebron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642 NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Chamberlain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642 NY, USA
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642 NY, USA; Center for Neural Development and Disease, and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester 14642, NY, USA
| | - Val Goodfellow
- Califia Bio Inc., 11575 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642 NY, USA; David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642 NY, USA
| | - John L Daiss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642 NY, USA; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, and Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester 14642, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, 14642 NY, USA.
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Braach N, Frommhold D, Buschmann K, Pflaum J, Koch L, Hudalla H, Staudacher K, Wang H, Isermann B, Nawroth P, Poeschl J. RAGE controls activation and anti-inflammatory signalling of protein C. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89422. [PMID: 24586767 PMCID: PMC3933550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, RAGE, is a multiligand receptor and NF-κB activator leading to perpetuation of inflammation. We investigated whether and how RAGE is involved in mediation of anti-inflammatory properties of protein C. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed the effect of protein C on leukocyte adhesion and transmigration in WT- and RAGE-deficient mice using intravital microscopy of cremaster muscle venules during trauma- and TNFα-induced inflammation. Both, protein C (PC, Ceprotin, 100 U/kg) and activated protein C (aPC, 24 µg/kg/h) treatment significantly inhibited leukocyte adhesion in WT mice in these inflammation models. The impaired leukocyte adhesion after trauma-induced inflammation in RAGE knockout mice could not be further reduced by PC and aPC. After TNFα-stimulation, however, aPC but not PC treatment effectively blocked leukocyte adhesion in these mice. Consequently, we asked whether RAGE is involved in PC activation. Since RAGE-deficient mice and endothelial cells showed insufficient PC activation, and since thrombomodulin (TM) and endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) are reduced on the mRNA and protein level in RAGE deficient endothelial cells, an involvement of RAGE in TM-EPCR-dependent PC activation is likely. Moreover, TNFα-induced activation of MAPK and upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are reduced both in response to aPC treatment and in the absence of RAGE. Thus, there seems to be interplay of the RAGE and the PC pathway in inflammation. CONCLUSION RAGE controls anti-inflammatory properties and activation of PC, which might involve EPCR and TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Braach
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Frommhold
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Buschmann
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Pflaum
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Koch
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Staudacher
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Poeschl
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Schouten M, de Boer JD, Kager LM, Roelofs JJTH, Meijers JCM, Esmon CT, Levi M, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. The endothelial protein C receptor impairs the antibacterial response in murine pneumococcal pneumonia and sepsis. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:970-80. [PMID: 24401906 DOI: 10.1160/th13-10-0859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal pneumonia is a frequent cause of gram-positive sepsis and has a high mortality. The endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) has been implicated in both the activation of protein C (PC) and the anti-inflammatory actions of activated (A)PC. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the EPCR in murine pneumococcal pneumonia and sepsis. Wild-type (WT), EPCR knockout (KO) and Tie2-EPCR mice, which overexpress EPCR on the endothelium, were infected intranasally (pneumonia) or intravenously (sepsis) with viable Streptococcus pneumoniae and euthanised at 24 or 48 hours after initiation of the infection for analyses. Pneumonia did not alter constitutive EPCR expression on pulmonary endothelium but was associated with an influx of EPCR positive neutrophils into lung tissue. In pneumococcal pneumonia EPCR KO mice demonstrated diminished bacterial growth in the lungs and dissemination to spleen and liver, reduced neutrophil recruitment to the lungs and a mitigated inflammatory response. Moreover, EPCR KO mice displayed enhanced activation of coagulation in the early phase of disease. Correspondingly, in pneumococcal sepsis EPCR KO mice showed reduced bacterial growth in lung and liver and attenuated cytokine release. Conversely, EPCR-overexpressing mice displayed higher bacterial outgrowth in lung, blood, spleen and liver in pneumococcal sepsis. In conclusion, EPCR impairs antibacterial defense in both pneumococcal pneumonia and sepsis, which is associated with an enhanced pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schouten
- Marcel Schouten, MD, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-130, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 20 566 5910, Fax: +31 20 697 7192, E-mail:
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Xue M, Jackson CJ. Activated protein C and its potential applications in prevention of islet β-cell damage and diabetes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 95:323-63. [PMID: 24559924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800174-5.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is derived from its precursor, protein C (PC). Originally thought to be synthesized exclusively by the liver, recent reports have shown that PC is also produced by many other cells including pancreatic islet β cells. APC functions as a physiological anticoagulant with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and barrier-stabilizing properties. APC exerts its protective effects via an intriguing mechanism requiring combinations of endothelial PC receptor, protease-activated receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, Tie2 or CD11b, depending on cell types. Diabetes is a chronic condition resulted from the body's inability to produce and/or properly use insulin. The prevalence of diabetes has risen dramatically and has become one of the major causes of premature mortality and morbidity worldwide. Diabetes prevention is an ideal approach to reduce this burden. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the major forms of diabetes mellitus, and both are characterized by an autoimmune response, intraislet inflammation, β-cell apoptosis, and progressive β-cell loss. Protecting β-cell from damage is critical in both prevention and treatment of diabetes. Recent in vitro and animal studies show that APC's strong anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties are beneficial in preventing β-cell destruction and diabetes in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Future preventive and therapeutic uses of APC in diabetes look very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilang Xue
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Jackson
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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D’Ursi P, Orro A, Morra G, Moscatelli M, Trombetti G, Milanesi L, Rovida E. Molecular dynamics and docking simulation of a natural variant of Activated Protein C with impaired protease activity: implications for integrin-mediated antiseptic function. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 33:85-92. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.851033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ayala A, Elphick GF, Kim YS, Huang X, Carreira-Rosario A, Santos SC, Shubin NJ, Chen Y, Reichner J, Chung CS. Sepsis-induced potentiation of peritoneal macrophage migration is mitigated by programmed cell death receptor-1 gene deficiency. J Innate Immun 2013; 6:325-38. [PMID: 24247196 DOI: 10.1159/000355888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) on phagocyte function has not been extensively described. Here we report that experimental mouse sepsis, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), induced a marked increase in peritoneal macrophage random migration, motility and cell spread, but these changes were lost in the absence of PD-1. Alternatively, phagocytic activity was inversely affected. In vitro cell culture imaging studies, with the macrophage cell line J774, documented that blocking PD-1 with antibody led to aggregation of the cytoskeletal proteins α-actinin and F-actin. Further experiments looking at ex vivo peritoneal macrophages from mice illustrated that a similar pattern of α-actinin and F-actin was evident on cells from wild-type CLP mice but not PD-1-/- CLP mouse cells. We also observed that fMLP-induced migration by J774 cells was markedly attenuated using PD-1 blocking antibodies, a nonselective phosphatase inhibitor and a selective Ras-related protein 1 inhibitor. Finally, peritoneal macrophages derived from CLP as opposed to Sham mice demonstrated aspects of both cell surface co-localization with CD11b and internalization of PD-1 within vacuoles independent of CD11b staining. Together, we believe the data support a role for PD-1 in mediating aspects of innate macrophage immune dysfunction during sepsis, heretofore unappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Ayala
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, the Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, R.I., USA
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Overexpression of Activated Protein C is Detrimental During Severe Experimental Gram-Negative Sepsis (Melioidosis)*. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:e266-74. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31828a4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Activated Protein C. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:2463-4. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31829136ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brückner M, Lasarzik I, Jahn-Eimermacher A, Peetz D, Werner C, Engelhard K, Thal SC. High dose infusion of activated protein C (rhAPC) fails to improve neuronal damage and cognitive deficit after global cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 551:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6-Methylsulfinylhexyl isothiocyanate modulates endothelial cell function and suppresses leukocyte adhesion. J Nat Med 2013; 68:144-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-013-0784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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MicroRNA expression following activated protein C treatment during septic shock. J Surg Res 2013; 182:116-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Aberrant activation of neutrophils during sepsis results in the widespread release of proinflammatory mediators, leading to multiorgan system failure and death. However, aberrant activation of neutrophils during sepsis results in the widespread release of harmful inflammatory mediators causing host tissue injuries that can lead to multiorgan system failure and death. One of the pivotal components of neutrophil migration during inflammation is the expression of surface integrins. In this study, we show that administration of a cyclic analog of RGD peptide (Arg-Gly-Asp) significantly reduced the number of tissue-invading neutrophils and the degree of sepsis-induced lethality in mice as compared with control peptide. Second, β1 integrin (CD29) was highly upregulated on the neutrophils isolated from both septic patients and animals. Finally, conditional genetic ablation of β1 integrin from granulocytes also improved survival and bacterial clearance in septic animals Thus, our results indicate that expression of β1 integrin is important for modulating neutrophil trafficking during sepsis and that therapeutics designed against β1 integrins may be beneficial.
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Hyun YM, Sumagin R, Sarangi PP, Lomakina E, Overstreet MG, Baker CM, Fowell DJ, Waugh RE, Sarelius IH, Kim M. Uropod elongation is a common final step in leukocyte extravasation through inflamed vessels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1349-62. [PMID: 22711877 PMCID: PMC3405502 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Uropod elongation occurs during leukocyte extravasation. The efficient trafficking of immune cells into peripheral nonlymphoid tissues is key to enact their protective functions. Despite considerable advances in our understanding of cell migration in secondary lymphoid organs, real-time leukocyte recruitment into inflamed tissues is not well characterized. The conventional multistep paradigm of leukocyte extravasation depends on CD18 integrin–mediated events such as rapid arrest and crawling on the surface of the endothelium and transmigration through the endothelial layer. Using enhanced three-dimensional detection of fluorescent CD18 fusion proteins in a newly developed knockin mouse, we report that extravasating leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells) show delayed uropod detachment and become extremely elongated before complete transmigration across the endothelium. Additionally, these cells deposit CD18+ microparticles at the subendothelial layer before retracting the stretched uropod. Experiments with knockout mice and blocking antibodies reveal that the uropod elongation and microparticle formation are the result of LFA-1–mediated adhesion and VLA-3–mediated cell migration through the vascular basement membrane. These findings suggest that uropod elongation is a final step in the leukocyte extravasation cascade, which may be important for precise regulation of leukocyte recruitment into inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Protein C anticoagulant and cytoprotective pathways. Int J Hematol 2012; 95:333-45. [PMID: 22477541 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasma protein C is a serine protease zymogen that is transformed into the active, trypsin-like protease, activated protein C (APC), which can exert multiple activities. For its anticoagulant action, APC causes inactivation of the procoagulant cofactors, factors Va and VIIIa, by limited proteolysis, and APC's anticoagulant activity is promoted by protein S, various lipids, high-density lipoprotein, and factor V. Hereditary heterozygous deficiency of protein C or protein S is linked to moderately increased risk for venous thrombosis, while a severe or total deficiency of either protein is linked to neonatal purpura fulminans. In recent years, the beneficial direct effects of APC on cells which are mediated by several specific receptors have become the focus of much attention. APC-induced signaling can promote multiple cytoprotective actions which can minimize injuries in various preclinical animal injury models. Remarkably, pharmacologic therapy using APC demonstrates substantial neuroprotective effects in various murine injury models, including ischemic stroke. This review summarizes the molecules that are central to the protein C pathways, the relationship of pathway deficiencies to venous thrombosis risk, and mechanisms for the beneficial effects of APC.
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Zhou J, Pavlovic D, Willecke J, Friedel C, Whynot S, Hung O, Cerny V, Schroeder H, Wendt M, Shukla R, Lehmann C. Activated protein C improves pial microcirculation in experimental endotoxemia in rats. Microvasc Res 2012; 83:276-80. [PMID: 22426124 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The brain is one of the first organs affected clinically in sepsis. Microcirculatory alterations are suggested to be a critical component in the pathophysiology of sepsis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) on the pial microcirculation in experimental endotoxemia using intravital microscopy. Our hypothesis is rhAPC protects pial microcirculation in endotoxemia. METHODS Endotoxemia was generated in Lewis rats with intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg i.v.). Dura mater was removed through a cranial window to expose pial vessels on the brain surface. The microcirculation, including leukocyte-endothelial interaction, functional capillary density (FCD) and plasma extravasation of pial vessels was examined by fluorescent intravital microscopy (IVM) 2 h after administration of LPS, LPS and rhAPC or equivalent amount of saline (used as Control group). Plasma cytokine levels of interleukin 1 alpha (IL1-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ), Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were evaluated after IVM. RESULTS LPS challenge significantly increased leukocyte adhesion (773±190 vs. 592±152 n/mm(2) Control), decreased FCD (218±54 vs. 418±74 cm/cm(2) Control) and increased proinflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1α: 5032±1502 vs. 8±21 pg/ml; TNF-α: 1823±1007 vs. 168±228 pg/ml; IFN-γ: 785±434 vs. 0 pg/ml; GM-CSF: 54±52 vs. 1±3 pg/ml) compared to control animals. rhAPC treatment significantly reduced leukocyte adhesion (599±111 n/mm(2)), increased FCD (516±118 cm/cm(2)) and reduced IL-1α levels (2134±937 pg/ml) in the endotoxemic rats. CONCLUSION APC treatment significantly improves pial microcirculation by reducing leukocyte adhesion and increasing FCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Thrombomodulin: a bifunctional modulator of inflammation and coagulation in sepsis. Crit Care Res Pract 2012; 2012:614545. [PMID: 22482044 PMCID: PMC3299293 DOI: 10.1155/2012/614545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated interplay between inflammation and coagulation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Therapeutic approaches that simultaneously target both inflammation and coagulation hold great promise for the treatment of sepsis. Thrombomodulin is an endogenous anticoagulant protein that, in cooperation with protein C and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, serves to maintain the endothelial microenvironment in an anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant state. A recombinant soluble form of thrombomodulin has been approved to treat patients suffering from disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and has thus far shown greater therapeutic potential than heparin. A phase II clinical trial is currently underway in the USA to study the efficacy of thrombomodulin for the treatment of sepsis with DIC complications. This paper focuses on the critical roles that thrombomodulin plays at the intersection of inflammation and coagulation and proposes the possible existence of interactions with integrins via protein C. Finally, we provide a rationale for the clinical application of thrombomodulin for alleviating sepsis.
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Weiler H. Multiple receptor-mediated functions of activated protein C. Hamostaseologie 2012; 31:185-95. [PMID: 21826371 DOI: 10.5482/ha-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The central effector protease of the protein C pathway, activated protein C (APC), interacts with the endothelial cell protein C receptor, with protease activated receptors (PAR), the apolipoprotein E2 receptor, and integrins to exert multiple effects on haemostasis and immune cell function. Such receptor interactions modify the activation of PC and determine the biological response to endogenous and therapeutically administered APC. This review summarizes the current knowledge about interactions of APC with cell surface-associated receptors, novel substrates such as histones and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and their implications for the biologic function of APC in the control of coagulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Weiler
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226, USA.
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