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Campos-Sánchez JC, Serna-Duque JA, Alburquerque C, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. Participation of Hepcidins in the Inflammatory Response Triggered by λ-Carrageenin in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:261-275. [PMID: 38353762 PMCID: PMC11043163 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The role of hepcidins, antimicrobial peptides involved in iron metabolism, immunity, and inflammation, is studied. First, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs) were incubated with λ-carrageenin to study the expression of hepcidin and iron metabolism-related genes. While the expression of most of the genes studied was upregulated, the expression of ferroportin gene (slc40a) was downregulated. In the second part of the study, seabream specimens were injected intramuscularly with λ-carrageenin or buffer (control). The expression of the same genes was evaluated in the head kidney, liver, and skin at different time points after injection. The expression of Hamp1m, ferritin b, and ferroportin genes (hamp1, fthb, and slc40a) was upregulated in the head kidney of fish from the λ-carrageenin-injected group, while the expression of Hamp2C and Hamp2E genes (hamp2.3 and hamp2.7) was downregulated. In the liver, the expression of hamp1, ferritin a (ftha), slc40a, Hamp2J, and Hamp2D (hamp2.5/6) genes was downregulated in the λ-carrageenin-injected group. In the skin, the expression of hamp1 and (Hamp2A Hamp2C) hamp2.1/3/4 genes was upregulated in the λ-carrageenin-injected group. A bioinformatic analysis was performed to predict the presence of transcription factor binding sites in the promoter region of hepcidins. The primary sequence of hepcidin was conserved among the different mature peptides, although changes in specific amino acid residues were identified. These changes affected the charge, hydrophobicity, and probability of hepcidins being antimicrobial peptides. This study sheds light on the poorly understood roles of hepcidins in fish. The results provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms of inflammation in fish and could contribute to the development of new strategies for treat inflammation in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jhon A Serna-Duque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Alburquerque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Patel H, Minkah NK, Kumar S, Zanghi G, Schepis A, Goswami D, Armstrong J, Abatiyow BA, Betz W, Reynolds L, Camargo N, Sheikh AA, Kappe SHI. Malaria blood stage infection suppresses liver stage infection via host-induced interferons but not hepcidin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2104. [PMID: 38453916 PMCID: PMC10920859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites first replicate as liver stages (LS), which then seed symptomatic blood stage (BS) infection. Emerging evidence suggests that these stages impact each other via perturbation of host responses, and this influences the outcome of natural infection. We sought to understand whether the parasite stage interplay would affect live-attenuated whole parasite vaccination, since the efficacy of whole parasite vaccines strongly correlates with their extend of development in the liver. We thus investigated the impact of BS infection on LS development of genetically attenuated and wildtype parasites in female rodent malaria models and observed that for both, LS infection suffered severe suppression during concurrent BS infection. Strikingly and in contrast to previously published studies, we find that the BS-induced iron-regulating hormone hepcidin is not mediating suppression of LS development. Instead, we demonstrate that BS-induced host interferons are the main mediators of LS developmental suppression. The type of interferon involved depended on the BS-causing parasite species. Our study provides important mechanistic insights into the BS-mediated suppression of LS development. This has direct implications for understanding the outcomes of live-attenuated Plasmodium parasite vaccination in malaria-endemic areas and might impact the epidemiology of natural malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Patel
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nana K Minkah
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gigliola Zanghi
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonino Schepis
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Debashree Goswami
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janna Armstrong
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Biley A Abatiyow
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Will Betz
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura Reynolds
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nelly Camargo
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amina A Sheikh
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Liao J, Wei M, Wang J, Zeng J, Liu D, Du Q, Ge J, Mei Z. Naotaifang formula attenuates OGD/R-induced inflammation and ferroptosis by regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization through BMP6/SMADs signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115465. [PMID: 37713988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI), a subsequent injury caused by thrombolytic reperfusion post ischemic stroke (IS). Naotaifang (NTF) formula, a novel traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remedy against IS, was shown to exert beneficial effects in inhibiting inflammation and inhibiting lipid peroxide synthesis in our previous research. PURPOSE This study aimed to further explore the role of NTF in attenuating oxygen-glucose deprivation//reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced inflammation and ferroptosis by regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization through the bone morphogenetic protein 6(BMP6)/SMADs signaling pathway. METHODS BV2 microglia were used to establish an OGD/R model. The effects of NTF on inflammation and ferroptosis in OGD/R-injured BV2 cells were separately detected by immunofluorescence assay, fluorescent probe, DCFH-DA flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western-blot. RESULTS The present results revealed that the M1 phenotype of microglia promoted the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and aggravated ferroptosis and brain damage following OGD/R. However, an inhibitor of BMP6, LND-193189, reversed the aforementioned effects. Similarly, NTF promoted the shift of microglia from M1 to M2. Besides, NTF treatment effectively inhibited the expression of hepcidin, BMP6, SMADs and promoted the expression of ferroportin (FPN, SLC40A1) and γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine (glutathione or GSH) peroxidase 4 (GPX4). CONCLUSION Microglial M1/M2 polarization plays a pivotal role in inflammation and ferroptosis during OGD/R. The BMP6/SMADs signaling pathway is a potential therapeutical target of inflammation and ferroptosis induced by the transformation of microglia. Moreover, NTF could alleviate inflammation and ferroptosis through the BMP6/SMADs signaling pathway in OGD/R-injured microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Vascular Biology Laboratory, Medical College, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
| | - Mengzhen Wei
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Medical College, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Medical College, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Jinsong Zeng
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Danhong Liu
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Medical College, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Qiusi Du
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Medical College, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410031, China.
| | - Zhigang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
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Lv Q, Chen G, He H, Yang Z, Zhao L, Chen HY, Chen CYC. TCMBank: bridges between the largest herbal medicines, chemical ingredients, target proteins, and associated diseases with intelligence text mining. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10684-10701. [PMID: 37829020 PMCID: PMC10566508 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02139d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has long been viewed as a precious source of modern drug discovery. AI-assisted drug discovery (AIDD) has been investigated extensively. However, there are still two challenges in applying AIDD to guide TCM drug discovery: the lack of a large amount of standardized TCM-related information and AIDD is prone to pathological failures in out-of-domain data. We have released TCM Database@Taiwan in 2011, and it has been widely disseminated and used. Now, we developed TCMBank, the largest systematic free TCM database, which is an extension of TCM Database@Taiwan. TCMBank contains 9192 herbs, 61 966 ingredients (unduplicated), 15 179 targets, 32 529 diseases, and their pairwise relationships. By integrating multiple data sources, TCMBank provides 3D structure information of ingredients and provides a standard list and detailed information on herbs, ingredients, targets and diseases. TCMBank has an intelligent document identification module that continuously adds TCM-related information retrieved from the literature in PubChem. In addition, driven by TCMBank big data, we developed an ensemble learning-based drug discovery protocol for identifying potential leads and drug repurposing. We take colorectal cancer and Alzheimer's disease as examples to demonstrate how to accelerate drug discovery by artificial intelligence. Using TCMBank, researchers can view literature-driven relationship mapping between herbs/ingredients and genes/diseases, allowing the understanding of molecular action mechanisms for ingredients and identification of new potentially effective treatments. TCMBank is available at https://TCMBank.CN/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujie Lv
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Research Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen Guangdong 518107 P. R. China
| | - Guanxing Chen
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Research Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen Guangdong 518107 P. R. China
| | - Haohuai He
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Research Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen Guangdong 518107 P. R. China
| | - Ziduo Yang
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Research Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen Guangdong 518107 P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510655 P. R. China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510655 P. R. China
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Research Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen Guangdong 518107 P. R. China
| | - Calvin Yu-Chian Chen
- Artificial Intelligence Medical Research Center, School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University Shenzhen Guangdong 518107 P. R. China
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital Taichung 40447 Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University Taichung 41354 Taiwan
- Guangdong L-Med Medicine Biotechnology Co., Ltd Meizhou Guangdong 514699 P. R. China
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Singh MK, Yadav R, Bhaskar AK, Sengupta S, Sachidanandan C. A diet-independent zebrafish model for NAFLD recapitulates patient lipid profiles and offers a system for small molecule screening. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159246. [PMID: 36202338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) or pathological hepatic lipid overload, is considered to affect obese individuals. However, NAFLD in lean individuals is prevalent, especially in South Asian population. The pathophysiology of lean NAFLD is not well understood and most animal models of NAFLD use the high-fat diet paradigm. To bridge this gap, we have developed a diet-independent model of NAFLD in zebrafish. We have previously shown that chronic systemic inflammation causes metabolic changes in the liver leading to hepatic fat accumulation in an IL6 overexpressing (IL6-OE) zebrafish model. In the present study, we compared the hepatic lipid composition of adult IL6-OE zebrafish to the controls and found an accumulation of saturated triacylglycerols and a reduction in the unsaturated triacylglycerol species reminiscent of NAFLD patients. Zebrafish is an ideal system for chemical genetic screens. We tested whether the hepatic lipid accumulation in the IL6-OE is responsive to chemical treatment. We found that PPAR-gamma agonist Rosiglitazone, known to reduce lipid overload in the high-fat diet models of NAFLD, could ameliorate the fatty liver phenotype of the IL6-OE fish. Rosiglitazone treatment reduced the accumulation of saturated lipids and showed a concomitant increase in unsaturated TAG species in our inflammation-induced NAFLD model. Our observations suggest that the IL6-OE model can be effective for small molecule screening to identify compounds that can reverse hepatic lipid accumulation, especially relevant to lean NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Rohit Yadav
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Akash Kumar Bhaskar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Chetana Sachidanandan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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6
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Ye D, Liu Y, Pan H, Feng Y, Lu X, Gan L, Wan J, Ye J. Insights into bone morphogenetic proteins in cardiovascular diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125642. [PMID: 36909186 PMCID: PMC9996008 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secretory proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins play important roles in embryogenesis, bone morphogenesis, blood vessel remodeling and the development of various organs. In recent years, as research has progressed, BMPs have been found to be closely related to cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, cardiac remodeling, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). In this review, we summarized the potential roles and related mechanisms of the BMP family in the cardiovascular system and focused on atherosclerosis and PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqi Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiyi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liren Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Li H, Hu SM, Li YM, Ciancio G, Tadros NN, Tao Y, Bai YJ, Shi YY. Beneficial effect of roxadustat on early posttransplant anemia and iron utilization in kidney transplant recipients: a retrospective comparative cohort study. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1360. [PMID: 36660711 PMCID: PMC9843359 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Although posttransplant anemia (PTA) is a common complication after kidney transplant, it has not been thoroughly evaluated for appropriate treatment. Roxadustat can stimulate erythropoiesis by increasing erythropoietin (EPO) production and improving the utilization of iron. However, there are currently a few case reports describing its effect on PTA in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Our purpose was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of roxadustat in KTRs with PTA. Methods In this retrospective study, KTRs with early PTA were divided into a roxadustat group, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) group, and untreated group (neither roxadustat nor ESA) according to the treatment prescribed by their physicians. We compared the levels of hemoglobin (Hb), creatinine, lipids, hepcidin, intact fibroblast growth factor 23 (iFGF23) and iron-related indices, at baseline and different time points posttransplant. Outcome was assessed at both month 3 and month 12 posttransplant. Adverse events during the treatment course were also recorded. Results A total of 57 KTRs were included (n=22 roxadustat group, n=13 ESA group, n=22 untreated group). There was no difference in age, sex, body mass index, dialysis method and duration, donor type among three groups at baseline. The mean Hb levels at month 3 posttransplant (128.00±19.62 vs. 118.59±11.60 g/L, P=0.048) and the average change in Hb levels from week 2 to month 3 (48.05±22.53 vs. 31.45±12.96 g/L, P=0.005) in the roxadustat group were significantly higher than those in the untreated group. However, there was no significant difference in the above indices between the roxadustat and ESA groups. At month 3, the total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and levels of transferrin were significantly higher while levels of ferritin, hepcidin and iFGF23 were significantly lower in the roxadustat group than in other groups (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels among the three groups at month 3. During the follow-up, no adverse events related to roxadustat were reported. Conclusions Administration of roxadustat in KTRs with early PTA could elevate Hb levels effectively and safely by enhancing endogenous EPO production and improving iron utilization. Further randomized studies with larger sample size are necessary to verify our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-Meng Hu
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Mei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Centre of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaetano Ciancio
- Department of Surgery and Urology, Miami Transplant Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Ye Tao
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang-Juan Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Centre of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Ying Shi
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Murphy RD, James KM, Ippolito JR, Barney DE, Miller KM, Murphy NE, Gwin JA, Pasiakos SM, McClung JP, Margolis LM, Hennigar SR. Mild to Moderate Food Deprivation Increases Hepcidin and Results in Hypoferremia and Tissue Iron Sequestration in Mice. J Nutr 2022; 152:2198-2208. [PMID: 35906187 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term starvation and severe food deprivation (FD) reduce dietary iron absorption and restricts iron to tissues, thereby limiting the amount of iron available for erythropoiesis. These effects may be mediated by increases in the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin; however, whether mild to moderate FD has similar effects on hepcidin and iron homeostasis is not known. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of varying magnitudes and durations of FD on hepcidin and indicators of iron status in male and female mice. METHODS Male and female C57BL/6J mice (14 wk old; n = 170) were randomly assigned to consume AIN-93M diets ad libitum (AL) or varying magnitudes of FD (10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, or 100%). FD was based on the average amount of food consumed by the AL males or females, and food was split into morning and evening meals. Mice were euthanized at 48 h and 1, 2, and 3 wk, and hepcidin and indicators of iron status were measured. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS Liver hepcidin mRNA was positively correlated with the magnitude of FD at all time points (P < 0.05). At 3 wk, liver hepcidin mRNA increased 3-fold with 10% and 20% FD compared with AL and was positively associated with serum hepcidin (R = 0.627, P < 0.0001). Serum iron was reduced by ∼65% (P ≤ 0.01), and liver nonheme iron concentrations were ∼75% greater (P ≤ 0.01) with 10% and 20% FD for 3 wk compared with AL. Liver hepcidin mRNA at 3 wk was positively correlated with liver Bmp6 (R = 0.765, P < 0.0001) and liver gluconeogenic enzymes (R = >0.667, P < 0.05) but not markers of inflammation (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS FD increases hepcidin in male and female mice and results in hypoferremia and tissue iron sequestration. These findings suggest that increased hepcidin with FD may contribute to the disturbances in iron homeostasis with undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Murphy
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kelsey M James
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - James R Ippolito
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - David E Barney
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Katelyn M Miller
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Jess A Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Stephen R Hennigar
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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9
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Nguyen MH, Atasoylu O, Wu L, Kapilashrami K, Pusey M, Gallagher K, Lai CT, Zhao P, Barbosa J, Liu K, He C, Zhang C, Styduhar ED, Witten MR, Chen Y, Lin L, Yang YO, Covington M, Diamond S, Yeleswaram S, Yao W. Discovery of Novel Pyrazolopyrimidines as Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitors of ALK2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1159-1164. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minh H. Nguyen
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Onur Atasoylu
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Liangxing Wu
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Kanishk Kapilashrami
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Michelle Pusey
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Karen Gallagher
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Cheng-Tsung Lai
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Peng Zhao
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Joseph Barbosa
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Chunhong He
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Colin Zhang
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Evan D. Styduhar
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Michael R. Witten
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Yaoyu Chen
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Luping Lin
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Yan-ou Yang
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Maryanne Covington
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Sharon Diamond
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Swamy Yeleswaram
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Wenqing Yao
- Incyte Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
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10
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Abstract
Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 sequence revealed a multibasic furin cleavage site at the S1/S2 boundary of the spike protein distinguishing this virus from SARS-CoV. Furin, the best-characterized member of the mammalian proprotein convertases, is an ubiquitously expressed single pass type 1 transmembrane protein. Cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by furin promotes viral entry into lung cells. While furin knockout is embryonically lethal, its knockout in differentiated somatic cells is not, thus furin provides an exciting therapeutic target for viral pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 and bacterial infections. Several peptide-based and small-molecule inhibitors of furin have been recently reported, and select cocrystal structures have been solved, paving the way for further optimization and selection of clinical candidates. This perspective highlights furin structure, substrates, recent inhibitors, and crystal structures with emphasis on furin's role in SARS-CoV-2 infection, where the current data strongly suggest its inhibition as a promising therapeutic intervention for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam
Eldin A. Osman
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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11
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Identification of Regulatory Factors and Prognostic Markers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020303. [PMID: 35204186 PMCID: PMC8868268 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle atrophy, paralysis and even death. Immune disorder, redox imbalance, autophagy disorder, and iron homeostasis disorder have been shown to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of ALS. However, the exact pathogenic genes and the underlying mechanism of ALS remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to screen for pathogenic regulatory genes and prognostic markers in ALS using bioinformatics methods. We used Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and expression regulation network analysis to investigate the function of differentially expressed genes in the nerve tissue, lymphoid tissue, and whole blood of patients with ALS. Our results showed that the up-regulated genes were mainly involved in immune regulation and inflammation, and the down-regulated genes were mainly involved in energy metabolism and redox processes. Eleven up-regulated transcription factors (CEBPB, CEBPD, STAT5A, STAT6, RUNX1, REL, SMAD3, GABPB2, FOXO1, PAX6, and FOXJ1) and one down-regulated transcription factor (NOG) in the nerve tissue of patients with ALS likely play important regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of ALS. Based on construction and evaluation of the ALS biomarker screening model, cluster analysis of the identified characteristic genes, univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, and the random survival forest algorithm, we found that MAEA, TPST1, IFNGR2, and ALAS2 may be prognostic markers regarding the survival of ALS patients. High expression of MAEA, TPST1, and IFNGR2 and low expression of ALAS2 in ALS patients may be closely related to short survival of ALS patients. Taken together, our results indicate that immune disorders, inflammation, energy metabolism, and redox imbalance may be the important pathogenic factors of ALS. CEBPB, CEBPD, STAT5A, STAT6, RUNX1, REL, SMAD3, GABPB2, FOXO1, PAX6, FOXJ1, and NOG may be important regulatory factors linked to the pathogenesis of ALS. MAEA, TPST1, IFNGR2, and ALAS2 are potential important ALS prognostic markers. Our findings provide evidence on the pathogenesis of ALS, potential targets for the development of new drugs for ALS, and important markers for predicting ALS prognosis.
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12
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Fisher AL, Babitt JL. Coordination of iron homeostasis by bone morphogenetic proteins: Current understanding and unanswered questions. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:26-46. [PMID: 33993583 PMCID: PMC8594283 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is tightly regulated to balance the iron requirement for erythropoiesis and other vital cellular functions, while preventing cellular injury from iron excess. The liver hormone hepcidin is the master regulator of systemic iron balance by controlling the degradation and function of the sole known mammalian iron exporter ferroportin. Liver hepcidin expression is coordinately regulated by several signals that indicate the need for more or less iron, including plasma and tissue iron levels, inflammation, and erythropoietic drive. Most of these signals regulate hepcidin expression by modulating the activity of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD pathway, which controls hepcidin transcription. Genetic disorders of iron overload and iron deficiency have identified several hepatocyte membrane proteins that play a critical role in mediating the BMP-SMAD and hepcidin regulatory response to iron. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which serum and tissue iron levels are sensed to regulate BMP ligand production and promote the physical and/or functional interaction of these proteins to modulate SMAD signaling and hepcidin expression remain uncertain. This critical commentary will focus on the current understanding and key unanswered questions regarding how the liver senses iron levels to regulate BMP-SMAD signaling and thereby hepcidin expression to control systemic iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Corresponding author: Jodie L Babitt, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Mailing address: 185 Cambridge St., CPZN-8208, Boston, MA 02114. Telephone: +1 (617) 643-3181.
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13
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Crugliano G, Serra R, Ielapi N, Battaglia Y, Coppolino G, Bolignano D, Bracale UM, Pisani A, Faga T, Michael A, Provenzano M, Andreucci M. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Stabilizers in End Stage Kidney Disease: "Can the Promise Be Kept?". Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12590. [PMID: 34830468 PMCID: PMC8618724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The prevalence of anemia in CKD strongly increases as the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) decreases. The pathophysiology of anemia in CKD is complex. The main causes are erythropoietin (EPO) deficiency and functional iron deficiency (FID). The administration of injectable preparations of recombinant erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), especially epoetin and darbepoetin, coupled with oral or intravenous(iv) iron supplementation, is the current treatment for anemia in CKD for both dialysis and non-dialysis patients. This approach reduces patients' dependence on transfusion, ensuring the achievement of optimal hemoglobin target levels. However, there is still no evidence that treating anemia with ESAs can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Meanwhile, iv iron supplementation causes an increased risk of allergic reactions, gastrointestinal side effects, infection, and cardiovascular events. Currently, there are no studies defining the best strategy for using ESAs to minimize possible risks. One class of agents under evaluation, known as prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHIs), acts to stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) by inhibiting prolyl hydroxylase (PH) enzymes. Several randomized controlled trials showed that HIF-PHIs are almost comparable to ESAs. In the era of personalized medicine, it is possible to envisage and investigate specific contexts of the application of HIF stabilizers based on the individual risk profile and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Crugliano
- Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (D.B.); (T.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Ielapi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, “Sapienza” University of Rome, I-00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Yuri Battaglia
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, St. Anna University-Hospital, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Coppolino
- Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (D.B.); (T.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Davide Bolignano
- Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (D.B.); (T.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Umberto Marcello Bracale
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, I-80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, I-80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Teresa Faga
- Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (D.B.); (T.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Ashour Michael
- Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (D.B.); (T.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Michele Andreucci
- Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (D.B.); (T.F.); (A.M.)
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14
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Lanser L, Fuchs D, Kurz K, Weiss G. Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis-Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:3732. [PMID: 34835988 PMCID: PMC8619077 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia is very common in patients with inflammatory disorders. Its prevalence is associated with severity of the underlying disease, and it negatively affects quality of life and cardio-vascular performance of patients. Anemia of inflammation (AI) is caused by disturbances of iron metabolism resulting in iron retention within macrophages, a reduced erythrocyte half-life, and cytokine mediated inhibition of erythropoietin function and erythroid progenitor cell differentiation. AI is mostly mild to moderate, normochromic and normocytic, and characterized by low circulating iron, but normal and increased levels of the storage protein ferritin and the iron hormone hepcidin. The primary therapeutic approach for AI is treatment of the underlying inflammatory disease which mostly results in normalization of hemoglobin levels over time unless other pathologies such as vitamin deficiencies, true iron deficiency on the basis of bleeding episodes, or renal insufficiency are present. If the underlying disease and/or anemia are not resolved, iron supplementation therapy and/or treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents may be considered whereas blood transfusions are an emergency treatment for life-threatening anemia. New treatments with hepcidin-modifying strategies and stabilizers of hypoxia inducible factors emerge but their therapeutic efficacy for treatment of AI in ill patients needs to be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lanser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.L.); (K.K.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Suppresses BMP-6-Mediated SMAD1/5/8 Transactivation of Hepcidin Gene by Inducing SMILE in Hepatocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101590. [PMID: 34679725 PMCID: PMC8533173 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, a major regulator of systemic iron homeostasis, is mainly induced in hepatocytes by activating bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP-6) signaling in response to changes in the iron status. Small heterodimer partner-interacting leucine zipper protein (SMILE), a polyphenol-inducible transcriptional co-repressor, regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. Here, we examine the epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) effect on BMP-6-mediated SMAD1/5/8 transactivation of the hepcidin gene. EGCG treatment significantly decreased BMP-6-induced hepcidin gene expression and secretion in hepatocytes, which, in turn, abated ferroportin degradation. SMILE overexpression significantly decreased BMP receptor-induced hepcidin promoter activity. SMILE overexpression also significantly suppressed BMP-6-mediated induction of hepcidin mRNA and its secretion in HepG2 and AML12 cells. EGCG treatment inhibited BMP-6-mediated hepcidin gene expression and secretion, which were significantly reversed by SMILE knockdown in hepatocytes. Interestingly, SMILE physically interacted with SMAD1 in the nucleus and significantly blocked DNA binding of the SMAD complex to the BMP-response element on the hepcidin gene promoter. Taken together, these findings suggest that SMILE is a novel transcriptional repressor of BMP-6-mediated hepcidin gene expression, thus contributing to the control of iron homeostasis.
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16
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Duarte TL, Talbot NP, Drakesmith H. NRF2 and Hypoxia-Inducible Factors: Key Players in the Redox Control of Systemic Iron Homeostasis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:433-452. [PMID: 32791852 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Oxygen metabolism and iron homeostasis are closely linked. Iron facilitates the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, and its deficiency causes anemia. Conversely, excess free iron is detrimental for stimulating the formation of reactive oxygen species, causing tissue damage. The amount and distribution of iron thus need to be tightly regulated by the liver-expressed hormone hepcidin. This review analyzes the roles of key oxygen-sensing pathways in cellular and systemic regulation of iron homeostasis; specifically, the prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)/hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (KEAP1/NRF2) pathways, which mediate tissue adaptation to low and high oxygen, respectively. Recent Advances: In macrophages, NRF2 regulates genes involved in hemoglobin catabolism, iron storage, and iron export. NRF2 was recently identified as the molecular sensor of iron-induced oxidative stress and is responsible for BMP6 expression by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, which in turn activates hepcidin synthesis by hepatocytes to restore systemic iron levels. Moreover, NRF2 orchestrates the activation of antioxidant defenses that are crucial to protect against iron toxicity. On the contrary, low iron/hypoxia stabilizes renal HIF2a via inactivation of iron-dependent PHD dioxygenases, causing an erythropoietic stimulus that represses hepcidin via an inhibitory effect of erythroferrone on bone morphogenetic proteins. Intestinal HIF2a is also stabilized, increasing the expression of genes involved in dietary iron absorption. Critical Issues: An intimate crosstalk between oxygen-sensing pathways and iron regulatory mechanisms ensures that fluctuations in systemic iron levels are promptly detected and restored. Future Directions: The realization that redox-sensitive transcription factors regulate systemic iron levels suggests novel therapeutic approaches. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 433-452.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago L Duarte
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nick P Talbot
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Haematology Theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Patel V, Joharapurkar A, Kshirsagar S, Patel M, Patel H, Savsani H, Jain M. Hepcidin inhibition improves iron homeostasis in ferrous sulfate and LPS treatment model in mice. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021; 71:528-534. [PMID: 34311475 DOI: 10.1055/a-1542-8531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin, a liver-derived peptide, regulates the absorption, distribution, and circulation of iron in the body. Inflammation or iron overload stimulates hepcidin release, which causes the accumulation of iron in tissues. The inadequate levels of iron in circulation impair erythropoiesis. Inhibition of hepcidin may increase iron in circulation and improve efficient erythropoiesis. Activin-like kinase (ALK) inhibitors decrease hepcidin. METHODS In this work, we have investigated an ALK inhibitor LDN193189 for its efficacy in iron homeostasis. The effect of LDN193189 treatment was assessed in C57BL6/J mice, in which hepcidin was induced by either ferrous sulfate or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. RESULTS After two hours of treatment, ferrous sulfate increased serum and liver iron, serum hepcidin, and liver hepcidin expression. On the other hand, LPS reduced serum iron in a dose-related manner after six hours of treatment. LDN193189 treatment increased serum iron, decreased spleen and liver iron, decreased serum hepcidin and liver hepcidin expression in ferrous sulfate-treated mice, and increased serum iron in LPS-induced hypoferremia. We observed that ferrous sulfate caused a significantly higher increase in liver iron, serum hepcidin, and liver hepcidin than turpentine oil or LPS in mice. Iron dextran (intraperitoneal or intravenous) increased serum iron, but LDN193189 did not show hyperferremia with iron dextran stimulus. CONCLUSION Ferrous sulfate-induced hyperferremia can be a valuable and rapid screening model for assessing the efficacy of hepcidin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Amit Joharapurkar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Maulik Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Hiren Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Mukul Jain
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, India
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18
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Hoffmann A, de Souza LV, Seifert M, von Raffay L, Haschka D, Grubwieser P, Grander M, Mitterstiller AM, Nairz M, Poli M, Weiss G. Pharmacological Targeting of BMP6-SMAD Mediated Hepcidin Expression Does Not Improve the Outcome of Systemic Infections With Intra-Or Extracellular Gram-Negative Bacteria in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:705087. [PMID: 34368018 PMCID: PMC8342937 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.705087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepcidin is the systemic master regulator of iron metabolism as it degrades the cellular iron exporter ferroportin. In bacterial infections, hepcidin is upregulated to limit circulating iron for pathogens, thereby increasing iron retention in macrophages. This mechanism withholds iron from extracellular bacteria but could be of disadvantage in infections with intracellular bacteria. We aimed to understand the role of hepcidin in infections with intra- or extracellular bacteria using different hepcidin inhibitors. Methods For the experiments LDN-193189 and oversulfated heparins were used, which interact with the BMP6-SMAD pathway thereby inhibiting hepcidin expression. We infected male C57BL/6N mice with either the intracellular bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium or the extracellular bacterium Escherichia coli and treated these mice with the different hepcidin inhibitors. Results Both inhibitors effectively reduced hepcidin levels in vitro under steady state conditions and upon stimulation with the inflammatory signals interleukin-6 or lipopolysaccharide. The inhibitors also reduced hepcidin levels and increased circulating iron concentration in uninfected mice. However, both compounds failed to decrease liver- and circulating hepcidin levels in infected mice and did not affect ferroportin expression in the spleen or impact on serum iron levels. Accordingly, both BMP-SMAD signaling inhibitors did not influence bacterial numbers in different organs in the course of E.coli or S.Tm sepsis. Conclusion These data indicate that targeting the BMP receptor or the BMP-SMAD pathway is not sufficient to suppress hepcidin expression in the course of infection with both intra- or extracellular bacteria. This suggests that upon pharmacological inhibition of the central SMAD-BMP pathways during infection, other signaling cascades are compensatorily induced to ensure sufficient hepcidin formation and iron restriction to circulating microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lara Valente de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura von Raffay
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manuel Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maura Poli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Ledesma-Colunga MG, Weidner H, Vujic Spasic M, Hofbauer LC, Baschant U, Rauner M. Shaping the bone through iron and iron-related proteins. Semin Hematol 2021; 58:188-200. [PMID: 34389111 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Well-controlled iron levels are indispensable for health. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia, whereas iron overload, either hereditary or secondary due to disorders of ineffective erythropoiesis, causes widespread organ failure. Bone is particularly sensitive to fluctuations in systemic iron levels as both iron deficiency and overload are associated with low bone mineral density and fragility. Recent studies have shown that not only iron itself, but also iron-regulatory proteins that are mutated in hereditary hemochromatosis can control bone mass. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the effects of iron on bone homeostasis and bone cell activities, and on the role of proteins that regulate iron homeostasis, i.e. hemochromatosis proteins and proteins of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway, on bone remodeling. As disorders of iron homeostasis are closely linked to bone fragility, deeper insights into common regulatory mechanisms may provide new opportunities to concurrently treat disorders affecting iron homeostasis and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Ledesma-Colunga
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Molecular Bone Biology, Department of Medicine III & University Center for Healty Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heike Weidner
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Molecular Bone Biology, Department of Medicine III & University Center for Healty Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maja Vujic Spasic
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Molecular Bone Biology, Department of Medicine III & University Center for Healty Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Molecular Bone Biology, Department of Medicine III & University Center for Healty Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Molecular Bone Biology, Department of Medicine III & University Center for Healty Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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20
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Xu Y, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Babitt JL. Physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of hepcidin regulation: clinical implications for iron disorders. Br J Haematol 2021; 193:882-893. [PMID: 33316086 PMCID: PMC8164969 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of hepcidin has provided a solid foundation for understanding the mechanisms of systemic iron homeostasis and the aetiologies of iron disorders. Hepcidin assures the balance of circulating and stored iron levels for multiple physiological processes including oxygen transport and erythropoiesis, while limiting the toxicity of excess iron. The liver is the major site where regulatory signals from iron, erythropoietic drive and inflammation are integrated to control hepcidin production. Pathologically, hepcidin dysregulation by genetic inactivation, ineffective erythropoiesis, or inflammation leads to diseases of iron deficiency or overload such as iron-refractory iron-deficiency anaemia, anaemia of inflammation, iron-loading anaemias and hereditary haemochromatosis. In the present review, we discuss recent insights into the molecular mechanisms governing hepcidin regulation, how these pathways are disrupted in iron disorders, and how this knowledge is being used to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Víctor M. Alfaro-Magallanes
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jodie L. Babitt
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Sanyear C, Chiawtada B, Butthep P, Svasti S, Fucharoen S, Masaratana P. The hypoferremic response to acute inflammation is maintained in thalassemia mice even under parenteral iron loading. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11367. [PMID: 33987030 PMCID: PMC8092106 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepcidin controls iron homeostasis by inducing the degradation of the iron efflux protein, ferroportin (FPN1), and subsequently reducing serum iron levels. Hepcidin expression is influenced by multiple factors, including iron stores, ineffective erythropoiesis, and inflammation. However, the interactions between these factors under thalassemic condition remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the hypoferremic and transcriptional responses of iron homeostasis to acute inflammatory induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in thalassemic (Hbbth3/+) mice with/without parenteral iron loading with iron dextran. Methods Wild type and Hbbth3/+ mice were intramuscularly injected with 5 mg of iron dextran once daily for two consecutive days. After a 2-week equilibration, acute inflammation was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 1 µg/g body weight of LPS. Control groups for both iron loading and acute inflammation received equal volume(s) of saline solution. Blood and tissue samples were collected at 6 hours after LPS (or saline) injection. Iron parameters and mRNA expression of hepcidin as well as genes involved in iron transport and metabolism in wild type and Hbbth3/+ mice were analyzed and compared by Kruskal–Wallis test with pairwise Mann–Whitney U test. Results We found the inductive effects of LPS on liver IL-6 mRNA expression to be more pronounced under parenteral iron loading. Upon LPS administration, splenic erythroferrone (ERFE) mRNA levels were reduced only in iron-treated mice, whereas, liver bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) mRNA levels were decreased under both control and parenteral iron loading conditions. Despite the altered expression of the aforementioned hepcidin regulators, the stimulatory effect of LPS on hepcidin mRNA expression was blunt in iron-treated Hbbth3/+ mice. Contrary to the blunted hepcidin response, LPS treatment suppressed FPN1 mRNA expression in the liver, spleen, and duodenum, as well as reduced serum iron levels of Hbbth3/+ mice with parenteral iron loading. Conclusion Our study suggests that a hypoferremic response to LPS-induced acute inflammation is maintained in thalassemic mice with parenteral iron loading in a hepcidin-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanita Sanyear
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Buraporn Chiawtada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Punnee Butthep
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saovaros Svasti
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Suthat Fucharoen
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Patarabutr Masaratana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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A fully human anti-BMP6 antibody reduces the need for erythropoietin in rodent models of the anemia of chronic disease. Blood 2021; 136:1080-1090. [PMID: 32438400 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) and iron substitution are a standard of care for treatment of anemias associated with chronic inflammation, including anemia of chronic kidney disease. A black box warning for EPO therapy and concerns about negative side effects related to high-dose iron supplementation as well as the significant proportion of patients becoming EPO resistant over time explains the medical need to define novel strategies to ameliorate anemia of chronic disease (ACD). As hepcidin is central to the iron-restrictive phenotype in ACD, therapeutic approaches targeting hepcidin were recently developed. We herein report the therapeutic effects of a fully human anti-BMP6 antibody (KY1070) either as monotherapy or in combination with Darbepoetin alfa on iron metabolism and anemia resolution in 2 different, well-established, and clinically relevant rodent models of ACD. In addition to counteracting hepcidin-driven iron limitation for erythropoiesis, we found that the combination of KY1070 and recombinant human EPO improved the erythroid response compared with either monotherapy in a qualitative and quantitative manner. Consequently, the combination of KY1070 and Darbepoetin alfa resulted in an EPO-sparing effect. Moreover, we found that suppression of hepcidin via KY1070 modulates ferroportin expression on erythroid precursor cells, thereby lowering potentially toxic-free intracellular iron levels and by accelerating erythroid output as reflected by increased maturation of erythrocyte progenitors. In summary, we conclude that treatment of ACD, as a highly complex disease, becomes more effective by a multifactorial therapeutic approach upon mobilization of endogenous iron deposits and stimulation of erythropoiesis.
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23
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Grzywa TM, Justyniarska M, Nowis D, Golab J. Tumor Immune Evasion Induced by Dysregulation of Erythroid Progenitor Cells Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:870. [PMID: 33669537 PMCID: PMC7922079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells harness normal cells to facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. Within this complex network of interactions, the establishment and maintenance of immune evasion mechanisms are crucial for cancer progression. The escape from the immune surveillance results from multiple independent mechanisms. Recent studies revealed that besides well-described myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) or regulatory T-cells (Tregs), erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in the regulation of immune response and tumor progression. EPCs are immature erythroid cells that differentiate into oxygen-transporting red blood cells. They expand in the extramedullary sites, including the spleen, as well as infiltrate tumors. EPCs in cancer produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and potently suppress T-cells. Thus, EPCs regulate antitumor, antiviral, and antimicrobial immunity, leading to immune suppression. Moreover, EPCs promote tumor growth by the secretion of growth factors, including artemin. The expansion of EPCs in cancer is an effect of the dysregulation of erythropoiesis, leading to the differentiation arrest and enrichment of early-stage EPCs. Therefore, anemia treatment, targeting ineffective erythropoiesis, and the promotion of EPC differentiation are promising strategies to reduce cancer-induced immunosuppression and the tumor-promoting effects of EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Grzywa
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (T.M.G.); (M.J.)
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Justyniarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (T.M.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (T.M.G.); (M.J.)
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24
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Singh MK, Jayarajan R, Varshney S, Upadrasta S, Singh A, Yadav R, Scaria V, Sengupta S, Shanmugam D, Shalimar, Sivasubbu S, Gandotra S, Sachidanandan C. Chronic systemic exposure to IL6 leads to deregulation of glycolysis and fat accumulation in the zebrafish liver. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158905. [PMID: 33582286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a constant in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), although their relationship is unclear. In a transgenic zebrafish system with chronic systemic overexpression of human IL6 (IL6-OE) we show that inflammation can cause intra-hepatic accumulation of triglycerides. Transcriptomics and proteomics analysis of the IL6-OE liver revealed a deregulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, especially a striking down regulation of the glycolytic enzyme aldolase b. Metabolomics analysis by mass spectrometry showed accumulation of hexose monophosphates and their derivatives, which can act as precursors for triglyceride synthesis. Our results suggest that IL6-driven repression of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, specifically aldolase b, may be a novel mechanism for fatty liver. This mechanism may be relevant for NAFLD in lean individuals, an emerging class of NAFLD prevalent more in Asian Indian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rijith Jayarajan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Varshney
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sindhuri Upadrasta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Archana Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rajni Yadav
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dhanasekaran Shanmugam
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Shalimar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sheetal Gandotra
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Chetana Sachidanandan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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25
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Anaemia of chronic diseases: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Med Clin (Barc) 2020; 156:235-242. [PMID: 33358297 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) is generated by the activation of the immune system by autoantigens, microbial molecules or tumour antigens resulting in the release of cytokines that cause an elevation of serum hepcidin, hypoferraemia, suppression of erythropoiesis, decrease in erythropoietin (EPO) and shortening of the half-life of red blood cells. Anaemia is usually normocytic and normochromic, which is the most prevalent after iron deficiency anaemia, and it is the most frequent in the elderly and in hospitalized patients. If the anaemia is severe, the patient's quality of life deteriorates, and it can have a negative impact on survival. Treatment is aimed at controlling the underlying disease and correcting anaemia. Sometimes intravenous iron and EPO have been used, but the therapeutic future is directed against hepcidin, which is the final target of anaemia.
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26
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Wojtaszek E, Glogowski T, Malyszko J. Iron and Chronic Kidney Disease: Still a Challenge. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:565135. [PMID: 33392212 PMCID: PMC7775475 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.565135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a clinical feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Most common causes are iron and erythropoietin deficiency. The last two decades have yielded significant advances in understanding iron balance's physiology, including iron trafficking and the crosstalk between iron, oxygen, and erythropoiesis. This knowledge sheds new light on the regulation and disturbance of iron homeostasis in CKD and holds the promise for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic tools to improve the management of iron disorders. Hepcidin-ferroportin axis has a central role in regulating body iron balance and coordinating communication between tissues and cells that acquire, store, and utilize iron. Recent research has revealed a bidirectional relationship between fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and iron status, anemia, and inflammation, as well as the role of erythroferrone (ERFE) in iron homeostasis. However, ERFE concentrations and actions are not well-characterized in CKD patients. Studies on ERFE in CKD are limited with slightly conflicting results. Despite general interest in iron metabolism in kidney diseases, studies on the less prevalent renal replacement therapy mode, such as peritoneal dialysis or hemodiafiltration, are scarce. Slightly more was published on hemodialysis. There are several novel options on the horizon; however, clinical data are limited. One should be aware of the potential risks and benefits of the novel, sophisticated therapies. An inhibition of hepcidin on the different pathways might be also a viable adjunctive therapeutic option in other clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jolanta Malyszko
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Diseases, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Fillebeen C, Lam NH, Chow S, Botta A, Sweeney G, Pantopoulos K. Regulatory Connections between Iron and Glucose Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207773. [PMID: 33096618 PMCID: PMC7589414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for energy metabolism, and states of iron deficiency or excess are detrimental for organisms and cells. Therefore, iron and carbohydrate metabolism are tightly regulated. Serum iron and glucose levels are subjected to hormonal regulation by hepcidin and insulin, respectively. Hepcidin is a liver-derived peptide hormone that inactivates the iron exporter ferroportin in target cells, thereby limiting iron efflux to the bloodstream. Insulin is a protein hormone secreted from pancreatic β-cells that stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism via insulin receptor signaling. There is increasing evidence that systemic, but also cellular iron and glucose metabolic pathways are interconnected. This review article presents relevant data derived primarily from mouse models and biochemical studies. In addition, it discusses iron and glucose metabolism in the context of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Fillebeen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3Y 1P3, Canada;
| | - Nhat Hung Lam
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (N.H.L.); (S.C.); (A.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Samantha Chow
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (N.H.L.); (S.C.); (A.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Amy Botta
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (N.H.L.); (S.C.); (A.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (N.H.L.); (S.C.); (A.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3Y 1P3, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-340-8260 (ext. 25293)
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28
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Orphan Nuclear Receptor ERRγ Is a Novel Transcriptional Regulator of IL-6 Mediated Hepatic BMP6 Gene Expression in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197148. [PMID: 32998264 PMCID: PMC7582774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) is a multifunctional growth factor involved in organ development and homeostasis. BMP6 controls expression of the liver hormone, hepcidin, and thereby plays a crucial role in regulating iron homeostasis. BMP6 gene transcriptional regulation in liver is largely unknown, but would be of great help to externally modulate iron load in pathologic conditions. Here, we describe a detailed molecular mechanism of hepatic BMP6 gene expression by an orphan nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ), in response to the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). Recombinant IL-6 treatment increases hepatic ERRγ and BMP6 expression. Overexpression of ERRγ is sufficient to increase BMP6 gene expression in hepatocytes, suggesting that IL-6 is upstream of ERRγ. In line, knock-down of ERRγ in cell lines or a hepatocyte specific knock-out of ERRγ in mice significantly decreases IL-6 mediated BMP6 expression. Promoter studies show that ERRγ directly binds to the ERR response element (ERRE) in the mouse BMP6 gene promoter and positively regulates BMP6 gene transcription in IL-6 treatment conditions, which is further confirmed by ERRE mutated mBMP6-luciferase reporter assays. Finally, an inverse agonist of ERRγ, GSK5182, markedly inhibits IL-6 induced hepatic BMP6 expression in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results reveal a novel molecular mechanism on ERRγ mediated transcriptional regulation of hepatic BMP6 gene expression in response to IL-6.
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29
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Xiao X, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Babitt JL. Bone morphogenic proteins in iron homeostasis. Bone 2020; 138:115495. [PMID: 32585319 PMCID: PMC7453787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD signaling pathway plays a central role in regulating hepcidin, which is the master hormone governing systemic iron homeostasis. Hepcidin is produced by the liver and acts on the iron exporter ferroportin to control iron absorption from the diet and iron release from body stores, thereby providing adequate iron for red blood cell production, while limiting the toxic effects of excess iron. BMP6 and BMP2 ligands produced by liver endothelial cells bind to BMP receptors and the coreceptor hemojuvelin (HJV) on hepatocytes to activate SMAD1/5/8 signaling, which directly upregulates hepcidin transcription. Most major signals that influence hepcidin production, including iron, erythropoietic drive, and inflammation, intersect with the BMP-SMAD pathway to regulate hepcidin transcription. Mutation or inactivation of BMP ligands, BMP receptors, HJV, SMADs or other proteins that modulate the BMP-SMAD pathway result in hepcidin dysregulation, leading to iron-related disorders, such as hemochromatosis and iron refractory iron deficiency anemia. Pharmacologic modulators of the BMP-SMAD pathway have shown efficacy in pre-clinical models to regulate hepcidin expression and treat iron-related disorders. This review will discuss recent insights into the role of the BMP-SMAD pathway in regulating hepcidin to control systemic iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Víctor M Alfaro-Magallanes
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Yan Z, Xu G. A Novel Choice to Correct Inflammation-Induced Anemia in CKD: Oral Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:393. [PMID: 32850902 PMCID: PMC7423837 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), primarily due to insufficient secretion of erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidney. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are used to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease. A poor response to ESAs has been associated with inflammation. Inflammation can affect erythrocytes and its production in many ways, but mainly through the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 to stimulate the synthesis of hepcidin in the liver. Hepcidin causes iron insufficiency, which causes erythrocytes to fail to mature normally. In addition, inhibition of bone marrow erythroid precursor cells by inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α also affects bone marrow hematopoiesis. These cytokines are also important factors leading to EPO resistance. Roxadustat is a new drug for the treatment of renal anemia. In addition to promoting the production of EPO, clinical trials have shown that it can significantly reduce hepcidin and can potentially be used for the treatment of inflammation-induced anemia in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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31
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Wunderer F, Traeger L, Sigurslid HH, Meybohm P, Bloch DB, Malhotra R. The role of hepcidin and iron homeostasis in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104664. [PMID: 31991168 PMCID: PMC7066581 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major burden on global health and a leading cause of death worldwide. The pathophysiology of this chronic disease is complex, involving inflammation, lipoprotein oxidation and accumulation, plaque formation, and calcification. In 1981, Dr. Jerome Sullivan formulated the 'Iron Hypothesis', suggesting that higher levels of stored iron promote cardiovascular diseases, whereas iron deficiency may have an atheroprotective effect. This hypothesis has stimulated research focused on clarifying the role of iron in the development of atherosclerosis. However, preclinical and clinical studies have produced contradictory results and the observation that patients with hemochromatosis do not appear to have an increased risk of atherosclerosis seemed incongruous with Sullivan's initial hypothesis. The 'paradox' of systemic iron overload not being accompanied by an increased risk for atherosclerosis led to a refinement of the iron hypothesis focusing on intracellular macrophage iron. More recent in vitro and animal studies have elucidated the complex signaling pathways regulating iron, with a particular focus on hepcidin, the master regulator of body iron homeostasis. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is the major pathway that is required for induction of hepcidin expression in response to increasing levels of iron. Strong links between iron homeostasis, BMP signaling, inflammation and atherosclerosis have been established in both mechanistic and human studies. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of iron homeostasis and hepcidin in the development of atherosclerosis and discusses the BMP-hepcidin-ferroportin axis as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wunderer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Traeger
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Haakon H. Sigurslid
- Cardiovascular Research Center and the Cardiology Division of the Department of medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Donald B. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center and the Cardiology Division of the Department of medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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32
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Bone marrow niche crosses paths with BMPs: a road to protection and persistence in CML. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1307-1325. [PMID: 31551354 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a paradigm of precision medicine, being one of the first cancers to be treated with targeted therapy. This has revolutionised CML therapy and patient outcome, with high survival rates. However, this now means an ever-increasing number of patients are living with the disease on life-long tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, with most patients anticipated to have near normal life expectancy. Unfortunately, in a significant number of patients, TKIs are not curative. This low-level disease persistence suggests that despite a molecularly targeted therapeutic approach, there are BCR-ABL1-independent mechanisms exploited to sustain the survival of a small cell population of leukaemic stem cells (LSCs). In CML, LSCs display many features akin to haemopoietic stem cells, namely quiescence, self-renewal and the ability to produce mature progeny, this all occurs through intrinsic and extrinsic signals within the specialised microenvironment of the bone marrow (BM) niche. One important avenue of investigation in CML is how the disease highjacks the BM, thereby remodelling this microenvironment to create a niche, which enables LSC persistence and resistance to TKI treatment. In this review, we explore how changes in growth factor levels, in particular, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, impact on cell behaviour, extracellular matrix deposition and bone remodelling in CML. We also discuss the challenges in targeting LSCs and the potential of dual targeting using combination therapies against BMP receptors and BCR-ABL1.
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Sangkhae V, Nemeth E. To induce or not to induce: the fight over hepcidin regulation. Haematologica 2019; 104:1093-1095. [PMID: 31152085 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.216960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Veena Sangkhae
- Center for Iron Disorders, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Center for Iron Disorders, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Belot A, Gourbeyre O, Fay A, Palin A, Besson-Fournier C, Latour C, Hopkins CR, Tidmarsh GF, Coppin H, Roth MP, Ritter MR, Hong CC, Meynard D. LJ000328, a novel ALK2/3 kinase inhibitor, represses hepcidin and significantly improves the phenotype of IRIDA. Haematologica 2019; 105:e385-e388. [PMID: 31806689 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.236133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Belot
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ophélie Gourbeyre
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexis Fay
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anais Palin
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Chloé Latour
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Corey R Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Hélène Coppin
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Paule Roth
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Charles C Hong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Delphine Meynard
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Wang CY, Xiao X, Bayer A, Xu Y, Dev S, Canali S, Nair AV, Masia R, Babitt JL. Ablation of Hepatocyte Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8 Causes Severe Tissue Iron Loading and Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 70:1986-2002. [PMID: 31127639 PMCID: PMC6874904 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A failure of iron to appropriately regulate liver hepcidin production is central to the pathogenesis of hereditary hemochromatosis. SMAD1/5 transcription factors, activated by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, are major regulators of hepcidin production in response to iron; however, the role of SMAD8 and the contribution of SMADs to hepcidin production by other systemic cues remain uncertain. Here, we generated hepatocyte Smad8 single (Smad8fl/fl ;Alb-Cre+ ), Smad1/5/8 triple (Smad158;Alb-Cre+ ), and littermate Smad1/5 double (Smad15;Alb-Cre+ ) knockout mice to investigate the role of SMAD8 in hepcidin and iron homeostasis regulation and liver injury. We found that Smad8;Alb-Cre+ mice exhibited no iron phenotype, whereas Smad158;Alb-Cre+ mice had greater iron overload than Smad15;Alb-Cre+ mice. In contrast to the sexual dimorphism reported for wild-type mice and other hemochromatosis models, hepcidin deficiency and extrahepatic iron loading were similarly severe in Smad15;Alb-Cre+ and Smad158;Alb-Cre+ female compared with male mice. Moreover, epidermal growth factor (EGF) failed to suppress hepcidin in Smad15;Alb-Cre+ hepatocytes. Conversely, hepcidin was still increased by lipopolysaccharide in Smad158;Alb-Cre+ mice, although lower basal hepcidin resulted in lower maximal hepcidin. Finally, unlike most mouse hemochromatosis models, Smad158;Alb-Cre+ developed liver injury and fibrosis at 8 weeks. Liver injury and fibrosis were prevented in Smad158;Alb-Cre+ mice by a low-iron diet and were minimal in iron-loaded Cre- mice. Conclusion: Hepatocyte Smad1/5/8 knockout mice are a model of hemochromatosis that encompasses liver injury and fibrosis seen in human disease. These mice reveal the redundant but critical role of SMAD8 in hepcidin and iron homeostasis regulation, establish a requirement for SMAD1/5/8 in hepcidin regulation by testosterone and EGF but not inflammation, and suggest a pathogenic role for both iron loading and SMAD1/5/8 deficiency in liver injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Wang
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology,Address correspondence to: Chia-Yu Wang, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN-8150, Boston, MA 02114, Phone: (617)-724-9078, Fax: (617)-643-3182,
| | - Xia Xiao
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology
| | - Abraham Bayer
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology
| | - Yang Xu
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology
| | - Som Dev
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology
| | - Susanna Canali
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology
| | - Anil V. Nair
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology
| | - Ricard Masia
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jodie L. Babitt
- Program in Anemia Signaling Research, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Center for Systems Biology
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Gooding S, Olechnowicz SWZ, Morris EV, Armitage AE, Arezes J, Frost J, Repapi E, Edwards JR, Ashley N, Waugh C, Gray N, Martinez-Hackert E, Lim PJ, Pasricha SR, Knowles H, Mead AJ, Ramasamy K, Drakesmith H, Edwards CM. Transcriptomic profiling of the myeloma bone-lining niche reveals BMP signalling inhibition to improve bone disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4533. [PMID: 31586071 PMCID: PMC6778199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable, bone marrow-dwelling malignancy that disrupts bone homeostasis causing skeletal damage and pain. Mechanisms underlying myeloma-induced bone destruction are poorly understood and current therapies do not restore lost bone mass. Using transcriptomic profiling of isolated bone lining cell subtypes from a murine myeloma model, we find that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling is upregulated in stromal progenitor cells. BMP signalling has not previously been reported to be dysregulated in myeloma bone disease. Inhibition of BMP signalling in vivo using either a small molecule BMP receptor antagonist or a solubilized BMPR1a-FC receptor ligand trap prevents trabecular and cortical bone volume loss caused by myeloma, without increasing tumour burden. BMP inhibition directly reduces osteoclastogenesis, increases osteoblasts and bone formation, and suppresses bone marrow sclerostin levels. In summary we describe a novel role for the BMP pathway in myeloma-induced bone disease that can be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gooding
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Blood Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sam W Z Olechnowicz
- Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Dept. of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma V Morris
- Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Dept. of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew E Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joao Arezes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joe Frost
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James R Edwards
- Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Dept. of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Ashley
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig Waugh
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Gray
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erik Martinez-Hackert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Pei Jin Lim
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sant-Rayn Pasricha
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Knowles
- Nuffield Dept. of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam J Mead
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Blood Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karthik Ramasamy
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Blood Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Blood Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Claire M Edwards
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Blood Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Dept. of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Dept. of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Boshuizen M, van Bruggen R, Zaat SA, Schultz MJ, Aguilera E, Motos A, Senussi T, Idone FA, Pelosi P, Torres A, Bassi GL, Juffermans NP. Development of a model for anemia of inflammation that is relevant to critical care. Intensive Care Med Exp 2019; 7:47. [PMID: 31346819 PMCID: PMC6658638 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-019-0261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia of inflammation (AI) is common in critically ill patients. Although this syndrome negatively impacts the outcome of critical illness, understanding of its pathophysiology is limited. Also, new therapies that increase iron availability for erythropoiesis during AI are upcoming. A model of AI induced by bacterial infections that are relevant for the critically ill is currently not available. This paper describes the development of an animal model for AI that is relevant for critical care research. RESULTS In experiments with rats, the rats were inoculated either repeatedly or with a slow release of Streptococcus pneumoniae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Rats became ill, but their hemoglobin levels remained stable. The use of a higher dose of bacteria resulted in a lethal model. Then, we turned to a model with longer disease duration, using pigs that were supported by mechanical ventilation after inoculation with P. aeruginosa. The pigs became septic 12 to 24 h after inoculation, with a statistically significant decrease in mean arterial pressure and base excess, while heart rate tended to increase. Pigs needed resuscitation and vasopressor therapy to maintain a mean arterial pressure > 60 mmHg. After 72 h, the pigs developed anemia (baseline 9.9 g/dl vs. 72 h, 7.6 g/dl, p = 0.01), characterized by statistically significant decreased iron levels, decreased transferrin saturation, and increased ferritin. Hepcidin levels tended to increase and transferrin levels tended to decrease. CONCLUSIONS Using pathogens commonly involved in pulmonary sepsis, AI could not be induced in rats. Conversely, in pigs, P. aeruginosa induced pulmonary sepsis with concomitant AI. This AI model can be applied to study the pathophysiology of AI in the critically ill and to investigate the effectivity and toxicity of new therapies that aim to increase iron availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Boshuizen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, the Netherlands.
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1066, CX, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin van Bruggen
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1066, CX, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A Zaat
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Eli Aguilera
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clínic, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Motos
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clínic, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tarek Senussi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clínic, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Antonio Idone
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clínic, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS for Oncology, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Torres
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clínic, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gianluigi Li Bassi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clínic, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole P Juffermans
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105, AZ, the Netherlands
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Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J. Hepcidin as a therapeutic target for anemia and inflammation associated with chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:407-421. [PMID: 30907175 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1599358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anemia is a common manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The pathogenesis of CKD-associated anemia is multifactorial. Our understanding of the molecular control of iron metabolism has improved dramatically because of the discovery of hepcidin and attempts to introduce new drugs to stimulate erythropoiesis or affect the hepcidin-ferroportin pathway have recently emerged. Areas covered: We examine the possible role of hepcidin in iron metabolism and regulation and the potential therapeutic options involving hepcidin and hepcidin-ferroportin axis in renal anemia treatment. We focus on therapeutic targeting of hepcidin, the hepcidin-ferroportin axis and key molecules such as anti-hepcidin antibodies, spigelmers, and anticalins. We also discuss compounds affecting the bone morphogenetic protein receptor [BMP/BMPR] complex and molecules that influence hepcidin, such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1 stabilizers. Expert opinion: Hepcidin is a key regulator of iron availability and is a potential future therapeutic target for managing anemia that is associated with CKD. There are potential risks and benefits associated with novel sophisticated therapies and there are several novel options on the horizon; however, clinical data are currently limited and need development. Inhibition of hepcidin via various pathways might be a viable adjunctive therapeutic option in other clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Malyszko
- a Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine , Warsaw Medical University , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Jacek S Malyszko
- b Department of Nephrology and Transplantology with Dialysis Unit , Medical University , Bialystok , Poland
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Abstract
Iron, an essential nutrient, is required for many biological processes but is also toxic in excess. The lack of a mechanism to excrete excess iron makes it crucial for the body to regulate the amount of iron absorbed from the diet. This regulation is mediated by the hepatic hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin also controls iron release from macrophages that recycle iron and from hepatocytes that store iron. Hepcidin binds to the only known iron export protein, ferroportin, inducing its internalization and degradation and thus limiting the amount of iron released into the plasma. Important regulators of hepcidin, and therefore of systemic iron homeostasis, include plasma iron concentrations, body iron stores, infection and inflammation, hypoxia and erythropoiesis, and, to a lesser extent, testosterone. Dysregulation of hepcidin production contributes to the pathogenesis of many iron disorders: hepcidin deficiency causes iron overload in hereditary hemochromatosis and non-transfused β-thalassemia, whereas overproduction of hepcidin is associated with iron-restricted anemias seen in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and inherited iron-refractory iron-deficiency anemia. The present review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways contributing to hepcidin regulation by these factors and highlights the issues that still need clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Roth
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Delphine Meynard
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Coppin
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT By compiling findings from recent studies, this review will garner novel insight on the dynamic and complex role of BMP signaling in diseases of inflammation, highlighting the specific roles played by both individual ligands and endogenous antagonists. Ultimately, this summary will help inform the high therapeutic value of targeting this pathway for modulating diseases of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Zaman F, Zhao Y, Celvin B, Mehta HH, Wan J, Chrysis D, Ohlsson C, Fadeel B, Cohen P, Sävendahl L. Humanin is a novel regulator of Hedgehog signaling and prevents glucocorticoid-induced bone growth impairment. FASEB J 2019; 33:4962-4974. [PMID: 30657335 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801741r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently used to treat chronic disorders in children, including inflammation and cancer. Prolonged treatment with GCs is well known to impair bone growth, an effect linked to increased apoptosis and suppressed proliferation in growth plate chondrocytes. We hypothesized that the endogenous antiapoptotic protein humanin (HN) may prevent these effects. Interestingly, GC-induced bone growth impairment and chondrocyte apoptosis was prevented in HN overexpressing mice, HN-treated wild-type mice, and in HN-treated cultured rat metatarsal bones. GC-induced suppression of chondrocyte proliferation was also prevented by HN. Furthermore, GC treatment reduced Indian Hedgehog expression in growth plates of wild-type mice but not in HN overexpressing mice or HN-treated wild-type animals. A Hedgehog (Hh) antagonist, vismodegib, was found to suppress the growth of cultured rat metatarsal bones, and this effect was also prevented by HN. Importantly, HN did not interfere with the desired anti-inflammatory effects of GCs. We conclude that HN is a novel regulator of Hh signaling preventing GC-induced bone growth impairment without interfering with desired effects of GCs. Our data may open for clinical studies exploring a new possible strategy to prevent GC-induced bone growth impairment by cotreating with HN.-Zaman, F., Zhao, Y., Celvin, B., Mehta, H. H., Wan, J., Chrysis, D., Ohlsson, C., Fadeel, B., Cohen, P., Sävendahl, L. Humanin is a novel regulator of Hedgehog signaling and prevents glucocorticoid-induced bone growth impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farasat Zaman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yunhan Zhao
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bettina Celvin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hemal H Mehta
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Junxiang Wan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dionisios Chrysis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lars Sävendahl
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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Traeger L, Gallitz I, Sekhri R, Bäumer N, Kuhlmann T, Kemming C, Holtkamp M, Müller JC, Karst U, Canonne-Hergaux F, Muckenthaler MU, Bloch DB, Olschewski A, Bartnikas TB, Steinbicker AU. ALK3 undergoes ligand-independent homodimerization and BMP-induced heterodimerization with ALK2. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:127-137. [PMID: 30227271 PMCID: PMC6842210 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptors ALK2 and ALK3 are essential for expression of hepcidin, a key iron regulatory hormone. In mice, hepatocyte-specific Alk2 deficiency leads to moderate iron overload with periportal liver iron accumulation, while hepatocyte-specific Alk3 deficiency leads to severe iron overload with centrilobular liver iron accumulation and a more marked reduction of basal hepcidin levels. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the two receptors have additive roles in hepcidin regulation. Iron overload in mice with hepatocyte-specific Alk2 and Alk3 (Alk2/3) deficiency was characterized and compared to hepatocyte-specific Alk3 deficient mice. Co-immunoprecipitation studies were performed to detect the formation of ALK2 and ALK3 homodimer and heterodimer complexes in vitro in the presence and absence of ligands. The iron overload phenotype of hepatocyte-specific Alk2/3-deficient mice was more severe than that of hepatocyte-specific Alk3-deficient mice. In vitro co-immunoprecipitation studies in Huh7 cells showed that ALK3 can homodimerize in absence of BMP2 or BMP6. In contrast, ALK2 did not homodimerize in either the presence or absence of BMP ligands. However, ALK2 did form heterodimers with ALK3 in the presence of BMP2 or BMP6. ALK3-ALK3 and ALK2-ALK3 receptor complexes induced hepcidin expression in Huh7 cells. Our data indicate that: (I) ALK2 and ALK3 have additive functions in vivo, as Alk2/3 deficiency leads to a greater degree of iron overload than Alk3 deficiency; (II) ALK3, but not ALK2, undergoes ligand-independent homodimerization; (III) the formation of ALK2-ALK3 heterodimers is ligand-dependent and (IV) both receptor complexes functionally induce hepcidin expression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Traeger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Inka Gallitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Rohit Sekhri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Nicole Bäumer
- Department of Medicine A, Molecular Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Claudia Kemming
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Michael Holtkamp
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | | | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | | | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Donald B Bloch
- Anaesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, and the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.
| | - Thomas B Bartnikas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Andrea U Steinbicker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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Hepcidin Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040127. [PMID: 30469435 PMCID: PMC6316648 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is a key hormonal regulator of systemic iron homeostasis and its expression is induced by iron or inflammatory stimuli. Genetic defects in iron signaling to hepcidin lead to “hepcidinopathies” ranging from hereditary hemochromatosis to iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia, which are disorders caused by hepcidin deficiency or excess, respectively. Moreover, dysregulation of hepcidin is a pathogenic cofactor in iron-loading anemias with ineffective erythropoiesis and in anemia of inflammation. Experiments with preclinical animal models provided evidence that restoration of appropriate hepcidin levels can be used for the treatment of these conditions. This fueled the rapidly growing field of hepcidin therapeutics. Several hepcidin agonists and antagonists, as well as inducers and inhibitors of hepcidin expression have been identified to date. Some of them were further developed and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. This review summarizes the state of the art.
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Abstract
The liver orchestrates systemic iron balance by producing and secreting hepcidin. Known as the iron hormone, hepcidin induces degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin to control iron entry into the bloodstream from dietary sources, iron recycling macrophages, and body stores. Under physiologic conditions, hepcidin production is reduced by iron deficiency and erythropoietic drive to increase the iron supply when needed to support red blood cell production and other essential functions. Conversely, hepcidin production is induced by iron loading and inflammation to prevent the toxicity of iron excess and limit its availability to pathogens. The inability to appropriately regulate hepcidin production in response to these physiologic cues underlies genetic disorders of iron overload and deficiency, including hereditary hemochromatosis and iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. Moreover, excess hepcidin suppression in the setting of ineffective erythropoiesis contributes to iron-loading anemias such as β-thalassemia, whereas excess hepcidin induction contributes to iron-restricted erythropoiesis and anemia in chronic inflammatory diseases. These diseases have provided key insights into understanding the mechanisms by which the liver senses plasma and tissue iron levels, the iron demand of erythrocyte precursors, and the presence of potential pathogens and, importantly, how these various signals are integrated to appropriately regulate hepcidin production. This review will focus on recent insights into how the liver senses body iron levels and coordinates this with other signals to regulate hepcidin production and systemic iron homeostasis.
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Hepcidin-mediated hypoferremic response to acute inflammation requires a threshold of Bmp6/Hjv/Smad signaling. Blood 2018; 132:1829-1841. [PMID: 30213871 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-841197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic iron balance is controlled by hepcidin, a liver hormone that limits iron efflux to the bloodstream by promoting degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin in target cells. Iron-dependent hepcidin induction requires hemojuvelin (HJV), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) coreceptor that is disrupted in juvenile hemochromatosis, causing dramatic hepcidin deficiency and tissue iron overload. Hjv-/- mice recapitulate phenotypic hallmarks of hemochromatosis but exhibit blunted hepcidin induction following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. We show that Hjv-/- mice fail to mount an appropriate hypoferremic response to acute inflammation caused by LPS, the lipopeptide FSL1, or Escherichia coli infection because residual hepcidin does not suffice to drastically decrease macrophage ferroportin levels. Hfe-/- mice, a model of milder hemochromatosis, exhibit almost wild-type inflammatory hepcidin expression and associated effects, whereas double Hjv-/-Hfe-/- mice phenocopy single Hjv-/- counterparts. In primary murine hepatocytes, Hjv deficiency does not affect interleukin-6 (IL-6)/Stat, and only slightly inhibits BMP2/Smad signaling to hepcidin; however, it severely impairs BMP6/Smad signaling and thereby abolishes synergism with the IL-6/Stat pathway. Inflammatory induction of hepcidin is suppressed in iron-deficient wild-type mice and recovers after the animals are provided overnight access to an iron-rich diet. We conclude that Hjv is required for inflammatory induction of hepcidin and controls the acute hypoferremic response by maintaining a threshold of Bmp6/Smad signaling. Our data highlight Hjv as a potential pharmacological target against anemia of inflammation.
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Identification of small molecule inhibitors of ALK2: a virtual screening, density functional theory, and molecular dynamics simulations study. J Mol Model 2018; 24:262. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Basu S, Jalodia K, Ranjan S, Yeh JRJ, Peterson RT, Sachidanandan C. Small Molecule Inhibitors of NFkB Reverse Iron Overload and Hepcidin Deregulation in a Zebrafish Model for Hereditary Hemochromatosis Type 3. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2143-2152. [PMID: 29897731 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is one of the most common genetic disorders in Caucasian populations, with no viable therapeutic options except phlebotomy. We describe a zebrafish model of human HH (HH) created by targeted mutagenesis of the gene encoding transferrin receptor 2 ( tfr2). TFR2 mutations in humans lead to HH Type 3, a rare but severe form of the disease. The tfr2 mutant model in zebrafish recapitulates the defining features of HH3: iron overload and suppression of hepcidin, the iron regulatory hormone. Using in vivo chemical screens in zebrafish embryos, we identify a new small molecule inducer of hepcidin: SC-514, a specific chemical inhibitor of NFkB signaling. Using independent small molecule inhibitors of the NFkB pathway, we demonstrate that inhibition of NFkB signaling causes induction of hepcidin transcription and reduction of iron overload in the HH3 model. This first successful chemical intervention for hereditary hemochromatosis may also have relevance in treatment of other very prevalent iron regulatory iron overload disorders such as thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Basu
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Kanika Jalodia
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shashi Ranjan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Jing-Ruey J. Yeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Randall T. Peterson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Chetana Sachidanandan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India
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48
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute the largest subdivision of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family of ligands and exert most of their effects through the canonical effectors Smad1, 5, and 8. Appropriate regulation of BMP signaling is critical for the development and homeostasis of numerous human organ systems. Aberrations in BMP pathways or their regulation are increasingly associated with diverse human pathologies, and there is an urgent and growing need to develop effective approaches to modulate BMP signaling in the clinic. In this review, we provide a wide perspective on diseases and/or conditions associated with dysregulated BMP signal transduction, outline the current strategies available to modulate BMP pathways, highlight emerging second-generation technologies, and postulate prospective avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46222
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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49
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Williams E, Bullock AN. Structural basis for the potent and selective binding of LDN-212854 to the BMP receptor kinase ALK2. Bone 2018; 109:251-258. [PMID: 28918311 PMCID: PMC5871398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with the rare developmental disorder fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) experience disabling heterotopic ossification caused by a gain of function mutation in the intracellular region of the BMP type I receptor kinase ALK2, encoded by the gene ACVR1. Small molecule BMP type I receptor inhibitors that block this ossification in FOP mouse models have been derived from the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold of dorsomorphin. While the first derivative LDN-193189 exhibited pan inhibition of BMP receptors, the more recent compound LDN-212854 has shown increased selectivity for ALK2. Here we solved the crystal structure of ALK2 in complex with LDN-212854 to define how its binding interactions compare to previously reported BMP and TGFβ receptor inhibitors. LDN-212854 bound to the kinase hinge region as a typical type I ATP-competitive inhibitor with a single hydrogen bond to ALK2 His286. Specificity arising from the 5-quinoline moiety was associated with a distinct pattern of water-mediated hydrogen bonds involving Lys235 and Glu248 in the inactive conformation favoured by ALK2. The structure of this complex provides a template for the design of future ALK2 inhibitors under development for the treatment of FOP and other related conditions of heterotopic ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Williams
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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50
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Gallitz I, Lofruthe N, Traeger L, Bäumer N, Hoerr V, Faber C, Kuhlmann T, Müller-Tidow C, Steinbicker AU. Deficiency of the BMP Type I receptor ALK3 partly protects mice from anemia of inflammation. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 18:3. [PMID: 29482530 PMCID: PMC6389079 DOI: 10.1186/s12899-018-0037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammatory stimuli induce the hepatic iron regulatory hormone hepcidin, which contributes to anaemia of inflammation (AI). Hepcidin expression is regulated by the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and the interleukin-6 (IL-6) signalling pathways. Prior results indicate that the BMP type I receptor ALK3 is mainly involved in the acute inflammatory hepcidin induction four and 72 h after IL-6 administration. In this study, the role of ALK3 in a chronic model of inflammation was investigated. The intact, heat-killed bacterium Brucella abortus (BA) was used to analyse its effect on the development of inflammation and hypoferremia in mice with hepatocyte-specific Alk3-deficiency (Alk3fl/fl; Alb-Cre) compared to control (Alk3fl/fl) mice. Results An iron restricted diet prevented development of the iron overload phenotype in mice with hepatocyte-specific Alk3 deficiency. Regular diet leads to iron overload and increased haemoglobin levels in these mice, which protects from the development of AI per se. Fourteen days after BA injection Alk3fl/fl; Alb-Cre mice presented milder anaemia (Hb 16.7 g/dl to 11.6 g/dl) compared to Alk3fl/fl control mice (Hb 14.9 g/dl to 8.6 g/dl). BA injection led to an intact inflammatory response in all groups of mice. In Alk3fl/fl; Alb-Cre mice, SMAD1/5/8 phosphorylation was reduced after BA as well as after infection with Staphylococcus aureus. The reduction of the SMAD1/5/8 signalling pathway due to hepatocyte-specific Alk3 deficiency partly suppressed the induction of STAT3 signalling. Conclusion The results reveal in vivo, that 1) hepatocyte-specific Alk3 deficiency partly protects from AI, 2) the development of hypoferremia is partly dependent on ALK3, and 3) the ALK3/BMP/hepcidin axis may serve as a possible therapeutic target to attenuate AI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12899-018-0037-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Gallitz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Niklas Lofruthe
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lisa Traeger
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicole Bäumer
- Department of Medicine A, Molecular Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Hoerr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine A, Molecular Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,Present Address: Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea U Steinbicker
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
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