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Arribas V, Monteoliva L, Hernáez ML, Gil C, Molero G. Unravelling the Role of Candida albicans Prn1 in the Oxidative Stress Response through a Proteomics Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:527. [PMID: 38790632 PMCID: PMC11118716 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans Prn1 is a protein with an unknown function similar to mammalian Pirin. It also has orthologues in other pathogenic fungi, but not in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Prn1 highly increases its abundance in response to H2O2 treatment; thus, to study its involvement in the oxidative stress response, a C. albicans prn1∆ mutant and the corresponding wild-type strain SN250 have been studied. Under H2O2 treatment, Prn1 absence led to a higher level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a lower survival rate, with a higher percentage of death by apoptosis, confirming its relevant role in oxidative detoxication. The quantitative differential proteomics studies of both strains in the presence and absence of H2O2 indicated a lower increase in proteins with oxidoreductase activity after the treatment in the prn1∆ strain, as well as an increase in proteasome-activating proteins, corroborated by in vivo measurements of proteasome activity, with respect to the wild type. In addition, remarkable differences in the abundance of some transcription factors were observed between mutant and wild-type strains, e.g., Mnl1 or Nrg1, an Mnl1 antagonist. orf19.4850, a protein orthologue to S. cerevisiae Cub1, has shown its involvement in the response to H2O2 and in proteasome function when Prn1 is highly expressed in the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Arribas
- University of Salamanca (USAL), 37008 Salamanca, Spain;
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (G.M.)
- Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Monteoliva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (G.M.)
- Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Hernáez
- Proteomics Unit, Biological Techniques Center, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Concha Gil
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (G.M.)
- Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Proteomics Unit, Biological Techniques Center, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gloria Molero
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (G.M.)
- Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Liang X, Ren H, Han F, Liang R, Zhao J, Liu H. The new direction of drug development: Degradation of undruggable targets through targeting chimera technology. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:632-685. [PMID: 37983964 DOI: 10.1002/med.21992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Imbalances in protein and noncoding RNA levels in vivo lead to the occurrence of many diseases. In addition to the use of small molecule inhibitors and agonists to restore these imbalances, recently emerged targeted degradation technologies provide a new direction for disease treatment. Targeted degradation technology directly degrades target proteins or RNA by utilizing the inherent degradation pathways, thereby eliminating the functions of pathogenic proteins (or RNA) to treat diseases. Compared with traditional therapies, targeted degradation technology which avoids the principle of traditional inhibitor occupation drive, has higher efficiency and selectivity, and widely expands the range of drug targets. It is one of the most promising and hottest areas for future drug development. Herein, we systematically introduced the in vivo degradation systems applied to degrader design: ubiquitin-proteasome system, lysosomal degradation system, and RNA degradation system. We summarized the development progress, structural characteristics, and limitations of novel chimeric design technologies based on different degradation systems. In addition, due to the lack of clear ligand-binding pockets, about 80% of disease-associated proteins cannot be effectively intervened with through traditional therapies. We deeply elucidated how to use targeted degradation technology to discover and design molecules for representative undruggable targets including transcription factors, small GTPases, and phosphatases. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of targeted degradation technology-related research advances and a new guidance for the chimeric design of undruggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hairu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengyang Han
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renwen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Ahsan T, Shoily SS, Ahmed T, Sajib AA. Role of the redox state of the Pirin-bound cofactor on interaction with the master regulators of inflammation and other pathways. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289158. [PMID: 38033031 PMCID: PMC10688961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent cellular stress induced perpetuation and uncontrolled amplification of inflammatory response results in a shift from tissue repair toward collateral damage, significant alterations of tissue functions, and derangements of homeostasis which in turn can lead to a large number of acute and chronic pathological conditions, such as chronic heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Keeping the vital role of balanced inflammation in maintaining tissue integrity in mind, the way to combating inflammatory diseases may be through identification and characterization of mediators of inflammation that can be targeted without hampering normal body function. Pirin (PIR) is a non-heme iron containing protein having two different conformations depending on the oxidation state of the iron. Through exploration of the Pirin interactome and using molecular docking approaches, we identified that the Fe2+-bound Pirin directly interacts with BCL3, NFKBIA, NFIX and SMAD9 with more resemblance to the native binding pose and higher affinity than the Fe3+-bound form. In addition, Pirin appears to have a function in the regulation of inflammation, the transition between the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways, and the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, Pirin signaling appears to have a critical role in tumor invasion and metastasis, as well as metabolic and neuro-pathological complications. There are regulatory variants in PIR that can influence expression of not only PIR but also other genes, including VEGFD and ACE2. Disparity exists between South Asian and European populations in the frequencies of variant alleles at some of these regulatory loci that may lead to differential occurrence of Pirin-mediated pathogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim Ahsan
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabrina Samad Shoily
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnim Ahmed
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Ashfaqur Sajib
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Zhao X, Yue Y, Wang X, Zhang Q. Bioinformatics analysis of PLA2G7 as an immune-related biomarker in COPD by promoting expansion and suppressive functions of MDSCs. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110399. [PMID: 37270927 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune mechanism is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the exact immune pathogenesis still remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the immune-related biomarkers in COPD through bioinformatics analysis and its potential molecular mechanism. METHODS GSE76925 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, and enrichment analysis was performed. Single sample gene enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was conducted to score the infiltration levels of immune cells. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to identify trait-related modules and to further determine the key module-related DEGs. Moreover, the correlations between the key genes and clinical parameters and infiltration levels of immune cells were analyzed. Furthermore, expression of the selected one key gene, PLA2G7, the frequency of MDSCs, and the expression of MDSCs-related immunosuppressive mediators were determined among healthy, smokers and COPD patients. Finally, effects of PLA2G7 abnormal expression on the frequency of MDSCs and the expression of MDSCs-related immunosuppressive mediators were examined. RESULTS A total of 352 DEGs were observed. These DEGs were mainly related to RNA metabolism and positive regulation of organelle organization. In addition, the black module was the most correlated with COPD. Six key genes (ADAMDEC1, CCL19, CHIT1, MMP9, PLA2G7, and TM4SF19) were identified between the black module and DEGs. Serum Lp-PLA2 and mRNA levels of PLA2G7, MDSCs, and MDSCs-related immunosuppressive mediators were found to be upregulated in COPD patients compared to the controls. The expression of PLA2G7 represented positive impact on the frequency of MDSCs and the expression of MDSCs-related immunosuppressive mediators. CONCLUSION PLA2G7 may serve as a potential immune-related biomarker contributing to the progression of COPD by promoting expansion and suppressive functions of MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Yuanyi Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China.
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Zhang Y, Knatko EV, Higgins M, Dayalan Naidu S, Smith G, Honda T, de la Vega L, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Pirin, an Nrf2-Regulated Protein, Is Overexpressed in Human Colorectal Tumors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:262. [PMID: 35204145 PMCID: PMC8868368 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary conserved non-heme Fe-containing protein pirin has been implicated as an important factor in cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumour progression of melanoma, breast, lung, cervical, prostate, and oral cancers. Here we found that pirin is overexpressed in human colorectal cancer in comparison with matched normal tissue. The overexpression of pirin correlates with activation of transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increased expression of the classical Nrf2 target NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), but interestingly and unexpectedly, not with expression of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) family members AKR1B10 and AKR1C1, which are considered to be the most overexpressed genes in response to Nrf2 activation in humans. Using pharmacologic and genetic approaches to either downregulate or upregulate Nrf2, we show that pirin is regulated by Nrf2 in human and mouse cells and in the mouse colon in vivo. The small molecule pirin inhibitor TPhA decreased the viability of human colorectal cancer (DLD1) cells, but this decrease was independent of the levels of pirin. Our study demonstrates the Nrf2-dependent regulation of pirin and encourages the pursuit for specific pirin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (Y.Z.); (E.V.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.N.); (G.S.); (L.d.l.V.)
| | - Elena V. Knatko
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (Y.Z.); (E.V.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.N.); (G.S.); (L.d.l.V.)
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (Y.Z.); (E.V.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.N.); (G.S.); (L.d.l.V.)
| | - Sharadha Dayalan Naidu
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (Y.Z.); (E.V.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.N.); (G.S.); (L.d.l.V.)
| | - Gillian Smith
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (Y.Z.); (E.V.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.N.); (G.S.); (L.d.l.V.)
| | - Tadashi Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Laureano de la Vega
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (Y.Z.); (E.V.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.N.); (G.S.); (L.d.l.V.)
| | - Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK; (Y.Z.); (E.V.K.); (M.H.); (S.D.N.); (G.S.); (L.d.l.V.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Extending the Proteomic Characterization of Candida albicans Exposed to Stress and Apoptotic Inducers through Data-Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry. mSystems 2021; 6:e0094621. [PMID: 34609160 PMCID: PMC8547427 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00946-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that causes systemic infections in immunosuppressed patients. In order to deal with the changing environment during commensalism or infection, C. albicans must reprogram its proteome. Characterizing the stress-induced changes in the proteome that C. albicans uses to survive should be very useful in the development of new antifungal drugs. We studied the C. albicans global proteome after exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and acetic acid (AA), using a data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) strategy. More than 2,000 C. albicans proteins were quantified using an ion library previously constructed using data-dependent acquisition mass spectrometry (DDA-MS). C. albicans responded to treatment with H2O2 with an increase in the abundance of many proteins involved in the oxidative stress response, protein folding, and proteasome-dependent catabolism, which led to increased proteasome activity. The data revealed a previously unknown key role for Prn1, a protein similar to pirins, in the oxidative stress response. Treatment with AA resulted in a general decrease in the abundance of proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis, protein folding, and rRNA processing. Almost all proteasome proteins declined, as did proteasome activity. Apoptosis was observed after treatment with H2O2 but not AA. A targeted proteomic study of 32 proteins related to apoptosis in yeast supported the results obtained by DIA-MS and allowed the creation of an efficient method to quantify relevant proteins after treatment with stressors (H2O2, AA, and amphotericin B). This approach also uncovered a main role for Oye32, an oxidoreductase, suggesting this protein as a possible apoptotic marker common to many stressors. IMPORTANCE Fungal infections are a worldwide health problem, especially in immunocompromised patients and patients with chronic disorders. Invasive candidiasis, caused mainly by C. albicans, is among the most common fungal diseases. Despite the existence of treatments to combat candidiasis, the spectrum of drugs available is limited. For the discovery of new drug targets, it is essential to know the pathogen response to different stress conditions. Our study provides a global vision of proteomic remodeling in C. albicans after exposure to different agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and amphotericin B, that can cause apoptotic cell death. These results revealed the significance of many proteins related to oxidative stress response and proteasome activity, among others. Of note, the discovery of Prn1 as a key protein in the defense against oxidative stress as well the increase in the abundance of Oye32 protein when apoptotic process occurred point them out as possible drug targets.
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Mastalerz M, Dick E, Chakraborty AA, Hennen E, Schamberger AC, Schröppel A, Lindner M, Hatz R, Behr J, Hilgendorff A, Schmid O, Staab-Weijnitz CA. Validation of in vitro models for smoke exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 322:L129-L148. [PMID: 34668416 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00091.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The bronchial epithelium is constantly challenged by inhalative insults including cigarette smoke (CS), a key risk factor for lung disease. In vitro exposure of bronchial epithelial cells using CS extract (CSE) is a widespread alternative to whole CS (wCS) exposure. However, CSE exposure protocols vary considerably between studies, precluding direct comparison of applied doses. Moreover, they are rarely validated in terms of physiological response in vivo and the relevance of the findings is often unclear. METHODS We tested six different exposure settings in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (phBECs), including five CSE protocols in comparison with wCS exposure. We quantified cell-delivered dose and directly compared all exposures using expression analysis of 10 well-established smoke-induced genes in bronchial epithelial cells. CSE exposure of phBECs was varied in terms of differentiation state, exposure route, duration of exposure, and dose. Gene expression was assessed by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) and Western Blot analysis. Cell type-specific expression of smoke-induced genes was analyzed by immunofluorescent analysis. RESULTS Three surprisingly dissimilar exposure types, namely chronic CSE treatment of differentiating phBECs, acute CSE treatment of submerged basal phBECs, and wCS exposure of differentiated phBECs performed best, resulting in significant upregulation of seven (chronic CSE) and six (acute wCS, acute submerged CSE exposure) out of 10 genes. Acute apical or basolateral exposure of differentiated phBECs with CSE was much less effective despite similar doses used. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide guidance for the design of human in vitro CS exposure models in experimental and translational lung research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mastalerz
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Dick
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ashesh Anjankumar Chakraborty
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hennen
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea C Schamberger
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Schröppel
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Hatz
- Thoraxchirurgisches Zentrum, Klinik für Allgemeine, Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia A Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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Shoily SS, Ahsan T, Fatema K, Sajib AA. Disparities in COVID-19 severities and casualties across ethnic groups around the globe and patterns of ACE2 and PIR variants. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104888. [PMID: 33933634 PMCID: PMC8084605 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) mediated Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has affected millions of individuals around all corners of the globe. Symptoms and severities of infection with this highly contagious virus vary among individuals and there is disparity in the number of COVID-19-related casualties across different ethnic groups. The primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Certain variants of ACE2 are known to be associated with COVID-19 comorbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular complications, diabetes, chronic lung disease, etc. In this study, we looked into the geographic distribution of disease-associated variants of ACE2 as well as closely located PIR gene to explore any possible correlation with the disparities in COVID-19 severities and casualties across ethnic groups. Frequencies of the ACE2 variants associated with COVID-19 comorbidities are higher in the European and the admixed American populations. These variants are also present with stronger pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the European and the admixed American populations. On the other hand, the variants with protective role are more prevalent in the East and the South Asian populations. Strong pairwise LD exists among the activity modifying (modifier) variants of the PIR and ACE2 genes only in the European super-population. Absence of these PIR variants in the South Asian population may contribute to the overall lower COVID-19 case fatality rates (CFR) despite the dense population in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Samad Shoily
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tamim Ahsan
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kaniz Fatema
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Ashfaqur Sajib
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
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Watzky M, de Dieuleveult M, Letessier A, Saint-Ruf C, Miotto B. Assessing the consequences of environmental exposures on the expression of the human receptor and proteases involved in SARS-CoV-2 cell-entry. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110317. [PMID: 33069705 PMCID: PMC7560643 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of environmental condition on the infection by the novel pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 virus remains uncertain. In here, exploiting a large panel of publicly available genome-wide data, we investigated whether the human receptor ACE2 and human proteases TMPRSS2, FURIN and CATHEPSINs (B, L and V), which are involved in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, are transcriptionally regulated by environmental cues. We report that more than 50 chemicals modulate the expression of ACE2 or human proteases important for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. We further demonstrate that transcription factor AhR, which is commonly activated by pollutants, binds to the promoter of TMPRSS2 and enhancers and/or promoters of Cathepsin B, L and V encoding genes. Our exploratory study documents an influence of environmental exposures on the expression of genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. These results could be conceptually and medically relevant to our understanding of the COVID-19 disease, and should be further explored in laboratory and epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Watzky
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Maud de Dieuleveult
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Anne Letessier
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Claude Saint-Ruf
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Benoit Miotto
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, PARIS, France.
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10
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Role of Pirin, an Oxidative Stress Sensor Protein, in Epithelial Carcinogenesis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020116. [PMID: 33557375 PMCID: PMC7915911 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pirin is an oxidative stress (OS) sensor belonging to the functionally diverse cupin superfamily of proteins. Pirin is a suggested quercetinase and transcriptional activator of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. Its biological role in cancer development remains a novel area of study. This review presents accumulating evidence on the contribution of Pirin in epithelial cancers, involved signaling pathways, and as a suggested therapeutic target. Finally, we propose a model in which Pirin is upregulated by physical, chemical or biological factors involved in OS and cancer development.
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Hu N, Bai L, Dai E, Han L, Kang R, Li H, Tang D. Pirin is a nuclear redox-sensitive modulator of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 536:100-106. [PMID: 33373853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In regulated cell death, genetically encoded molecular machinery destroys cells. This process is not only essential for organ development and homeostasis, but also leads to pathological diseases. One form of regulated cell death is ferroptosis, which is an iron-dependent oxidative cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. Although inducing ferroptosis is an emerging anticancer strategy, the molecular mechanism underlying tumor resistance to ferroptotic cell death is still unclear. Here, we show that pirin (PIR), an iron-binding nuclear protein, plays a previously unrecognized role in mediating ferroptosis resistance in human pancreatic cancer cells. The transcription factor NFE2L2 mediates the upregulation of PIR during ferroptosis caused by small-molecule compounds (e.g., erastin or RSL3). PIR is a nuclear redox sensor and regulator, and increasing it limits the oxidative damage of DNA and the subsequent cytoplasmic transport and extracellular release of HMGB1. In contrast, the depletion of PIR initiates HMGB1-dependent autophagy by binding to BECN1, and subsequently promotes ferroptosis by activating ACSL4. Consequently, in cell cultures and xenograft mouse models, blocking PIR signaling enhances ferroptosis-mediated tumor growth suppression. Together, these findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjun Hu
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Lulu Bai
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Enyong Dai
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hongjun Li
- Physical Examination Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China.
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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12
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Aguayo F, Muñoz JP, Perez-Dominguez F, Carrillo-Beltrán D, Oliva C, Calaf GM, Blanco R, Nuñez-Acurio D. High-Risk Human Papillomavirus and Tobacco Smoke Interactions in Epithelial Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2201. [PMID: 32781676 PMCID: PMC7465661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical, anogenital, and some head and neck cancers (HNC) are etiologically associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, even though additional cofactors are necessary. Epidemiological studies have established that tobacco smoke (TS) is a cofactor for cervical carcinogenesis because women who smoke are more susceptible to cervical cancer when compared to non-smokers. Even though such a relationship has not been established in HPV-related HNC, a group of HPV positive patients with this malignancy are smokers. TS is a complex mixture of more than 4500 chemical compounds and approximately 60 of them show oncogenic properties such as benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) and nitrosamines, among others. Some of these compounds have been evaluated for carcinogenesis through experimental settings in collaboration with HR-HPV. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of the suggested molecular mechanisms involved in cooperation with both HR-HPV and TS for epithelial carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we propose interaction models in which TS collaborates with HR-HPV to promote epithelial cancer initiation, promotion, and progression. More studies are warranted to clarify interactions between oncogenic viruses and chemical or physical environmental factors for epithelial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aguayo
- Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Juan P. Muñoz
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (J.P.M.); (G.M.C.)
| | - Francisco Perez-Dominguez
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Diego Carrillo-Beltrán
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Carolina Oliva
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (J.P.M.); (G.M.C.)
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rances Blanco
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Daniela Nuñez-Acurio
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
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13
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Ambient particulate matter attenuates Sirtuin1 and augments SREBP1-PIR axis to induce human pulmonary fibroblast inflammation: molecular mechanism of microenvironment associated with COPD. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:4654-4671. [PMID: 31299012 PMCID: PMC6660058 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidences have shown a strong link between particulate matter (PM) and increased risk in human mortality and morbidity, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respiratory infection, and lung cancer. However, the underlying toxicologic mechanisms remain largely unknown. Utilizing PM-treated human pulmonary fibroblasts (HPF) models, we analyzed gene expression microarray data and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify that the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) was the main downstream regulator of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1). Quantitative PCR and western blot results showed that SIRT1 inhibited SREBP1 and further downregulated Pirin (PIR) and Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome after PM exposure. Inhibitors of SIRT1, SREBP1, and PIR could reverse PM-induced inflammation. An in silico analysis revealed that PIR correlated with smoke exposure and early COPD. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays from PM-fed mouse models was used to determine the association of PIR with PM. These data demonstrate that the SIRT1-SREBP1-PIR/ NLRP3 inflammasome axis may be associated with PM-induced adverse health issues. SIRT1 functions as a protector from PM exposure, whereas PIR acts as a predictor of PM-induced pulmonary disease. The SIRT1-SREBP1-PIR/ NLRP3 inflammasome axis may present several potential therapeutic targets for PM-related adverse health events.
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14
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Rius-Pérez S, Pérez S, Martí-Andrés P, Monsalve M, Sastre J. Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling Complexes in Acute Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:145-165. [PMID: 31856585 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a master regulator of the inflammatory response and represents a key regulatory node in the complex inflammatory signaling network. In addition, selective NF-κB transcriptional activity on specific target genes occurs through the control of redox-sensitive NF-κB interactions. Recent Advances: The selective NF-κB response is mediated by redox-modulated NF-κB complexes with ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), Pirin (PIR). cAMP response element-binding (CREB)-binding protein (CBP)/p300, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), activator protein-1 (AP-1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1), and SP-1. NF-κB is cooperatively coactivated with AP-1, STAT3, EGR-1, and SP-1 during the inflammatory process, whereas NF-κB complexes with CBP/p300 and PGC-1α regulate the expression of antioxidant genes. PGC-1α may act as selective repressor of phospho-p65 toward interleukin-6 (IL-6) in acute inflammation. p65 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) compete for binding to coactivator CBP/p300 playing opposite roles in the regulation of inflammatory genes. S-nitrosylation or tyrosine nitration favors the recruitment of specific NF-κB subunits to κB sites. Critical Issues: NF-κB is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that forms specific signaling complexes to regulate selectively the expression of target genes in acute inflammation. Protein-protein interactions with coregulatory proteins, other transcription factors, and chromatin-remodeling proteins provide transcriptional specificity to NF-κB. Furthermore, different NF-κB subunits may form distinct redox-sensitive homo- and heterodimers with distinct affinities for κB sites. Future Directions: Further research is required to elucidate the whole NF-κB interactome to fully characterize the complex NF-κB signaling network in redox signaling, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Martí-Andrés
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Samuelsen JT, Michelsen VB, Bruun JA, Dahl JE, Jensen E, Örtengren U. The dental monomer HEMA causes proteome changes in human THP-1 monocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:851-859. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack-Ansgar Bruun
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - Jon E. Dahl
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM); Oslo Norway
| | - Einar Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - Ulf Örtengren
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
- Department of Cariology; Institute for Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University; Göteborg Sweden
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16
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Carrillo D, Muñoz JP, Huerta H, Leal G, Corvalán A, León O, Calaf GM, Urzúa U, Boccardo E, Tapia JC, Aguayo F. Upregulation of PIR gene expression induced by human papillomavirus E6 and E7 in epithelial oral and cervical cells. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170111. [PMID: 29118270 PMCID: PMC5717337 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV)-related carcinogenesis is E6 and E7 oncogene overexpression. The aim of this work was to characterize epithelial oral and cervical cancer cells that express HR-HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins. Transcriptomic assay using DNA microarrays revealed that PIR gene expression was detected in oral cells in an HR-HPV E6/E7-dependent manner. In addition, PIR was overexpressed in HPV-positive SiHa and Ca Ski cells, whereas it was undetectable in HPV-negative C33A cells. The PIR expression was dependent on functional HR-HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins even though the E7 oncoprotein had higher activity to induce PIR overexpression in comparison with E6. In addition, using an siRNA for PIR silencing in oral cells ectopically expressing HR-HPV E6/E7, there was a significant increase in E-cadherin transcripts and a decrease in Vimentin, Slug, Zeb and Snail transcripts, suggesting that HR-HPV-induced PIR overexpression is involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, migration of PIR-silenced cells was significantly decreased. Finally, using inhibitors of some specific pathways, it was found that EGFR/ERK and PI3 K/AKT signalling pathways are important for E7-mediated PIR overexpression. It can be concluded that PIR gene expression is highly dependent on the expression of HR-HPV oncoproteins and is important for EMT regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carrillo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, PO 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P Muñoz
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, PO 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán Huerta
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, PO 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Leal
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, PO 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar León
- Virology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Center for Advanced Research, Tarapaca University, Arica, Chile.,Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulises Urzúa
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, PO 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio C Tapia
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, PO 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, PO 8389100, Santiago, Chile .,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Calaf GM, Urzua U, Termini L, Aguayo F. Oxidative stress in female cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23824-23842. [PMID: 29805775 PMCID: PMC5955122 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast, cervical and ovarian cancers are highly prevalent in women worldwide. Environmental, hormonal and viral-related factors are especially relevant in the development of these tumors. These factors are strongly related to oxidative stress (OS) through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The OS is caused by an imbalance in the redox status of the organism and is literally defined as "an imbalance between ROS generation and its detoxification by biological system leading to impairment of damage repair by cell/tissue". The multistep progression of cancer suggests that OS is involved in cancer initiation, promotion and progression. In this review, we described the role of OS and the interplay with environmental, host and viral factors related to breast, cervical and ovarian cancers initiation, promotion and progression. In addition, the role of the natural antioxidant compound curcumin and other compounds for breast, cervical and ovarian cancers prevention/treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación (IAI), Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulises Urzua
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lara Termini
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Joshua V, Chatzidionisyou K, Catrina AI. Role of the lung in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Cheeseman M, Chessum NEA, Rye CS, Pasqua AE, Tucker M, Wilding B, Evans LE, Lepri S, Richards M, Sharp SY, Ali S, Rowlands M, O’Fee L, Miah A, Hayes A, Henley AT, Powers M, te Poele R, De Billy E, Pellegrino L, Raynaud F, Burke R, van Montfort RLM, Eccles SA, Workman P, Jones K. Discovery of a Chemical Probe Bisamide (CCT251236): An Orally Bioavailable Efficacious Pirin Ligand from a Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 (HSF1) Phenotypic Screen. J Med Chem 2017; 60:180-201. [PMID: 28004573 PMCID: PMC6014687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic screens, which focus on measuring and quantifying discrete cellular changes rather than affinity for individual recombinant proteins, have recently attracted renewed interest as an efficient strategy for drug discovery. In this article, we describe the discovery of a new chemical probe, bisamide (CCT251236), identified using an unbiased phenotypic screen to detect inhibitors of the HSF1 stress pathway. The chemical probe is orally bioavailable and displays efficacy in a human ovarian carcinoma xenograft model. By developing cell-based SAR and using chemical proteomics, we identified pirin as a high affinity molecular target, which was confirmed by SPR and crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
D. Cheeseman
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola E. A. Chessum
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Carl S. Rye
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - A. Elisa Pasqua
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Michael
J. Tucker
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Wilding
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay E. Evans
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Lepri
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Meirion Richards
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Swee Y. Sharp
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Salyha Ali
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
- Division
of Structural Biology at The Institute of
Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Rowlands
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa O’Fee
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Asadh Miah
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hayes
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Alan T. Henley
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Marissa Powers
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Robert te Poele
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel De Billy
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Loredana Pellegrino
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Florence Raynaud
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Rob L. M. van Montfort
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
- Division
of Structural Biology at The Institute of
Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne A. Eccles
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
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20
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Catrina AI, Joshua V, Klareskog L, Malmström V. Mechanisms involved in triggering rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:162-74. [PMID: 26683152 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory syndrome with a strong autoimmune component. The autoantigens in RA are neither tissue nor organ-specific, but comprise a broad collection of post-translational modified proteins, such as citrullinated proteins. These modifications are likely to be triggered by innate stimuli. In genetically susceptible hosts, they can lead to a more substantiated secondary autoimmune reaction targeting the joints and precipitating the clinical onset of RA. Both innate and adaptive mechanisms will then closely interplay to promote chronic joint inflammation in the several absence of appropriate treatment. This scenario, is shared with other autoimmune diseases where potentially pathogenic immune responses are present already before disease onset. Better understanding of these processes will allow both earlier diagnosis of RA and identification of those healthy individuals that are at risk of developing disease, opening possibilities for disease prevention. In this review, we discuss the iterative processes of innate and adaptive immunity responsible for the (longitudinal) development of immune reactions that may contribute to the development of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca I Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vijay Joshua
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Cabezas-Sanchez P, Garcia-Calvo E, Camara C, Luque-Garcia JL. A quantitative proteomic approach for unveiling novel mechanisms associated with MeHg-induced toxicity: effects on the methylation cycle. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:291-302. [PMID: 30090345 PMCID: PMC6062361 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is still a major threat for human health and the environment due to its extremely high toxicity that mainly affects the nervous system. Despite the great efforts made during the last few decades, the specific molecular mechanisms involved in MeHg-induced toxicity are still not completely unveiled. In this work we explored such mechanisms using neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2a) and SILAC as a quantitative proteomic approach. We found that exposure of Neuro-2a cells to 2 mg L-1 MeHg for 8 h decreased the cell viability to 70% and caused significant changes in the morphology of the cells, specially regarding neurite development. Our proteomic results showed different proteins altered upon MeHg exposure that helped to identify pathways related to the toxicity exerted by MeHg. Specifically, we have found that MeHg affects the methylation cycle by inhibiting the expression of key enzymes including MTHFD1 and MTR. Moreover, we demonstrate that inhibition of MTHFD1 is not observed when exposing the cells to inorganic Hg and other heavy metals such as Pb or Cu. Thus, this work sets the stage for dissecting a specific molecular mechanism for MeHg-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cabezas-Sanchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , 28040 , Madrid , Spain . ; Tel: +34913944318
| | - Estefania Garcia-Calvo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , 28040 , Madrid , Spain . ; Tel: +34913944318
| | - Carmen Camara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , 28040 , Madrid , Spain . ; Tel: +34913944318
| | - Jose L Luque-Garcia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Complutense University of Madrid , 28040 , Madrid , Spain . ; Tel: +34913944318
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22
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Bhandary YP, Shetty SK, Marudamuthu AS, Midde KK, Ji HL, Shams H, Subramaniam R, Fu J, Idell S, Shetty S. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cigarette smoke exposure and influenza A virus infection-induced lung injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123187. [PMID: 25932922 PMCID: PMC4416821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenchymal lung inflammation and airway and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis are associated with cigarette smoke exposure (CSE), which contributes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Epidemiological studies indicate that people exposed to chronic cigarette smoke with or without COPD are more susceptible to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We found increased p53, PAI-1 and apoptosis in AECs, with accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in the lungs of patients with COPD. In Wild-type (WT) mice with passive CSE (PCSE), p53 and PAI-1 expression and apoptosis were increased in AECs as was lung inflammation, while those lacking p53 or PAI-1 resisted AEC apoptosis and lung inflammation. Further, inhibition of p53-mediated induction of PAI-1 by treatment of WT mice with caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) reduced PCSE-induced lung inflammation and reversed PCSE-induced suppression of eosinophil-associated RNase1 (EAR1). Competitive inhibition of the p53-PAI-1 mRNA interaction by expressing p53-binding 3’UTR sequences of PAI-1 mRNA likewise suppressed CS-induced PAI-1 and AEC apoptosis and restored EAR1 expression. Consistent with PCSE-induced lung injury, IAV infection increased p53, PAI-1 and apoptosis in AECs in association with pulmonary inflammation. Lung inflammation induced by PCSE was worsened by subsequent exposure to IAV. Mice lacking PAI-1 that were exposed to IAV showed minimal viral burden based on M2 antigen and hemagglutination analyses, whereas transgenic mice that overexpress PAI-1 without PCSE showed increased M2 antigen and inflammation after IAV infection. These observations indicate that increased PAI-1 expression promotes AEC apoptosis and exacerbates lung inflammation induced by IAV following PCSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodhar P. Bhandary
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shwetha K. Shetty
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amarnath S. Marudamuthu
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Midde
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hong-Long Ji
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Homoyoun Shams
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Renuka Subramaniam
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jian Fu
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Steven Idell
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sreerama Shetty
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sekine T, Sakaguchi C, Fukano Y. Investigation by microarray analysis of effects of cigarette design characteristics on gene expression in human lung mucoepidermoid cancer cells NCI-H292 exposed to cigarette smoke. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2015; 67:143-51. [PMID: 25497788 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of tobacco leaf types and the presence or absence of charcoal in the cigarette filters on gene expression were investigated using cigarette prototypes made of either flue-cured (FC) leaf or burley (BLY) leaf and Kentucky Reference 2R4F as a representative blend cigarette with cellulose acetate filters or charcoal filters. NCI-H292, human lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line, was exposed to the total particulate matter (TPM) and gas/vapor phase (GVP) from each prototype for 8h and then the changes in gene expression from microarray data were analyzed. A number of genes associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage and xenobiotic response were modified by the two fractions, TPM and GVP, from the three prototypes with cellulose acetate filters. Both TPM and GVP fractions strongly enhanced the gene expression of HMOX1, which is encoding the limiting enzyme in heme degradation and a key regulator of oxidative stress and inflammatory process. Comparing the effects of TPM and GVP fraction, TPM strongly activated Nrf2 pathway-mediated anti-oxidative stress reaction, whereas GVP caused notable DNA damage response. In comparison of FC and BLY, TPM from FC more strongly induced the expression of histone family proteins than that from BLY. GVP from FC markedly induced gene expression associated with HSP70-mediated inflammation relative to that from BLY. Charcoal included in the filter strongly reduced the effects of GVP from each cigarette on gene expression. However, charcoal did not modified the effects of TPM. As a whole, charcoal is a useful material for reducing the biological effects of GVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sekine
- Product Science Division, R&D Group, Tobacco Business Headquarters, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yohohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Chikako Sakaguchi
- Product Science Division, R&D Group, Tobacco Business Headquarters, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yohohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Yasuo Fukano
- Product Science Division, R&D Group, Tobacco Business Headquarters, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yohohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
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Zhang B, Tremousaygue D, Denancé N, van Esse HP, Hörger AC, Dabos P, Goffner D, Thomma BPHJ, van der Hoorn RAL, Tuominen H. PIRIN2 stabilizes cysteine protease XCP2 and increases susceptibility to the vascular pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:1009-19. [PMID: 24947605 PMCID: PMC4321228 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PIRIN (PRN) is a member of the functionally diverse cupin protein superfamily. There are four members of the Arabidopsis thaliana PRN family, but the roles of these proteins are largely unknown. Here we describe a function of the Arabidopsis PIRIN2 (PRN2) that is related to susceptibility to the bacterial plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Two prn2 mutant alleles displayed decreased disease development and bacterial growth in response to R. solanacearum infection. We elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism by analyzing PRN2 interactions with the papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) XCP2, RD21A, and RD21B, all of which bound to PRN2 in yeast two-hybrid assays and in Arabidopsis protoplast co-immunoprecipitation assays. We show that XCP2 is stabilized by PRN2 through inhibition of its autolysis on the basis of PLCP activity profiling assays and enzymatic assays with recombinant protein. The stabilization of XCP2 by PRN2 was also confirmed in planta. Like prn2 mutants, an xcp2 single knockout mutant and xcp2 prn2 double knockout mutant displayed decreased susceptibility to R. solanacearum, suggesting that stabilization of XCP2 by PRN2 underlies susceptibility to R. solanacearum in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dominique Tremousaygue
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 44131326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 259431326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Denancé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Université de Toulouse, UPS31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 554631326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - H Peter van Esse
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anja C Hörger
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Dabos
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 44131326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 259431326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Deborah Goffner
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Université de Toulouse, UPS31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 554631326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Zhou B, Liang G, Qin H, Peng X, Huang J, Li Q, Qing L, Zhang L, Chen L, Ye L, Niu P, Zou Y. p53-Dependent apoptosis induced in human bronchial epithelial (16-HBE) cells by PM2.5sampled from air in Guangzhou, China. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:552-9. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.951814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chiappara G, Gjomarkaj M, Sciarrino S, Vitulo P, Pipitone L, Pace E. Altered expression of p21, activated caspase-3, and PCNA in bronchiolar epithelium of smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp Lung Res 2014; 40:343-53. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.928836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Nyunoya T, Mebratu Y, Contreras A, Delgado M, Chand HS, Tesfaigzi Y. Molecular processes that drive cigarette smoke-induced epithelial cell fate of the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:471-82. [PMID: 24111585 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0348tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains numerous chemical compounds, including abundant reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and aldehydes, and many other carcinogens. Long-term cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of various lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, and contributes to premature death. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have elucidated mechanisms involved in cigarette smoke-induced inflammation, DNA damage, and autophagy, and the subsequent cell fates, including cell death, cellular senescence, and transformation. In this Translational Review, we summarize the known pathways underlying these processes in airway epithelial cells to help reveal future challenges and describe possible directions of research that could lead to better management and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Nyunoya
- 1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, and
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Orozco-Nunnelly DA, Muhammad D, Mezzich R, Lee BS, Jayathilaka L, Kaufman LS, Warpeha KM. Pirin1 (PRN1) is a multifunctional protein that regulates quercetin, and impacts specific light and UV responses in the seed-to-seedling transition of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93371. [PMID: 24705271 PMCID: PMC3976398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pirins are cupin-fold proteins, implicated in apoptosis and cellular stress in eukaryotic organisms. Pirin1 (PRN1) plays a role in seed germination and transcription of a light- and ABA-regulated gene under specific conditions in the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana. Herein, we describe that PRN1 possesses previously unreported functions that can profoundly affect early growth, development, and stress responses. In vitro-translated PRN1 possesses quercetinase activity. When PRN1 was incubated with G-protein-α subunit (GPA1) in the inactive conformation (GDP-bound), quercetinase activity was observed. Quercetinase activity was not observed when PRN1 was incubated with GPA1 in the active form (GTP-bound). Dark-grown prn1 mutant seedlings produced more quercetin after UV (317 nm) induction, compared to levels observed in wild type (WT) seedlings. prn1 mutant seedlings survived a dose of high-energy UV (254 nm) radiation that killed WT seedlings. prn1 mutant seedlings grown for 3 days in continuous white light display disoriented hypocotyl growth compared to WT, but hypocotyls of dark-grown prn1 seedlings appeared like WT. prn1 mutant seedlings transformed with GFP constructs containing the native PRN1 promoter and full ORF (PRN1::PRN1-GFP) were restored to WT responses, in that they did not survive UV (254 nm), and there was no significant hypocotyl disorientation in response to white light. prn1 mutants transformed with PRN1::PRN1-GFP were observed by confocal microscopy, where expression in the cotyledon epidermis was largely localized to the nucleus, adjacent to the nucleus, and diffuse and punctate expression occurred within some cells. WT seedlings transformed with the 35S::PRN1-GFP construct exhibited widespread expression in the epidermis of the cotyledon, also with localization in the nucleus. PRN1 may play a critical role in cellular quercetin levels and influence light- or hormonal-directed early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Orozco-Nunnelly
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - DurreShahwar Muhammad
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Raquel Mezzich
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bao-Shiang Lee
- Protein Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lasanthi Jayathilaka
- Protein Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lon S. Kaufman
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Warpeha
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Brzóska K, Stępkowski TM, Kruszewski M. Basal PIR expression in HeLa cells is driven by NRF2 via evolutionary conserved antioxidant response element. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 389:99-111. [PMID: 24390086 PMCID: PMC3950616 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pirin, a product of the PIR gene, is an iron-binding protein acting as a transcriptional coregulator implicated in the regulation of the NF-κB-related transcription via interaction with RelA (p65), as well as BCL3 and NF-κB1 (p50) proteins. Alterations in pirin expression were observed in various tumors and under oxidative stress conditions. The aim of the present work was to analyze the regulation of the transcription of the human PIR gene. Using constructs containing a different sized PIR promoter and the luciferase reporter genes we found that in HeLa cells PIR transcription is mostly dependent on a highly conserved antioxidant response element located 281 bp downstream of the transcription start site. We have proved that the NRF2 transcription factor binds to this element in vivo and drives the basal PIR expression. We hypothesize that regulation of the PIR expression may constitute a mechanism by which NRF2 is able to modulate the activity of NF-κB and possibly other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Brzóska
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland,
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Abstract
Pirin is a nuclear nonheme Fe protein of unknown function present in all human tissues. Here we describe that pirin may act as a redox sensor for the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor, a critical mediator of intracellular signaling that has been linked to cellular responses to proinflammatory signals and controls the expression of a vast array of genes involved in immune and stress responses. Pirin's regulatory effect was tested with several metals and at different oxidations states, and our spectroscopic results show that only the ferric form of pirin substantially facilitates binding of NF-κB proteins to target κB genes, a finding that suggests that pirin performs a redox-sensing role in NF-κB regulation. The molecular mechanism of such a metal identity- and redox state-dependent regulation is revealed by our structural studies of pirin. The ferrous and ferric pirin proteins differ only by one electron, yet they have distinct conformations. The Fe center is shown to play an allosteric role on an R-shaped surface area that has two distinct conformations based on the identity and the formal redox state of the metal. We show that the R-shaped area composes the interface for pirin-NF-κB binding that is responsible for modulation of NF-κB's DNA-binding properties. The nonheme Fe protein pirin is proposed to serve as a reversible functional switch that enables NF-κB to respond to changes in the redox levels of the cell nucleus.
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Wang H, Mattes WB, Richter P, Mendrick DL. An omics strategy for discovering pulmonary biomarkers potentially relevant to the evaluation of tobacco products. Biomark Med 2013; 6:849-60. [PMID: 23227851 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is known to cause serious lung diseases including chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive lung disease, obstruction of small airways, emphysema and cancer. Tobacco smoke is a complex chemical aerosol containing at least 8000 chemical constituents, either tobacco derived or added by tobacco product manufacturers. Identification of all of the toxic agents in tobacco smoke is challenging, and efforts to understand the mechanisms by which tobacco use causes disease will be informed by new biomarkers of exposure and harm. In 2009, President Obama signed into law the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act granting the US FDA the authority to regulate tobacco products to protect public health. This perspective article presents the background, rationale and strategy for using omics technologies to develop new biomarkers, which may be of interest to the FDA when implementing the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Wang
- Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Gillis BS, Arbieva Z, Gavin IM. Analysis of lead toxicity in human cells. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:344. [PMID: 22839698 PMCID: PMC3424832 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead is a metal with many recognized adverse health side effects, and yet the molecular processes underlying lead toxicity are still poorly understood. Quantifying the injurious effects of lead is also difficult because of the diagnostic limitations that exist when analyzing human blood and urine specimens for lead toxicity. RESULTS We analyzed the deleterious impact of lead on human cells by measuring its effects on cytokine production and gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Lead activates the secretion of the chemokine IL-8 and impacts mitogen-dependent activation by increasing the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and of the chemokines IL-8 and MIP1-α in the presence of phytohemagglutinin. The recorded changes in gene expression affected major cellular functions, including metallothionein expression, and the expression of cellular metabolic enzymes and protein kinase activity. The expression of 31 genes remained elevated after the removal of lead from the testing medium thereby allowing for the measurement of adverse health effects of lead poisoning. These included thirteen metallothionein transcripts, three endothelial receptor B transcripts and a number of transcripts which encode cellular metabolic enzymes. Cellular responses to lead correlated with blood lead levels and were significantly altered in individuals with higher lead content resultantly affecting the nervous system, the negative regulation of transcription and the induction of apoptosis. In addition, we identified changes in gene expression in individuals with elevated zinc protoporphyrin blood levels and found that genes regulating the transmission of nerve impulses were affected in these individuals. The affected pathways were G-protein mediated signaling, gap junction signaling, synaptic long-term potentiation, neuropathic pain signaling as well as CREB signaling in neurons. Cellular responses to lead were altered in subjects with high zinc protoporphyrin blood levels. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study defined specific changes in gene and protein expression in response to lead challenges and determined the injurious effects of exposures to lead on a cellular level. This information can be used for documenting the health effects of exposures to lead which will facilitate identifying and monitoring efficacious treatments for lead-related maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Gillis
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zarema Arbieva
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Igor M Gavin
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Proud D, Hudy MH, Wiehler S, Zaheer RS, Amin MA, Pelikan JB, Tacon CE, Tonsaker TO, Walker BL, Kooi C, Traves SL, Leigh R. Cigarette smoke modulates expression of human rhinovirus-induced airway epithelial host defense genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40762. [PMID: 22808255 PMCID: PMC3395625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections trigger acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The human airway epithelial cell is the primary site of HRV infection and responds to infection with altered expression of multiple genes, the products of which could regulate the outcome to infection. Cigarette smoking aggravates asthma symptoms, and is also the predominant risk factor for the development and progression of COPD. We, therefore, examined whether cigarette smoke extract (CSE) modulates viral responses by altering HRV-induced epithelial gene expression. Primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to medium alone, CSE alone, purified HRV-16 alone or to HRV-16+ CSE. After 24 h, supernatants were collected and total cellular RNA was isolated. Gene array analysis was performed to examine mRNA expression. Additional experiments, using real-time RT-PCR, ELISA and/or western blotting, validated altered expression of selected gene products. CSE and HRV-16 each induced groups of genes that were largely independent of each other. When compared to gene expression in response to CSE alone, cells treated with HRV+CSE showed no obvious differences in CSE-induced gene expression. By contrast, compared to gene induction in response to HRV-16 alone, cells exposed to HRV+CSE showed marked suppression of expression of a number of HRV-induced genes associated with various functions, including antiviral defenses, inflammation, viral signaling and airway remodeling. These changes were not associated with altered expression of type I or type III interferons. Thus, CSE alters epithelial responses to HRV infection in a manner that may negatively impact antiviral and host defense outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Proud
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal induces chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-like histopathologic changes in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wright WR, Parzych K, Crawford D, Mein C, Mitchell JA, Paul-Clark MJ. Inflammatory transcriptome profiling of human monocytes exposed acutely to cigarette smoke. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30120. [PMID: 22363418 PMCID: PMC3281820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is responsible for 5 million deaths worldwide each year, and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and lung diseases. Cigarette smoke contains a complex mixture of over 4000 chemicals containing 1015 free radicals. Studies show smoke is perceived by cells as an inflammatory and xenobiotic stimulus, which activates an immune response. The specific cellular mechanisms driving cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and disease are not fully understood, although the innate immune system is involved in the pathology of smoking related diseases. Methodology/Principle findings To address the impact of smoke as an inflammagen on the innate immune system, THP-1 cells and Human PBMCs were stimulated with 3 and 10% (v/v) cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 8 and 24 hours. Total RNA was extracted and the transcriptome analysed using Illumina BeadChip arrays. In THP-1 cells, 10% CSE resulted in 80 genes being upregulated and 37 downregulated by ≥1.5 fold after 8 hours. In PBMCs stimulated with 10% CSE for 8 hours, 199 genes were upregulated and 206 genes downregulated by ≥1.5 fold. After 24 hours, the number of genes activated and repressed by ≥1.5 fold had risen to 311 and 306 respectively. The major pathways that were altered are associated with cell survival, such as inducible antioxidants, protein chaperone and folding proteins, and the ubiquitin/proteosome pathway. Conclusions Our results suggest that cigarette smoke causes inflammation and has detrimental effects on the metabolism and function of innate immune cells. In addition, THP-1 cells provide a genetically stable alternative to primary cells for the study of the effects of cigarette smoke on human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Wright
- Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Parzych
- Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Damian Crawford
- Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Mein
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. Mitchell
- Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Paul-Clark
- Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Brzóska K, Stępkowski TM, Kruszewski M. Putative proto-oncogene Pir expression is significantly up-regulated in the spleen and kidney of cytosolic superoxide dismutase-deficient mice. Redox Rep 2011; 16:129-33. [PMID: 21801495 DOI: 10.1179/1351000211y.0000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron binding protein pirin was isolated as an interactor of the NFIX transcription factor but it can also form complexes with Bcl3 and NF-κB1(p50). Alterations of pirin expression were observed in various tumors and after exposure to pro-carcinogenic oxidative stressors. The aim of the present work was to study the level of pirin transcription in an in vivo model of oxidative stress, namely, in Sod1-deficient mice. We have found that Sod1(-/-) mice have a significantly elevated level of Pir mRNA in the spleen and kidney but not in the liver, heart, or/and brain. We have also shown that similarly to its human ortholog, the mouse Pir gene transcription level varies significantly between organs. The highest expression was found in the liver and the lowest in the spleen and kidney. Based on literature data, we propose the involvement of Nrf2, AP-1, and NF-κB transcription factors in Pir up-regulation in Sod1(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Brzóska
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Warsaw, Poland
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Kilsgård O, Andersson P, Malmsten M, Nordin SL, Linge HM, Eliasson M, Sörenson E, Erjefält JS, Bylund J, Olin AI, Sørensen OE, Egesten A. Peptidylarginine deiminases present in the airways during tobacco smoking and inflammation can citrullinate the host defense peptide LL-37, resulting in altered activities. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:240-8. [PMID: 21960546 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0500oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial colonization of the lower respiratory tract is frequently seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and may cause exacerbations leading to disease progression. Antimicrobial peptides comprise an important part of innate lung immunity, and not least the cathelicidin human cationic antimicrobial protein-18/LL-37. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADIs) post-translationally modify proteins by converting cationic peptidylarginine residues to neutral peptidylcitrulline. An increased presence of PADI2 and citrullinated proteins was demonstrated in the lungs of smokers. In this study, preformed PADI4, stored in granulocytes and extracellularly in the lumina of bronchi, was found in lung tissue of individuals suffering from COPD. In vitro, recombinant human PADI2 and PADI4 both caused a time- and dose-dependent citrullination of LL-37. The citrullination resulted in impaired antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and nontypable Haemophilus influenzae, but less so against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using artificial lipid bilayers, we observed discrete differences when comparing the disrupting activity of native and citrullinated LL-37, suggesting that differences in cell wall composition are important during interactions with whole bacteria. Furthermore, citrullinated LL-37 showed higher chemotactic activity against mononuclear leukocytes than did native LL-37, but was less efficient at neutralizing lipolysaccharide, and also in converting apoptotic neutrophils into a state of secondary necrosis. In addition, citrullinated LL-37 was more prone to degradation by proteases, whereas the V8 endopetidase of S. aureus cleaved the modified peptide at additional sites, compared with native LL-37. Together, these findings demonstrate novel mechanisms whereby the inflammation-dependent deiminases PADI2 and PADI4 can alter the activites of antibacterial polypeptides, affecting the course of inflammatory disorders such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Kilsgård
- Section for Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, BMC B14, Tornavägen 10, Lund, Sweden
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Pirin inhibits cellular senescence in melanocytic cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2397-406. [PMID: 21514450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence has been widely recognized as a tumor suppressing mechanism that acts as a barrier to cancer development after oncogenic stimuli. A prominent in vivo model of the senescence barrier is represented by nevi, which are composed of melanocytes that, after an initial phase of proliferation induced by activated oncogenes (most commonly BRAF), are blocked in a state of cellular senescence. Transformation to melanoma occurs when genes involved in controlling senescence are mutated or silenced and cells reacquire the capacity to proliferate. Pirin (PIR) is a highly conserved nuclear protein that likely functions as a transcriptional regulator whose expression levels are altered in different types of tumors. We analyzed the expression pattern of PIR in adult human tissues and found that it is expressed in melanocytes and has a complex pattern of regulation in nevi and melanoma: it is rarely detected in mature nevi, but is expressed at high levels in a subset of melanomas. Loss of function and overexpression experiments in normal and transformed melanocytic cells revealed that PIR is involved in the negative control of cellular senescence and that its expression is necessary to overcome the senescence barrier. Our results suggest that PIR may have a relevant role in melanoma progression.
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Cigarette smoking reprograms apical junctional complex molecular architecture in the human airway epithelium in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 68:877-92. [PMID: 20820852 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC), composed of tight and adherens junctions, maintains epithelial barrier function. Since cigarette smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the major smoking-induced disease, are associated with increased lung epithelial permeability, we hypothesized that smoking alters the transcriptional program regulating airway epithelial AJC integrity. Transcriptome analysis revealed global down-regulation of physiological AJC gene expression in the airway epithelium of healthy smokers (n = 59) compared to nonsmokers (n = 53) in association with changes in canonical epithelial differentiation pathways such as PTEN signaling accompanied by induction of cancer-related AJC components. The overall expression of AJC-related genes was further decreased in COPD smokers (n = 23). Exposure of airway epithelial cells to cigarette smoke extract in vitro resulted in down-regulation of several AJC genes paralleled by decreased transepithelial resistance. Thus, cigarette smoking induces transcriptional reprogramming of airway epithelial AJC architecture from its physiological pattern necessary for barrier function toward a disease-associated molecular phenotype.
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Wang R, Wang G, Ricard MJ, Ferris B, Strulovici-Barel Y, Salit J, Hackett NR, Gudas LJ, Crystal RG. Smoking-induced upregulation of AKR1B10 expression in the airway epithelium of healthy individuals. Chest 2010; 138:1402-10. [PMID: 20705797 DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) gene superfamily codes for monomeric, soluble reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent oxidoreductases that mediate elimination reactions. AKR1B10, an AKR that eliminates retinals, has been observed as upregulated in squamous metaplasia and non-small cell lung cancer and has been suggested as a diagnostic marker specific to tobacco-related carcinogenesis. We hypothesized that upregulation of AKR1B10 expression may be initiated in healthy smokers prior to the development of evidence of lung cancer. METHODS Expression of AKR1B10 was assessed at the mRNA level using microarrays with TaqMan confirmation in the large airway epithelium (21 healthy nonsmokers, 31 healthy smokers) and small airway epithelium (51 healthy nonsmokers, 58 healthy smokers) obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy and brushing. RESULTS Compared with healthy nonsmokers, AKR1B10 mRNA levels were significantly upregulated in both large and small airway epithelia of healthy smokers. Consistent with the mRNA data, AKR1B10 protein was significantly upregulated in the airway epithelium of healthy smokers as assessed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, with AKR1B10 expressed in both differentiated and basal cells. Finally, cigarette smoke extract mediated upregulation of AKR1B10 in airway epithelial cells in vitro, and transfection of AKR1B10 into airway epithelial cells enhanced the conversion of retinal to retinol. CONCLUSIONS Smoking per se mediates upregulation of AKR1B10 expression in the airway epithelia of healthy smokers with no evidence of lung cancer. In the context of these observations and the link of AKR1B10 to the metabolism of retinals and to lung cancer, the smoking-induced upregulation of AKR1B10 may be an early process in the multiple events leading to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Phatak A, Kiiveri H, Clemmensen LH, Wilson WJ. NetRaVE: constructing dependency networks using sparse linear regression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 26:1576-7. [PMID: 20410054 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED NetRaVE is a small suite of R functions for generating dependency networks using sparse regression methods. Such networks provide an alternative to interpreting 'top n lists' of genes arising out of an analysis of microarray data, and they provide a means of organizing and visualizing the resulting information in a manner that may suggest relationships between genes. AVAILABILITY NetRaVE is freely available for academic use and has been tested in R 2.10.1 under Windows XP, Linux and Mac OS X. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Phatak
- CSIRO Mathematical & Information Sciences, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA, Australia
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Licciulli S, Luise C, Zanardi A, Giorgetti L, Viale G, Lanfrancone L, Carbone R, Alcalay M. Pirin delocalization in melanoma progression identified by high content immuno-detection based approaches. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:5. [PMID: 20089166 PMCID: PMC2823719 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pirin (PIR) is a highly conserved nuclear protein originally isolated as an interactor of NFI/CTF1 transcription/replication factor. It is a member of the functionally diverse cupin superfamily and its activity has been linked to different biological and molecular processes, such as regulation of transcription, apoptosis, stress response and enzymatic processes. Although its precise role in these functions has not yet been defined, PIR expression is known to be deregulated in several human malignancies. Results We performed immunohistochemical analysis of PIR expression in primary samples from normal human tissues and tumors and identified a dislocation of PIR to the cytoplasm in a subset of melanomas, and a positive correlation between cytoplasmic PIR levels and melanoma progression. PIR localization was subsequently analyzed in vitro in melanoma cell lines through a high content immunofluorescence based approach (ImmunoCell-Array). Conclusions The high consistency between in vivo and in vitro results obtained by immunohistochemistry and ImmunoCell-Array provides a validation of the potential of ImmunoCell-Array technology for the rapid screening of putative biological markers, and suggests that cytoplasmic localization of PIR may represent a characteristic of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Licciulli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
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Chang SS, Jiang WW, Smith I, Glazer C, Sun WY, Mithani S, Califano JA. Chronic cigarette smoke extract treatment selects for apoptotic dysfunction and mitochondrial mutations in minimally transformed oral keratinocytes. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:19-27. [PMID: 19634139 PMCID: PMC2818069 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke demonstrates a carcinogenic effect through chronic exposure, not acute exposures. However, current cell line models study only the acute effects of cigarette smoke. Using a cell line model, we compared the effects of acute versus chronic cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on mitochondria in minimally transformed oral keratinocytes (OKF6). OKF6 cells were treated with varying concentrations of CSE for 6 months. Cells were analyzed monthly by flow cytometry for mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation and viability after CSE exposure. At each time point, the same assays were performed after 24 hr of valinomycin (MMP-depolarizing agent) treatment. The mitochondrial DNA of chronically CSE-treated cells was sequenced. After 6 months of CSE treatment, the cells were increasingly resistant to CSE-mediated and valinomycin-induced cell death. In addition, chronic CSE treatment caused chronic depolarization of MMP, cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Cells grown in the presence of only CSE vapor also exhibited the same resistance and chronic baseline apoptotic activation. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing found that chronic CSE-treated cells had more amino acid-changing mitochondrial mutations than acutely treated cells. CSE treatment of normal cells select for apoptotic dysfunction as well as mitochondrial mutations. These findings suggest that chronic tobacco exposure induces carcinogenesis via selection of apoptosis resistance and mitochondrial mutation in addition to previously known genotoxic effects that were found by acute treatments. Chronic models of tobacco exposure on upper aerodigestive epithelia may be more insightful than models of acute exposure in studying head and neck carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S. Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Wei Wen Jiang
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Affiliated 9th People's Hospital School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Chad Glazer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Wen-Yue Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Suhail Mithani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Joseph A. Califano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Milton J Dance Head and Neck Center, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, 6569 North Charles Street, Physicians Pavilion West, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21204
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Pirin downregulation is a feature of AML and leads to impairment of terminal myeloid differentiation. Leukemia 2009; 24:429-37. [PMID: 20010624 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Terminal differentiation of blood cells requires the concerted action of a series of transcription factors that are expressed at specific stages of maturation and function in a cell-type and dosage-dependent manner. Leukemogenic oncoproteins block differentiation by subverting the normal transcriptional status of hematopoietic precursor cells. Pirin (PIR) is a putative transcriptional regulator whose expression is silenced in cells bearing the acute myeloid leukemia-1 eight-twenty-one (AML1/ETO) and promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptor (PML/RAR) leukemogenic fusion proteins. A role for PIR in myeloid differentiation has not to date been reported. In this study we show that PIR expression is significantly repressed in a large proportion of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs), regardless of subtype or underlying karyotypic abnormalities. We show that PIR expression increases during in vitro myeloid differentiation of primary hematopoietic precursor cells, and that ablation of PIR in the U937 myelomonocytic cell line or in murine primary hematopoietic precursor cells results in impairment of terminal myeloid differentiation. Gene expression profiling of U937 cells after knockdown of PIR revealed increased expression of genes associated with the early phases of hematopoiesis, in particular, homeobox A (HOXA) genes. Our results suggest that PIR is required for terminal myeloid maturation, and its downregulation may contribute to the differentiation arrest associated with AML.
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45
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Bozsó Z, Maunoury N, Szatmari A, Mergaert P, Ott PG, Zsíros LR, Szabó E, Kondorosi E, Klement Z. Transcriptome analysis of a bacterially induced basal and hypersensitive response of Medicago truncatula. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:627-646. [PMID: 19466566 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Research using the well-studied model legume Medicago truncatula has largely focused on rhizobium symbiosis, while little information is currently available for this species on pathogen-induced transcriptome changes. We have performed a transcriptome analysis of this species with the objective of studying the basal (BR, no visible symptoms) and hypersensitive response (HR, plant cell death) in its leaves at 6 and at 24 h after infection by HR-negative (hrcC mutant) and HR-inducing Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains, respectively. Although there were no visible symptoms at the BR, the alterations in gene expression were comparable to those found with the HR. Both responses resulted in the transcriptional alteration of hundreds of plant genes; however, the responses in the HR were usually more intense. The reactions to HR-inducing and HR-negative bacterial strains were significantly overlapping. Parallel up- or down-regulation of genes with the same function occurred frequently. However, some plant processes were regulated in one direction; for example, most of the protein synthesis-related genes were activated and all of the photosynthetic/chloroplast genes were suppressed during BR. The possible roles of several functional classes (e.g., cell rescue, signaling, defense, cell death, etc.) of transcriptionally altered genes are discussed. The results of the comparison with available mycorrhizal and nodule expression data show that there is a significant overlap between nodulation and the leaf defense response and that during the early stage of the nodulation in roots, Sinorhizobium meliloti induces a fluctuation in the transcription of BR- and HR-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bozsó
- Plant Protection Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman O. 15, P.O. Box 102, Budapest, Hungary.
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Ramaswamy M, Groskreutz DJ, Look DC. Recognizing the importance of respiratory syncytial virus in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD 2009; 6:64-75. [PMID: 19229710 DOI: 10.1080/15412550902724024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are responsible for a large proportion of the health care dollar expenditure, morbidity, and mortality related to COPD. Respiratory infections are the most common cause of acute exacerbations, but recent evidence indicates that the importance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in COPD is under-appreciated. Improved detection of RSV using techniques based on the polymerase chain reaction accounts for much of the increased recognition of the importance of this virus in COPD patients. Furthermore, COPD patients may be more susceptible to RSV infection, possibly due to RSV-or immune response-induced pulmonary effects that are altered by age, environmental exposures, genetics, COPD itself, or a combination of these. However, although RSV infection occurs throughout life, viral and host factors that place COPD patients at increased risk are unclear. The complexities of RSV effects in COPD present opportunities for research with the goal of developing approaches to selectively modify damaging viral effects (e.g., altered airway function), while retaining beneficial immunity (e.g., clearance of virus) in COPD patients. This review explores the role RSV plays in acute exacerbations of COPD, the potential for RSV disease in chronic stable COPD, and newer concepts in RSV diagnosis, epidemiology, and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Ramaswamy
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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47
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Woodruff PG, Ellwanger A, Solon M, Cambier CJ, Pinkerton KE, Koth LL. Alveolar macrophage recruitment and activation by chronic second hand smoke exposure in mice. COPD 2009; 6:86-94. [PMID: 19378221 PMCID: PMC2873864 DOI: 10.1080/15412550902751738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of cases of COPD occur in non-smokers. Among the potential risk factors for COPD in non-smokers is second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. However, the Surgeon General reported in 2006 that the evidence linking second hand smoke and COPD is insufficient to infer a causal relationship, largely because current evidence does not establish a biological link. The goal of this study was to determine whether SHS exposure can induce alveolar macrophage recruitment and expression of activation markers that we have previously demonstrated in human smokers and in mouse models of emphysema. To achieve these goals, we studied mice exposed to an ambient mixture of predominantly [89%] sidestream smoke at increasing doses over 3 months. We found that second hand smoke exposure induced a dose-dependent increase in alveolar macrophage recruitment (mean +/- sd; 224,511 +/- 52,330 vs 166,152 +/- 47,989 macrophages/ml of bronchoalveolar lavage in smoke-exposed vs air-exposed controls at 3 months, p = 0.003). We also found increased expression of several markers of alveolar macrophage activation (PLA2g7, dkfzp434l142, Trem-2, and pirin, all p < 0.01 at 3 months) and increased lavage levels of two inflammatory mediators associated with COPD (CCL2 [MCP-1], 58 +/- 12 vs. 43 +/- 22 pg/ml, p = 0.03; and TNFalpha, 138 +/- 43 vs 88 +/- 78 pg/ml, p = 0.04 at 3 months). These findings indicate that second smoke exposure can cause macrophage recruitment and activation, providing a biological link between second-hand smoke exposure and the development of inflammatory processes linked to COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prescott G. Woodruff
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, Box 0130, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143; FAX: (415) 476-5712
| | - Almut Ellwanger
- UCSF, Box 0111, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, FAX: (415) 476-5712
| | - Margaret Solon
- UCSF, Box 0111, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, FAX: (415) 476-5712
| | - Christopher J. Cambier
- Lung Biology Center, UCSF, Mission Bay, 1550 4 Street, San Francisco, CA 94158; FAX: 415-514-4369
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA. FAX: (530) 752-8334
| | - Laura L. Koth
- Lung Biology Center, UCSF, Mission Bay, 1550 4 Street, San Francisco, CA 94158; FAX: 415-514-4369
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Hübner RH, Schwartz JD, De Bishnu P, Ferris B, Omberg L, Mezey JG, Hackett NR, Crystal RG. Coordinate control of expression of Nrf2-modulated genes in the human small airway epithelium is highly responsive to cigarette smoking. Mol Med 2009; 15:203-19. [PMID: 19593404 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2008.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidant-responsive transcription factor known to induce detoxifying and antioxidant genes. Cigarette smoke, with its large oxidant content, is a major stress on the cells of small airway epithelium, which are vulnerable to oxidant damage. We assessed the role of cigarette smoke in activation of Nrf2 in the human small airway epithelium in vivo. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was used to sample the small airway epithelium in healthy-nonsmoker and healthy-smoker, and gene expression was assessed using microarrays. Relative to nonsmokers, Nrf2 protein in the small airway epithelium of smokers was activated and localized in the nucleus. The human homologs of 201 known murine Nrf2-modulated genes were identified, and 13 highly smoking-responsive Nrf2-modulated genes were identified. Construction of an Nrf2 index to assess the expression levels of these 13 genes in the airway epithelium of smokers showed coordinate control, an observation confirmed by quantitative PCR. This coordinate level of expression of the 13 Nrf2-modulated genes was independent of smoking history or demographic parameters. The Nrf2 index was used to identify two novel Nrf2-modulated, smoking-responsive genes, pirin (PIR) and UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1-family polypeptide A4 (UGT1A4). Both genes were demonstrated to contain functional antioxidant response elements in the promoter region. These observations suggest that Nrf2 plays an important role in regulating cellular defenses against smoking in the highly vulnerable small airway epithelium cells, and that there is variability within the human population in the Nrf2 responsiveness to oxidant burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf-Harto Hübner
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States of America
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49
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Ammous Z, Hackett NR, Butler MW, Raman T, Dolgalev I, O'Connor TP, Harvey BG, Crystal RG. Variability in small airway epithelial gene expression among normal smokers. Chest 2008; 133:1344-1353. [PMID: 18339782 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite overwhelming data that cigarette smoking causes COPD, only a minority of long-term smokers are affected, strongly suggesting that genetic factors modify susceptibility to this disease. We hypothesized that individual variations exist in the response to cigarette smoking, with variability among smokers in expression levels of protective/susceptibility genes. METHODS Affymetrix arrays and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to assess the variability of gene expression in the small airway epithelium obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy of 18 normal nonsmokers, 18 normal smokers, and 18 smokers with COPD. RESULTS We identified 201 probe sets representing 152 smoking-responsive genes that were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated, and assessed the coefficient of variation in expression levels among the study population. Variation was a reproducible property of each gene as assessed by different microarray probe sets and real-time polymerase chain reaction, and was observed in both normal smokers and smokers with COPD. Greater individual variability was found in smokers with COPD than in normal smokers. The majority of these highly variable smoking-responsive genes were in the functional categories of signal transduction, xenobiotic degradation, metabolism, transport, oxidant related, and transcription. A similar pattern of the same highly variable genes was observed in an independent data set. CONCLUSIONS We propose that genetic diversity is likely within this subset of genes, with highly variable individual-to-individual responses of the small airway epithelium to smoking, and that this subset of genes represents putative candidates for assessment of susceptibility/protection from disease in future gene-based epidemiologic studies of smokers' risk for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ammous
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Neil R Hackett
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Marcus W Butler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Tina Raman
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Igor Dolgalev
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Timothy P O'Connor
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Ben-Gary Harvey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
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50
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Balharry D, Sexton K, BéruBé KA. An in vitro approach to assess the toxicity of inhaled tobacco smoke components: nicotine, cadmium, formaldehyde and urethane. Toxicology 2008; 244:66-76. [PMID: 18082304 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the first lines of defence to inhaled toxins is the barrier formed by the tracheobronchial epithelium, making this the ideal region for studying the toxicity of inhaled substances. This study utilises a highly differentiated, three-dimensional, in vitro model of human upper respiratory tract epithelium (EpiAirway-100) to measure the acute toxicological responses to well-characterised tobacco smoke components. To determine the suitability of this model for screening inhaled toxicants, the EpiAirway tissue model (ETM) was treated apically with tobacco smoke components (nicotine, formaldehyde, cadmium, urethane) which are known to induce a variety of toxic effects (e.g. cytotoxic, thrombogenic, carcinogenic). A range of concentrations were used to model different mechanisms and severity of toxicity which were then compared to known in vivo responses. Similar trends in stress response occurred, with distinct alterations to the tissue in response to all four toxins. At high concentrations, cell viability decreased and tight junctions were degraded, but at sub-toxic concentrations epithelial resistance (indicating tissue integrity) increased 20-60% from control. This peak in resistance coincided with an increase in secreted protein levels, elevated cytokine release and goblet cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. In conclusion, acute exposure to tobacco smoke components induces measurable toxic responses within human respiratory epithelium. Sub-toxic concentrations appear to illicit a protective response by increasing mucus secretion and mediating immune responses via cytokine release. These responses are comparable to human in vivo responses, indicating potential for the ETM as a tool for screening the toxicity of inhaled compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Balharry
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, CF10 3US, UK.
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