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Rogers AE, Wichman CS, Schenkelberg MA, Dzewaltowski DA. Inequality in Physical Activity in Organized Group Settings for Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:939-949. [PMID: 39117309 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2024-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult-led organized settings for children (eg, classrooms) provide opportunities for physical activity (PA). The structure of setting time may influence inequalities (ie, unequalness) in the distribution of PA. This study examined differences in PA inequality by setting and time-segment purpose in time-segmented organized group settings for children. METHODS PA and setting meetings were assessed using accelerometer and video observation data from school, before-/after-school, and youth club groups (n = 30) for third- through sixth-grade children (n = 699) in 2 rural US communities. Meetings (n = 130) were time-segmented into smaller units (sessions; n = 835). Each session was assigned a purpose code (eg, PA). Accelerometer data were paired with the meetings and sessions, and the Gini coefficient quantified inequality in activity counts and moderate to vigorous PA minutes for each segment. Beta generalized estimating equations examined differences in PA inequality by setting and session purpose. RESULTS Activity count inequality was lowest (P < .05) during youth club meetings (Gini = 0.17, 95% CI, 0.14-0.20), and inequality in moderate to vigorous PA minutes was greatest (P < .01) during school (Gini = 0.34, 95% CI, 0.30-0.38). Organized PA sessions (Gini = 0.20, 95% CI, 0.17-0.23) had lower activity count inequality (P < .0001) than academic (Gini = 0.30, 95% CI, 0.27-0.34), enrichment (Gini = 0.31, 95% CI, 0.27-0.36), and nonactive recreation (Gini = 0.30, 95% CI, 0.25-0.34) sessions. Inequality in moderate to vigorous PA minutes was lower (P < .05) in organized PA (Gini = 0.26, 95% CI, 0.20-0.32) and free play (Gini = 0.28, 95% CI, 0.19-0.39) than other sessions. CONCLUSIONS PA inequality differed by setting time structure, with lower inequality during organized PA sessions. The Gini coefficient can illuminate PA inequalities in organized settings and may inform population PA improvement efforts in rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Rogers
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Christopher S Wichman
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michaela A Schenkelberg
- School of Health and Kinesiology, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David A Dzewaltowski
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Salway R, Jago R, de Vocht F, House D, Porter A, Walker R, Kipping R, Owen CG, Hudda MT, Northstone K, van Sluijs E. School-level intra-cluster correlation coefficients and autocorrelations for children's accelerometer-measured physical activity in England by age and gender. BMC Med Res Methodol 2024; 24:179. [PMID: 39123109 PMCID: PMC11313128 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-024-02290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomised, cluster-based study designs in schools are commonly used to evaluate children's physical activity interventions. Sample size estimation relies on accurate estimation of the intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC), but published estimates, especially using accelerometry-measured physical activity, are few and vary depending on physical activity outcome and participant age. Less commonly-used cluster-based designs, such as stepped wedge designs, also need to account for correlations over time, e.g. cluster autocorrelation (CAC) and individual autocorrelation (IAC), but no estimates are currently available. This paper estimates the school-level ICC, CAC and IAC for England children's accelerometer-measured physical activity outcomes by age group and gender, to inform the design of future school-based cluster trials. METHODS Data were pooled from seven large English datasets of accelerometer-measured physical activity data between 2002-18 (> 13,500 pupils, 540 primary and secondary schools). Linear mixed effect models estimated ICCs for weekday and whole week for minutes spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and being sedentary for different age groups, stratified by gender. The CAC (1,252 schools) and IAC (34,923 pupils) were estimated by length of follow-up from pooled longitudinal data. RESULTS School-level ICCs for weekday MVPA were higher in primary schools (from 0.07 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.10) to 0.08 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.11)) compared to secondary (from 0.04 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.07) to (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10)). Girls' ICCs were similar for primary and secondary schools, but boys' were lower in secondary. For all ages, combined the CAC was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.44-0.72), and the IAC was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.42-0.49), irrespective of follow-up time. Estimates were higher for MVPA vs sedentary time, and for weekdays vs the whole week. CONCLUSIONS Adequately powered studies are important to evidence effective physical activity strategies. Our estimates of the ICC, CAC and IAC may be used to plan future school-based physical activity evaluations and were fairly consistent across a range of ages and settings, suggesting that results may be applied to other high income countries with similar school physical activity provision. It is important to use estimates appropriate to the study design, and that match the intended study population as closely as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Salway
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Russell Jago
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research, Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Frank de Vocht
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research, Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Danielle House
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alice Porter
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robert Walker
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ruth Kipping
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher G Owen
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mohammed T Hudda
- Department of Population Health, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Kate Northstone
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Esther van Sluijs
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Woodforde J, Perales F, Salmon J, Gomersall S, Stylianou M. Before-school physical activity levels and sociodemographic correlates among Australian adolescents: A cross-sectional study. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:237-246. [PMID: 38445635 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2326353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Understanding adolescents' physical activity levels and underpinning contextual factors is crucial for health promotion. This cross-sectional study, using 24-hour time use diaries and sociodemographic variables from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, addressed gaps in understanding of physical activity in the before-school segment (the time between waking up and commencing classes). The study examined a) adolescents' time spent in before-school physical activity, focusing on location and shared presence, and b) sociodemographic correlates of before-school physical activity. Completed diaries by 12-13 year-olds (n = 3,201) revealed that adolescents reported an average of 10.8 minutes of daily before-school physical activity (average segment length: 114 min), mostly classified as active transport (5.7 min). Most before-school physical activity occurred in a location other than home or school (6.1 min) and with peers (6.1 min). Notably, 51% of boys and 60% of girls did not report any before-school physical activity. Through two-part regression, we found that boys, adolescents from single-parent households, and those with longer before-school segments are more likely to report before-school physical activity compared to their counterparts. Before-school initiatives should promote active transport and diverse opportunities in other settings. Research into barriers and facilitators may inform more inclusive and effective promotion strategies, including school-based initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Woodforde
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Francisco Perales
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sjaan Gomersall
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Health and Wellbeing Research Innovation, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michalis Stylianou
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Alshallal AD, Alliott O, Brage S, van Sluijs EMF, Wilkinson P, Corder K, Winpenny EM. Total and temporal patterning of physical activity in adolescents and associations with mental wellbeing. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024; 21:5. [PMID: 38191365 PMCID: PMC10775671 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited understanding of the extent to which differences in physical activity across the day and week may be associated with mental wellbeing. Such an understanding is needed for better targeting of interventions. In this study, we describe total and temporal patterning of physical activity across the week in adolescents (age 13-14y) and assess their prospective associations with mental wellbeing. METHODS 1,983 13-14-year-old adolescent participants based in Cambridgeshire and Essex, recruited between 2016 and 2017 into the Get Others Active Trial provided data at baseline and 4 months. Physical activity was measured at baseline using wrist-worn accelerometers across different time segments (whole week, weekday schooltime, weekday out of school, and weekend), and operationalized as average movement-related acceleration for each time segment. Mental Wellbeing at baseline and 4 months was measured using the Warwick Edinburgh MentalWellbeing Scale. Associations between physical activity across different time segments (whole week, weekday schooltime, weekday out of school, and weekend) and mental wellbeing at 4 months were investigated using sex-stratified multi-level regression models, adjusted for covariates, and both adjusted and unadjusted for baseline mental wellbeing. RESULTS Our analyses found positive associations between physical activity and mental wellbeing at 4 months, unadjusted for baseline wellbeing. Among girls, positive associations were shown when considering physical activity across the whole week 0.07 (95% CI, 0.03-0.12), and across all separate time periods studied: weekday schooltime 0.07 (95% CI, 0.02-0.11), weekday out-of-school time 0.07 (95% CI, 0.03-0.12), and weekend 0.07 (95% CI, 0.02-0.11). For boys, similar associations were observed for activity across the week 0.07 (95% CI, 0.03-0.11), during weekday schooltime 0.08 (95% CI, 0.04-0.12), and weekday out-of-school time 0.07 (95% CI, 0.03-0.11), but not the weekend 0.01 (95% CI, -0.03-0.05). For both girls and boys, associations were attenuated below significance after adjusting for baseline wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal analysis showed positive associations between physical activity and later mental wellbeing in both male and female adolescents across most time segments. Higher physical activity throughout the week may be associated with better mental wellbeing in the adolescent population. Further research is required to understand determinants of change in wellbeing over time. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registration Number: ISRCTN31583496. Registered: 18/02/2014.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Alliott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kirsten Corder
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Woods AJ, Norman J, Ryan ST, Wardle K, Probst YC, Crowe RK, Patel L, Hammersley ML, Furber S, Stanley RM, Taylor L, Okely AD. Children's physical activity and sedentary behaviour in before school care: An observational study. Prev Med 2024; 178:107810. [PMID: 38072314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Australia, less than one quarter of children aged 5-12 years meet national physical activity (PA) guidelines. Before school care operates as part of Out of School Hours Care (OSHC) services and provide opportunities for children to meet their daily PA recommendations. The aim of this study was to explore factors associated with children meeting 15 min of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) while attending before school care. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 25 services in New South Wales, Australia. Each service was visited twice between March and June 2021. Staff behaviours and PA type and context were captured using staff interviews and the validated System for Observing Staff Promotion of Physical Activity and Nutrition (SOSPAN) time sampling tool. Child PA data were collected using Actigraph accelerometers and associations between program practices and child MVPA analysed. RESULTS PA data were analysed for 654 children who spent an average of 39.2% (±17.6) of their time sedentary; 45.4% (±11.4) in light PA; and 14.9% (±11.7) in MVPA. Only 17% of children (n = 112) reached ≥15 min MVPA, with boys more likely to achieve this. Children were more likely to meet this recommendation in services where staff promoted and engaged in PA; PA equipment was available; children were observed in child-led free play; and a written PA policy existed. CONCLUSIONS Before school care should be supported to improve physical activity promotion practices by offering staff professional development and guidance on PA policy development and implementation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Woods
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Early Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Norman
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Warrawong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sarah T Ryan
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Early Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Karen Wardle
- Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Yasmine C Probst
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ruth K Crowe
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Early Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Linda Patel
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Early Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Megan L Hammersley
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Early Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Susan Furber
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Health Promotion Service, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Warrawong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Early Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Lauren Taylor
- Health Promotion Service, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Anthony D Okely
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Early Start, Faculty of the Arts Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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Emm-Collison L, Salway R, Matthews J, Reid T, Jago R. Associations between the built environment, policies and curriculum in schools and primary school children’s physical activity. Wellcome Open Res 2023. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18262.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A large proportion of children in the UK do not engage in the recommended amount of physical activity. Schools are an environment where children spend a considerable portion of their time and have the potential to facilitate more physical activity. There has been little exploration of the specific school environment factors that are most pertinent to child physical activity and sedentary behaviour. This study was intended to fill this important gap. Methods: Data were collected between March 2017 and May 2018 from 50 schools and 1223 children who participated in the B-Proact1v cohort study. School level measures were the built environment (e.g. playground equipment, cycling parking, allotments), physical activity-related policies (e.g. policy to encourage active travel) and the use of physical activity in the curriculum (e.g. regular physical activity breaks throughout day). Children’s weekday moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was estimated via Actigraph GT3X accelerometers. Associations between school context measures and children’s weekday MVPA were analysed using linear multilevel models, with children nested within schools, adjusted for individual characteristics. Results: On average, children at schools with allotments, a larger amount of playground equipment and where cycle training was offered, engaged in higher levels of MVPA. PE being compromised due to space was associated with lower levels of MVPA. Conclusions: Whilst there is a need for further exploration, the findings suggest that school-based provision and policies for active travel, sport and active play may be important to encouraging more primary school children to be more active more regularly.
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Ługowska K, Kolanowski W. The Impact of Physical Activity at School on Body Fat Content in School-Aged Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12514. [PMID: 36231816 PMCID: PMC9564525 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Excessive amounts of adipose tissue is a health risk. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of increased physical activity (PA) at school on body fat content in children aged 10 to 12 years over a 2-year follow-up. (2) Methods: Children born in 2007 (n = 245) in two groups, (1) standard PA and (2) increased PA at school, 4 and 10 h of physical education lessons per week, respectively. BIA measurements of body fat content were taken twice a year. Results were interpreted based on children's fat content reference curves. (3) Results: During 2 years of observation, the percentage of children with excessive fat mass (overweight and obese) increased by one-third (from 28.11% to 39.67%) in the group of standard PA, while decreased by one-third in the increased PA one (from 28.92% to 21.00%); with normal fat content increased by one-quarter in the increased PA group (from 59.86% to 76.26%) and decreased by one-tenth in the standard PA one (from 61.61% to 56.29%). (4) Conclusions: An increase in PA at school has a positive impact on children's body fat content. It is recommended to increase the number of physical education lessons at school, which has a positive effect on children's health, reducing the risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Ługowska
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Siedlce University, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kolanowski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland
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Van Dyck D, Timmerman C, Hermida A, Pintado R, Cárdenas M, Escandón S, Ochoa-Avilés AM. Physical activity during recess in elementary schoolchildren in Belgium and Ecuador: The role of the physical environment at school. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1476-1485. [PMID: 35703158 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2086521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To increase physical activity levels in children, knowledge on how school playgrounds can be optimally designed is important. Until now, the contribution of playground variety and greening to children's physical activity level during recess remains unclear. This study examined the associations of school playground variety and greening with energy expenditure (EE) in elementary school children in Ecuador and Belgium. Additionally, moderating effects of study site and gender were studied. Observational data were collected using SOPLAY in ten schools in East Flanders (Belgium) and Cuenca (Ecuador). Data were analysed with linear mixed-effects model analyses. Results showed that independent of study site, EE was higher in playground areas with less green elements, and a higher level of total variety. Primary surface was only associated with EE in boys, they were more active when an artificial surface was present. Implementation of loose equipment was somewhat more strongly positively associated with EE in Ecuadorian than in Belgian children. Because of the well-known restorative effects of green elements, we do not wish to suggest that less greening should be implemented at schools. However, ideally green spaces should be designed in a way that active play is stimulated by combining green elements with other improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfien Van Dyck
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cheyenne Timmerman
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Augusta Hermida
- Población, Faculty of Architecture, University of CuencaDepartamento de Espacio Y , Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Rosa Pintado
- Población, Faculty of Architecture, University of CuencaDepartamento de Espacio Y , Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Mercedes Cárdenas
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Samuel Escandón
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
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Effects of a Hybrid Program of Active Breaks and Responsibility on the Behaviour of Primary Students: A Mixed Methods Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12050153. [PMID: 35621450 PMCID: PMC9137545 DOI: 10.3390/bs12050153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schools are ideal environments to promote healthy lifestyles and teach values among students. In this sense, the present study aims to verify the result of an Active Break program (AB) within the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) Model in the school environment. The sample consisted of two teachers/tutors from the sixth year of Primary Education and 51 pupils, aged between 11 and 13 years, who were divided into an experimental group (n = 26) and a control group (n = 25). The intervention program lasted 3 months, in which the hybridised methodology was applied during 100% of the weekly classes, computing a total of 156 sessions by the end of the study. It was a quasi-experimental study design that used a mixed methodology combining a systematic observational analysis with semi-structured interviews. The results showed an evolution in the behaviour of the teacher from the experimental group from a controlling style to one centred on the transfer of autonomy, while the teacher from the control group primarily used strategies based on the imposition of tasks and the establishment of organisation, which caused an increase in disruptive behaviours among students. We conclude that the program is adaptable to Primary Education and can be extended to any educational environment to improve the classroom climate and attract the attention of students and, finally, allows for the promotion of new teaching strategies.
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Pearson N, Griffiths P, van Sluijs E, Atkin AJ, Khunti K, Sherar LB. Associations between socioeconomic position and young people's physical activity and sedentary behaviour in the UK: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e051736. [PMID: 35501089 PMCID: PMC9062792 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence on the associations between socioeconomic position and young people's physical activity and sedentary behaviours in the UK. DESIGN Scoping review. DATA SOURCES PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases were searched for articles published up to and including January 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Observational studies in children and adolescents (aged 5-18 years) from the UK that had assessed associations between at least one indicator of socioeconomic position and at least one outcome of physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were extracted by one reviewer and 20% were double checked. Indicators of socioeconomic position were tabulated with domains of physical activity and sedentary behaviour. RESULTS Fifty-seven publications were included in the review; 37 publications from 19 studies (k=23) of children and 21 publications from 15 studies (k=23) of adolescents. Most studies were cross-sectional. 63% of studies of children, and 40% of studies of adolescents assessed Index of Multiple Deprivation. Eighteen studies measured physical activity in children, 13 measured sedentary behaviour. Eleven studies of adolescents included a measure of physical activity, 10 included a measure of sedentary behaviour. Among children and adolescents, the association between socioeconomic position and measures of either physical activity or sedentary behaviour was highly variable depending on the measure of both socioeconomic position used and the behavioural outcome, with the exception of higher family affluence which was consistently associated with higher reported physical activity among adolescents. CONCLUSION Physical activity and sedentary behaviours of children and adolescents in the UK are complex and influenced by multiple indicators of socioeconomic position that are, in most cases, different across age stages, outcomes examined and measurement tools. Greater consistency in the use and measures of socioeconomic position as well as outcomes of behaviour are required for robust country-specific meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Pearson
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paula Griffiths
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Atkin
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lauren B Sherar
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Burchartz A, Oriwol D, Kolb S, Schmidt SCE, von Haaren-Mack B, Niessner C, Woll A. Impact of weekdays versus weekend days on accelerometer measured physical behavior among children and adolescents: results from the MoMo study. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStructured activities, in which children participate for example at school, are consistent and limited in scope. After-school or weekend activities, by contrast, involve a wider range of behaviors. Studies have shown that physical activity (PA), as measured by accelerometers, is lower on weekends compared to weekdays or school days, whereas PA does not differ between weekdays. In the present study, we examined accelerometer data of children and adolescents living in Germany for the different weekdays and weekend days. The current analysis used cross-sectional data of participants (n = 2743) aged 6–17 years collected between 2014 and 2017. The final valid sample consisted of 2278 children and adolescents divided into three age groups (6–10 years, n = 713; 11–13 years, n = 706; 14–17 years, n = 859) and two gender groups (1072 boys, 1206 girls). Physical behavior, including sedentary behavior, as well as light, moderate, vigorous PA, and wear time were analyzed. Absolute and percentage intensity distributions were evaluated daily. The average wear time was 807 min daily from Monday–Thursday with significant deviations from the mean on Friday (+38 min), Saturday (−76 min), and Sunday (−141 min). Absolute moderate to vigorous PA times were lower on weekends than during the week. However, the percentage intensity distribution remained constant over all days. Girls were less physically active and more sedentary than boys (F1,2272 = 38.3; p < 0.01) and adolescents were significantly less active than younger children (F2,2272 = 138.6; p < 0.01). Waking times increased with age (F2,2272 = 138.6; p < 0.01). Shorter awake periods limit possible active times on weekends, resulting in lower PA and sedentary behavior compared to weekdays. The percentage distributions of the different physical behavior intensity categories are similar over all weekdays and weekend days. We could not find a justification for specific weekend interventions. Instead, interventions should generally try to shift activity away from sedentary behavior towards a more active lifestyle.
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Yuan YQ, Wang MJ, Zhang QX, Zhang Y, Wang XL, Hou X, Zhang SH, Liu Y. Physical activity levels of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Northern China. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2022; 35:752-760. [PMID: 34989065 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited research has looked at the physical activity (PA) among Chinese children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. METHODS The Children's Leisure Activities Study Survey-Chinese version was applied in evaluating PA levels among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. RESULTS The data indicated that only 29.5% of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities met the PA recommendation. Boys engaged in significantly more MVPA and had higher energy expenditure than girls during weekdays and the whole week. The general trend in PA levels demonstrated a downtrend with the growth of age of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. The students aged 6-12 years old performed more MVPA and had greater energy expenditure compared with those 13-15 and 16-18 years old. CONCLUSION The level of PA among Chinese children and youths with intellectual disabilities is remarkably low, and there is a large gap compared with the PA recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qing Yuan
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mei-Juan Wang
- School of Chinese WuShu, Shandong Sport University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Qiao-Xian Zhang
- School of Sports and Physical Education, Shandong Sport University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuan-Li Wang
- Graduate School, Harbin Sport University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Hua Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, China Disabled Persons' Federation, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Physical Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Kidokoro T, Minatoya Y, Imai N, Shikano A, Noi S. The Immediate and Lasting Effects of Resident Summer Camp on Movement Behaviors Among Children. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:912221. [PMID: 35837239 PMCID: PMC9273949 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.912221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the immediate and lasting effects of resident summer camp on movement behaviors among children with repeated pre-, during-, and post-intervention measurements. In total, 21 children (aged 10.3 ± 1.2 years, 17 boys and 4 girls) participated in a 31-day nature-based resident summer camp in Japan. Daily children's movement behaviors (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep) were continuously monitored before, during, and after the summer camp (i.e., 75 continuous days). It was found that the children engaged more time in MVPA (9.6%), less time in SB (58.0%), had more steps (22,405 steps/day), and an earlier midpoint of sleep (0:24 a.m.) in the summer camp as compared to the other periods (before and after the camp). However, the children engaged in unfavorable behaviors [reduction in MVPA (3.6%), increased SB (67.3%), and a later midpoint of sleep (1:32 a.m.)] during the summer vacation after the camp. This study indicates that the resident summer camp was effective in improving children's movement behaviors during the camp. However, the lasting effects were negligible or at least limited after its completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kidokoro
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Minatoya
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Imai
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Shikano
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Noi
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Woodforde J, Alsop T, Salmon J, Gomersall S, Stylianou M. Effects of school-based before-school physical activity programmes on children's physical activity levels, health and learning-related outcomes: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2021; 56:740-754. [PMID: 34815223 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and evaluate the impact of school-based, before-school physical activity (PA) programmes on children's PA levels, health and learning-related outcomes. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Embase and ERIC were searched in January 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: (1) Original research published in English, (2) sample included typically developing school-age children and/or adolescents, (3) examined school-based PA programmes delivered before school, (4) included a comparator and (5) reported associations with PA, physical health, learning-related and/or psychosocial outcomes. Studies examining before-school active transport or sport were excluded. RESULTS Thirteen articles representing 10 studies were included (published 2012-2020); seven conducted in primary schools. Programmes ranged between 3 weeks and 6 months, primarily operating daily and for 25-40 min. One study examined a programme informed by theory; six incorporated fidelity measures. Data synthesis, considering consistency of findings, showed indeterminate associations for the domains of physical health, learning-related and psychosocial outcomes. Among subdomains, synthesis showed positive associations with before-school and daily PA, cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, readiness to learn and an inverse association with adiposity. Risk of bias was high/serious or insufficiently detailed across studies and outcome domains, except PA, which included moderate-risk studies. CONCLUSION There is limited available evidence on school-based, before-school PA programmes, with some positive associations at domain and subdomain levels. Continued research is justified to understand the role of before-school programmes for facilitating PA. Future research should follow recommended practice for intervention design and process evaluation, and address under-represented contexts, including secondary schools. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020181108.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Woodforde
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tahlia Alsop
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sjaan Gomersall
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michalis Stylianou
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Features of physical activity and school anxiety in pupils of the secondary general education school and the cadet corps. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2021. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2021-6.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Relevance. The relevance of the study is due to the high significance of school anxiety in the formation of psychosomatic diseases and nervous disorders. Identification of risk factors for increased anxiety, one of which is low physical activity, is important for the timely organizing of preventive measures.The aim: to assess the characteristics of physical activity and school anxiety among schoolboys of secondary school and the cadet corps.Materials and methods. The observation group consisted of 47 schoolboys studying in a secondary general school at the age of 13–16; the comparison group consisted of 140 schoolboys of the cadet corps. The comparative assessment of physical activity bases on the analysis of the physical education implementation in educational organizations and the results of a survey according to the author’s questionnaire. A comparison was made of the parameters of bioimpedance analysis (BIA) of body composition, the content of cortisol and serotonin in the blood serum, and indicators of the Phillips school anxiety test.The results. Physical activity in the school system was limited to 3 hours per week, and in the additional education system there are only 14.9 % of schoolboys who devote 6–8 hours a week to sports, which is 3 times less than in the comparison group (46.4 %). Lower values of indicators of physical activity and body composition were found in secondary school boys relative to those in cadet corps (p = 0.015–0.038). The level of cortisol in the blood serum was 1.4 times higher, and the serotonin was 1.2 times less in schoolboys of the schools comparatively to cadets (p = 0.001–0.037). In secondary school schoolboys, relative to cadets, significantly 1.9–3.9 times more often increased values were recorded for the factor general anxiety at school, frustration of the need to achieve success, fear of self-expression, fear of the situation of testing knowledge, fear of not meeting the expectations of others, problems and fears in relations with teachers and general anxiety oppositely directed correlations of weak and moderate strength were established between the frequency and duration of physical education, BIA parameters, cortisol in the blood serum and factors of school anxiety.Conclusion. The values of the factors of school anxiety schoolboys of secondary general school are higher than in boys of the cadet corps and possibly they are associated with irregularity, relatively low duration of physical activity and the degree of development of metabolically active tissues.
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Lopes MVV, da Costa BGG, Knebel MTG, Matias TS, Silva KS. Psychosocial correlates of objectively measured in-school and out-of-school physical activity among Brazilian adolescents. Transl Behav Med 2021; 11:1849-1856. [PMID: 33949673 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is influenced by an interplay of time and setting, thus, the role of psychosocial factors on behavior is expected to vary across the day. This cross-sectional study identified the psychosocial correlates of time spent in physical activity during in-school (i.e., 08:00-11:59) and out-of-school (i.e., 12:00-22:00) time segments. The sample consisted of adolescents (7th to 9th grade) of two public schools in Florianópolis, Brazil. Accelerometer measured light-intensity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) were estimated. Psychosocial correlates of physical activity (i.e., outcome expectations, attitude, self-efficacy, support from parents, and support from peers) were self-reported. Linear mixed models were applied and interaction effects of gender and age were also analyzed. From a total of 194 participants, 138 and 112 provided in-school and out-of-school valid data, respectively. Outcome expectations were associated with out-of-school MVPA (β = 0.18; p = .006). Age interaction effects were observed for the associations between outcome expectations and out-of-school LPA (β = 0.21; p = .009) and between self-efficacy and out-of-school MVPA (β = 0.19; p = .009). In conclusion, psychosocial correlates were positively associated with out-of-school physical activity and the effects varied according to age. No psychosocial correlates were identified for LPA and MVPA performed during schooltime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus V V Lopes
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bruno G G da Costa
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Margarethe T G Knebel
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Matias
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Kelly S Silva
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Topcu ZG, Kaygısız BB, Çakır Ö, Angın E, Obuz T, Hürer C, Özdinç A, Şentürk Y, Uzuner S, Tomaç H, Özkader H, Malkoç M. A population-based study of children in northern Cyprus: physical activity and its comparison in sociodemographic variables and several opportunities/barriers. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01297-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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18
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Lahuerta-Contell S, Molina-García J, Queralt A, Martínez-Bello VE. The Role of Preschool Hours in Achieving Physical Activity Recommendations for Preschoolers. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8020082. [PMID: 33504052 PMCID: PMC7911937 DOI: 10.3390/children8020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Research on physical activity (PA) in different educational settings could elucidate which interventions promote a healthy school lifestyle in early childhood education (ECE). The aims of this study were: (a) to analyse the PA levels of preschoolers during school hours, as well as the rate of compliance with specific recommendations on total PA (TPA) and moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA); (b) to examine the role of structured movement sessions and recess time in the MVPA levels during school hours; (c) to evaluate the sociodemographic correlates of preschoolers and the school environment on MVPA behaviour during school hours. PA was evaluated with Actigraph accelerometers. Our main findings were that: (a) preschoolers engaged in very little TPA and MVPA during school hours; (b) children showed significantly higher MVPA levels on days with versus without structured movement sessions, and the contribution of the structured sessions to MVPA was significantly higher than that of recess time; (c) gender and age were associated with PA, and a high density of young children on the playground was associated with high levels of vigorous PA, whereas in the classroom, high density was associated with more sedentary behaviour. Structured PA could reduce the gap in achieving international recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lahuerta-Contell
- Conselleria d’Educació, Generalitat Valenciana, 46015 Valencia, Spain;
- COS Research Group, Body, Movement, Music and Curricular Practices, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Molina-García
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers, 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ana Queralt
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Jaume Roig, s/n, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vladimir E. Martínez-Bello
- COS Research Group, Body, Movement, Music and Curricular Practices, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers, 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961625473
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Daly-Smith A, Hobbs M, Morris JL, Defeyter MA, Resaland GK, McKenna J. Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Primary School Children: Inactive Lessons Are Dominated by Maths and English. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18030990. [PMID: 33499424 PMCID: PMC7908260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large majority of primary school pupils fail to achieve 30-min of daily, in-school moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The aim of this study was to investigate MVPA accumulation and subject frequency during academic lesson segments and the broader segmented school day. METHODS 122 children (42.6% boys; 9.9 ± 0.3 years) from six primary schools in North East England, wore uniaxial accelerometers for eight consecutive days. Subject frequency was assessed by teacher diaries. Multilevel models (children nested within schools) examined significant predictors of MVPA across each school-day segment (lesson one, break, lesson two, lunch, lesson three). RESULTS Pupils averaged 18.33 ± 8.34 min of in-school MVPA, and 90.2% failed to achieve the in-school 30-min MVPA threshold. Across all school-day segments, MVPA accumulation was typically influenced at the individual level. Lessons one and two-dominated by maths and English-were less active than lesson three. Break and lunch were the most active segments. CONCLUSION This study breaks new ground, revealing that MVPA accumulation and subject frequency varies greatly during different academic lessons. Morning lessons were dominated by the inactive delivery of maths and English, whereas afternoon lessons involved a greater array of subject delivery that resulted in marginally higher levels of MVPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Daly-Smith
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, West Yorkshire BD9 6TP, UK
- Center for Physically Active Learning, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 6856 Sogndal, Norway;
- School of Sport, Carnegie, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QT, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthew Hobbs
- School of Health Sciences, College of Education, Health and Human Development, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury 8041, New Zealand;
| | - Jade L. Morris
- Centre for Society and Mental Health, Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2B 6LE, UK;
| | - Margaret A. Defeyter
- Healthy Living Lab, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE 7 7XA, UK;
| | - Geir K. Resaland
- Center for Physically Active Learning, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 6856 Sogndal, Norway;
| | - Jim McKenna
- School of Sport, Carnegie, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QT, UK;
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20
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Tassitano RM, Weaver RG, Tenório MCM, Brazendale K, Beets MW. Physical activity and sedentary time of youth in structured settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:160. [PMID: 33276782 PMCID: PMC7716454 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structured settings, such as school, childcare, afterschool programs, summer camps, and physical activity/sport programs are crucial to promoting physical activity (PA) opportunities and reducing sedentary (ST) for children and adolescents. However, little is known about how much PA and ST children and adolescents accumulate in structured settings. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the absolute amount of time youth spend physically active and sedentary in different structured settings (Prospero number: 42018111804). METHODS Observational and experimental/quasi-experimental studies (baseline data only) with full-text available, written in English and published in a peer-reviewed journal, reporting the total amount of objectively measured PA (light, moderate, vigorous, and/or total physical activity) and/or time spent ST during structured settings among youth (3 to 18 years) were eligible. Adjusted meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the pooled mean of time spent in PA and ST, by settings and sex. RESULTS A total of 187 studies (childcare n=60; school n=91; afterschool programs n=14; summer camp n=4; and Physical activity/ sport programs n=18) from 30 countries (47.9% United States), representing 74,870 youth (mean age 8.6 years old) were included. Overall, there was a high variation between studies in outcomes and settings. The meta-analyses revealed, on average, youth spend 221.8 minutes (36.7 min/hour) in ST and 32.1 minutes (5.1 min/hour) in MVPA during childcare hours, and 223.9 minutes (36.7min/hour) in ST and 27.8 min (4.4 min/hour) in MVPA at school. Relatively, youth are engaged in more MVPA in afterschool programs (11.7 min/hour), PA/ sport programs (20.9 min/hour), and summer camps (6.4 min/hour), when compared to childcare and school. CONCLUSION Total PA accumulated during childcare and MVPA accumulated during schools hours were close to recommendations, despite high proportion of ST. Afterschool programs, summer camp and PA/ sport programs are important settings that can contribute to daily PA and reduced ST. Ensuring all youth have access to these structured settings may be an important step forward for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Tassitano
- Department of Physical Education, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, SN Dom Manoel de Medeiros St, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Cecília M Tenório
- Department of Physical Education, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, SN Dom Manoel de Medeiros St, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
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Tyler EC, Brazendale K, Hunt E, Rafferty A, Beets MW, Weaver RG. Physical Activity Opportunities of Low-Income Elementary School-Aged Children During the Segmented School Day. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2020; 90:787-793. [PMID: 32776326 PMCID: PMC8319671 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we examined moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of children in a school district serving children from low-income and minority households. METHODS This observational study was conducted in 8 rural elementary schools in South Carolina. Children (N = 719, age = 7.7 years, 48.0% girls, 88.0% African American) wore accelerometers during school hours. Physical activity was distilled into time engaged in MVPA during 4 distinct opportunities. These 4 opportunities were non-activity time (eg, class-time), extended lunch (lunch recess after eating), physical education (PE), and recess. Mixed effects linear regressions estimated MVPA on days that had no activity opportunities, extended lunch, recess, PE, and multiple activity opportunities (eg, PE and recess). RESULTS On days with multiple activity opportunities, girls and boys accumulated 8.0 (95% CI = 4.9, 11.1) and 7.1 (95% CI = 3.6, 10.7) additional minutes of MVPA compared to a no activity day. On PE days boys accumulated 5.2 (95% CI = 0.3, 10.2) additional minutes of MVPA, whereas recess days provided girls with 3.0 (95% CI = 0.1, 6.0) additional MVPA minutes. No other activity opportunities provided statistically significant increases in school-day MVPA. CONCLUSIONS In low-income schools it may be necessary to provide multiple physical activity opportunities during the school day to increase boys' and girls' MVPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Tyler
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201
| | - Keith Brazendale
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201
| | - Ethan Hunt
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201
| | - Aaron Rafferty
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201
| | - Michael W. Beets
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201
| | - R. Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Public Health Research Center, 921 Assembly St. Rm130, Columbia, SC 29201
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Qi J, Xu JW, Shao WD. Physical Activity of Children with Visual Impairments during Different Segments of the School Day. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186897. [PMID: 32967269 PMCID: PMC7558599 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schools provide opportunities for children with visual impairments (VI) to accumulate recommended daily moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). This study aimed to determine physical activity (PA) across the school day among special school children with VI in China. The study objectively measured the MVPA levels of children with VI during the recess, lunchtime, physical education (PE) classes, before-school, and after-school periods segments on PE days and non-PE days. Moreover, this research compared the gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) differences in MVPA during each segment. A total of 70 children with VI aged 7–17 years (mean age = 13.7; SD = 3.4) from the special school participated in this study. Accelerometers were utilized to measure the MVPA of children with VI. The participants with VI accumulated significantly more MVPA time on PE days than on non-PE days. Before-school periods and structured PE classes showed higher percentages of MVPA time than recess, lunch break, and after-school periods during the school day. Children with VI aged 7–12 years old were significantly more physically active than those aged 13–17 years old during recess, lunch break, and after-school periods. In conclusion, PA interventions during structured PE classes are recommended. Special attention should be provided to children with VI as they grow up to increase their MVPA.
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Difference in Outdoor Time and Physical Activity During Recess After Schoolyard Renewal for the Least-Active Children. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:968-976. [PMID: 32858525 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear if schoolyard interventions "just" provide more opportunities for those children who are already active. The authors wanted to investigate schoolyard use and physical activity (PA) among the least-active children during recess following schoolyard renewals. METHODS An intervention study design with preresults and postresults comparison was used. Accelerometer and global positioning system data were collected at 6 Danish schools from 553 children at baseline and 439 after renewals (grades 4-9). Based on mean minutes of recess moderate to vigorous PA per child per school, the least-active children were defined as all children in the lowest activity quartile at baseline and follow-up, respectively. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-five children (70% girls) at baseline and 108 (76% girls) at follow-up were categorized as the least-active children. At follow-up they accumulated more time (12.1 min/d) and PA (4.4 min/d) in the schoolyard during recess compared with baseline. The difference in schoolyard PA found for the least-active children was relatively small compared with the difference for all children. CONCLUSIONS Solely improving the physical schoolyard environment seemed to have limited impact on the least-active children's PA. Future studies should investigate the complex interrelations between the least-active children and the entire schoolyard environment.
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Pope ZC, Huang C, Stodden D, McDonough DJ, Gao Z. Effect of Children's Weight Status on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior during Physical Education, Recess, and After School. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2651. [PMID: 32824167 PMCID: PMC7463513 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Children's body mass index may affect physical activity (PA) participation. Therefore, this study examined the effect of children's weight status on underserved elementary school children's PA and sedentary behavior (SB) throughout the segmented day. Participants were 138 children (X¯age = 8.14 years). Children's height and weight were measured with subsequent classification of children as healthy weight or overweight/obese. Durations of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA), and SB during physical education (PE), morning recess, lunch recess, after school, and overall were assessed via accelerometry over three days. Independent t-tests evaluated differences in children's MVPA, LPA, and SB during each daily segment by weight status. Significantly higher MVPA was observed for children of healthy weight status versus children with overweight/obesity during morning recess, t(136) = 2.15, p = 0.03, after school, t(136) = 2.68, p < 0.01, and overall, t(136) = 2.65, p < 0.01. Interestingly, comparisons of children of healthy weight status and children with overweight/obesity's LPA and SB during the after-school segment revealed a trend wherein children with overweight/obesity participated in slightly greater LPA/less SB than children of healthy weight status. Higher MVPA was observed among children of healthy weight versus children with overweight/obesity during most daily segments. Concerted efforts should focus on increasing MVPA among children with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Huang
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Wayland Baptist University, Plainview, TX 79072, USA;
| | - David Stodden
- Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Daniel J. McDonough
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Zan Gao
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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Gomes TN, Katzmarzyk PT, Pereira S, Thuany M, Standage M, Maia J. A Systematic Review of Children's Physical Activity Patterns: Concept, Operational Definitions, Instruments, Statistical Analyses, and Health Implications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165837. [PMID: 32806624 PMCID: PMC7459930 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of the expression “physical activity pattern” (PAP), there apparently is no general consensus regarding its definition. This systematic review aimed to examine available research focussing on (1) definitions of PAP, (2) instruments/techniques used to describe PAP, (3) statistical approaches used to analyse PAP, and (4) implications of PAP on children’s health. A systematic review of the available literature was done to identify studies published up to October 2019, and 76 studies were eligible. None of the studies presented a formal definition of PAP; a wide range of instruments were used to investigate children’s PAP, and most of the revised studies did not explicitly present a formal statistical model to define PAP. Twenty-four papers purported to examine associations between PAP and health indicators. The review highlights no consensus on a clear PAP definition whatever the instrument used to capture it, and we did not find any agreement regarding how best to analyse PAP. We suggest that PAP should be used when targeting the investigation of similarities/dissimilarities, as well as stabilities and/or changes in children’s PA at an intra-personal level. In sum, PAP should be used to best describe individual streams of behaviours, and not exclusively PA levels/intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayse Natacha Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão-SE 49100-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Sara Pereira
- CIFI2D (Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (S.P.); (J.M.)
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão-SE 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Martyn Standage
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - José Maia
- CIFI2D (Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (S.P.); (J.M.)
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Carbonell-Hernández L, Pastor D, Jiménez-Loaisa A, Ballester-Ferrer JA, Montero-Carretero C, Cervelló E. Lack of Correlation between Accelerometers and Heart-Rate Monitorization during Exercise Session in Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155518. [PMID: 32751725 PMCID: PMC7432703 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is increasing worldwide; hence, aging-related health is also more relevant. Well-programmed physical exercise is now an indispensable tool to achieve active aging and preserve older people’s health. Such “well-programmed” exercise requires efficient and useful tools to measure the activity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of accelerometers to estimate two different intensities of physical exercise in older people. Thirty-eight subjects (64.5 ± 5.3 years) were measured during two different sessions of physical exercise: one moderate in intensity, the other of low intensity. Heart rate and accelerometry were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that the two variables in the physical exercise sessions were not highly correlated, and that accelerometry did not seem useful to assess low-intensity sessions not based on walking.
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Grao-Cruces A, Velázquez-Romero MJ, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F. Levels of Physical Activity during School Hours in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4773. [PMID: 32630760 PMCID: PMC7369785 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review determines the levels of physical activity (PA) during school hours in children and adolescents. METHODS Studies carried out from January 1987 to December 2019 were retrieved from four databases (Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus and SportDiscus). The 29 selected studies were cross-sectional, long-term and case studies. RESULTS Most of them used accelerometers and showed that male and female children accumulated a mean of between 14 and 68 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) during school hours (3%-22% of this daily segment), and male and female adolescents accumulated a mean of between 13 and 28 min of MVPA during this daily segment (3%-8% of the school hours). Less than a quarter of children and adolescents reached the recommended 30 min of MVPA during school hours, with notable differences between sexes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the levels of PA during school hours are not enough, and consequently, schools should develop strategies for helping children and adolescents reach the school PA recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Grao-Cruces
- Department of Physical Education, GALENO Research Group, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (M.J.V.-R.)
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Cadiz, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - María J. Velázquez-Romero
- Department of Physical Education, GALENO Research Group, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (M.J.V.-R.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2374631 Valparaiso, Chile
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Calahorro-Cañada F, Torres-Luque G, López-Fernández I, Carnero EA. Sedentariness and Physical Activity during School Recess Are Associated with VO 2Peak. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4733. [PMID: 32630222 PMCID: PMC7369719 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recess time (RT) is a main component of school-based activities, and could contribute up to 40% of the physical activity (PA) recommended in the health guidelines. The main goal was to analyze the association between accelerometer-measured PA and sedentary time during RT with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). A total of 146 children and adolescents, aged 8-19 years, were recruited from six schools. PA levels were measured with GT3X accelerometers over 7 days. CRF was measured using a portable breath-by-breath gas analyzer. A general linear model (GML) was conducted to analyze the association between PA intensities and CRF during RT. Additionally, a logistic binary regression was used to evaluate the risk of unhealthy CRF among different categories of PA and sedentary time. Participants classified as healthy showed higher PA levels during RT than those classed as unhealthy. GML analysis showed that sedentary time during RT was significantly associated with VO2Peak. Finally, individuals who were sedentary for more than 15 min during RT presented 97.7% lower odds of having unhealthy CRF (adjusted Odds Ratio = 0.023, 95% CI -0.002 to 0.263). Our data suggest an association between recess sedentary time and unhealthy CRF. Thus, school-aged children and adolescents must be empowered to perform PA during RT to prevent the deleterious effects of sedentary time on CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calahorro-Cañada
- Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain;
- Research Group CEDA (HUM-1016), Campus de las lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Gema Torres-Luque
- Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain;
- Research Group CEDA (HUM-1016), Campus de las lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Elvis A. Carnero
- Bioenergetics and Exercise Laboratory, Translational Research Institute AdventHealth, 301 E. Princeton St, Orlando, FL 32804, USA;
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Grunseit AC, O'Hara BJ, Drayton B, Learnihan V, Hardy LL, Clark E, Klarenaar P, Engelen L. Ecological study of playground space and physical activity among primary school children. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034586. [PMID: 32580983 PMCID: PMC7312342 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between school playground size and total physical activity (PA), fitness and fundamental movement skills (FMS) of primary school students. DESIGN Cross-sectional ecological analysis. SETTING 43 primary schools in New South Wales, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Data were from 5238 students, aged 5 to 12 years, participating in the Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey. OUTCOME MEASURES Self (for age ≥11 years) and parent (for age <11 years) report of PA (meeting PA recommendations and number of days meeting recommendations), objectively measured FMS and cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness. RESULTS Associations between playground space and measures of PA and fitness were mostly non-linear and moderated by loose equipment. Students in schools with no loose equipment showed a weak association between space and meeting PA recommendations (self-report). In schools with equipment, students' predicted probability of meeting PA recommendations increased sharply between 15 m2 and 25 m2 per student from 0.04 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.08) to 0.30 (95% CI: 0.14 to 0.46), but at 30 m2 returned to levels comparable to students in schools with no equipment (0.18, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.28). For cardiorespiratory fitness, in schools with no loose equipment, probabilities for being in the healthy cardiovascular fitness zone varied between 0.66 and 0.77, showing no consistent trend. Students in schools with loose equipment had a predicted probability of being in the healthy fitness zone of 0.56 (95% CI: 0.41 to 0.71) at 15 m2 per student, which rose to 0.75 (95% CI: 0.63 to 0.86) at 20 m2 per student. There was no relationship between space and FMS. CONCLUSIONS School space guidelines need to incorporate sufficient playground space for students. Our study provides evidence supporting better PA outcomes with increasing space up to 25 m2 per student, and access to loose equipment, however further research is required to determine precise thresholds for minimum space. Intersectoral planning and cooperation is required to meet the needs of growing school populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Grunseit
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blythe Jane O'Hara
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bradley Drayton
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vincent Learnihan
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Louise L Hardy
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eve Clark
- Northern Sydney Local Health District Health Promotion, Brookvale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Klarenaar
- Northern Sydney Local Health District Health Promotion, Brookvale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lina Engelen
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Durá-Travé T, Gallinas-Victoriano F, Urretavizcaya-Martinez M, Ahmed-Mohamed L, Chueca-Guindulain MJ, Berrade-Zubiri S. Effects of the application of a prolonged combined intervention on body composition in adolescents with obesity. Nutr J 2020; 19:49. [PMID: 32460845 PMCID: PMC7254633 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to describe the effects of a prolonged dietary-behavioral-physical activity intervention (24 months) on body composition in a group of adolescents with obesity. METHODS Longitudinal study in 196 individuals with obesity (86 boys and 110 girls) aged 10.1-14.9 years that completed a prolonged combined intervention (24 months). Values for weight, height, skinfold thickness, waist circumference, BMI, body fat, fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were registered or calculated. A good response to treatment was reported when a BMI z-score reduction of greater than or equal to 0.5 units of the initial value occurred after 24 month of follow up. RESULTS A good response after 24 months of follow-up reached 58.2% (n = 114). In boys with obesity and BMI status improvement, weight z-score, BMI z-score, body fat, and FMI significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In girls with obesity and BMI status improvement, weight z-score, BMI z-score, waist circumference, waist z-score, body fat and FMI significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In both sexes the height and FFMI increased significantly (p < 0.05). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that girls and younger age were associated with BMI status improvement; concurrently, the place of residence (urban or rural) and degree of obesity were not associated with BMI status improvement. CONCLUSION The application of long-term combined strategies in the treatment of childhood obesity seems to be effective. As BMI decreases, a reduction in fat mass is also detected, with evident sexual dimorphism, in the absence of changes in fat-free mass and, consequently, in longitudinal growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Durá-Travé
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. .,Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Avenue Irunlarrea, 431008, Pamplona, Spain. .,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | | | | | - Lotfi Ahmed-Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Avenue Irunlarrea, 431008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Jesús Chueca-Guindulain
- Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Avenue Irunlarrea, 431008, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Berrade-Zubiri
- Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Avenue Irunlarrea, 431008, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Improvements in Physical Activity Levels after the Implementation of an Active-Break-Model-Based Program in a Primary School. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12093592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the physical activity levels in students after implementing an active break (AB)-model-based program during the school day. Forty-four fifth-grade primary school children (24 boys, 20 girls, with a mean age = 10.44 ± 0.45) participated in a 17 week program. After intervention, there was an increase in moderate and vigorous total activity during physical education lessons, non-physical education lessons, and recesses. Intervention programs to encourage physical activity and decrease sedentary time are recommended.
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Chen B, Waters CN, Compier T, Uijtdewilligen L, Petrunoff NA, Lim YW, van Dam R, Müller-Riemenschneider F. Understanding physical activity and sedentary behaviour among preschool-aged children in Singapore: a mixed-methods approach. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e030606. [PMID: 32265237 PMCID: PMC7245386 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) among preschool-aged children in Singapore and potential correlates at multiple levels of the socioecological model from in-school and out-of-school settings. DESIGN A cross-sectional study using a mixed-methods approach. PARTICIPANTS Parent-child dyads from six preschools in Singapore. METHODS PA and SB of children (n=72) were quantified using wrist-worn accelerometers for seven consecutive days. Three focus group discussions (FGDs) among 12 teachers explored diverse influences on children's activities, and System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY) assessed PA environment and children's activity levels at preschools. Seventy-three parents completed questionnaires on home and neighbourhood factors influencing children's PA and SB. Descriptive analyses of quantitative data and thematic analysis of FGDs were performed. RESULTS Based on accelerometry, children (4.4±1.1 years) spent a median of 7.8 (IQR 6.4-9.0) hours/day in SB, and 0.5 (0.3-0.8) hours/day in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). MVPA was similar throughout the week, and SB was slightly higher on non-school days. In preschools, SOPLAY showed more children engaging in MVPA outdoors (34.0%) than indoors (7.7%), and absence of portable active play equipment. FGDs revealed issues that could restrict active time at preschool, including academic requirements of the central curriculum and its local implementation. The teachers had varying knowledge about PA guidelines and perceived that the children were sufficiently active. In out-of-school settings, parents reported that their children rarely used outdoor facilities for active play and spent little time in active travel. Few children (23.5%) participated in extracurricular sports, but most (94.5%) reported watching screens for 1.5 (0.5-3.0) hours/day. CONCLUSION MVPA was low and SB was high in preschool-aged children in an urban Asian setting. We identified diverse in-school and out-of-school correlates of PA and SB that should be taken into account in health promotion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhi Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Thomas Compier
- VUmc School of Medical Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Uijtdewilligen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yee Wei Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rob van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Singapore, Singapore
- T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Falk Müller-Riemenschneider
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Social Medicine Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charite University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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McLellan G, Arthur R, Donnelly S, Buchan DS. Segmented sedentary time and physical activity patterns throughout the week from wrist-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers among children 7-12 years old. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:179-188. [PMID: 32099726 PMCID: PMC7031810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the volume and patterns of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) across different segments of the week among boys and girls. METHODS A total of 188 children aged 7-12 years wore a wrist-mounted ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer for 7 days. Time spent in PA and ST was calculated using ActiLife software. The mean number of minutes of light PA, moderate PA, vigorous PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and ST were calculated per weekday (before school, during school, and after school) and per weekend day (morning and afternoon-evening). RESULTS After school represented the greatest accumulation of ST compared with before school and during school segments. Boys engaged in 225.4 min/day of ST (95% confidence interval (CI): 216-235), and girls engaged in 222.2 min/day of ST (95%CI: 213-231). During school, boys engaged in significantly more MVPA than girls (46.1 min/day (95%CI: 44-48) vs. 40.7 min/day (95%CI: 39-43)). Across the whole weekday, boys participated in significantly more MVPA than girls (103.9 min/day (95%CI: 99-109) vs. 95.7 min/day (95%CI: 90-101)). The weekend afternoon-evening segment represented the larger accumulation of ST, where boys were significantly more sedentary than girls (367.5 min/day (95%CI: 353-382) vs. 339.8 min/day (95%CI: 325-355), respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that children are highly sedentary and spend little of their time in school in MVPA, especially girls. Routine breaks in school elicit increases in light PA and MVPA. Future work should consider the use of more active breaks within school time to encourage PA and reduce ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian McLellan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, The University of the West of Scotland, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Blantyre, G72 0LH, Scotland, UK
| | - Rosie Arthur
- School of Health and Life Sciences, The University of the West of Scotland, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Blantyre, G72 0LH, Scotland, UK
| | - Samantha Donnelly
- School of Health and Life Sciences, The University of the West of Scotland, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Blantyre, G72 0LH, Scotland, UK
| | - Duncan S Buchan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, The University of the West of Scotland, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Blantyre, G72 0LH, Scotland, UK..
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Chalkley AE, Routen AC, Harris JP, Cale LA, Gorely T, Sherar LB. "I Just Like the Feeling of It, Outside Being Active": Pupils' Experiences of a School-Based Running Program, a Qualitative Study. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 42:48-58. [PMID: 31982000 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION School-based running programs that promote daily (or regular) walking/jogging/running are an emerging public health initiative. However, evaluation of these programs has predominantly used quantitative measures that limit understanding and explanations of contextual influences on pupil participation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to qualitatively explore pupils' experiences of participating in a primary-school-based running program (Marathon Kids) to provide relevant insights and inform program developments. METHODS Nine semistructured focus groups were conducted with a purposeful sample of 50 pupils (26 girls and 24 boys) between 6 and 10 years of age from 5 primary schools in England. All schools had delivered the running program for 5-9 months during the 2015-16 academic year. Transcripts were analyzed using an inductive thematic approach. RESULTS Pupils identified a range of organizational, interpersonal, and intrapersonal factors that they believed influenced their participation in the program. Six themes were identified as being important to pupils' experiences: Marathon Kids as an enabling program, pupils' autonomy to participate, peer influence on participation (e.g., development of social cohesion), teacher influence on delivery (e.g., fidelity of implementation), logistics and suitability of the school environment, and appropriateness of program resources. CONCLUSIONS School-based running programs can offer an enjoyable physical activity experience for children; however, it is important to understand how current delivery approaches influence pupils' participation. Aspects that were believed to facilitate enjoyment included pupil autonomy to participate, perceived benefits of participation (including psychosocial outcomes), and a supportive school environment. Further research is required to identify the type and level of support required by schools to sustain pupil participation in running programs so that their perceived value is maintained.
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Wiersma R, Lu C, Hartman E, Corpeleijn E. Physical activity around the clock: objectively measured activity patterns in young children of the GECKO Drenthe cohort. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1647. [PMID: 31805914 PMCID: PMC6896684 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the widespread problem of physical inactivity, and the continued growth in prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity, promotion of regular physical activity (PA) among young people has become a public priority. A greater understanding of children's PA patterns throughout the day is needed to effectively encourage children to be more physically active. Hence this study looking at the distribution of PA in young children throughout the day and its relevance to overweight. METHODS Accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X, weartime > 600 min/day, ≥3 days) were used to measure the PA of 958 children (aged 5.7 ± 0.8 years, 52% boys) enrolled in the GECKO Drenthe cohort. Levels of sedentary time (ST), light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were recorded throughout the day and analysed in segments (07:00-09:00, 09:00-12:00, 12:00-15:00, 15:00-18:00, 18:00-21:00). Body mass index was measured by Preventive Child Healthcare nurses and Cole's (2012) definition of overweight was used. General linear mixed models, adjusted for age, sex and season, were used to analyse patterns of PA and ST throughout the day. RESULTS Children were most sedentary in the early morning (07:00-09:00) and evening (18:00-21:00), and exhibited the most time spent engaged in LPA and MVPA in the afternoon (12:00-15:00) and late afternoon (15:00-18:00). The greatest inter-individual variation in ST, LPA and MVPA among the children occurred in the late afternoon and evening (approximately 40, 30 and 15 min difference per time segment between 25th and 75th percentile, respectively). The most active children (highest quartile of MVPA) were found to be more active and less sedentary throughout the entire day than the least active children (lowest quartile of MVPA). Furthermore, children with overweight were no less active than children without overweight. CONCLUSIONS At this young age, the relevance of different PA patterns to childhood overweight was minimal. Children were most active in the afternoon and late afternoon. To encourage PA in general, ST can be reduced and PA increased in the early morning and evening. Targeted PA interventions to specifically stimulate the least active children could take place in the late afternoon or evening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikstje Wiersma
- Department of Epidemiology (HPC FA40), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Section F, PO Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Congchao Lu
- Department of Epidemiology (HPC FA40), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Centre for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Esther Hartman
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Section F, PO Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of Epidemiology (HPC FA40), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Van Kann DHH, Adank AM, van Dijk ML, Remmers T, Vos SB. Disentangling Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Patterns in Children with Low Motor Competence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203804. [PMID: 31658602 PMCID: PMC6843777 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Children with low motor competence (MC) are at high-risk for physical inactivity, yet little is known about their physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) patterns throughout the day. The purpose of this study is to disentangle PA and SB patterns among children with low MC across segmented day periods taking into account differences in gender and age. Data collection took place between May and July 2017. The Athletic Skills Track was used to measure MC. PA levels were objectively measured using accelerometers (ActiGraph, GT3X+) on school days. Data were segmented for (1) time before school, (2) time during school (based on school schedules), and (3) time after school. In total, data from 117 7-to-11 years-old children with low MC were eligible for analyses (N = 58 girls; N = 59 boys). Differences in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and SB between segmented periods, gender, and grade were analyzed by ANOVAs with post hoc tests (Tukey) and Independent Sample T-tests respectively. Time spent at school is the major contributor of time spent in SB in children with low MC. Low MC is equally distributed among gender, but large differences exist among boys and girls in both MVPA and SB, indicating low-MC girls as most inactive group. This pattern is found in all segmented periods of the school day, i.e., before, during, and after school. This study stresses the negative contribution of current school curricula on PA and SB in children with low MC, indicating the most efficient period of the day to intervene. Future school-based PA and SB interventions should particularly focus on specific high-risk populations, i.e., children with low MC, and girls in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave H H Van Kann
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 347, 5600 AH Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Department of Health Promotion, Nutrition and Translational Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anoek M Adank
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 347, 5600 AH Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin L van Dijk
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 347, 5600 AH Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Teun Remmers
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 347, 5600 AH Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Steven B Vos
- School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 347, 5600 AH Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Critical Hours and Important Environments: Relationships between Afterschool Physical Activity and the Physical Environment Using GPS, GIS and Accelerometers in 10-12-Year-Old Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16173116. [PMID: 31461924 PMCID: PMC6747485 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The objective of this study was to assess relationships between children’s physical environment and afterschool leisure time physical activity (PA) and active transport. Methods: Children aged 10–12 years participated in a 7-day accelerometer and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) protocol. Afterschool leisure time PA and active transport were identified based on location- and speed-algorithms based on accelerometer, GPS and Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) data. We operationalized children’s exposure to the environment by combining home, school and the daily transport environment in individualized daily activity-spaces. Results: In total, 255 children from 20 Dutch primary schools from suburban areas provided valid data. This study showed that greenspaces and smaller distances from the children’s home to school were associated with afterschool leisure time PA and walking. Greater distances between home and school, as well as pedestrian infrastructure were associated with increased cycling. Conclusion: We demonstrated associations between environments and afterschool PA within several behavioral contexts. Future studies are encouraged to target specific behavioral domains and to develop natural experiments based on interactions between several types of the environment, child characteristics and potential socio-cognitive processes.
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Grao-Cruces A, Segura-Jiménez V, Conde-Caveda J, García-Cervantes L, Martínez-Gómez D, Keating XD, Castro-Piñero J. The Role of School in Helping Children and Adolescents Reach the Physical Activity Recommendations: The UP&DOWN Study. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2019; 89:612-618. [PMID: 31131455 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims were to: (1) examine the levels of physical activity (PA) during different time periods (ie, daily PA, school hour PA, recess PA, physical education classes [PEC] PA) in children and adolescents; and (2) identify the rate of compliance with the specific PA recommendations for these time periods. METHODS The participants were 1925 (940 girls) children and adolescents from 40 Spanish schools. Hip-worn accelerometers were used to assess PA during different time periods. RESULTS Boys and children were more physically active and had a greater percentage meeting the daily PA recommendation and the school-based PA recommendation than girls and adolescents, respectively. Compliance with daily PA recommendation was markedly higher than that with the school-based PA recommendation, regardless of sex and age groups (ie, 80.4% vs 24.1% for daily and school-based PA recommendations, respectively, in child boys). A very low percentage (ie, 9.7% and 1.2% of child boys with almost 50% of moderate-to-vigorous PA during recess and PEC, respectively) of students reached the recommended PA levels for recess and PEC. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity levels during school hours, recess, and PEC in children and adolescents are very low. Promoting PA in school settings is essential, especially in girls and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Grao-Cruces
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avda. República Saharaui s/n, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Avda. Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Victor Segura-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avda. República Saharaui s/n, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Avda. Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Julio Conde-Caveda
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avda. República Saharaui s/n, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Avda. Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Laura García-Cervantes
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Autonomous University of Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28019 Madrid, Spain
- IdiPAZ and CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Avda. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Carr. de Canto Blanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiaofen D Keating
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The University of Texas at Austin, 1912 Speedway STOP D5700, Austin, TX
| | - José Castro-Piñero
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Avda. República Saharaui s/n, 11519 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA), Avda. Ana de Viya 21, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
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A Pedometer-Based Physically Active Learning Intervention: The Importance of Using Preintervention Physical Activity Categories to Assess Effectiveness. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:356-362. [PMID: 30612529 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2018-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess physical activity outcomes of a pedometer-based physically active learning (PAL) intervention in primary school children. METHODS Six paired schools were randomly allocated to either a 6-week teacher-led pedometer-based physically active learning intervention or a control (n = 154, female = 60%, age = 9.9 [0.3] y). Accelerometers assessed total daily sedentary time, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Preintervention mean daily MVPA minutes grouped participants as Low Active (<45 min/d) and High Active (≥45 min/d). RESULTS From the final sample size, the intervention (n = 52) significantly improved LPA versus control (n = 31, P = .04), by reducing sedentary time. More intervention (+10%) than control (+3%) pupils met the 60 minutes per day guidelines. In both intervention subgroups, pupils spent less time in LPA (P < .05) versus control. The greatest nonsignificant increase was found in the Low Active pupils MVPA levels. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in LPA were statistically significant in the intervention versus control group. In subgroup analysis, Low Active pupils in the intervention showed the greatest beneficial effects and the Most Active pupils may have replaced MVPA and sedentary time with LPA. The intervention group housed clusters of pupils showing variable responsiveness, justifying routine examination of subgroup variability in future studies.
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Contribution of Physical Education to the Daily Physical Activity of Schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132397. [PMID: 31284531 PMCID: PMC6651045 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The positive contribution of physical education (PE) to daily physical activity (PA) has been documented in past studies. However, little is known about the contribution of PE to inactive and unfit schoolchildren’s PA. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the contribution of PE to the daily PA of schoolchildren, especially for inactive and unfit schoolchildren. Accelerometers were used to measure the PA of 111 boys (Mage = 13.6 ± 0.8 years) across 7 days. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was measured during PE classes and on school days with and without PE classes. To measure the time that schoolchildren spent on MVPA, the accelerometer count (i.e., ≥2296 counts/minute) was used. Schoolchildren spent 22% of PE class time in MVPA. Times spent in MVPA were 12.9, 14.7 and 14.8 minutes higher on PE days than on days without PE for all, inactive, and unfit schoolchildren, respectively. Results showed that 40% percent and 24% of the schoolchildren met the recommended levels of PA on PE days and days without PE, respectively. It is concluded that, since PE classes increase daily engagement in MVPA, especially among inactive and unfit schoolchildren, PE classes should be conducted on all school days.
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Izzicupo P, Di Baldassarre A, Ghinassi B, Reichert FF, Kokubun E, Nakamura FY. Can Off-Training Physical Behaviors Influence Recovery in Athletes? A Scoping Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:448. [PMID: 31114502 PMCID: PMC6503646 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the attention on recovery in sport increased enormously although there is lack of scientific evidence on the role of lifestyle in terms of movement [i.e., physical behaviors (PBs)], apart from sleep. Few studies assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in athletes. The aims of this scoping review were to answer to the following scientific questions: (1) How active/inactive are competitive athletes out of training? (2) Do off-training PBs affect recovery, performance, and health? (3) What strategies can be implemented to improve recovery using off-training PBs, apart from sleep? From 1,116 potentially relevant articles, nine were eligible for inclusion in this review. The main issues identified were related to the heterogeneity concerning the types of sports, age category, gender, competitive level, sample size, and instruments/devices adopted, the paucity of studies investigating the effects of PBs while awake on recovery, and the lack of experimental designs manipulating PBs while awake to accelerate recovery. Furthermore, PA and SB domains were rarely investigated, while no research articles focused on the combined effect of 24-h PBs. Eight out of nine studies measured PA, seven SB, and two included sleep. Three studies included training practice into PA measurement by the means of accelerometry. Overall, almost the totality of the athletes achieved recommended PA levels although they sustained prolonged SB. In conclusion, more descriptive researches are needed in different athletic populations and settings. Furthermore, experimental designs aimed at investigating the effects of PBs manipulation on recovery and the putative mechanisms are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Izzicupo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Angela Di Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Barbara Ghinassi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Eduardo Kokubun
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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Ala-Kitula A, Peltonen J, Finni T, Linnamo V. Physical activity on days with and without soccer practice in 12-13-year-old boys. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1562276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anniina Ala-Kitula
- Neuromusuclar Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Taija Finni
- Neuromusuclar Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vesa Linnamo
- Neuromusuclar Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Wolf VLW, Samur-San-Martin JE, de Sousa SF, Santos HDO, Folmann AG, Ribeiro RR, Guerra-Júnior G. EFFECTIVENESS OF OBESITY INTERVENTION PROGRAMS BASED ON GUIDELINES FOR ADOLESCENT STUDENTS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA : ORGAO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE DE PEDIATRIA DE SAO PAULO 2019; 37:110-120. [PMID: 30110114 PMCID: PMC6362366 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2019;37;1;00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the effectiveness of educational interventions based on guidance on physical activity and nutrition in schoolchildren. DATA SOURCES A systematic search was carried out in four electronic databases containing articles published between October 2007 and January 2017 and addressing educational interventions with emphasis on both nutritional education and physical activity in schoolchildren and adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. DATA SYNTHESIS Twelve articles were selected for this review, of which four included only educational interventions; four made and association between educational interventions, inclusion of healthy foods and physical activity; two made a relation between guidelines and physical activity; and finally, two associated guidelines with consumption of healthy foods. CONCLUSIONS Interventions based on physical activity and/or nutrition counseling were efficient and showed superior results in studies that associated the practice of physical activity with counseling. However, the need for new studies on educational interventions among schoolchildren and adolescents was made evident.
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Vera-Estrada F, Sánchez-Rivas E, Sánchez-Rodríguez J. PROMOCIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA SALUDABLE EN EL RECREO ESCOLAR. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y DEL DEPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.15366/rimcafd2018.72.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Suzuki I, Okuda M, Tanaka M, Inoue S, Tanaka S, Tanaka C. Variability in school children's activity occurs in the recess and before-school periods. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:727-734. [PMID: 29892996 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An accurate description of physical activity (PA) at school is required for appropriate health interventions. We examined PA patterns in children, and identified the time periods that influenced them. METHODS Forty students in five Japanese primary schools were asked to wear triaxial accelerometers for ≥7 days. We obtained coefficients of variance (CV) at 15 min intervals, and conducted factor analysis of the school periods. A questionnaire was used to investigate where students spent time before school, and during recess. RESULTS The amount of PA, and its CV were higher around 8 a.m. (before-school period), 10 a.m. (morning recess), 1 p.m. (lunch recess), and 4 p.m. (commuting home from school). Moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA; ≥3.0 metabolic equivalent units [MET]) was highest during lunch recess and the after-school period (12.9 ± 7.4 min and 12.6 ± 6.2 min, respectively). The percentage of MVPA time was high (>15%) in the before-school period and morning and lunch recesses, but low (10%) in the after-school period. On factor analysis there were differences in PA patterns between the school period and the after-school period. The students who spent their time in the playground logged more MVPA time and less sedentary time (≤1.5 MET) than those who did not spend their time in the playground. CONCLUSION Activities before school, and in the morning and lunch recesses influenced daily PA, and were different from after-school PA. Close attention to these periods may help in defining PA parameters during free time at school for PA interventions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iku Suzuki
- School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okuda
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Maki Tanaka
- Department of Child Education, Kyoto Seibo College, Fushimi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Inoue
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokiwamachi, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeho Tanaka
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- Division of Integrated Sciences, J. F. Oberlin University, Tokiwamachi, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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Investigating Children’s Short-Term Responses to Imposed or Restricted Physical Activity. J Phys Act Health 2018; 15:239-246. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Watson A, Timperio A, Brown H, Best K, Hesketh KD. Effect of classroom-based physical activity interventions on academic and physical activity outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:114. [PMID: 28841890 PMCID: PMC5574081 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity is associated with many physical and mental health benefits, however many children do not meet the national physical activity guidelines. While schools provide an ideal setting to promote children’s physical activity, adding physical activity to the school day can be difficult given time constraints often imposed by competing key learning areas. Classroom-based physical activity may provide an opportunity to increase school-based physical activity while concurrently improving academic-related outcomes. The primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of classroom-based physical activity interventions on academic-related outcomes. A secondary aim was to evaluate the impact of these lessons on physical activity levels over the study duration. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, ERIC, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO) was performed in January 2016 and updated in January 2017. Studies that investigated the association between classroom-based physical activity interventions and academic-related outcomes in primary (elementary) school-aged children were included. Meta-analyses were conducted in Review Manager, with effect sizes calculated separately for each outcome assessed. Results Thirty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria for the review, and 16 provided sufficient data and appropriate design for inclusion in the meta-analyses. Studies investigated a range of academic-related outcomes including classroom behaviour (e.g. on-task behaviour), cognitive functions (e.g. executive function), and academic achievement (e.g. standardised test scores). Results of the meta-analyses showed classroom-based physical activity had a positive effect on improving on-task and reducing off-task classroom behaviour (standardised mean difference = 0.60 (95% CI: 0.20,1.00)), and led to improvements in academic achievement when a progress monitoring tool was used (standardised mean difference = 1.03 (95% CI: 0.22,1.84)). However, no effect was found for cognitive functions (standardised mean difference = 0.33 (95% CI: -0.11,0.77)) or physical activity (standardised mean difference = 0.40 (95% CI: -1.15,0.95)). Conclusions Results suggest classroom-based physical activity may have a positive impact on academic-related outcomes. However, it is not possible to draw definitive conclusions due to the level of heterogeneity in intervention components and academic-related outcomes assessed. Future studies should consider the intervention period when selecting academic-related outcome measures, and use an objective measure of physical activity to determine intervention fidelity and effects on overall physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Watson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Helen Brown
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Keren Best
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kylie D Hesketh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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Taylor SL, Curry WB, Knowles ZR, Noonan RJ, McGrane B, Fairclough SJ. Predictors of Segmented School Day Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in Children from a Northwest England Low-Income Community. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050534. [PMID: 28509887 PMCID: PMC5451985 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Schools have been identified as important settings for health promotion through physical activity participation, particularly as children are insufficiently active for health. The aim of this study was to investigate the child and school-level influences on children′s physical activity levels and sedentary time during school hours in a sample of children from a low-income community; Methods: One hundred and eighty-six children (110 boys) aged 9–10 years wore accelerometers for 7 days, with 169 meeting the inclusion criteria of 16 h∙day−1 for a minimum of three week days. Multilevel prediction models were constructed to identify significant predictors of sedentary time, light, and moderate to vigorous physical activity during school hour segments. Child-level predictors (sex, weight status, maturity offset, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity self-efficacy, physical activity enjoyment) and school-level predictors (number on roll, playground area, provision score) were entered into the models; Results: Maturity offset, fitness, weight status, waist circumference-to-height ratio, sedentary time, moderate to vigorous physical activity, number of children on roll and playground area significantly predicted physical activity and sedentary time; Conclusions: Research should move towards considering context-specific physical activity and its correlates to better inform intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Taylor
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Whitney B Curry
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2AT, UK.
| | - Robert J Noonan
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Bronagh McGrane
- School of Arts Education & Movement, Dublin City University Institute of Education, St. Patrick's Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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49
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Paravidino VB, Mediano MFF, Sichieri R. Does a single bout of exercise influence subsequent physical activity and sedentary time in overweight boys? Physiol Behav 2017; 173:231-235. [PMID: 28223036 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of a single bout of exercise on subsequent physical activity and sedentary time among overweight boys. METHODS A crossover study on 24 overweight boys (11-13years old) was conducted with three different experimental sessions: control, one bout of moderate exercise, and one bout of vigorous exercise. Physical activity was measured using triaxial accelerometers and time spent in light, moderate, vigorous, and sedentary activities was assessed during six days of follow-up. Differences in daily percentage of time spent in sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous activities among experimental sessions were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models. RESULTS Time spent in sedentary behavior was greater after moderate and vigorous sessions compared to the control, with statistically significant differences in trajectories between moderate (p=0.04) and vigorous sessions (p=0.006) compared to controls. Similarly, the time spent in moderate physical activity was smaller after moderate (p=0.02) and vigorous sessions (p=0.02) compared to the control. No differences in sedentary (p=0.50) and moderate (p=0.97) activities were observed between moderate and vigorous sessions. The percentage of time spent in vigorous physical activity showed a greater reduction in vigorous condition compared to moderate and control (p<0.01) conditions, while time spent in light physical activities was not different between sessions. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a compensatory effect after a single bout of exercise due to decreases in moderate and vigorous physical activity and increases in sedentary time during the following six days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Barreto Paravidino
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lyra Filho, 7 andar/blocos D e E, e 6 andar/bloco E, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20550-013, Brazil; Department of Physical Education and Sports, Naval Academy - Brazilian Navy, Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Almirante Silvio de Noronha, s/n, Castelo, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20021-010, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Felippe Felix Mediano
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Disease, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Rosely Sichieri
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lyra Filho, 7 andar/blocos D e E, e 6 andar/bloco E, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20550-013, Brazil
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50
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Noonan RJ, Fairclough SJ, Knowles ZR, Boddy LM. Context matters! sources of variability in weekend physical activity among families: a repeated measures study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:330. [PMID: 28420363 PMCID: PMC5395809 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Family involvement is an essential component of effective physical activity (PA) interventions in children. However, little is known about the PA levels and characteristics of PA among families. This study used a repeated measures design and multiple data sources to explore the variability and characteristics of weekend PA among families. Methods Families (including a ‘target’ child aged 9–11 years, their primary caregiver(s) and siblings aged 6–8 years) were recruited through primary schools in Liverpool, UK. Participants completed a paper-based PA diary and wore an ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer on their left wrist for up to 16 weekend days. ActiGraph.csv files were analysed using the R-package GGIR version 1.1–4. Mean minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) for each weekend of measurement were calculated using linear mixed models, and variance components were estimated for participant (inter-individual), weekend of measurement, and residual error (intra-individual). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated from the proportion of total variance accounted for by inter-individual sources, and used as a measure of reliability. Diary responses were summed to produce frequency counts. To offer contextual insight into weekend PA among family units, demographic, accelerometer, and diary data were combined to form two case studies representative of low and high active families. Results Twenty-five participants from 7 families participated, including 7 ‘target’ children (mean age 9.3 ± 1.1 years, 4 boys), 6 siblings (mean age 7.2 ± 0.7 years; 4 boys) and 12 adults (7 mothers and 5 fathers). There was a high degree of variability in target children’s (ICC = 0.55), siblings (ICC = 0.38), and mothers’ MVPA (ICC = 0.58), but not in fathers’ MVPA (ICC = 0.83). Children’s weekend PA was mostly unstructured in nature and undertaken with friends, whereas a greater proportion of parents’ weekend PA was undertaken alone in structured settings. The family case studies demonstrated that in the selected cases MVPA levels and variability across weekends were contingent on mode of PA participation. Conclusions These novel findings enhance understanding of the variability and characteristics of weekend PA among family units. The study demonstrates the utility of PA diaries in conjunction with accelerometers to provide understanding of the mode and contexts of out-of-school and family-based PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Noonan
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK. .,Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lynne M Boddy
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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