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Gholampoor N, Sharif AH, Mellor D. The effect of observing religious or faith-based fasting on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:1097-1109. [PMID: 38508992 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Fasting is common in many religions and is associated with health benefits. This systematic review to compares the impact of different religious fasting practices, on risk of cardiometabolic diseases. DATA SYNTHESIS The search covered five databases following PRISMA guidelines to identify papers published in English from inception to March 2023 (updated January 2024). Inclusion criteria were healthy adults in observational studies, who engaged in religious fasting practices, studies were included where data on matched non-fasting individuals was available. Outcomes were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), and fasting plasma glucose levels. A meta-analysis was conducted, and the review was registered (CRD42022352197). Fourteen studies were met the inclusion criteria with ten studies data being suitable for meta-analysis, reporting on 755 adults participating in fasting practices and 661 non-fasting controls. Religious fasting was associated with a reduction in BMI (-0.40 kg/m2, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.10], p < 0.01). Observance of Ramadan fasting was associated with decreased systolic blood pressure (-3.83 mmHg, 95% CI [-7.44, -0.23], p = 0.04). The observance of Orthodox Christian fasting was associated with a reduction in TC (-0.52 mmoL/l, 95%CI [-0.64, -0.39], p < 0.01). No difference was found for the other outcomes. CONCLUSION This review found religious fasting practices which were associated with a reduction in some biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases risk. Further research on other fasting practices is needed due to limited data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Gholampoor
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Duane Mellor
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Rodopaios NE, Poulios E, Papadopoulou SK, Alexatou O, Koulouri AA, Kafatos AG, Papaliagkas V, Psara E, Giannakoula A, Tsourouflis G, Antasouras G, Giaginis C. Association of Christian Orthodox Fasting with Sociodemographic, Anthropometric and Lifestyle Factors and Serum Biochemical Indices: A Cross-Sectional Study on Patients with Metabolic Diseases. Metabolites 2024; 14:67. [PMID: 38276302 PMCID: PMC10821505 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Christian Orthodox fasting, a type of time-restricted diet, which presents some similarities to the Mediterranean Diet, also including certain similarities with periodic vegetarianism or other time-restricted diets (e.g., intermittent diet and Ramadan fasting), may cumulatively be related to the same or even better beneficial healthy effects as these well-recognized dietary patterns. The present study aimed to explore the potential beneficial impact of Christian Orthodox fasting in patients with metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus type 2, excessive obesity, hypothyroidism and osteoporosis. This was a cross-sectional study, including 135 patients with metabolic disorders (67 fasters and 68 non-fasters). The enrolled fasters had adapted Christian Orthodox fasting recommendations for at least twelve consecutive years or even from childhood. Relevant questionnaires were used to record sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle data of the study population through face-to-face interviews between the enrolled individuals and qualified personnel during a non-fasting period. Christian Orthodox fasting patients showed a significantly and independently lower prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity, which is highly associated with cardiometabolic disease risks, as well as a significantly and independently lower incidence of hypertension, including separately lower systolic and diastolic pressure, than non-fasting patients. Fasters also had a significantly and independently increased prevalence of an advanced educational level and no smoking history, as well as a lower incidence of sedentary behavior, and a trend of a correlation with reduced c-reactive protein (CRP), an indicator of inflammation, compared to non-fasters. Fasters also exhibited higher serum albumin and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, as well as lower glucose levels, than non-fasters. This is one of the few cross-sectional studies demonstrating that Christian Orthodox fasting may promote metabolic health by improving several aspects of metabolic disorders, being associated with specific sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle factors. Further studies conducted on larger sample sizes from different countries and different ethnicities that include Christian Orthodox fasters are recommended to evaluate the impact of long-term religious fasting effects on human health, either as a preventative factor reducing the risk of chronic diseases and especially cardiometabolic disorders or as a nutritional intervention to ameliorate symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos E. Rodopaios
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.E.R.); (A.-A.K.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Efthymios Poulios
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (E.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Olga Alexatou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (E.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Alexandra-Aikaterini Koulouri
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.E.R.); (A.-A.K.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Anthony G. Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.E.R.); (A.-A.K.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Evmorfia Psara
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (E.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Anastasia Giannakoula
- Department of Agriculture, International Hellenic University, Sindos, 54700 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Gerasimos Tsourouflis
- Second Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgios Antasouras
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (E.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece; (E.P.); (O.A.); (E.P.); (G.A.)
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Lin X, Wang S, Huang J. The effects of time-restricted eating for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1307736. [PMID: 38239843 PMCID: PMC10794638 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1307736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a significant global health concern. Numerous investigations have explored the implications of time-restricted eating (TRE) in the management of NAFLD. Therefore, the objective of our study was to conduct a systematic review to summarize and analyze all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TRE for patients with NAFLD. A thorough literature search was executed across Embase, Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases, covering all records from their inception until 1 September 2023. All clinical studies of TRE for NAFLD were summarized and analyzed. Our systematic review included four RCTs, encompassing a total of 443 NAFLD patients. These studies varied in sample size from 32 to 271 participants. The TRE intervention was consistently applied in an 8-h window, over durations ranging from 4 weeks to 12 months. The findings suggest that TRE could offer several health benefits for NAFLD patients, such as improved liver health indicators like liver stiffness and intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) levels. Consequently, TRE appears to be a promising dietary intervention for NAFLD patients. However, it is premature to recommend TRE for patients with NAFLD. The existing body of research on the effects of TRE in NAFLD contexts is limited, underscoring the need for further high-quality studies to expand our understanding of TRE's benefits in treating NAFLD. Ongoing clinical trials may provide more insights into the effects of TRE in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuai Wang
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Mackieh R, Al-Bakkar N, Kfoury M, Okdeh N, Pietra H, Roufayel R, Legros C, Fajloun Z, Sabatier JM. Unlocking the Benefits of Fasting: A Review of its Impact on Various Biological Systems and Human Health. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1781-1803. [PMID: 38018193 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673275492231121062033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Fasting has gained significant attention in recent years for its potential health benefits in various body systems. This review aims to comprehensively examine the effects of fasting on human health, specifically focusing on its impact on different body's physiological systems. The cardiovascular system plays a vital role in maintaining overall health, and fasting has shown promising effects in improving cardiovascular health markers such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and triglyceride levels. Additionally, fasting has been suggested to enhance insulin sensitivity, promote weight loss, and improve metabolic health, thus offering potential benefits to individuals with diabetes and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, fasting can boost immune function, reduce inflammation, enhance autophagy, and support the body's defense against infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Fasting has also demonstrated a positive effect on the brain and nervous system. It has been associated with neuroprotective properties, improving cognitive function, and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, besides the ability of increasing the lifespan. Hence, understanding the potential advantages of fasting can provide valuable insights for individuals and healthcare professionals alike in promoting health and wellbeing. The data presented here may have significant implications for the development of therapeutic approaches and interventions using fasting as a potential preventive and therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Mackieh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon
| | - Nadia Al-Bakkar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut Campus, P.O. Box 11 50 20, Riad El Solh, Beirut 11072809, Lebanon
| | - Milena Kfoury
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Okdeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon
| | - Hervé Pietra
- Association Esprit Jeûne & Fasting Spirit, 226, Chemin du Pélican, Toulon 83000, France
| | - Rabih Roufayel
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Hadiya, Kuwait
| | - Christian Legros
- Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Team 2 CarMe, SFR ICAT, Angers 49000, France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Aix-- Marseille Université, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille 13385, France
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Karras SN, Koufakis T, Popovic DS, Adamidou L, Karalazou P, Thisiadou K, Zebekakis P, Makedou K, Kotsa K. A Mediterranean Eating Pattern Combining Energy and Time-Restricted Eating Improves Vaspin and Omentin Concentrations Compared to Intermittent Fasting in Overweight Individuals. Nutrients 2023; 15:5058. [PMID: 38140318 PMCID: PMC10745393 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Athonian Orthodox fasting (AOF) is characterized by energy- and time-restricted eating (TRE) and is based on the Mediterranean diet. We aimed to investigate the impact of AOF compared to another TRE model on vaspin, omentin, nesfatin, and visfatin levels. We included 25 individuals (mean age 50.3 ± 8.6 years, 24% men) who practiced AOF and abstained from animal products, with the exception of seafood and fish. This group adopted a 12 h eating interval (08.00 to 20.00). In total, 12 participants (mean age 47.7 ± 8.7 years, 33.3% men) who practiced 16:8 TRE (eating from 09:00 to 17:00) and were allowed to consume meat served as the controls. Anthropometric and dietary data and adipokine levels were prospectively collected at three time points: at baseline, after the end of the diets (7 weeks), and 5 weeks after the participants returned to their typical eating habits (12 weeks from baseline). Vaspin levels decreased [795.8 (422.1-1299.4) (baseline) vs. 402.7 (203.8-818.9) (7 weeks) pg/mL, p = 0.002] and omentin levels increased [568.5 (437.7-1196.5) (baseline) vs. 659.0 (555.7-1810.8) (12 weeks) pg/mL, p = 0.001] in the AOF group, while none of the analyzed adipokines changed significantly in the TRE group. The variations observed in vaspin and omentin concentrations in the AOF group were independent of age, sex, changes in anthropometry and fat intake. In conclusion, AOF can significantly reduce vaspin and increase omentin, whose levels are known to increase and decrease, respectively, in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The implications of these findings for cardiometabolic health warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon N. Karras
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.N.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Djordje S. Popovic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Lilian Adamidou
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Paraskevi Karalazou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, AHEPA General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.K.); (K.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Katerina Thisiadou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, AHEPA General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.K.); (K.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.N.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Kali Makedou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, AHEPA General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.K.); (K.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.N.K.); (P.Z.)
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Kokkinopoulou A, Katsiki N, Pagkalos I, Rodopaios NE, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG. Association between Dietary Patterns and Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study of Christian Orthodox Church Fasters and Non-Fasters in Greece. Foods 2023; 12:3488. [PMID: 37761196 PMCID: PMC10527694 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the Mediterranean diet contributes to healthy living, prevention of non-communicable diseases, and longevity. A cross-sectional study was conducted with participants from Greece who follow the Mediterranean diet and were further divided into two categories: (i) Christian Orthodox Church (COC) religious fasters and (ii) non-fasters. Four-hundred individuals underwent anthropometric measurements, whereas information regarding dietary intake was collected via three 24 h diet recalls and a monthly food frequency questionnaire. Principal component analysis was performed to derive dietary patterns, whereas associations between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors were investigated with the general linear model. Non-fasters (n = 200) were found to consume significantly more beef, chicken, turkey, sausage, broth, fried potatoes, ketchup, and mustard, while consuming less seafood, snails, soya, tarama salads, fresh fruits, margarine, olives, and decaf coffee. Two distinct dietary patterns were identified in fasters: (i) the "Mixed Diet" and (ii) the "Plant-based/Fasting Diet" pattern. Moreover, three patterns were identified in non-fasters, and were identified as follows: (i) the "Western Diet", (ii) the "Mixed Diet", and (iii) the "Mediterranean-like Diet" pattern. No significant association was observed between dietary patterns and the prevalence of MetS in our population. Further epidemiological studies should evaluate the links between dietary patterns and MetS prevalence within the adult Greek population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kokkinopoulou
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Pagkalos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E. Rodopaios
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Vasara
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Petros Skepastianos
- Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Hassapidou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthony G. Kafatos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
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Kokkinopoulou A, Pagkalos I, Rodopaios NE, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG. Does Religious Fasting Have a Protective Role against Metabolic Syndrome in Individuals Aged >50 Years? Nutrients 2023; 15:3215. [PMID: 37513633 PMCID: PMC10385780 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Christian Orthodox Church (COC) fasting is a periodic vegetarian-type diet lasting 180-200 days annually in which seafood and snails are allowed on all fasting days. Our aim was to investigate the effects of COC fasting on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults >50 years. METHODS One hundred seventy-six individuals participated in the study (mean age 59.7 ± 6.0 years). Eighty-nine had been following the COC fasting regime since their childhood and eighty-seven were non-fasters. Anthropometric measurements, blood samples, and nutrient intake data were collected at a scheduled appointment, during a non-fasting period. RESULTS Fasters had significantly higher hip circumference (102 ± 8.5 vs. 98.8 ± 7.5 cm, p = 0.009), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (136 ± 73 vs. 115 ± 51 mg/dL, p = 0.033), and folic acid levels (6.0 ± 4.0 vs. 3.0 ± 1.2 ng/mL, p = 0.018), as well as lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) (131 ± 13 vs. 136 ± 14 mmHg, p = 0.045), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (80 ± 8 vs. 83 ± 7 mmHg, p = 0.007), glucose (87 ± 16 vs. 93 ± 25 mg/dL, p = 0.039), and triglycerides (143 ± 94 vs. 175 ± 84 mg/dL, p = 0.040). Fasters had significantly less intake of calories (1493.65 ± 363.74 vs. 1614.65 ± 426.28 kcal, p = 0.044) and fat (81.17 ± 25.47 vs. 90.74 ± 24.75 g, p = 0.012), whereas they also consumed significantly less vitamin A-retinol, vitamin B2, vitamin B12, vitamin E, folic acid, pantothenic acid, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and significantly more vitamin C (p < 0.005 for all comparisons). BP was significantly higher in non-fasters (44.8 vs. 22.5%, p = 0.002), whereas MetS was more frequently present in non-fasters vs. fasters, with a marginal level of significance (35.6 vs. 22.5%, p = 0.055). CONCLUSIONS COC fasting may affect beneficially MetS prevalence in individuals >50 years, although future research is needed before reaching definite conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kokkinopoulou
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Pagkalos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Rodopaios
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Vasara
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Petros Skepastianos
- Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Hassapidou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthony G Kafatos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
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Kokkinopoulou A, Katsiki N, Pagkalos I, Rodopaios NE, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Dermitzakis E, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG. The Interplay between Metabolic Syndrome and Religious Fasting in Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112478. [PMID: 37299441 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Religious fasting that involves abstinence from specific food(s) is part of many religions worldwide and has been gaining attention by the research community during the last years. The study aimed to investigate whether the periodic Christian Orthodox fasting mitigates the changes in body composition, dietary intake, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in postmenopausal women. One hundred and thirty-four postmenopausal women aged 57.3 ± 6.7 years participated in this study. The Christian Orthodox fasting was followed by 68 postmenopausal women since their childhood, whereas 66 postmenopausal women were non-fasters. Data collection involved anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary information. Postmenopausal women who fasted according to Christian Orthodox Church recommendations had significantly higher mean fat free mass (45 vs. 44 kg, p = 0.002), hip circumference (104 vs. 99 cm, p = 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (79 vs. 82 mmHg, p = 0.024). No other differences were found with regards to anthropometric data. Fasters also consumed significantly less fat (78 vs. 91 g, p = 0.006), as well as saturated (19 vs. 23 g, p = 0.015), monounsaturated (41 vs. 47 g, p = 0.018), and polyunsaturated fat (8.5 vs. 10 g, p = 0.023), trans fatty acids (0.5 vs. 2.3 g, p = 0.035), and cholesterol (132 vs. 176 g, p = 0.011). In terms of MetS features, non-fasters had more frequently elevated fasting blood glucose (11.8 vs. 24.2%, p = 0.039) and elevated blood pressure (13.2 vs. 36.4%, p = 0.041) compared with fasters. MetS was more common in non-fasters versus fasters with a marginal level of significance (30.3 vs. 23.5%, p = 0.052). Postmenopausal women who follow the Christian Orthodox fasting regime had lower fat intake, and no other difference in nutrient intake, compared with non-fasters. The latter were more likely to have MetS and some of its components. Overall, periodic abstinence from meat, dairy products, and eggs might play a protective role in postmenopausal women with regard to MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kokkinopoulou
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Pagkalos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Rodopaios
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Vasara
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Petros Skepastianos
- Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Hassapidou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthony G Kafatos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
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Kokkinopoulou A, Katsiki N, Pagkalos I, Rodopaios NE, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Dermitzakis E, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG. Nutrient Intake and Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome in Christian Orthodox Church Religious Fasters. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112468. [PMID: 37299432 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies regarding health effects of religious fasting have been increased during the last decade. Our aim was to investigate the impact of adherence to the periodic Christian Orthodox Church (COC) fasting on nutrient intake, body composition, and risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS Four-hundred individuals aged 42.6 ± 17.0 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Two-hundred subjects followed the COC fasting since childhood or at least the last twelve consecutive years, and two-hundred subjects did not follow the COC fasting regimes or any other restrictive dietary pattern. Socioeconomic data, lifestyle habits, and physical activity data were collected. Nutritional assessment was performed via two 24 h recalls and a food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric data and biochemical parameters were also measured. RESULTS Fasters had a significantly lower daily intake of calories (1547 vs. 1662 kcals, p = 0.009), protein (52 vs. 59 g, p = 0.001), fat (82 vs. 89 g, p = 0.012), and cholesterol (147 vs. 178 g, p = 0.001) compared with non-fasters. Furthermore, fasters reported a healthier way of living, with lower rates of smoking and alcohol consumption (p < 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). Insulin and magnesium levels were significantly higher, whereas levels of urea, transaminases, glucose, and phosphorus were significantly lower, as was DBP in fasters versus non-fasters. Furthermore, MetS prevalence was non-significantly higher in non-faster compared with fasters. CONCLUSION During a non-fasting period, individuals following the COC fasting recommendations reported lower intake of calories, protein, fat, and cholesterol compared with non-fasters. Fasters tended to have a healthier lifestyle pattern and a lower risk for MetS versus non-fasters. Some biochemical parameters also significantly differed between the two study groups. Further research is warranted to establish the long-term clinical impact of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kokkinopoulou
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Pagkalos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Rodopaios
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Vasara
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Petros Skepastianos
- Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Hassapidou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthony G Kafatos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
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Kokkinopoulou A, Rodopaios NE, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Dermitzakis E, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG. Impact of Christian Orthodox Church Fasting on Metabolic Syndrome Components in Adults Aged 18-49 Years. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071755. [PMID: 37049597 PMCID: PMC10096952 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies regarding health effects of religious fasting have been increased during the last decade. Our aim was to investigate the effects of Christian Orthodox Church (COC) fasting on metabolic syndrome in young adults. METHODS Participants were 224 men and women, of whom 111 had been following the COC fasting regime and 113 were non-fasters, all aged 18 to 49 years (mean age 29.23 ± 8.78 years). Anthropometric measurements, including the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, were performed on individuals, and they also completed food intake questionnaires, and provided blood samples for biochemical analysis. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III and all variables were checked. RESULTS Fasters did not statistically differ in anthropometric measurements when comparing to non-fasters. Differences were found in terms of biochemical variables, and more specific in HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and total blood cholesterol, and in systemic and diastolic blood pressure, although non statistically significant. Statistically significant differences were only noticed in heart pulses and insulin levels, with fasters having lower heart pulses (69.44 ± 9.84 versus 72.63 ± 10.74) and greater mean values of insulin levels (4.16 ± 4.66 versus 3.12 ± 2.35). When analysis was carried to identify which variables were met for metabolic syndrome, it was found that fasters had statistically significant lower values of blood pressure when compared to non-fasters. In more details mean systolic blood pressure was 121.67 ± 12.21 versus 123.41 ± 11.73 for fasters and non-fasters respectively, and mean diastolic blood pressure was 75.77 ± 8.82 versus 78.27 ± 10.07 for fasters and non-fasters. Furthermore, the mean energy intake was higher in non-fasters (1698.25 ± 515.99 kcals) when compared to fasters (1590.24 ± 404.19 kcals) but not statistically significant different. CONCLUSIONS Young adults aged 18 to 49 years who fast according to the COC fasting regimes do not have different metabolic syndrome prevalence when comparing to non-fasters, but there was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of elevated blood pressure with fasters having lower values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kokkinopoulou
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Rodopaios
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Vasara
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Petros Skepastianos
- Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Hassapidou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthony G Kafatos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Giaginis C, Mantzorou M, Papadopoulou SK, Gialeli M, Troumbis AY, Vasios GK. Christian Orthodox Fasting as a Traditional Diet with Low Content of Refined Carbohydrates That Promotes Human Health: A Review of the Current Clinical Evidence. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051225. [PMID: 36904225 PMCID: PMC10004762 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Christian Orthodox fasting is a pattern high in complex carbohydrates and low in refined carbohydrates. It has been explored in association with its potential health benefits. The present review aims to comprehensively explore the existing available clinical data concerning the potential favorable impact of the dietary pattern of Christian Orthodox fasting on human health. METHODS PubMed database, Web of Science and Google Scholar were extensively searched in order to identify the more appropriate clinical studies that explore the effect of Christian Orthodox fasting on health-related outcomes in humans utilizing relative keywords. We initially retrieved 121 records through database searching. After applying several exclusion criteria, 17 clinical studies were finally included in this review study. DISCUSSION Christian Orthodox fasting showed beneficial effects concerning glucose and lipid control, whereas the data for blood pressure remain inconclusive. Concerning weight control, fasters were characterized by lower body mass and lower caloric intake in the course of the fasting periods. During fasting, this pattern is higher in fruits and vegetables, showing the absence of dietary deficiencies for iron and folate. Nevertheless, dietary deficiencies were recorded for calcium and vitamin B2, and also hypovitaminosis D has been noticed in monks. Interestingly, the vast majority of monks do present with both good quality of life and mental health. CONCLUSIONS Overall, Christian Orthodox fasting is a dietary pattern low in refined carbohydrates and high in complex carbohydrates and fiber that may be beneficial for human health promotion and chronic disease prevention. However, further studies are strongly recommended on the impact of long-term religious fasting on HDL cholesterol levels and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Maria Mantzorou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (S.K.P.)
| | - Maria Gialeli
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece
| | - Andreas Y. Troumbis
- Department of Environment, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Georgios K. Vasios
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece
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Georgakouli K, Siamata F, Draganidis D, Tsimeas P, Papanikolaou K, Batrakoulis A, Gatsas A, Poulios A, Syrou N, Deli CK, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ. The Effects of Greek Orthodox Christian Fasting during Holy Week on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Overweight Adults. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10040120. [PMID: 36547206 PMCID: PMC9777691 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether Greek Orthodox Christian fasting during Holy Week can change body composition and cardiometabolic parameters in overweight individuals, and whether these changes are maintained one week after fasting cessation (FC). Body composition and physiological and biochemical parameters were measured before, immediately after (n = 23) and one week after FC (subgroup of n = 10). Fasting resulted in decreased body weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index and total body fat, as well as blood glucose, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Nutrition analysis showed a decreased protein and saturated fat intake during fasting. FC (n = 10) resulted in a decreased carbohydrate intake and increased protein and cholesterol intake compared to fasting. Fasting resulted in decreased blood glucose, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels but returned to pre-fasting levels after FC. Greek Orthodox Christian fasting during Holy Week is beneficial for body composition and some aspects of cardiometabolic health. However, these favourable changes are not maintained one week following fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Georgakouli
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Argonauton 1C, 42132 Trikala, Greece
| | - Fotini Siamata
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsimeas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papanikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Alexios Batrakoulis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Gatsas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Poulios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Niki Syrou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Chariklia K. Deli
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Ioannis G. Fatouros
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-24310-47054
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13
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Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Boujelbane MA, Puce L, Garbarino S, Scoditti E, Boukhris O, Khanfir S, Clark CCT, Glenn JM, Alhaj OA, Jahrami H, Chtourou H, Bragazzi NL. Religious fasting and its impacts on individual, public, and planetary health: Fasting as a "religious health asset" for a healthier, more equitable, and sustainable society. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1036496. [PMID: 36505246 PMCID: PMC9729557 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1036496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Religious fasting is practiced by people of all faiths, including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, as well as Hinduism, Judaism, and Taoism. Individual/clinical, public, global, and planetary health has traditionally been studied as separate entities. Nevertheless, religious fasting, in conjunction with other religious health assets, can provide several opportunities, ranging from the individual to the population, environmental, and planetary levels, by facilitating and supporting societal transformations and changes, such as the adoption of healthier, more equitable, and sustainable lifestyles, therein preserving the Earth's systems and addressing major interconnected, cascading, and compound challenges. In this review, we will summarize the most recent evidence on the effects of religious fasting, particularly Orthodox and Ramadan Islamic fasting, on human and public health. Further, we will explore the potential effects of religious fasting on tackling current environmental issues, with a special focus on nutrition/food restriction and planetary health. Finally, specific recommendations, particularly around dietary intake during the fasting rituals, will be provided to ensure a sustainable healthy planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, Sfax, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- UFR SESS-STAPS, Paris-East Créteil University, LIRTES (EA 7313), Créteil, France
| | - Mohamed Ali Boujelbane
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy
| | - Omar Boukhris
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Saber Khanfir
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cain C. T. Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan M. Glenn
- Department of Health, Exercise Science Research Center Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Omar A. Alhaj
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Christmas and New Year “Dietary Titbits” and Perspectives from Chronobiology. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153177. [PMID: 35956352 PMCID: PMC9370396 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A historical Christmas card connecting two pioneers of modern chronobiology (Colin Pittendrigh and Jürgen Aschoff) brings together key evolutionary facets of the field at Christmas time. The importance of the field to physiology and medicine is conveyed by the Nobel Prize award in 2017 for discoveries of how body clocks facilitate the temporal organization of physiology across days and nights. Temporal organization can have relevance for dietary Christmas excesses and dietary New Year resolutions. Herein, we examine how diet around Christmas and New Year has been targeted in human health research and we examine published opinion on dietary practice concerning Christmas and New Year using a systematized literature review approach. Thereafter, via a selective literature synthesis regarding time-restricted eating, we explore the chronobiological notion that “when” we eat and drink may make differences in terms of whether we experience weight gain and adverse health effects during and after the festive days. Overall, current Christmas eating is typically detrimental to health in terms of “how much” we consume of “what”. Regarding New Year’s goal-setting, chronobiology-based advice could be considered insofar as “when” we eat may be a healthier and more sustainable nutritional habit alternative. While we need further studies in humans, individual and public health may benefit during and after Christmas by adhering to plausible principles of chrononutrition. That detrimental nutritional excesses over Christmas may encourage individuals to tackle their eating habits should not be left untapped.
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Craggs-Dino L, El Chaar M, Husain FA, Rogers AM, Lima AG, Sadegh M, Bashiti J, Chapmon K. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Review on Fasting for Religious Purposes after Surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2022; 18:861-871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Kokkinopoulou A, Pagkalos I, Hassapidou M, Kafatos A. Dietary Patterns in Adults Following the Christian Orthodox Fasting Regime in Greece. Front Nutr 2022; 9:803913. [PMID: 35321286 PMCID: PMC8936505 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.803913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to identify and describe the dietary patterns seen in a carefully selected sample that follows the Christian Orthodox Church (COC) fasting regime in Greece. Methods A number of 361 individuals from Northern Greece participated in this cross-sectional study. A number of 176 subjects have been fasting according to the COC recommendations since childhood and 185 non-fasters acted as the control group. Dietary data from a validated food frequency questionnaire were used to derive dietary patterns by principal component analysis (PCA). Results Three distinct dietary patterns were identified in the fasting population, the “COC Fasting,” the “Western,” and the “Traditional” dietary pattern, whereas in the non-fasting population, two dietary patterns were found the “Western” and the “Traditional.” The dietary patterns in the fasting population were associated with healthier lifestyle choices, such as abstaining from alcohol and smoke and reduced red and processed meats consumption. Conclusion Findings from the study revealed that people who adhere to the COC fasting recommendations since childhood tend to follow this dietary pattern throughout the year. By gaining insights into the energy and nutrient intake of this unique dietary pattern, public health stakeholders could promote healthier eating behaviors to prevent non-communicable chronic diseases, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kokkinopoulou
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Herakleion, Greece
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
- *Correspondence: Anna Kokkinopoulou
| | - Ioannis Pagkalos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Hassapidou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthony Kafatos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Herakleion, Greece
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Impact of Christian Orthodox Church dietary recommendations in Metabolic Syndrome risk factors: a scoping review. Nutr Res Rev 2021; 35:221-235. [PMID: 34108056 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fasting has been a practice among followers of different religions for many years. Christian Orthodox Church (COC) fasting is a periodic vegetarian-type diet while seafood and snails are allowed on most fasting days. The present scoping review aimed to present available data regarding the benefits of COC fasting on metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors. Databases were searched for available studies. Twenty publications, with a total of 1226 fasting participants, provided data on the effects on different variables of the MetS, including blood pressure, blood lipids and anthropometric measurements. Fasters' diet is characterized by low saturated and trans fat intake, high complex carbohydrate and fiber consumption, due to foods allowed to consume. COC fasting has no deficiency in essential amino acids intake since seafood and snails allowed on fasting days. Fasters have healthier blood lipid profiles during and after COC fasting periods, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, body weight and body mass index are reduced after a fasting period. Due to restricted or forbidden intake of specific foods during the COC fasting periods, one might expect that fasters may have reduced intake of macro- and micro-nutrients, but as showed in the available literature there are no deficiencies. Future research on COC fasting is needed in areas not investigated at all, like MetS, before reaching definite conclusions.
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Abstract
Fasting potentials are the most interesting topics in the Nutritional Era. Fasting consists of the catabolism of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates to maintain blood glucose levels in a normal range. The action mechanisms of fasting were firstly understood in minor organisms and later in humans. Nutritional interventions of caloric restriction could attenuate age-associated epigenetic alterations and could have a protective effect against cellular alterations, promoting longevity and health span. While most fasting studies point out the weight and fat mass decreases, it is important to define specific guidelines for fasting and non-fasting days to enhance adherence, minimize the dropout rates of the interventions, and maximize body composition improvement. Although the panorama of evidence on fasting and caloric restriction is wide, there is a lack of a safe fasting protocol to guide physicians in its prescription. The main goal is to identify a how to use guide, a major posology of fasting, inserted within a huge dietetic personalized strategy leading to an optimal and healthy nutritional status.
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The Christian Orthodox Church Fasting Diet Is Associated with Lower Levels of Depression and Anxiety and a Better Cognitive Performance in Middle Life. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020627. [PMID: 33671993 PMCID: PMC7919284 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle choices significantly influence mental health in later life. In this study we investigated the effects of the Christian Orthodox Church (COC) fasting diet, which includes long-term regular abstinence from animal-based products for half the calendar year, on cognitive function and emotional wellbeing of healthy adults. Two groups of fasting and non-fasting individuals were evaluated regarding their cognitive performance and the presence of anxiety and depression using the Mini Mental Examination Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), respectively. Data on physical activity, smoking, and vitamin levels were collected and correlated with mental health scoring. Negative binomial regression was performed to examine differences in the GDS scores between the two groups. Significantly lower levels of anxiety (7.48 ± 4.98 vs. 9.71 ± 5.25; p < 0.001) and depression (2.24 ± 1.77 vs. 3.5 ± 2.52; p < 0.001), along with better cognitive function (29.15 ± 0.79 vs. 28.64 ± 1.27; p < 0.001), were noticed in fasting compared to non-fasting individuals. GDS score was 31% lower (Incidence Rate Ratio: 0.69, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.56–0.85) in the fasting group compared to the control, while vitamin and ferrum levels did not differ. The COC fasting diet was found to have an independent positive impact on cognition and mood in middle-aged and elderly individuals.
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Khan ZH, Minagar M, Dehghan-Tezerjani M. Activation of the Renin-angiotensin System could Cause Hypertension During Fasting in Muslims in the Month of Ramadhan. Curr Hypertens Rev 2020; 16:79-80. [PMID: 30767748 DOI: 10.2174/1573402115666190214112546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We are of the opinion that fasting in Muslims during the month of Ramadhan could cause hypertension secondary to dehydration that inevitably follows. Dehydration initiates a cascade of hormonal events that finally culminate in hypertension. This hypothesis however needs to be tested in a randomized trial to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Imam Khomeini Medical Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Minagar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Imam Khomeini Medical Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Dehghan-Tezerjani
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Imam Khomeini Medical Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sisay T, Tolessa T, Mekonen W. Changes in biochemical parameters by gender and time: Effect of short-term vegan diet adherence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237065. [PMID: 32785233 PMCID: PMC7423121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vegetarian diets adapted for various reasons that may include religious, ethical, and health considerations have reasonable health benefits including weight loss, and favorable metabolic changes. However, studies that assessed health benefits associated with vegan diet practices during the Ethiopian Orthodox Christian (EOC) Lenten fasting remains limited. This study has, therefore, assessed how short-term vegan diet associated with metabolic traits, including weight, body mass index (BMI), circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), through longitudinal cross-sectional study design. Methods Seventy-five subjects (34 females and 41 males) with a mean age of [+SD] 27.3 + 5.8 years (range, 18 and 35) took part in the study. The study followed three assessment sessions: at baseline, during the Lenten (week 7), and 7 weeks after the end of the Lenten (week 14). An automatic chemistry analyzer (Mindray, BE-2000, China) used for lipid profile analysis. We used paired sample t-test in pre and post-performance and repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc adjustment between time points. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results The EOC fasting with vegan diet induced significantly lower blood pressure, weight, BMI, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TC: HDL-C ratios, during Lenten (that is vegan diet consumption), but a regain noted in these parameters 7-weeks after Lenten (that is omnivore diet). On gender differences, vegan diet associated with significantly lower blood pressure, TC, and LDL-C in females compared with age-matched male counterparts. Some methodological limitations of this study are discussed with particular reference to lack of a randomized control group and self-reported data that limit this study in establishing a causal relationship through observed associations. Conclusions Vegan diet consumption even for short period corroborate ideal metabolic traits, with more favorable changes noted in women than age-matched men counterparts. These findings might help to define vegetarian diets as part of religious fasting (beyond its spiritual goals) as a non-pharmacological prescription in different populations, and our findings add to growing evidence in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Sisay
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Tesfaye Tolessa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondyefraw Mekonen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Karras SN, Koufakis T, Adamidou L, Polyzos SA, Karalazou P, Thisiadou K, Zebekakis P, Makedou K, Kotsa K. Similar late effects of a 7-week orthodox religious fasting and a time restricted eating pattern on anthropometric and metabolic profiles of overweight adults. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 72:248-258. [PMID: 32605472 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1787959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A hypocaloric diet, based on Orthodox fasting (OF) was followed by 29 overweight adults. A low-calorie, 16/8, time restricted eating (TRE) pattern was followed by 16 age- and weight-matched participants. Anthropometric, lipid, glycaemic and inflammation markers were assessed at baseline, at the end of the intervention (7 weeks from baseline) and 6 weeks after the cessation of diets (13 weeks from baseline). There was a trend of weight loss in both groups, which was evident at week 7 (TRE: -2.1 ± 1.0; OF: -2.0 ± 0.5 kg, p < 0.001 from baseline) and remained significant at week 13 (TRE: -2.9 ± 0.7; OF: -2.6 ± 0.3 kg, p < 0.001 from baseline). In the OF group, lipid concentrations declined at week 7 compared with baseline, increasing at week 13 compared with week 7. Our findings suggest that OF promotes a decrease in lipid concentrations, which however, is not evident 6 weeks after its end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon N Karras
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lilian Adamidou
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Karalazou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Thisiadou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kali Makedou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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The significant effect on musculoskeletal metabolism and bone density of the Eastern Mediterranean Christian Orthodox Church fasting. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:1736-1742. [PMID: 32483221 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nutritional disorders cause secondary osteoporosis as well as musculoskeletal metabolism dysfunction. The Christian Orthodox Church's fasting in Mediterranean countries such Greece and Cyprus, or M.C.O.C. diet consists of self-restraint from food and/or food categories for 180 ± 19 days of total, especially of animal protein and dairy products. This case-control study attempts to investigate the effect of this fasting pattern on musculoskeletal metabolism and bone density. DESIGN One hundred fasters (or M.C.O.C. diet followers; 68 women and 32 men, mean 59 ± 6.5) with 32 years average fasting time and 100 non-fasters (66 females and 34 males, mean 58.1 ± 6.8; the control group of Mediterranean diet followers) over the age of 50, including menopausal women, were interviewed, as well as physically and laboratory examined along with DEXA measurements of the L2-4 vertebrae and hips. Nutrition data gathered through a 3-day food record during a non-fasting period, while energy intakes calculated on a daily food consumption basis. RESULTS Given the overall low incidence of osteoporosis in the Mediterranean diet, it appears to be more than three times higher than that of M.C.O.C. diet despite the periodic restriction of food intake of animal origin into a slightly hypothermic pattern, which in turn is characterized by increased consumption of multicolored vegetable foods. CONCLUSIONS Abstinence from dairy products and meat does not adversely affect musculoskeletal metabolism or bone density. M.C.O.C. diet seems to be "healthy" eating habit for the musculoskeletal system, as future studies expected to confirm.
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Karras SN, Koufakis T, Adamidou L, Antonopoulou V, Karalazou P, Thisiadou K, Mitrofanova E, Mulrooney H, Petróczi A, Zebekakis P, Makedou K, Kotsa K. Effects of orthodox religious fasting versus combined energy and time restricted eating on body weight, lipid concentrations and glycaemic profile. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 72:82-92. [PMID: 32362210 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1760218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
For seven weeks, 37 overweight adults followed a hypocaloric diet based on Orthodox Fasting (OF). A hypocaloric, time restricted eating (TRE) plan (eating between 08:00 to 16:00 h, water fasting from 16:00 to 08:00 h) was followed by 23 Body Mass Index (BMI)-matched participants. Anthropometric, glycaemic and inflammation markers and serum lipids were assessed before and after the diets. Both OF and TRE groups demonstrated reductions in BMI (28.54 ± 5.45 vs 27.20 ± 5.10 kg/m2, p < 0.001 and 26.40 ± 4.11 vs 25.81 ± 3.78 kg/m2 p = 0.001, respectively). Following the intervention, the OF group presented lower concentrations of total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, compared with the pre-fasting values (178.40 ± 34.14 vs 197.17 ± 34.30 mg/dl, p < 0.001 and 105.89 ± 28.08 vs 122.37 ± 29.70 mg/dl, p < 0.001, respectively). Neither group manifested significant differences in glycaemic and inflammatory parameters. Our findings suggest that OF has superior lipid lowering effects than the TRE pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon N Karras
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lilian Adamidou
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Antonopoulou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Karalazou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Thisiadou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elina Mitrofanova
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Hilda Mulrooney
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Petróczi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kali Makedou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ganesan K, Habboush Y, Dagogo-Jack S. Calorie Restriction and Intermittent Fasting: Impact on Glycemic Control in People With Diabetes. Diabetes Spectr 2020; 33:143-148. [PMID: 32425451 PMCID: PMC7228814 DOI: 10.2337/ds19-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting has been suggested as an option for managing overweight and obesity. The purpose of this article is to present a balanced review of the practice of intermittent fasting and its impact on glycemic control in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Ganesan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Samuel Dagogo-Jack
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
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Metabolic Effects of Fasting and Animal Source Food Avoidance in an Ethiopian Adult Cohort. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16964. [PMID: 31740698 PMCID: PMC6861246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting is a religious practice to which the faithful comply strictly. The longest period of fasting in Orthodox religion is the lent (in Ethiopia known as “Hudade”). According to the doctrine of Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, fasters should strictly avoid all animal source foods (ASF) and skip breakfast at least up to lunch time. This can be taken as a well-controlled natural experiment to evaluate the effect of breakfast skipping and avoidance of ASF for 55 days. However, there is no study that evaluated the effect of ASF fasting (avoidance of animal source foods and breakfast skipping) on lipid profiles, fasting blood sugar and body composition in Ethiopian set up. A retrospective cohort study was carried out among 704 employees of Jimma University (253 fasters and 451 non-fasters) from February 2015 to April 2015. Data on socio-demographic, anthropometry, blood pressure and blood samples were collected according to WHO STEPS procedure. Descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression models were used to compare the effect of fasting on outcome variables. There was a significant difference in the body fat percent (mean ± sd) between non-fasters (32.35 ± 11.12) and fasters (30.59 ± 11.22, P = 0.045). Similarly, the mean ± sd waist circumference was higher among non-fasters (84.96 ± 11.43 cm) compared to fasters (83.04 ± 11.43 cm, P < 0.033). High density lipoprotein was significantly (P = 0.001) high among fasters (68.29 mg/dl) compared to non-fasters (57.24 mg/dl). Total cholesterol (T.chol) was also higher among non- fasters (181.01 mg/dl) than fasters (173.80 mg/dl, P = 0.035). The mean Triglyceride level was significantly (P = 0.035) high among non-fasters (142.76 mg/dl) compared to fasters (129.39 mg/dl). Similarly, fasting blood sugar was high among non-fasters (100.14 mg/dl) compared to fasters (95.11 mg/dl), P = 0.009. On multivariable linear regression analyses after adjusting for different variables, fasters had a significantly high mean HDL and lower mean T.chol, Triglycerides, FBS and LDL levels. Similarly, fasters had a significantly low mean waist circumference and low mean body fat percent (P < 0.05). In conclusion, animal source food avoidanceand breakfast skipping has a significant desirable health effects on lipid profiles, fasting blood sugar and body composition. The findings imply the need for considering such a dietary practice as a basis for public health promotion. Future research should investigate the effect of ASF fasting and breakfast skipping on micronutrient intake and determine the minimum number of days of fasting required to generate clinically significant effects.
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Bethancourt HJ, Kratz M, O'Connor K. A short-term religious "fast" from animal products has a minimal impact on cardiometabolic health biomarkers irrespective of concurrent shifts in distinct plant-based food groups. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:722-732. [PMID: 31380559 PMCID: PMC6735803 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-based diets may help improve measures of body fat, blood cholesterol, glucose metabolism, and inflammation. However, limited evidence suggests that the health effects of reducing animal products may depend on the quality of plant-based foods consumed as caloric replacements. OBJECTIVE This study examined how temporarily restricting consumption of meat, dairy, and egg (MDE) products for religious purposes influences cardiometabolic health biomarkers and whether any effects of MDE restriction on biomarkers are modified by concurrent shifts in calories, fish, and distinct plant-based foods. DESIGN This study followed a sample of 99 individuals in the United States with varying degrees of adherence to Orthodox Christian (OC) guidance to abstain from MDE products during Lent, the 48-d period prior to Easter. Dietary composition was estimated from FFQs and 7-d food records; measures of body fat, blood lipids, glucose metabolism, and inflammation were collected prior to and at the end of Lent. RESULTS Each serving decrease in MDE products was associated with an average -3.7% (95% CI: -5.5%, -2.0%; P < 0.0001) and -3.6% (95% CI: -5.8%, -1.3%; P = 0.003) change in fasting total and LDL blood cholesterol, respectively, which were partly explained by minor weight loss. However, the total/HDL cholesterol ratio did not significantly decrease due to an average -3.2% (95% CI: -5.8%, -0.6%; P = 0.02) change in HDL cholesterol. No associations between MDE restrictions and shifts in measures of body fat, glucose, insulin, or C-reactive protein were observed. The data could not provide evidence that changes in cardiometabolic health biomarkers in relation to MDE restriction were modified by concurrent shifts in calories, fish, or plant-based foods. CONCLUSION Temporary MDE restrictions practiced by this sample of OCs in the United States during Lent had minimal effects on cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Further research among larger samples of OCs is needed to understand how nutritionally distinct and complex combinations of plant-based foods may modify the health effects of religious fasting from MDE products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary J Bethancourt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA,Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Address correspondence to HJB (e-mail: )
| | - Mario Kratz
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen O'Connor
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Rodopaios NE, Mougios V, Konstantinidou A, Iosifidis S, Koulouri AA, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Dermitzakis E, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG. Effect of periodic abstinence from dairy products for approximately half of the year on bone health in adults following the Christian Orthodox Church fasting rules for decades. Arch Osteoporos 2019; 14:68. [PMID: 31243579 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-019-0625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Christian Orthodox Church (COC) fasting is characterized by periodic abstinence from animal foods (including dairy products). We found that, despite this, older individuals adhering to COC fasting for decades did not differ in bone mineral density, bone mineral content, or prevalence of osteoporosis at five sites from non-fasting controls. PURPOSE The present observational study investigated whether adherence to COC fasting, characterized by periodic abstinence from animal foods (including dairy products), affects bone health and the prevalence of osteoporosis in older individuals. METHODS Participants were 200 men and women, of whom 100 had been following the fasting rules of the COC for a median of 31 years and 100 were non-fasters, all aged 50 to 78 years. Participants underwent measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at the lumbar spine, right hip, left hip, right femoral neck, and left femoral neck; completed a 3-day food intake record and food frequency questionnaire; and provided blood samples for biochemical measurements. RESULTS Fasters did not differ from non-fasters in demographic characteristics, anthropometric measures, BMD, BMC, or prevalence of osteopenia or osteoporosis at any of the five sites measured (P > 0.05). Fasters had lower daily calcium intake than non-fasters (median 532 vs 659 mg, P = 0.010), daily protein intake (0.67 vs 0.71 g/kg, P = 0.028), and consumption of dairy and soy products (10.3 vs 15.3 servings per week, P < 0.001). Groups did not differ in serum calcium, vitamin D, or urea concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Despite lower calcium intake and lower consumption of dairy and soy products, older individuals adhering to COC fasting did not differ in BMD, BMC, or prevalence of osteoporosis from controls. Thus, periodic abstinence from dairy and, generally, animal products does not seem to compromise bone health in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos E Rodopaios
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Konstantinidou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Alexander Technological and Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Sindos, Greece
| | - Stelios Iosifidis
- Department of Nutrition Science and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra-Aikaterini Koulouri
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eleni Vasara
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Alexander Technological and Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Sindos, Greece
| | - Petros Skepastianos
- Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, Alexander Technological and Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Sindos, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Hassapidou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Alexander Technological and Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Sindos, Greece
| | - Anthony G Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Ahmed DA, El-Toony LF, Herdan OM, Abd El-All AM. The effect of the Lenten fast on diabetes control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:848-852. [PMID: 30641820 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egyptian Christians account for about 10%-15% of the population; the largest absolute number in the Middle East and North Africa. The Lent period is one of the three principal fasting periods which is less documented in the scientific literature. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of Lenten fasting on anthropometric measures, biochemical and glycemic parameters in Christian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS A prospective study, which was carried out in Assiut university hospital clinics of internal medicine during the period between February and May 2018 on 125 Christian patients with type 2 diabetes who fasted the Lent. The study was carried out in 3 phases.A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess the risk category of fasting. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS Fasting blood glucose decreased significantly during, and after the fast.The number of patients with fasting blood glucose <8 mmol/L increased during fasting from 24.8% to 32.0%.Hypoglycemia during fasting occurred in 12.8% of patients. Hyperglycemia and dehydration were the main causes of breaking the fast.Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased during and after the fast. There was no significant change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Body weight of patients did not significantly change during fasting. CONCLUSION The Lenten fasting affected different biochemical parameters of fasting diabetic patients. The variations in the amount and type of diets of fasting patients caused variations in the results among patients of the study and between this study and the other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ali Ahmed
- Assiut University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Assiut, Egypt.
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Desalegn BB, Lambert C, Riedel S, Negese T, Biesalski HK. Ethiopian Orthodox Fasting and Lactating Mothers: Longitudinal Study on Dietary Pattern and Nutritional Status in Rural Tigray, Ethiopia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1767. [PMID: 30126089 PMCID: PMC6121597 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
About half of Ethiopians belong to the Orthodox Tewahedo religion. Annually, more than 200 days are dedicated to religious fasting, which includes abstaining from all types of food, animal source foods, and water. However, the association of fasting with undernutrition remains unknown in Ethiopia. Therefore, dietary pattern and nutritional status of lactating women during lent fasting and non-fasting periods were studied, and predictor variables for maternal underweight were identified. To achieve this, lactating mothers in lent fasting (N = 572) and non-fasting (N = 522) periods participated from rural Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Average minimum diet diversity (MDD-W) was computed from two 24-h recalls, and nutritional status was assessed using body mass index (BMI). Binary logistic regression was used to identify potential predictors of maternal underweight. Wilcoxon signed-rank (WSRT) and McNemar's tests were used for comparison of the two periods. The prevalence of underweight in fasting mothers was 50.6%. In the multivariate logistic regression model, younger age, sickness in the last four weeks preceding the survey, fasting during pregnancy, lactation periods, grandfathers' as household decision makers, previous aid experience, non-improved water source, and not owning chicken were positively associated with maternal underweight. In WSRT, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference on maternal body weight and BMI between periods. The average number of meals, diet diversity, and animal source foods (ASFs), consumption scores were significantly increased in non-fasting compared to fasting periods in both fasting and non-fasting mothers (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, and p < 0.001, respectively). Consumption of dark green leafy vegetables was higher in the fasting period (11%) than non-fasting (3.6%), in the study population. As a conclusion, Ethiopian Orthodox fasting negatively affected maternal nutritional status and dietary pattern in rural Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. To reduce maternal malnutrition in Ethiopia, existing multi-sectoral nutrition intervention strategies, should include religious institutions in a sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beruk Berhanu Desalegn
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Postal code: 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christine Lambert
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Simon Riedel
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Tegene Negese
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Postal code: 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Hans Konrad Biesalski
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Venegas-Borsellino C, Sonikpreet, Martindale RG. From Religion to Secularism: the Benefits of Fasting. Curr Nutr Rep 2018; 7:10.1007/s13668-018-0233-2. [PMID: 29987704 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-018-0233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the early development of human societies, religious beliefs, and practices has been integral to their identity, culture, and social structure, traditions are influenced by the area, era, and culture wherein they developed. Some religions offer advice on behavioral and diet modifications as strategies to fortify the body, purify the spirit, and elevate consciousness. This review is an attempt to compare different practices, describe the health benefits and risks of fasting, and reconcile these age-old recommendations with practical modern life. RECENT FINDINGS Research to clarify and quantify the impact of these dietary modifications is challenging due to the variability in recommendations among various religions and in day-to-day practices. Most religions share common goals of well-being, body-mind integration, and spiritual attainment. Historically, the transformational power of fasting periods has been appreciated, but there is still much to discover about the underlying beneficial physiologic mechanisms of fasting in preventing and treating metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Venegas-Borsellino
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Neurocritical Care at Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, USA.
- Departments of Critical Care and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Sonikpreet
- Departments of Hemato-Oncology at Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Robert G Martindale
- Departments of General Surgery at Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
- Hospital Nutrition Services at Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
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Koufakis T, Karras SN, Zebekakis P, Kotsa K. Orthodox religious fasting as a medical nutrition therapy for dyslipidemia: where do we stand and how far can we go? Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:474-479. [PMID: 29453427 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported inconclusive results regarding the effects of Orthodox religious fasting (OF) on common cardiovascular risk factors, including arterial hypertension and diabetes. Contrariwise, an optimal effect on dyslipidemia has been demonstrated and significant reductions in total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, in Orthodox populations without comorbidities, have been consistently reported. This favorable effect on lipid homeostasis is probably facilitated by a broad lifestyle modification related to OF, extended beyond dietary habits. However, several clinical issues require further clarification by future trials including the efficacy and safety of OF in specific groups of patients with dyslipidemia, mainly those with cardiovascular disease and diabetes, the effects of OF on high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), the dietary limitations of specific vitamins and minerals during fasting, as well as the optimal duration of this dietary intervention. The present article aims to discuss, whether there is a strong enough theoretical background, to currently support the implementation of OF as a medical nutrition therapy for dyslipidemia in the daily clinical setting, with a discourse on available evidence and future research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon N Karras
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Makedou KG, Vagdatli E, Patziarela E, Konstantinidou V, Poimenidou E, Lymperaki E. Total Antioxidant Capacity, Haematological and Coagulation Parameters after Orthodox Christian Fast. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018. [PMID: 29531589 PMCID: PMC5839433 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Orthodox Christian believers fast abstaining from meat, eggs, dairy products or even fish and oil in certain days of the fasting period, three times a year. AIM: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of a 48-day fast before Easter in blood count parameters, coagulation and antioxidant status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 35 healthy volunteers, 19-66 years old, were included in the study. White blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes (Lymph), granulocytes (Gran), haemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), red blood cells (RBC), mean erythrocyte volume (MCV), platelets (Plt), were measured. Blood coagulation parameters, such as PT, aPTT, fibrinogen concentration, factor VII activity were also determined, and INR (PTsample/PTcontrol) and aPTT ratio (aPTTsample/aPTTcontrol) were calculated. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was assayed. RESULTS: Levels of all parameters remained within normal. By the end of the fasting period, lymphocytes and TAC levels were significantly increased (p = 0.011), whereas all the other parameters, except fibrinogen, were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION: Orthodox Christian fast impairs all haematological and coagulation parameters and seems to be beneficial in the body antioxidant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kali G Makedou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Vagdatli
- Alexandrion Technological Education Institute of Thessaloniki, Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, School of Health Care Professions, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Patziarela
- Alexandrion Technological Education Institute of Thessaloniki, Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, School of Health Care Professions, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Konstantinidou
- Alexandrion Technological Education Institute of Thessaloniki, Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, School of Health Care Professions, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eirini Poimenidou
- Alexandrion Technological Education Institute of Thessaloniki, Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, School of Health Care Professions, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evgenia Lymperaki
- Alexandrion Technological Education Institute of Thessaloniki, Department of Medical Laboratory Studies, School of Health Care Professions, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Koufakis T, Karras SΝ, Antonopoulou V, Angeloudi E, Zebekakis P, Kotsa K. Effects of Orthodox religious fasting on human health: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56:2439-2455. [PMID: 28856433 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different studies have pointed towards a positive effect of religious fasting on human health. Orthodox fasting (OF) regime could be characterized as a periodical vegetarian diet, demonstrating several common characteristics with the typical Mediterranean diet. The present systematic review aimed to synthesize available results regarding the potential impact of OF on human health. METHODS Key biomedical databases were searched to identify studies examining the effects of OF on humans. Following implementation of specific criteria, ten studies were included in the analysis and their results were systematically reported and critically appraised in this review. RESULTS According to the available limited results, OF periods are characterized by a restriction in total energy and fat intake, an increase in carbohydrate and fiber consumption, while in terms of protein intake, results are contradictive. The overall effect of OF on lipids profile seems to be optimal, with the reduction of total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, being a consistent finding across studies (up to 17.8 and 31.4%, respectively). However, the effect on HDL-C is still unclear. Conclusions regarding the impact on body weight and glucose homeostasis cannot be drawn, given that relevant data are limited with conflicting results. Any potential negative aspects of OF, mainly attributed to reduced dietary intake of vitamin D and B12 and minerals (mainly calcium), require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Given the limitations of available evidence, more studies are required before reaching definite conclusions about the effects of OF on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon Ν Karras
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Vasiliki Antonopoulou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Angeloudi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, 1 St. Kiriakidi Street, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Persynaki A, Karras S, Pichard C. Unraveling the metabolic health benefits of fasting related to religious beliefs: A narrative review. Nutrition 2017; 35:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kapelios CJ, Kyriazis I, Ioannidis I, Dimosthenopoulos C, Hatziagelaki E, Liatis S. Diet, life-style and cardiovascular morbidity in the rural, free living population of Elafonisos island. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:147. [PMID: 28143598 PMCID: PMC5286858 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are about 70 small islands in the Aegean and Ionian Sea, of less than 300 Km2 and 5000 inhabitants each, comprising a total population of more than 75,000 individuals with geographical and socioeconomic characteristics of special interest. The objective of the present study was to assess lifestyle characteristics and the state of cardiovascular risk of the population of a small Eastern Mediterranean island, Elafonisos. METHODS PERSEAS (Prospective Evaluation of cardiovascular Risk Surrogates in Elafonisos Area Study) is an ongoing, population-based, longitudinal survey of cardiovascular risk factors, life-style characteristics and related morbidity/mortality performed in a small and relatively isolated island of the Aegean Sea, named Elafonisos. Validated, closed-ended questionnaires for demographic, socio-economic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics were distributed and analyzed. The MedDietScore, a validated Mediterranean diet score was also calculated. In addition, all participants underwent measurement of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure and a full blood panel for glucose and lipids. RESULTS The analysis included 596 individuals who represented 74.5% of the target population. The mean age of the population was 49.5 ± 19.6 years and 48.2% were males. Fifty participants (8.4%) had a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The rates of reported diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were 7.7%, 30.9% and 30.9% respectively, with screen-detection of each condition accounting for an additional 4.0%, 12.9%, and 23.3% of cases, respectively. Four hundred and seven individuals (68.3%) were overweight or obese, 25% reported being physically inactive and 36.6% were active smokers. The median MedDietScore was 25 [interquartile range: 6, range 12-47] with higher values significantly associated with older age, better education, increased physical activity, absence of history of diabetes and known history of hypercholesterolemia. CONCLUSIONS Obesity and traditional risk factors for CVD are highly prevalent among the inhabitants of a small Mediterranean island. Adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet in this population is moderate, while physical activity is low. There seems to be a need for lifestyle modification programs in order to reverse the increasing cardiovascular risk trends in rural isolated areas of the Mediterranean basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Kapelios
- Hellenic Medical Society for the study of Risk Factors in Vascular Diseases, 8 Iak. Dragatsi Street, 18535, Peiraias, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Kyriazis
- Hellenic Medical Society for the study of Risk Factors in Vascular Diseases, 8 Iak. Dragatsi Street, 18535, Peiraias, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ioannidis
- Hellenic Medical Society for the study of Risk Factors in Vascular Diseases, 8 Iak. Dragatsi Street, 18535, Peiraias, Greece
| | - Charilaos Dimosthenopoulos
- Hellenic Medical Society for the study of Risk Factors in Vascular Diseases, 8 Iak. Dragatsi Street, 18535, Peiraias, Greece
| | - Erifili Hatziagelaki
- Hellenic Medical Society for the study of Risk Factors in Vascular Diseases, 8 Iak. Dragatsi Street, 18535, Peiraias, Greece
| | - Stavros Liatis
- Hellenic Medical Society for the study of Risk Factors in Vascular Diseases, 8 Iak. Dragatsi Street, 18535, Peiraias, Greece
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Elshorbagy A, Jernerén F, Basta M, Basta C, Turner C, Khaled M, Refsum H. Amino acid changes during transition to a vegan diet supplemented with fish in healthy humans. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1953-1962. [PMID: 27289540 PMCID: PMC5534203 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To explore whether changes in dietary protein sources can lower plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), aromatic amino acids and sulfur amino acids (SAAs) that are often elevated in the obese, insulin-resistant state and in type 2 diabetes. Methods Thirty-six subjects (mean age 31 ± 2 years) underwent a voluntary abstinence from meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products for 6 weeks, while enriching the diet with fish, in fulfillment of a religious fast. Subjects were assessed 1 week before the fast (V1), 1 week after initiation of the fast (V2) and in the last week of the fast (V3). Thirty-four subjects completed all three visits. Results Fasting plasma BCAAs decreased at V2 and remained low at V3 (P < 0.001 for all). Valine showed the greatest decline, by 20 and 19 % at V2 and V3, respectively. Phenylalanine and tryptophan, but not tyrosine, also decreased at V2 and V3. The two proteinogenic SAAs, methionine and cysteine, remained stable, but the cysteine product, taurine, decreased from 92 ± 7 μmol/L to 66 ± 6 (V2; P = 0.003) and 65 ± 6 μmol/L (V3; P = 0.003). A progressive decline in plasma glutamic acid, coupled with an increase in glutamine, was observed. Plasma total and LDL cholesterol decreased at V2 and V3 (P < 0.001 for all). Conclusion Changing dietary protein sources to plant- and fish-based sources in an ad libitum setting lowers the plasma BCAAs that have been linked to diabetes risk. These findings point to habitual diet as a potentially modifiable determinant of fasting plasma BCAA concentrations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1237-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Elshorbagy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | | | - Marianne Basta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Caroline Basta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Cheryl Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maram Khaled
- Pain Management Unit, Department of Anaesthesia, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Effects of Intermittent Fasting, Caloric Restriction, and Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Cognitive Performance at Rest and During Exercise in Adults. Sports Med 2015; 46:35-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Anyfantakis D, Symvoulakis EK, Linardakis M, Shea S, Panagiotakos D, Lionis C. Effect of religiosity/spirituality and sense of coherence on depression within a rural population in Greece: the Spili III project. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:173. [PMID: 26205468 PMCID: PMC4513393 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has addressed the hypothesis that religiosity/spirituality and sense of coherence buffer the negative effects of stress on numerous health issues. The aim of the current study was to further this work by exploring potential links between psycho-social factors such as religiosity/spirituality and sense of coherence with depression. METHODS A total number of 220 subjects of the SPILI III cohort (1988-2012) attending a primary care setting in the town of Spili on rural Crete represented the target group. All participants underwent a standardized procedure. Validated questionnaires were used to evaluate sense of coherence, depression levels and religious and spiritual beliefs. A multiple linear regression analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory Scale (BDI) in relation to demographic characteristics, scores on the Royal Free Interview for Spiritual and Religious Beliefs scale (RFI-SRB) and Sense of Coherence scale (SOC) was performed. RESULTS A significant inverse association was found between BDI and RFI-SRB scale (B-coef = -0.6999, p < 0.001), as well as among BDI and SOC scale (B-coef = -0.556, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current observational study indicate that highly religious participants are less likely to score high in the depression scale. Furthermore, participants with high SOC scored significantly lower in the BDI scale. Further research is required in order to explore the potential effect of SOC and religiosity/spirituality on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Anyfantakis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Emmanouil K. Symvoulakis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Manolis Linardakis
- Preventive Medicine & Nutrition Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Sue Shea
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | | | - Christos Lionis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Are religiosity and prayer use related with multiple behavioural risk factors for chronic diseases in European adults aged 50+ years? Public Health 2015; 129:436-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stefanaki IN, Shea S, Linardakis M, Symvoulakis EK, Wynyard R, Lionis C. Exploring the association of sense of coherence, and spiritual and religious beliefs in a rural population group on the island of Crete, Greece. Int J Psychiatry Med 2014; 47:207-30. [PMID: 25084818 DOI: 10.2190/pm.47.3.c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/AIM This article reports the results of an observation study, aimed at exploring an association between spirituality, religiousness, and sense of coherence in a population group residing in a rural area of Crete, Greece. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The study was conducted during the period 2007-2009. Subjects aged 65 years and older (n = 118) living in two remote and rural villages in the Heraklion county (Crete) were eligible. Eighty-nine people (51 women and 38 men) participated. Demographic data were obtained, and all participants were asked to complete the Greek version of the self-reported Royal Free Interview for Spiritual and Religious Beliefs, and the Sense of Coherence Scale. RESULTS Most participants reported strong religious beliefs and this was found to be related with increased age. Widowed participants expressed greater religiousness and spirituality (p = 0.029). The total score for Sense of Coherence was negatively correlated with gender (women have lower scores, p < 0.05), marital status (widows presented lower scores, p < 0.001), and increased age. A strong positive correlation of the Sense of Coherence score with the Spiritual Scale as measured by three questions of the Royal Free Interview was also identified (p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS The impact of gender and marital status seem to be emerging determinants in defining sense of coherence among inhabitants of rural Crete. The positive association between religious/spiritual beliefs and sense of coherence deserves further attention to promote a multidimensional approach in its study.
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Savas E, Öztürk ZA, Tanrıverdi D, Kepekçi Y. Do Ramadan fasting restrictions alter eating behaviours in obese women? JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2014; 53:135-140. [PMID: 22576675 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-012-9605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ramadan fasting can be considered as a kind of dietary restriction. Eating restriction is a risk factor for later development of eating disorders. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether Ramadan fasting changes the eating behaviours of obese women. Our sample consisted of 34 obese women who fasted during the Ramadan month. The data were collected by using Questionnaire Form, Eating Attitude Test (EAT) and Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE). No statistically significant differences were found between the scores of EAT, BITE, BMI, which were administered within the weeks before and after Ramadan. According to our results, Ramadan fasting restrictions do not seem to change the eating behaviours of obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Savas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, 27100, Sahinbey, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Hatzis CM, Papandreou C, Patelarou E, Vardavas CI, Kimioni E, Sifaki-Pistolla D, Vergetaki A, Kafatos AG. A 50-year follow-up of the Seven Countries Study: Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, food and nutrient intakes among Cretans. Hormones (Athens) 2013; 12:379-85. [PMID: 24121379 DOI: 10.1007/bf03401303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk-factor status and dietary habits of the surviving elderly participants of the initial Seven Countries Study (SCS) cohort and newly recruited middle-aged men from the same villages. DESIGN Our total cohort of remaining survivors of the SCS consisted of 27 men aged 90 years old and over, while a younger cross-sectional study of 85 men between 53 and 73 years of age of the same catchment area were also examined. Biochemical, anthropometric, dietetic and lifestyle CVD risk factors information was obtained. RESULTS It was found that being overweight and having systolic blood pressure higher than the recommended were highly prevalent (>75%) among both age groups as well as abdominal obesity (about 50%). Hypercholesterolemia was highly prevalent in the younger population (68.8%), while smoking rates were relatively low among elderly. The daily meat consumption of SCS participants had doubled, from 35g in the 1960s to 76g among the SCS survivors in 2010 (p=0.002), while daily fruit and vegetable consumption had dropped from 656g to 266g (p<0.001). The younger participants also had increased dietary meat (130g/day) (p<0.001) and decreased fruits-vegetables intake (412g/day) (p<0.001) compared to 50 years ago. However, the younger population and elderly subjects showed higher fish intake (91g/day and 38g/day respectively, p<0.001) compared to 1960 and favorable olive oil consumption. In regard to nutrient intake, the majority of the subjects did not meet the recommendations for CVD prevention. CONCLUSIONS The study population is at increased risk for the development of CVD, while current dietary habits of the SCS survivors partially differed from those of 50 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos M Hatzis
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, Medical School, University of Crete, Greece
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Anyfantakis D, Symvoulakis EK, Panagiotakos DB, Tsetis D, Castanas E, Shea S, Venihaki M, Lionis C. Impact of religiosity/spirituality on biological and preclinical markers related to cardiovascular disease. Results from the SPILI III study. Hormones (Athens) 2013; 12:386-96. [PMID: 24121380 DOI: 10.1007/bf03401304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at exploring to what extent psychosocial factors, such as religiosity/spirituality and sense of coherence, mediate the negative effects of stress on a variety of cardiometabolic indicators, i.e., hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, and atherosclerotic bio-clinical markers. DESIGN A total of 220 subjects (66.2±16.0 years) of the SPILI III cohort (1988-2012) attending a primary care setting in Spili, a rural town in Crete, represented the target group for the present study. Of these, 195 (88.6%) participated in the re-examination (67.2±15.2 years). All participants underwent a standardized procedure including evaluation of anthropometric measurements, biochemical indicators of atherosclerosis, stress hormones, in parallel with ultrasound measurements of carotid intima media thickness (IMT). Religiosity, spirituality and sense of coherence were evaluated with the use of international questionnaires translated into the Greek language and linguistically validated. RESULTS Participants with higher levels of religious and spiritual beliefs presented lower levels of carotid IMT (1.01±0.101 vs 1.53±0.502 mm, p<0.001). Patterns of inverse relationships were also observed between religiosity/spirituality and prevalence of diabetes (35.1% vs. 2%, p<0.001) with an estimated diabetes risk, fully adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI: 0.91 (0.87-0.94). Highly religious participants presented lower serum cortisol levels (12.3±5.8 vs. 18.2±5.1 μg/dl, p<0.001). Sense of coherence was positively associated with religiosity/spirituality [mean SOC (SD): 123±20 vs. 158±15) p<0.001]. CONCLUSIONS These findings may be associated with a possible favourable effect of religiosity/spirituality on several cardio-metabolic determinants, therefore deserving further attention by healthcare practitioners and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Anyfantakis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Koenig HG. Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. ISRN PSYCHIATRY 2012; 2012:278730. [PMID: 23762764 PMCID: PMC3671693 DOI: 10.5402/2012/278730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a concise but comprehensive review of research on religion/spirituality (R/S) and both mental health and physical health. It is based on a systematic review of original data-based quantitative research published in peer-reviewed journals between 1872 and 2010, including a few seminal articles published since 2010. First, I provide a brief historical background to set the stage. Then I review research on R/S and mental health, examining relationships with both positive and negative mental health outcomes, where positive outcomes include well-being, happiness, hope, optimism, and gratefulness, and negative outcomes involve depression, suicide, anxiety, psychosis, substance abuse, delinquency/crime, marital instability, and personality traits (positive and negative). I then explain how and why R/S might influence mental health. Next, I review research on R/S and health behaviors such as physical activity, cigarette smoking, diet, and sexual practices, followed by a review of relationships between R/S and heart disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease and dementia, immune functions, endocrine functions, cancer, overall mortality, physical disability, pain, and somatic symptoms. I then present a theoretical model explaining how R/S might influence physical health. Finally, I discuss what health professionals should do in light of these research findings and make recommendations in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold G. Koenig
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3400, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia
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Trepanowski JF, Canale RE, Marshall KE, Kabir MM, Bloomer RJ. Impact of caloric and dietary restriction regimens on markers of health and longevity in humans and animals: a summary of available findings. Nutr J 2011; 10:107. [PMID: 21981968 PMCID: PMC3200169 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable interest has been shown in the ability of caloric restriction (CR) to improve multiple parameters of health and to extend lifespan. CR is the reduction of caloric intake - typically by 20 - 40% of ad libitum consumption - while maintaining adequate nutrient intake. Several alternatives to CR exist. CR combined with exercise (CE) consists of both decreased caloric intake and increased caloric expenditure. Alternate-day fasting (ADF) consists of two interchanging days; one day, subjects may consume food ad libitum (sometimes equaling twice the normal intake); on the other day, food is reduced or withheld altogether. Dietary restriction (DR) - restriction of one or more components of intake (typically macronutrients) with minimal to no reduction in total caloric intake - is another alternative to CR. Many religions incorporate one or more forms of food restriction. The following religious fasting periods are featured in this review: 1) Islamic Ramadan; 2) the three principal fasting periods of Greek Orthodox Christianity (Nativity, Lent, and the Assumption); and 3) the Biblical-based Daniel Fast. This review provides a summary of the current state of knowledge related to CR and DR. A specific section is provided that illustrates related work pertaining to religious forms of food restriction. Where available, studies involving both humans and animals are presented. The review includes suggestions for future research pertaining to the topics of discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Trepanowski
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Papadaki A, Valsta L, Lampi A, Peñalvo J, Adlercreutz H, Vardavas C, Kafatos A. Differences in nutrient intake during a Greek Orthodox Christian fasting and non-fasting week, as assessed by a food composition database and chemical analyses of 7-day weighed food samples. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Trepanowski JF, Bloomer RJ. The impact of religious fasting on human health. Nutr J 2010; 9:57. [PMID: 21092212 PMCID: PMC2995774 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have seen a rise in the number of investigations examining the health-related effects of religiously motivated fasts. Islamic Ramadan is a 28 - 30 day fast in which food and drink are prohibited during the daylight hours. The majority of health-specific findings related to Ramadan fasting are mixed. The likely causes for these heterogeneous findings are the differences between studies in the following: 1) the amount of daily fasting time; 2) the percentage of subjects who smoke, take oral medications, and/or receive intravenous fluids; and 3) the subjects' typical food choices and eating habits. Greek Orthodox Christians fast for a total of 180 - 200 days each year, and their main fasting periods are the Nativity Fast (40 days prior to Christmas), Lent (48 days prior to Easter), and the Assumption (15 days in August). The fasting periods are more similar than dissimilar, and they can each be described as a variant of vegetarianism. Some of the more favorable effects of these fasts include the lowering of body mass, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. The Biblical-based Daniel Fast prohibits the consumption of animal products, refined carbohydrates, food additives, preservatives, sweeteners, flavorings, caffeine, and alcohol. It is most commonly partaken for 21 days, although fasts of 10 and 40 days have been observed. Our initial investigation of the Daniel Fast noted favorable effects on several health-related outcomes, including: blood pressure, blood lipids, insulin sensitivity, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. This review summarizes the health-specific effects of these fasts and provides suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Trepanowski
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Cardiovascular disease risk factors and dietary habits of farmers from Crete 45 years after the first description of the Mediterranean diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:440-6. [PMID: 20531009 DOI: 10.1097/hjr.0b013e32833692ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farmers from Crete as first studied within the framework of the Seven Countries Study, were historically known for holding the title of the 'gold standard' of health status globally and had a very low prevalence of both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. Taking the above into account we evaluated the changes in CVD risk factors among farmers in Crete, Greece and compared our findings with data from the 1960s. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Five hundred and two farmers (18-79 years old) from the Valley of Messara in Crete were randomly selected and examined in 2005. Complete clinical, biochemical, dietetic, anthropometrical and lifestyle CVD risk factors were assessed, matched and compared with published data from the 1960s. RESULTS In comparison with 45 years ago, present day male farmers from Crete were found to have a 30% higher BMI (29.8 vs. 22.9 kg/m, P<0.001) and a 16% higher total cholesterol level (239.6 vs. 206.9 mg/dl, P<0.001) and also a not so favourable daily dietary intake (increase in meat and saturated fat and decrease in fruit, P<0.001, respectively), while a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and energy intake was noticed. In regards to changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue fatty acid composition, a decrease in monounsaturated (P<0.001) and an increase in saturated fatty acids (P<0.001) was also found elucidating the temporal change in dietary habits. CONCLUSION The population's lack of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, have led to the fact that currently farmers from Crete are likely to be at a higher risk for developing CVD in comparison with earlier generations.
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Lionis C, Anyfantakis D, Symvoulakis EK, Shea S, Panagiotakos D, Castanas E. Bio-psychosocial determinants of cardiovascular disease in a rural population on Crete, Greece: formulating a hypothesis and designing the SPILI-III study. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:258. [PMID: 20937097 PMCID: PMC2992030 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 1988, the SPILI project was established in order to evaluate the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile of the inhabitants of Spili, in rural Crete, Greece. The first reports from this project revealed that against the unfavourable risk factors' profile observed, only a few men with a previous myocardial infarction were encountered. A follow-up study (SPILI II) was performed twelve years after the initial examination, and the unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile was re-confirmed. Presentation of the Hypothesis This paper presents a hypothesis formulated on the basis of previous research to investigate if dynamic psycho-social determinants, including social coherence of the local community, religiosity and spirituality, are protective against the development of coronary heart disease in a well-defined population. Testing the Hypothesis A follow-up examination of this Cretan cohort is currently being performed to assess the link between psychosocial factors and CVD. Psychosocial factors including sense of control, religiosity and spirituality are assessed in together with conventional CVD risk factors. Smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as dietary habits and activity levels are recorded. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, as well as ultrasound measurement of carotid intima media thickness, a preclinical marker of atherosclerosis, will also be measured. Implications of the hypothesis tested The issue of the cardio-protective effect of psycho-social factors would be revisited based on the results of this Cretan cohort; nevertheless, further research is needed across different sub-populations in order to establish a definite relationship. A comprehensive approach based on the aspects of bio-social life may result in more accurate CVD risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Lionis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece.
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