1
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Fermaintt CS, Wacker SA. Malate dehydrogenase as a multi-purpose target for drug discovery. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230081. [PMID: 38818725 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes play critical roles in cellular metabolism, facilitating the reversible conversion of malate to oxaloacetate using NAD+/NADH as a cofactor. The two human isoforms of MDH have roles in the citric acid cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle, and thus both are key enzymes in aerobic respiration as well as regenerating the pool of NAD+ used in glycolysis. This review highlights the potential of MDH as a therapeutic drug target in various diseases, including metabolic and neurological disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. The most promising molecules for targeting MDH have been examined in the context of human malignancies, where MDH is frequently overexpressed. Recent studies have led to the identification of several antagonists, some of which are broad MDH inhibitors while others have selectivity for either of the two human MDH isoforms. Other promising compounds have been studied in the context of parasitic MDH, as inhibiting the function of the enzyme could selectively kill the parasite. Research is ongoing with these chemical scaffolds to develop more effective small-molecule drug leads that would have great potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Fermaintt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX, U.S.A
| | - Sarah A Wacker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Manhattan College, The Bronx, NY, U.S.A
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2
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Zhu J, Liu J, Yan C, Wang D, Pan W. Trained immunity: a cutting edge approach for designing novel vaccines against parasitic diseases? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1252554. [PMID: 37868995 PMCID: PMC10587610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1252554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The preventive situation of parasitosis, a global public health burden especially for developing countries, is not looking that good. Similar to other infections, vaccines would be the best choice for preventing and controlling parasitic infection. However, ideal antigenic molecules for vaccine development have not been identified so far, resulting from the complicated life history and enormous genomes of the parasites. Furthermore, the suppression or down-regulation of anti-infectious immunity mediated by the parasites or their derived molecules can compromise the effect of parasitic vaccines. Comparing the early immune profiles of several parasites in the permissive and non-permissive hosts, a robust innate immune response is proposed to be a critical event to eliminate the parasites. Therefore, enhancing innate immunity may be essential for designing novel and effective parasitic vaccines. The newly emerging trained immunity (also termed innate immune memory) has been increasingly recognized to provide a novel perspective for vaccine development targeting innate immunity. This article reviews the current status of parasitic vaccines and anti-infectious immunity, as well as the conception, characteristics, and mechanisms of trained immunity and its research progress in Parasitology, highlighting the possible consideration of trained immunity in designing novel vaccines against parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dahui Wang
- Liangshan College (Li Shui) China, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Kim JH, An YJ, Kim TM, Kim JE, Park S, Choi SH. Ex vivo NMR metabolomics approach using cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of primary CNS lymphoma: Correlation with MR imaging characteristics. Cancer Med 2023; 12:4679-4689. [PMID: 35941814 PMCID: PMC9972060 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an uncommon extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Here, the feasibility of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics for the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of PCNSL, as well as its correlation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics, was assessed. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from PCNSL and normal groups (n = 41 for each) were obtained along with MRI data including pre- and postcontrast as well as T1-, T2-, and diffusion-weighted imaging for the treatment-naïve PCNSL patients (n = 24). The CSF samples were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). RESULTS The CSF NMR metabolomic exhibited clear differences with a diagnostic sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97.6%. The citrate level of the leptomeningeal enhancement (LE) (+) group was significantly lower than that of the LE (-) group (p = 0.018). In addition, the MRI apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of the tumor was positively correlated with the glucose level (p = 0.025). However, none of the marker metabolites were significant prognosis predictors in univariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the NMR metabolomics could be helpful to diagnose PCNSL, but not for the prognosis, and MRI features (LE or ADC) can reflect the metabolic profiles of PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin An
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Product Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyouk Park
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Product Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Department of Radiology and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science, and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Kaur J, Dora S. Purinergic signaling: Diverse effects and therapeutic potential in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1058371. [PMID: 36741002 PMCID: PMC9889871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1058371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regardless of improved biological insights and therapeutic advances, cancer is consuming multiple lives worldwide. Cancer is a complex disease with diverse cellular, metabolic, and physiological parameters as its hallmarks. This instigates a need to uncover the latest therapeutic targets to advance the treatment of cancer patients. Purines are building blocks of nucleic acids but also function as metabolic intermediates and messengers, as part of a signaling pathway known as purinergic signaling. Purinergic signaling comprises primarily adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine (ADO), their analogous membrane receptors, and a set of ectonucleotidases, and has both short- and long-term (trophic) effects. Cells release ATP and ADO to modulate cellular function in an autocrine or paracrine manner by activating membrane-localized purinergic receptors (purinoceptors, P1 and P2). P1 receptors are selective for ADO and have four recognized subtypes-A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Purines and pyrimidines activate P2 receptors, and the P2X subtype is ligand-gated ion channel receptors. P2X has seven subtypes (P2X1-7) and forms homo- and heterotrimers. The P2Y subtype is a G protein-coupled receptor with eight subtypes (P2Y1/2/4/6/11/12/13/14). ATP, its derivatives, and purinoceptors are widely distributed in all cell types for cellular communication, and any imbalance compromises the homeostasis of the cell. Neurotransmission, neuromodulation, and secretion employ fast purinergic signaling, while trophic purinergic signaling regulates cell metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, invasion, and immune response during tumor progression. Thus, purinergic signaling is a prospective therapeutic target in cancer and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanchit Dora
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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5
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Dong S, Li W, Li X, Wang Z, Chen Z, Shi H, He R, Chen C, Zhou W. Glucose metabolism and tumour microenvironment in pancreatic cancer: A key link in cancer progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1038650. [PMID: 36578477 PMCID: PMC9792100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early and accurate diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC) remain challenging endeavors globally. Late diagnosis lag, high invasiveness, chemical resistance, and poor prognosis are unresolved issues of PC. The concept of metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer cells. Increasing evidence shows that PC cells alter metabolic processes such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids metabolism and require continuous nutrition for survival, proliferation, and invasion. Glucose metabolism, in particular, regulates the tumour microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, the link between glucose metabolism and TME also plays an important role in the targeted therapy, chemoresistance, radiotherapy ineffectiveness, and immunosuppression of PC. Altered metabolism with the TME has emerged as a key mechanism regulating PC progression. This review shed light on the relationship between TME, glucose metabolism, and various aspects of PC. The findings of this study provide a new direction in the development of PC therapy targeting the metabolism of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Dong
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wancheng Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengfeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaqing Shi
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ru He
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wence Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wence Zhou,
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Aria H, Rezaei M, Nazem S, Daraei A, Nikfar G, Mansoori B, Bahmanyar M, Tavassoli A, Vakil MK, Mansoori Y. Purinergic receptors are a key bottleneck in tumor metabolic reprogramming: The prime suspect in cancer therapeutic resistance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947885. [PMID: 36072596 PMCID: PMC9444135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP and other nucleoside phosphates have specific receptors named purinergic receptors. Purinergic receptors and ectonucleotidases regulate various signaling pathways that play a role in physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular ATP in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has a higher level than in normal tissues and plays a role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. In this review, we investigated the role of purinergic receptors in the development of resistance to therapy through changes in tumor cell metabolism. When a cell transforms to neoplasia, its metabolic processes change. The metabolic reprogramming modified metabolic feature of the TME, that can cause impeding immune surveillance and promote cancer growth. The purinergic receptors contribute to therapy resistance by modifying cancer cells' glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Limiting the energy supply of cancer cells is one approach to overcoming resistance. Glycolysis inhibitors which reduce intracellular ATP levels may make cancer cells more susceptible to anti-cancer therapies. The loss of the P2X7R through glucose intolerance and decreased fatty acid metabolism reduces therapeutic resistance. Potential metabolic blockers that can be employed in combination with other therapies will aid in the discovery of new anti-cancer immunotherapy to overcome therapy resistance. Therefore, therapeutic interventions that are considered to inhibit cancer cell metabolism and purinergic receptors simultaneously can potentially reduce resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Aria
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shima Nazem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ghasem Nikfar
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Behnam Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahmanyar
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Alireza Tavassoli
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazem Vakil
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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7
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Fiserova I, Trinh MD, Elkalaf M, Vacek L, Heide M, Martinkova S, Bechynska K, Kosek V, Hajslova J, Fiser O, Tousek P, Polak J. Isoprenaline modified the lipidomic profile and reduced β-oxidation in HL-1 cardiomyocytes: In vitro model of takotsubo syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:917989. [PMID: 36072861 PMCID: PMC9441769 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.917989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a pathogenetic link between impaired mitochondria and Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), which is closely connected with catecholamine overstimulation, poor outcomes, and changes in lipid metabolism. We investigated the changes in lipid metabolism at the level of fatty acid β-oxidation and changes in the intracellular lipidomic spectrum. The immortalized cell line of HL-1 cardiomyocytes was used in this study as an established in vitro model of TTS. The cells were exposed to the non-selective β-agonist isoprenaline (ISO) for acute (2 h) and prolonged (24 h) periods. We investigated the impact on mitochondrial adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) production and β-oxidation using real-time cell metabolic analysis, total lipid content, and changes in the lipidomic spectrum using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, modifications of selected lipid transporters were determined using real-time – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or Western blot techniques. By choosing this wide range of targets, we provide a detailed overview of molecular changes in lipid metabolism during catecholamine overstimulation. The present study demonstrates that acute exposure to ISO decreased ATP production by up to 42.2%, and prolonged exposure to ISO decreased β-oxidation by 86.4%. Prolonged exposure to ISO also increased lipid accumulation by 4%. Lipid spectrum analysis of prolonged exposure to ISO showed a reduced concentration of cardioprotective and an increased concentration of lipotoxic lipid molecules during long-term exposure. Decreased lipid utilization can lead to higher intracellular lipid accumulation and the formation of lipotoxic molecules. Changes in the lipid spectrum can induce pathophysiological signaling pathways leading to cardiomyocyte remodeling or apoptosis. Thus, changes in lipid metabolism induced by excessive doses of catecholamines may cause TTS and contribute to a progression of heart failure, which is at increased risk after a TTS episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Fiserova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cardiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czechia
| | - Minh Duc Trinh
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cardiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czechia
| | - Moustafa Elkalaf
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Lukas Vacek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marek Heide
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Stanislava Martinkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kamila Bechynska
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vit Kosek
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Fiser
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Tousek
- Department of Cardiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Polak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jan Polak,
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Ling R, Chen G, Tang X, Liu N, Zhou Y, Chen D. Acetyl-CoA synthetase 2(ACSS2): a review with a focus on metabolism and tumor development. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:58. [PMID: 35798917 PMCID: PMC9263018 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2), an important member of the acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACSS) family, can catalyze the conversion of acetate to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). Currently, acetyl-CoA is considered an important intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of energy substrates. In addition, nutrients converge through acetyl-CoA into a common metabolic pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Not only does ACSS2 play a crucial role in material energy metabolism, it is also involved in the regulation of various acetylation processes, such as regulation of histone and transcription factor acetylation. ACSS2-mediated regulation of acetylation is related to substance metabolism and tumorigenesis. In mammalian cells, ACSS2 utilizes intracellular acetate to synthesize acetyl-CoA, a step in the process of DNA and histone acetylation. In addition, studies in tumors have shown that cancer cells adapt to the growth conditions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by activating or increasing the expression level of ACSS2 under metabolic stress. Therefore, this review mainly outlines the role of ACSS2 in substance metabolism and tumors and provides insights useful for investigating ACSS2 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ling
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang Tang
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Na Liu
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Deyu Chen
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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9
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Khoobchandani M, Khan A, Katti KK, Thipe VC, Al-Yasiri AY, MohanDoss DKD, Nicholl MB, Lugão AB, Hans CP, Katti KV. Green nanotechnology of MGF-AuNPs for immunomodulatory intervention in prostate cancer therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16797. [PMID: 34408231 PMCID: PMC8373987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) face poor prognosis and increased risk of treatment-incurred adverse effects resulting in one of the highest mortalities among patient population globally. Immune cells act as double-edged sword depending on the tumor microenvironment, which leads to increased infiltration of pro-tumor (M2) macrophages. Development of new immunomodulatory therapeutic agents capable of targeting the tumor microenvironment, and hence orchestrating the transformation of pro-tumor M2 macrophages to anti-tumor M1, would substantially improve treatment outcomes of CRPC patients. We report, herein, Mangiferin functionalized gold nanoparticulate agent (MGF-AuNPs) and its immunomodulatory characteristics in treating prostate cancer. We provide evidence of immunomodulatory intervention of MGF-AuNPs in prostate cancers through observations of enhanced levels of anti-tumor cytokines (IL-12 and TNF-α) with concomitant reductions in the levels of pro-tumor cytokines (IL-10 and IL-6). In the MGF-AuNPs treated groups, IL-12 was elevated to ten-fold while TNF-α was elevated to about 50-fold, while IL-10 and IL-6 were reduced by two-fold. Ability of MGF-AuNPs to target splenic macrophages is invoked via targeting of NF-kB signaling pathway. Finally, therapeutic efficacy of MGF-AuNPs, in treating prostate cancer in vivo in tumor bearing mice, is described taking into consideration various immunomodulatory interventions triggered by this green nanotechnology-based nanomedicine agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menka Khoobchandani
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4511 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Aslam Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Kavita K Katti
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Velaphi C Thipe
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Amal Y Al-Yasiri
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute (NSEI), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Darsha K D MohanDoss
- Dhanvantari Nano Ayushadi Pvt Ltd, No. 8/34, Neelakanta Mehta Street, T. Nagar, Chennai, 600017, India
| | | | - Ademar B Lugão
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Chetan P Hans
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Kattesh V Katti
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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10
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Mirzaei S, Gholami MH, Zabolian A, Saleki H, Farahani MV, Hamzehlou S, Far FB, Sharifzadeh SO, Samarghandian S, Khan H, Aref AR, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Sethi G. Caffeic acid and its derivatives as potential modulators of oncogenic molecular pathways: New hope in the fight against cancer. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105759. [PMID: 34245864 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a phenolic acid compound, caffeic acid (CA) can be isolated from different sources such as tea, wine and coffee. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is naturally occurring derivative of CA isolated from propolis. This medicinal plant is well-known due to its significant therapeutic impact including its effectiveness as hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anti-diabetic agent. Among them, anti-tumor activity of CA has attracted much attention, and this potential has been confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. CA can induce apoptosis in cancer cells via enhancing ROS levels and impairing mitochondrial function. Molecular pathways such as PI3K/Akt and AMPK with role in cancer progression, are affected by CA and its derivatives in cancer therapy. CA is advantageous in reducing aggressive behavior of tumors via suppressing metastasis by inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition mechanism. Noteworthy, CA and CAPE can promote response of cancer cells to chemotherapy, and sensitize them to chemotherapy-mediated cell death. In order to improve capacity of CA and CAPE in cancer suppression, it has been co-administered with other anti-tumor compounds such as gallic acid and p-coumaric acid. Due to its poor bioavailability, nanocarriers have been developed for enhancing its ability in cancer suppression. These issues have been discussed in the present review with a focus on molecular pathways to pave the way for rapid translation of CA for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Saleki
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Fatemeh Bakhtiari Far
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Omid Sharifzadeh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Vice President at Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Biochemical and Metabolomic Changes after Electromagnetic Hyperthermia Exposure to Treat Colorectal Cancer Liver Implants in Rats. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051318. [PMID: 34067780 PMCID: PMC8156717 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hyperthermia (HT) therapy still remains relatively unknown, in terms of both its biological and therapeutic effects. This work aims to analyze the effects of exposure to HT, such as that required in anti-tumor magnetic hyperthermia therapies, using metabolomic and serum parameters routinely analyzed in clinical practice. Methods: WAG/RigHsd rats were assigned to the different experimental groups needed to emulate all of the procedures involved in the treatment of liver metastases by HT. Twelve hours or ten days after the electromagnetic HT (606 kHz and 14 kA/m during 21 min), blood samples were retrieved and liver samples were obtained. 1H-nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) was used to search for possible diagnostic biomarkers of HT effects on the rat liver tissue. All of the data obtained from the hydrophilic fraction of the tissues were analyzed and modeled using chemometric tools. Results: Hepatic enzyme levels were significantly increased in animals that underwent hyperthermia after 12 h, but 10 d later they could not be detected anymore. The metabolomic profile (main metabolic differences were found in phosphatidylcholine, taurine, glucose, lactate and pyruvate, among others) also showed that the therapy significantly altered metabolism in the liver within 12 h (with two different patterns); however, those changes reverted to a control-profile pattern after 10 days. Conclusions: Magnetic hyperthermia could be considered as a safe therapy to treat liver metastases, since it does not induce irreversible physiological changes after application.
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12
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Lin Y, Meng Y, Zhang J, Ma L, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Ren A, Zhu W, Li S, Shu Y, Du M, Zhu L. Functional genetic variant of HSD17B12 in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway predicts the outcome of colorectal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14160-14170. [PMID: 33118286 PMCID: PMC7754038 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are involved in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, genetic effects of fatty acid biosynthesis pathway on CRC outcome are unclear. Cox regression model was used to evaluate genetic effects on CRC overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS), accompanied by calculating hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs). Differential expression analysis, expression quantitative trait loci analysis, dual‐luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were performed to explore the genetically biological mechanism. The rs10838164 C>T in HSD17B12 was significantly associated with an increased risk of death and progression of CRC (OS, HR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.40‐3.22, P = 4.03 × 10−4; PFS, HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.11‐2.44, P = 1.35 × 10−2), of which T allele could increase HSD17B12 expression (P = 1.78 × 10−11). Subsequently, the functional experiments indicated that rs10838164 T allele could not only enhance the binding affinity of transcription factor YY1 to HSD17B12 region harbouring rs10838164 but also promote the transcriptional activity of HSD17B12, which was significantly up‐regulated in colorectal tumour tissues. Our findings suggest that genetic variants in fatty acid biosynthesis pathway play an important role in CRC outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixuan Meng
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The Jiangyin People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Anjing Ren
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyou Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mulong Du
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingjun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, The Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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13
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da Veiga Moreira J, Schwartz L, Jolicoeur M. Targeting Mitochondrial Singlet Oxygen Dynamics Offers New Perspectives for Effective Metabolic Therapies of Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:573399. [PMID: 33042846 PMCID: PMC7530255 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.573399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of mitochondrial respiration has allowed evolution toward more complex and advanced life forms. However, its dysfunction is now also seen as the most probable cause of one of the biggest scourges in human health, cancer. Conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, which mainly focus on disrupting the cell division process, have shown being effective in the attenuation of various cancers but also showing significant limits as well as serious sides effects. Indeed, the idea that cancer is a metabolic disease with mitochondria as the central site of the pathology is now emerging, and we provide here a review supporting this "novel" hypothesis re-actualizing past century Otto Warburg's thoughts. Our conclusion, while integrating literature, is that mitochondrial activity and, in particular, the activity of cytochrome c oxidase, complex IV of the ETC, plays a fundamental role in the effectiveness or non-effectiveness of chemotherapy, immunotherapy and probably radiotherapy treatments. We therefore propose that cancer cells mitochondrial singlet oxygen (1O2) dynamics may be an efficient target for metabolic therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgelindo da Veiga Moreira
- Research Laboratory in Applied Metabolic Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Mario Jolicoeur
- Research Laboratory in Applied Metabolic Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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14
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Grunt TW, Slany A, Semkova M, Colomer R, López-Rodríguez ML, Wuczkowski M, Wagner R, Gerner C, Stübiger G. Membrane disruption, but not metabolic rewiring, is the key mechanism of anticancer-action of FASN-inhibitors: a multi-omics analysis in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14877. [PMID: 32913236 PMCID: PMC7483762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty-acid(FA)-synthase(FASN) is a druggable lipogenic oncoprotein whose blockade causes metabolic disruption. Whether drug-induced metabolic perturbation is essential for anticancer drug-action, or is just a secondary—maybe even a defence response—is still unclear. To address this, SKOV3 and OVCAR3 ovarian cancer(OC) cell lines with clear cell and serous histology, two main OC subtypes, were exposed to FASN-inhibitor G28UCM. Growth-inhibition was compared with treatment-induced cell-metabolomes, lipidomes, proteomes and kinomes. SKOV3 and OVCAR3 were equally sensitive to low-dose G28UCM, but SKOV3 was more resistant than OVCAR3 to higher concentrations. Metabolite levels generally decreased upon treatment, but individual acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, amino-acids, biogenic amines, and monosaccharides reacted differently. Drug-induced effects on central-carbon-metabolism and oxidative-phosphorylation (OXPHOS) were essentially different in the two cell lines, since drug-naïve SKOV3 are known to prefer glycolysis, while OVCAR3 favour OXPHOS. Moreover, drug-dependent increase of desaturases and polyunsaturated-fatty-acids (PUFAs) were more pronounced in SKOV3 and appear to correlate with G28UCM-tolerance. In contrast, expression and phosphorylation of proteins that control apoptosis, FA synthesis and membrane-related processes (beta-oxidation, membrane-maintenance, transport, translation, signalling and stress-response) were concordantly affected. Overall, membrane-disruption and second-messenger-silencing were crucial for anticancer drug-action, while metabolic-rewiring was only secondary and may support high-dose-FASN-inhibitor-tolerance. These findings may guide future anti-metabolic cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Grunt
- Cell Signaling and Metabolism Networks Program, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Astrid Slany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariya Semkova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramón Colomer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa and Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Clinical Research Program, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luz López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Wuczkowski
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Wagner
- Cell Signaling and Metabolism Networks Program, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Stübiger
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Kon I, Zyubin A, Samusev I. FTDT simulations of local plasmonic fields for theranostic core-shell gold-based nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:1398-1403. [PMID: 32902425 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.395387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes the results of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) mathematical modeling of electromagnetic fields distortion near the surfaces of core-shell gold-based spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs). NPs were consistently functionalized by two shells of different thickness: a water shell, as a model substance for a drug, and an SiO2 shell, as a capsuling layer. The calculated field values were converted into the electromagnetic field enhancement coefficient and the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) intensity. Prospects of the theoretical approach for core-shell NPs modeling to evaluate optimal field amplification and light-scattering parameters have been shown. The presented approach could be applied as a basis for performing methods of controlled synthesis for colloidal core-shell theranostic NPs.
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16
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Tan Z, Xu J, Zhang B, Shi S, Yu X, Liang C. Hypoxia: a barricade to conquer the pancreatic cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3077-3083. [PMID: 31907561 PMCID: PMC11104901 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains one of the most extremely lethal malignancies worldwide due to late diagnosis and early metastasis, with a 1-year overall survival rate of approximately 20%. The hypoxic microenvironment, induced by intratumoral hypoxia, promotes tumor invasion and progression, leading to chemotherapy or radiotherapy resistance and eventual mortality after treatment of PC. However, the role of the hypoxic microenvironment in PC is complicated and requires further investigation. In this article, we review recent advances regarding the regulation of malignant behaviors in PC, which provide insight into the potential of hypoxic microenvironment activation therapy for the therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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17
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Avilés-Jurado FX, Muñoz C, Meler C, Flores JC, Gumà J, Benaiges E, Mora J, Camacho M, León X, Vilaseca I, Terra X. Circulating microRNAs modulating glycolysis as non-invasive prognostic biomarkers of HNSCC. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:1585-1594. [PMID: 32737645 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of prognostic non-invasive biomarkers is a priority for cancer patients' care. Circulating microRNA (miRNAs) have been described in numerous human malignancies as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic cancer biomarkers. The aim of our study was to analyze the expression profile of a set of miRNAs, involved in the modulation of the glycolytic pathway, as prognostic factors in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). METHODS Serum samples of 54 patients with untreated HNSCC were obtained at the time of diagnosis. The prognostic value of circulating miR-26b, miR-124, miR-155 and miR-375 was evaluated towards disease-free survival. RESULTS We found that there were optimal miRNAs cut-off values for lower risk of recurrence in HNSCC patients. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that higher levels of miR-26b and lower levels of miR-155 were associated with better disease-free survival rates. In the multivariate analysis, patients with serum miR-26b > 0.062 and miR-155 < 0.159 presented more than 2.9 times lower risk of poor outcome. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that two miRNAs that modulate the glycolytic pathway, miR-26b and miR-155, are independently associated with the risk of recurrence in patients with HNSCC. The overall results in this study supports the evidence that the glucose homeostasis may be a target to improve the outcomes for patients with HNSCC. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Individual retrospective cohort study (2b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Xavier Avilés-Jurado
- Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR), Generalitat de Catalunya, 2017-SGR-01581, Barcelona, Spain. .,Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC), Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Muñoz
- Molecular Oncology and Embryology Laboratory, Human Anatomy Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Meler
- Doctoral Programme in Biomedicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain. .,Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Joan Carles Flores
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Gumà
- Oncology Department, Intsitut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ester Benaiges
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.,Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Insitut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josefina Mora
- Biochemistry Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Camacho
- Genomics of Complex Diseases, Research Institute Hospital Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier León
- Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN, MICINN, ISCIII), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Vilaseca
- Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS Universitat de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR), Generalitat de Catalunya, 2017-SGR-01581, Barcelona, Spain.,Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-Res), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ximena Terra
- Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC), Madrid, Spain.,MoBioFood Research Group, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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18
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Purinergic Signaling in the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071612. [PMID: 32635260 PMCID: PMC7407645 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex expression of an altered state of cellular differentiation associated with severe clinical repercussions. The effort to characterize this pathological entity to understand its underlying mechanisms and visualize potential therapeutic strategies has been constant. In this context, some cellular (enhanced duplication, immunological evasion), metabolic (aerobic glycolysis, failure in DNA repair mechanisms) and physiological (circadian disruption) parameters have been considered as cancer hallmarks. The list of these hallmarks has been growing in recent years, since it has been demonstrated that various physiological systems misfunction in well-characterized ways upon the onset and establishment of the carcinogenic process. This is the case with the purinergic system, a signaling pathway formed by nucleotides/nucleosides (mainly adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine (ADO) and uridine triphosphate (UTP)) with their corresponding membrane receptors and defined transduction mechanisms. The dynamic equilibrium between ATP and ADO, which is accomplished by the presence and regulation of a set of ectonucleotidases, defines the pro-carcinogenic or anti-cancerous final outline in tumors and cancer cell lines. So far, the purinergic system has been recognized as a potential therapeutic target in cancerous and tumoral ailments.
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19
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What sustains the multidrug resistance phenotype beyond ABC efflux transporters? Looking beyond the tip of the iceberg. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 46:100643. [PMID: 31493711 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of multidrug (MDR) efflux transporters that belong to the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily, represented an important breakthrough for understanding cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) and its possible overcoming. However, recent data indicate that drug resistant cells have a complex intracellular physiology that involves constant changes in energetic and oxidative-reductive metabolic pathways, as well as in the molecular circuitries connecting mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomes. The aim of this review is to discuss the key molecular mechanisms of cellular reprogramming that induce and maintain MDR, beyond the presence of MDR efflux transporters. We specifically highlight how cancer cells characterized by high metabolic plasticity - i.e. cells able to shift the energy metabolism between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, to survive both the normoxic and hypoxic conditions, to modify the cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative-reductive metabolism, are more prone to adapt to exogenous stressors such as anti-cancer drugs and acquire a MDR phenotype. Similarly, we discuss how changes in mitochondria dynamics and mitophagy rates, changes in proteome stability ensuring non-oncogenic proteostatic mechanisms, changes in ubiquitin/proteasome- and autophagy/lysosome-related pathways, promote the cellular survival under stress conditions, along with the acquisition or maintenance of MDR. After dissecting the complex intracellular crosstalk that takes place during the development of MDR, we suggest that mapping the specific adaptation pathways underlying cell survival in response to stress and targeting these pathways with potent pharmacologic agents may be a new approach to enhance therapeutic efficacy against MDR tumors.
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Abstract
Development of novel and effective therapeutics for treating various cancers is probably the most congested and challenging enterprise of pharmaceutical companies. Diverse drugs targeting malignant and nonmalignant cells receive clinical approval each year from the FDA. Targeting cancer cells and nonmalignant cells unavoidably changes the tumor microenvironment, and cellular and molecular components relentlessly alter in response to drugs. Cancer cells often reprogram their metabolic pathways to adapt to environmental challenges and facilitate survival, proliferation, and metastasis. While cancer cells' dependence on glycolysis for energy production is well studied, the roles of adipocytes and lipid metabolic reprogramming in supporting cancer growth, metastasis, and drug responses are less understood. This Review focuses on emerging mechanisms involving adipocytes and lipid metabolism in altering the response to cancer treatment. In particular, we discuss mechanisms underlying cancer-associated adipocytes and lipid metabolic reprogramming in cancer drug resistance.
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21
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da Veiga Moreira J, Hamraz M, Abolhassani M, Schwartz L, Jolicœur M, Peres S. Metabolic therapies inhibit tumor growth in vivo and in silico. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3153. [PMID: 30816152 PMCID: PMC6395653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, cancer research succeeded with sensitive detection methods, targeted drug delivery systems, and the identification of a large set of genes differently expressed. However, although most therapies are still based on antimitotic agents, which are causing wide secondary effects, there is an increasing interest for metabolic therapies that can minimize side effects. In the early 20th century, Otto Warburg revealed that cancer cells rely on the cytoplasmic fermentation of glucose to lactic acid for energy synthesis (called "Warburg effect"). Our investigations aim to reverse this effect in reprogramming cancer cells' metabolism. In this work, we present a metabolic therapy specifically targeting the activity of specific enzymes of central carbon metabolism, combining the METABLOC bi-therapeutic drugs combination (Alpha Lipoic Acid and Hydroxycitrate) to Metformin and Diclofenac, for treating tumors implanted in mice. Furthermore, a dynamic metabolic model describing central carbon metabolism as well as fluxes targeted by the drugs allowed to simulate tumors progression in both treated and non-treated mice, in addition to draw hypotheses on the effects of the drugs on tumor cells metabolism. Our model predicts metabolic therapies-induced reversed Warburg effect on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgelindo da Veiga Moreira
- Research Laboratory in Applied Metabolic Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Centre-ville Station, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Minoo Hamraz
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris- Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | | | - Laurent Schwartz
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 149 avenue Victoria, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Mario Jolicœur
- Research Laboratory in Applied Metabolic Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Centre-ville Station, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabine Peres
- LRI, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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22
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Altwasser R, Paz A, Korol A, Manov I, Avivi A, Shams I. The transcriptome landscape of the carcinogenic treatment response in the blind mole rat: insights into cancer resistance mechanisms. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:17. [PMID: 30621584 PMCID: PMC6323709 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spalax, the blind mole rat, developed an extraordinary cancer resistance during 40 million years of evolution in a subterranean, hypoxic, thus DNA damaging, habitat. In 50 years of Spalax research, no spontaneous cancer development has been observed. The mechanisms underlying this resistance are still not clarified. We investigated the genetic difference between Spalax and mice that might enable the Spalax relative resistance to cancer development. We compared Spalax and mice responses to a treatment with the carcinogen 3-Methylcholantrene, as a model to assess Spalax’ cancer-resistance. Results We compared RNA-Seq data of untreated Spalax to Spalax with a tumor and identified a high number of differentially expressed genes. We filtered these genes by their expression in tolerant Spalax that resisted the 3MCA, and in mice, and found 25 genes with a consistent expression pattern in the samples susceptible to cancer among species. Contrasting the expressed genes in Spalax with benign granulomas to those in Spalax with malignant fibrosarcomas elucidated significant differences in several pathways, mainly related to the extracellular matrix and the immune system. We found a central cluster of ECM genes that differ greatly between conditions. Further analysis of these genes revealed potential microRNA targets. We also found higher levels of gene expression of some DNA repair pathways in Spalax than in other murines, like the majority of Fanconi Anemia pathway. Conclusion The comparison of the treated with the untreated tissue revealed a regulatory complex that might give an answer how Spalax is able to restrict the tumor growth. By remodeling the extracellular matrix, the possible growth is limited, and the proliferation of cancer cells was potentially prevented. We hypothesize that this regulatory cluster plays a major role in the cancer resistance of Spalax. Furthermore, we identified 25 additional candidate genes that showed a distinct expression pattern in untreated or tolerant Spalax compared to animals that developed a developed either a benign or malignant tumor. While further study is necessary, we believe that these genes may serve as candidate markers in cancer detection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5417-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnon Paz
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Abraham Korol
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Irena Manov
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aaron Avivi
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Imad Shams
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. .,Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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Srivastava A, Creek DJ. Discovery and Validation of Clinical Biomarkers of Cancer: A Review Combining Metabolomics and Proteomics. Proteomics 2018; 19:e1700448. [PMID: 30353665 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and diagnosis of cancer can allow timely medical intervention, which greatly improves chances of survival and enhances quality of life. Biomarkers play an important role in assisting clinicians and health care providers in cancer diagnosis and treatment follow-up. In spite of years of research and the discovery of thousands of candidate cancer biomarkers, only a few have transitioned to routine usage in the clinic. This review highlights advances in proteomics technologies that have enabled high rates of discovery of candidate cancer biomarkers and evaluates integration with other omics technologies to improve their progress through to validation and clinical translation. Furthermore, it gauges the role of metabolomics technology in cancer biomarker research and assesses it as a complementary tool in aiding cancer biomarker discovery and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Srivastava
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Darren John Creek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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24
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Bhat AV, Hora S, Pal A, Jha S, Taneja R. Stressing the (Epi)Genome: Dealing with Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1273-1292. [PMID: 28816066 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Growing evidence indicates cross-talk between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and several key epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNAs in normal physiology and human pathologies including cancer. This review focuses on how ROS-induced oxidative stress, metabolic intermediates, and epigenetic processes influence each other in various cancers. Recent Advances: ROS alter chromatin structure and metabolism that impact the epigenetic landscape in cancer cells. Several site-specific DNA methylation changes have been identified in different cancers and are discussed in the review. We also discuss the interplay of epigenetic enzymes and miRNAs in influencing malignant transformation in an ROS-dependent manner. CRITICAL ISSUES Loss of ROS-mediated signaling mostly by epigenetic regulation may promote tumorigenesis. In contrast, augmented oxidative stress because of high ROS levels may precipitate epigenetic alterations to effect various phases of carcinogenesis. We address both aspects in the review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Several drugs targeting ROS are under various stages of clinical development. Recent analysis of human cancers has revealed pervasive deregulation of the epigenetic machinery. Thus, a better understanding of the cross-talk between ROS and epigenetic alterations in cancer could lead to the identification of new drug targets and more effective treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay V Bhat
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Shainan Hora
- 2 Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Ananya Pal
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- 2 Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Reshma Taneja
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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25
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Perego S, Sansoni V, Banfi G, Lombardi G. Sodium butyrate has anti-proliferative, pro-differentiating, and immunomodulatory effects in osteosarcoma cells and counteracts the TNFα-induced low-grade inflammation. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018; 32:394632017752240. [PMID: 29363375 PMCID: PMC5849245 DOI: 10.1177/0394632017752240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, an essential factor for colonocytes and regulator in the development of
colon cancer, is partially absorbed by the gut. It influences the proliferation
and differentiation of several cell types including osteoblasts. We evaluated
the effects of different doses of butyrate on differentiation and functionality
of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and the expression of a pro-inflammatory
phenotype in a normal or inflammatory environment. SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells
were induced to differentiate and contemporarily treated for 24 h, 48 h, or
7 days with sodium butyrate 10−4, 5 × 10−4, or
10−3 M in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor alpha
(TNFα) 1 ng/mL, a pro-inflammatory stimulus. Despite the mild effects on
proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity, butyrate dose- and
time-dependently induced the expression of a differentiated phenotype (RUNX2,
COL1A1 gene expression, and osteopontin gene and protein expression). This was
associated with a partial inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)
activation and the induction of histone deacetylase 1 expression. The net effect
was the expression of an anti-inflammatory phenotype and the increase in the
osteoprotegerin-to-receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)
ratio. Moreover, butyrate, especially at the highest dose, counteracted the
effects of the pro-inflammatory stimulus of TNFα 1 ng/mL. Butyrate affects
osteosarcoma cell metabolism by anticipating the expression of a differentiated
phenotype and by inducing the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perego
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.,2 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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26
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Tyszka-Czochara M, Bukowska-Strakova K, Kocemba-Pilarczyk KA, Majka M. Caffeic Acid Targets AMPK Signaling and Regulates Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Anaplerosis while Metformin Downregulates HIF-1α-Induced Glycolytic Enzymes in Human Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lines. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070841. [PMID: 29958416 PMCID: PMC6073805 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The small molecules, natural antioxidant Caffeic Acid (trans-3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid CA) and anti-diabetic drug Metformin (Met), activate 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and interfere with metabolic reprogramming in human cervical squamous carcinoma cells. Here, to gain more insight into the ability of CA, Met and the combination of both compounds to impair aerobic glycolysis (the “Warburg effect”) and disrupt bioenergetics of cancer cells, we employed the cervical tumor cell lines C-4I and HTB-35/SiHa. In epithelial C-4I cells derived from solid tumors, CA alleviated glutamine anaplerosis by downregulation of Glutaminase (GLS) and Malic Enzyme 1 (ME1), which resulted in the reduction of NADPH levels. CA treatment of the cells altered tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle supplementation with pyruvate via Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDH), increased ROS formation and enhanced cell death. Additionally, CA and CA/Met evoked intracellular energetic stress, which was followed by activation of AMPK and the impairment of unsaturated FA de novo synthesis. In invasive HTB-35 cells, Met inhibited Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1α) and suppressed the expression of the proteins involved in the “Warburg effect”, such as glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3) and regulatory enzymes of glycolytic pathway Hexokinase 2 (HK2), 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Biphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4), Pyruvate Kinase (PKM) and Lactate Dehydrogenase A (LDH). Met suppressed the expression of c-Myc, BAX and cyclin-D1 (CCND1) and evoked apoptosis in HTB-35 cells. In conclusion, both small molecules CA and Met are capable of disrupting energy homeostasis, regulating oxidative metabolism/glycolysis in cervical tumor cells in regard to specific metabolic phenotype of the cells. CA and Met may provide a promising approach in the prevention of cervical cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Tyszka-Czochara
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Karolina Bukowska-Strakova
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland.
| | | | - Marcin Majka
- Department of Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 258, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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27
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Icard P, Shulman S, Farhat D, Steyaert JM, Alifano M, Lincet H. How the Warburg effect supports aggressiveness and drug resistance of cancer cells? Drug Resist Updat 2018; 38:1-11. [PMID: 29857814 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells employ both conventional oxidative metabolism and glycolytic anaerobic metabolism. However, their proliferation is marked by a shift towards increasing glycolytic metabolism even in the presence of O2 (Warburg effect). HIF1, a major hypoxia induced transcription factor, promotes a dissociation between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a process limiting the efficient production of ATP and citrate which otherwise would arrest glycolysis. The Warburg effect also favors an intracellular alkaline pH which is a driving force in many aspects of cancer cell proliferation (enhancement of glycolysis and cell cycle progression) and of cancer aggressiveness (resistance to various processes including hypoxia, apoptosis, cytotoxic drugs and immune response). This metabolism leads to epigenetic and genetic alterations with the occurrence of multiple new cell phenotypes which enhance cancer cell growth and aggressiveness. In depth understanding of these metabolic changes in cancer cells may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies, which when combined with existing cancer treatments, might improve their effectiveness and/or overcome chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Icard
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment, BioTICLA axis (Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Ovarian Cancers), Caen, France; UNICANCER, Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, BioTICLA lab, Caen, France; Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Caen, France
| | | | - Diana Farhat
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), France; Université Lyon Claude Bernard 1, Lyon, France; Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, EDST-PRASE, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Hadath-Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Marc Steyaert
- Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire d'Informatique (LIX), Palaiseau, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Paris Center University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Hubert Lincet
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), France; Université Lyon Claude Bernard 1, Lyon, France; ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lyon, France.
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28
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Schwartz L, Lafitte O, da Veiga Moreira J. Toward a Reasoned Classification of Diseases Using Physico-Chemical Based Phenotypes. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29541031 PMCID: PMC5835834 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diseases and health conditions have been classified according to anatomical site, etiological, and clinical criteria. Physico-chemical mechanisms underlying the biology of diseases, such as the flow of energy through cells and tissues, have been often overlooked in classification systems. Objective: We propose a conceptual framework toward the development of an energy-oriented classification of diseases, based on the principles of physical chemistry. Methods: A review of literature on the physical chemistry of biological interactions in a number of diseases is traced from the point of view of the fluid and solid mechanics, electricity, and chemistry. Results: We found consistent evidence in literature of decreased and/or increased physical and chemical forces intertwined with biological processes of numerous diseases, which allowed the identification of mechanical, electric and chemical phenotypes of diseases. Discussion: Biological mechanisms of diseases need to be evaluated and integrated into more comprehensive theories that should account with principles of physics and chemistry. A hypothetical model is proposed relating the natural history of diseases to mechanical stress, electric field, and chemical equilibria (ATP) changes. The present perspective toward an innovative disease classification may improve drug-repurposing strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Lafitte
- LAGA, UMR 7539, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Villetaneuse, France
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29
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Li X, Yu X, Dai D, Song X, Xu W. The altered glucose metabolism in tumor and a tumor acidic microenvironment associated with extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer and monocarboxylate transporters. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23141-55. [PMID: 27009812 PMCID: PMC5029616 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, also knowns as cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) or basigin, is a widely distributed cell surface glycoprotein that is involved in numerous physiological and pathological functions, especially in tumor invasion and metastasis. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) catalyze the proton-linked transport of monocarboxylates such as L-lactate across the plasma membrane to preserve the intracellular pH and maintain cell homeostasis. As a chaperone to some MCT isoforms, CD147 overexpression significantly contributes to the metabolic transformation of tumor. This overexpression is characterized by accelerated aerobic glycolysis and lactate efflux, and it eventually provides the tumor cells with a metabolic advantage and an invasive phenotype in the acidic tumor microenvironment. This review highlights the roles of CD147 and MCTs in tumor cell metabolism and the associated molecular mechanisms. The regulation of CD147 and MCTs may prove to be with a therapeutic potential for tumors through the metabolic modification of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaozhou Yu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Dai
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuyu Song
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Wengui Xu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
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30
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Chung CZ, Seidl LE, Mann MR, Heinemann IU. Tipping the balance of RNA stability by 3' editing of the transcriptome. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2971-2979. [PMID: 28483641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of active microRNAs (miRNAs) and maturation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that are competent for translation is a crucial point in the control of all cellular processes, with established roles in development and differentiation. Terminal nucleotidyltransferases (TNTases) are potent regulators of RNA metabolism. TNTases promote the addition of single or multiple nucleotides to an RNA transcript that can rapidly alter transcript stability. The well-known polyadenylation promotes transcript stability while the newly discovered but ubiquitious 3'-end polyuridylation marks RNA for degradation. Monoadenylation and uridylation are essential control mechanisms balancing mRNA and miRNA homeostasis. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses the multiple functions of non-canonical TNTases, focusing on their substrate range, biological functions, and evolution. TNTases directly control mRNA and miRNA levels, with diverse roles in transcriptome stabilization, maturation, silencing, or degradation. We will summarize the current state of knowledge on non-canonical nucleotidyltransferases and their function in regulating miRNA and mRNA metabolism. We will review the discovery of uridylation as an RNA degradation pathway and discuss the evolution of nucleotidyltransferases along with their use in RNA labeling and future applications as therapeutic targets. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The biochemically and evolutionarily highly related adenylyl- and uridylyltransferases play antagonizing roles in the cell. In general, RNA adenylation promotes stability, while uridylation marks RNA for degradation. Uridylyltransferases evolved from adenylyltransferases in multiple independent evolutionary events by the insertion of a histidine residue into the active site, altering nucleotide, but not RNA specificity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the mechanisms regulating RNA stability in the cell and controlling the transcriptome is essential for efforts aiming to influence cellular fate. Selectively enhancing or reducing RNA stability allows for alterations in the transcriptome, proteome, and downstream cellular processes. Genetic, biochemical, and clinical data suggest TNTases are potent targets for chemotherapeutics and have been exploited for RNA labeling applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Biochemistry of Synthetic Biology - Recent Developments" Guest Editor: Dr. Ilka Heinemann and Dr. Patrick O'Donoghue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Z Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Lauren E Seidl
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mitchell R Mann
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ilka U Heinemann
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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31
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Mansouri S, Shahriari A, Kalantar H, Moini Zanjani T, Haghi Karamallah M. Role of malate dehydrogenase in facilitating lactate dehydrogenase to support the glycolysis pathway in tumors. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:463-467. [PMID: 28413646 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High aerobic glycolysis, as one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a vital co-factor, to guarantee the flow of glycolysis. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH), as an important enzyme in cancer metabolism, is a source of NAD+ additional to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The current study aimed to elucidate the kinetic parameters of MDH in human breast cancer and evaluate its supportive role in the glycolysis pathway. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) of MDH were determined in the crude extracts of human breast tumors and healthy tissue samples, which were obtained directly from the operating theatre. To assess the potential role of MDH in supporting glycolysis, the MDH activity was measured when the LDH activity was inhibited by different concentrations of oxamate, an inhibitor of LDH in breast cancer cell lines. The Km of cancerous MDH (C-MDH) was the same as the healthy MDH, although the Vmax of C-MDH was higher relative to the healthy MDH. Notably, the MDH activity was increased in the MDA-MB-231 cell line, which was treated with the LDH inhibitor (oxamate), but not in the MCF-7 cell line (P<0.05). The higher tendency of C-MDH for NAD+ and malate generation in cancer cells is an effective approach for supporting glycolysis. Increasing MDH activity in the absence of LDH demonstrates the supportive role of MDH in glycolysis. Therefore, decreasing MDH activity and expression in a forward reaction may present as a valid molecular target to abolish its potential effect on tumor metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Mansouri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khuzestan 61357-83151, Iran.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Ali Shahriari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khuzestan 61357-83151, Iran
| | - Hadi Kalantar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan 61357-33184, Iran
| | - Taraneh Moini Zanjani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Haghi Karamallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 89151-73143, Iran
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Abstract
The technique of induced metabolic bioluminescence imaging (imBI) has been developed to obtain a "snapshot" of the momentary metabolic status of biological tissues. Using cryosections of snap-frozen tissue specimens, imBI combines highly specific and sensitive in situ detection of metabolites with a spatial resolution on a microscopic level and with metabolic imaging in relation to tissue histology. Here, we present the application of imBI in human colorectal cancer. Comparing the metabolic information of one biopsy with that of 2 or 3 biopsies per individual cancer, the classification into high versus low lactate tumors, reflecting different glycolytic activities, based on a single biopsy was in agreement with the result from multiple biopsies in 83 % of all cases. We further demonstrate that the metabolic status of tumor tissue can be preserved at least over 10 years by storage in liquid nitrogen, but not by storage at -80 °C. This means that tissue banking with long-term preservation of the metabolic status is possible at -180 °C, which may be relevant for studies on long-term survival of cancer patients. As with other tumor entities, tissue lactate concentration was shown to be correlated with tumor development and progression in colorectal cancer. At first-time diagnosis, lactate values were low in rectal normal tissue and adenomas, were significantly elevated to intermediate levels in non-metastatic adenocarcinomas, and were very high in carcinomas with distant metastasis. There was an inverse behavior of tissue glucose concentration under corresponding conditions. The expression level of monocarboxylate transporter-4 (MCT4) was positively correlated with the tumor lactate concentration and may thus contribute to high lactate tumors being associated with a high degree of malignancy.
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33
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Out of Warburg effect: An effective cancer treatment targeting the tumor specific metabolism and dysregulated pH. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:134-138. [PMID: 28122260 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As stated by Otto Warburg nearly a century ago, cancer is a metabolic disease, a fermentation caused by malfunctioning mitochondria, resulting in increased anabolism and decreased catabolism. Treatment should, therefore, aim at restoring the energy yield. To decrease anabolism, glucose uptake should be reduced (ketogenic diet). To increase catabolism, the oxidative phosphorylation should be restored. Treatment with a combination of α-lipoic acid and hydroxycitrate has been shown to be effective in multiple animal models. This treatment, in combination with conventional chemotherapy, has yielded extremely encouraging results in glioblastoma, brain metastasis and lung cancer. Randomized trials are necessary to confirm these preliminary data. The major limitation is the fact that the combination of α-lipoic acid and hydroxycitrate can only be effective if the mitochondria are still present and/or functional. That may not be the case in the most aggressive tumors. The increased intracellular alkalosis is a strong mitogenic signal, which bypasses most inhibitory signals. Concomitant correction of this alkalosis may be a very effective treatment in case of mitochondrial failure.
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34
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance metabolomics reveals an excretory metabolic signature of renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37275. [PMID: 27857216 PMCID: PMC5114559 DOI: 10.1038/srep37275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RCC usually develops and progresses asymptomatically and, when detected, it is frequently at advanced stages and metastatic, entailing a dismal prognosis. Therefore, there is an obvious demand for new strategies enabling an earlier diagnosis. The importance of metabolic rearrangements for carcinogenesis unlocked a new approach for cancer research, catalyzing the increased use of metabolomics. The present study aimed the NMR metabolic profiling of RCC in urine samples from a cohort of RCC patients (n = 42) and controls (n = 49). The methodology entailed variable selection of the spectra in tandem with multivariate analysis and validation procedures. The retrieval of a disease signature was preceded by a systematic evaluation of the impacts of subject age, gender, BMI, and smoking habits. The impact of confounders on the urine metabolomics profile of this population is residual compared to that of RCC. A 32-metabolite/resonance signature descriptive of RCC was unveiled, successfully distinguishing RCC patients from controls in principal component analysis. This work demonstrates the value of a systematic metabolomics workflow for the identification of robust urinary metabolic biomarkers of RCC. Future studies should entail the validation of the 32-metabolite/resonance signature found for RCC in independent cohorts, as well as biological validation of the putative hypotheses advanced.
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Botlagunta M, Kollapalli B, Kakarla L, Gajarla SP, Gade SP, Dadi CL, Penumadu A, Javeed S. In vitro anti-cancer activity of doxorubicin against human RNA helicase, DDX3. Bioinformation 2016; 12:347-353. [PMID: 28246464 PMCID: PMC5311078 DOI: 10.6026/97320630012347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA helicase, DDX3 is a multifunctional enzyme and is known to be associated with several diseases like HIV progression, brain and breast cancer. Some of the ring expanded nucleoside compounds such as REN: NZ51, fused di imidazodiazepine ring (RK33), (Z)-3-(5- (3-bromo benzylidene)-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-N-(2- hydroxy phenyl) propanamide compound (FE15) have been documented to inhibit DDX3 helicase activity. However, synthesis of these drugs is limited to few research groups. Prevalence of literature study, we found that doxorubicin form strong hydrogen bond interactions with crystallized form of DDX3 using in-silico molecular docking approach. To evaluate the biological inhibitory action of doxorubicin, we performed the ATPase activity assay and anti-cancer activity using H357 cancer cell lines. Results showed that doxorubicin continually declined the inorganic phosphate (Pi) release and inhibited the ATP hydrolysis by directly interacting with DDX3. Anticancer activity was detected by MTT assay. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations of doxorubicin (IC50) for H357 cancer cell line is 50 μM and also doxorubicin significantly down regulated the expression of DDX3. Taken together, our results demonstrate, that inhibition of DDX3 expression by using doxorubicin can be used as an ideal drug candidate to treat DDX3 associated cancer disorder by interacting with unique amino acid residues (Thr 198) and common amino acid residues (Tyr 200 and Thr 201).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendran Botlagunta
- Department of Biotechnology, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh-522502, India
- Sweety Biologicals India Private Limited,Kavali, Andhra Pradesh-524201, India
| | | | - Lavanya Kakarla
- Department of Biotechnology, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh-522502, India
| | - Siva Priya Gajarla
- Department of Biotechnology, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh-522502, India
| | - Sai Pujitha Gade
- Department of Biotechnology, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh-522502, India
| | - Chandra Lekha Dadi
- Department of Biotechnology, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh-522502, India
| | - Akhila Penumadu
- Department of Biotechnology, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh-522502, India
| | - Shaik Javeed
- Department of Biotechnology, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh-522502, India
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The Redox Status of Cancer Cells Supports Mechanisms behind the Warburg Effect. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6040033. [PMID: 27706102 PMCID: PMC5192439 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the energetic status of proliferating cells, we have measured the intracellular pH (pHi) and concentrations of key metabolites, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) in normal and cancer cells, extracted from fresh human colon tissues. Cells were sorted by elutriation and segregated in different phases of the cell cycle (G0/G1/S/G2/M) in order to study their redox (NAD, NADP) and bioenergetic (ATP, pHi) status. Our results show that the average ATP concentration over the cell cycle is higher and the pHi is globally more acidic in normal proliferating cells. The NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH redox ratios are, respectively, five times and ten times higher in cancer cells compared to the normal cell population. These energetic differences in normal and cancer cells may explain the well-described mechanisms behind the Warburg effect. Oscillations in ATP concentration, pHi, NAD+/NADH, and NADP+/NADPH ratios over one cell cycle are reported and the hypothesis addressed. We also investigated the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of human and mice normal and cancer cell lines. A drastic decrease of the MMP is reported in cancer cell lines compared to their normal counterparts. Altogether, these results strongly support the high throughput aerobic glycolysis, or Warburg effect, observed in cancer cells.
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Arts RJ, Joosten LA, Netea MG. Immunometabolic circuits in trained immunity. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:425-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ban HS, Xu X, Jang K, Kim I, Kim BK, Lee K, Won M. A Novel Malate Dehydrogenase 2 Inhibitor Suppresses Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 by Regulating Mitochondrial Respiration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162568. [PMID: 27611801 PMCID: PMC5017629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 inhibitor LW6, an aryloxyacetylamino benzoic acid derivative, inhibits malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2) activity during the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In this study, we present a novel MDH2 inhibitor compound 7 containing benzohydrazide moiety, which was identified through structure-based virtual screening of chemical library. Similar to LW6, compound 7 inhibited MDH2 activity in a competitive fashion, thereby reducing NADH level. Consequently, compound 7 reduced oxygen consumption and ATP production during the mitochondrial respiration cycle, resulting in increased intracellular oxygen concentration. Therefore, compound 7 suppressed the accumulation of HIF-1α and expression of its target genes, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). Moreover, reduction in ATP content activated AMPK, thereby inactivating ACC and mTOR the downstream pathways. As expected, compound 7 exhibited significant growth inhibition of human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells. Compound 7 demonstrated substantial anti-tumor efficacy in an in vivo xenograft assay using HCT116 mouse model. Taken together, a novel MDH2 inhibitor, compound 7, suppressed HIF-1α accumulation via reduction of oxygen consumption and ATP production, integrating metabolism into anti-cancer efficacy in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seung Ban
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
- Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Xuezhen Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kusik Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Inhyub Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
- Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bo-Kyung Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
- * E-mail: (MW); (KL)
| | - Misun Won
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
- Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail: (MW); (KL)
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The broken "Off" switch in cancer signaling: PP2A as a regulator of tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and immune surveillance. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 6:87-99. [PMID: 27556014 PMCID: PMC4986044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of signal transduction pathways can transform a normal cell to a malignant one and can impart survival properties that render cancer cells resistant to therapy. A diverse set of cascades have been implicated in various cancers including those mediated by serine/threonine kinases such RAS, PI3K/AKT, and PKC. Signal transduction is a dynamic process involving both "On" and "Off" switches. Activating mutations of RAS or PI3K can be viewed as the switch being stuck in the "On" position resulting in continued signaling by a survival and/or proliferation pathway. On the other hand, inactivation of protein phosphatases such as the PP2A family can be seen as the defective "Off" switch that similarly can activate these pathways. A problem for therapeutic targeting of PP2A is that the enzyme is a hetero-trimer and thus drug targeting involves complex structures. More importantly, since PP2A isoforms generally act as tumor suppressors one would want to activate these enzymes rather than suppress them. The elucidation of the role of cellular inhibitors like SET and CIP2A in cancer suggests that targeting these proteins can have therapeutic efficacy by mechanisms involving PP2A activation. Furthermore, drugs such as FTY-720 can activate PP2A isoforms directly. This review will cover the current state of knowledge of PP2A role as a tumor suppressor in cancer cells and as a mediator of processes that can impact drug resistance and immune surveillance.
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Chan AKC, Bruce JIE, Siriwardena AK. Glucose metabolic phenotype of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:3471-3485. [PMID: 27022229 PMCID: PMC4806205 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i12.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct a global “metabolic phenotype” of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) reflecting tumour-related metabolic enzyme expression.
METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed using OvidSP and PubMed databases using keywords “pancreatic cancer” and individual glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (MOP) enzymes. Both human and animal studies investigating the oncological effect of enzyme expression changes and inhibitors in both an in vitro and in vivo setting were included in the review. Data reporting changes in enzyme expression and the effects on PDAC cells, such as survival and metastatic potential, were extracted to construct a metabolic phenotype.
RESULTS: Seven hundred and ten papers were initially retrieved, and were screened to meet the review inclusion criteria. 107 unique articles were identified as reporting data involving glycolytic enzymes, and 28 articles involving MOP enzymes in PDAC. Data extraction followed a pre-defined protocol. There is consistent over-expression of glycolytic enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase in keeping with the Warburg effect to facilitate rapid adenosine-triphosphate production from glycolysis. Certain isoforms of these enzymes were over-expressed specifically in PDAC. Altering expression levels of HK, PGI, FBA, enolase, PK-M2 and LDA-A with metabolic inhibitors have shown a favourable effect on PDAC, thus identifying these as potential therapeutic targets. However, the Warburg effect on MOP enzymes is less clear, with different expression levels at different points in the Krebs cycle resulting in a fundamental change of metabolite levels, suggesting that other essential anabolic pathways are being stimulated.
CONCLUSION: Further characterisation of the PDAC metabolic phenotype is necessary as currently there are few clinical studies and no successful clinical trials targeting metabolic enzymes.
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Ruas JS, Siqueira-Santos ES, Amigo I, Rodrigues-Silva E, Kowaltowski AJ, Castilho RF. Underestimation of the Maximal Capacity of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport System in Oligomycin-Treated Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150967. [PMID: 26950698 PMCID: PMC4780810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The maximal capacity of the mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS) in intact cells is frequently estimated by promoting protonophore-induced maximal oxygen consumption preceded by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by oligomycin. In the present study, human glioma (T98G and U-87MG) and prostate cancer (PC-3) cells were titrated with different concentrations of the protonophore CCCP to induce maximal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) within respirometers in a conventional growth medium. The results demonstrate that the presence of oligomycin or its A-isomer leads to underestimation of maximal ETS capacity. In the presence of oligomycin, the spare respiratory capacity (SRC), i.e., the difference between the maximal and basal cellular OCR, was underestimated by 25 to 45%. The inhibitory effect of oligomycin on SRC was more pronounced in T98G cells and was observed in both suspended and attached cells. Underestimation of SRC also occurred when oxidative phosphorylation was fully inhibited by the ATP synthase inhibitor citreoviridin. Further experiments indicated that oligomycin cannot be replaced by the adenine nucleotide translocase inhibitors bongkrekic acid or carboxyatractyloside because, although these compounds have effects in permeabilized cells, they do not inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in intact cells. We replaced CCCP by FCCP, another potent protonophore and similar results were observed. Lower maximal OCR and SRC values were obtained with the weaker protonophore 2,4-dinitrophenol, and these parameters were not affected by the presence of oligomycin. In permeabilized cells or isolated brain mitochondria incubated with respiratory substrates, only a minor inhibitory effect of oligomycin on CCCP-induced maximal OCR was observed. We conclude that unless a previously validated protocol is employed, maximal ETS capacity in intact cells should be estimated without oligomycin. The inhibitory effect of an ATP synthase blocker on potent protonophore-induced maximal OCR may be associated with impaired metabolism of mitochondrial respiratory substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S. Ruas
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilene S. Siqueira-Santos
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ignacio Amigo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika Rodrigues-Silva
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alicia J. Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger F. Castilho
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Graziano F, Ruzzo A, Giacomini E, Ricciardi T, Aprile G, Loupakis F, Lorenzini P, Ongaro E, Zoratto F, Catalano V, Sarti D, Rulli E, Cremolini C, De Nictolis M, De Maglio G, Falcone A, Fiorentini G, Magnani M. Glycolysis gene expression analysis and selective metabolic advantage in the clinical progression of colorectal cancer. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 17:258-264. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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HNF1β drives glutathione (GSH) synthesis underlying intrinsic carboplatin resistance of ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4813-29. [PMID: 26520442 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance to platinum-based antineoplastic agents is a consistent feature among ovarian carcinomas; however, whereas high-grade serous carcinoma (OSC) acquires resistance during chemotherapy, ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is intrinsically resistant. The main objective of this study was to explore, in vitro and in vivo, if hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β (HNF1β) and glutaminolysis contribute for the resistance of OCCC to carboplatin through the intrinsically increased GSH bioavailability. To disclose the role of HNF1β, experiments were also performed in an OSC cell line, which does not express HNF1β. Metabolic profiles, GSH quantification, HNF1β, and γ-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and modifier subunit (GCLM) expression, cell cycle, and death were assessed in ES2 cell line (OCCC) and OVCAR3 cell line (OSC); HNF1β knockdown was performed in ES2 and murine model of subcutaneous and peritoneal OCCC tumors was established to test buthionine sulphoxamine (BSO), as a sensitizer to carboplatin. Glutaminolysis is activated in ES2 and OVCAR3, though ES2 exclusively synthesizes amino acids and GSH. ES2 cells are more resistant to carboplatin than OVCAR3 and the abrogation of GSH production by BSO sensitizes ES2 to carboplatin. HNF1β regulates the expression of GCLC, but not GCLM, and consequently GSH production in ES2. In vivo, BSO prior to carboplatin reduces dramatically subcutaneous tumor size and GSH levels, as well as peritoneal dissemination. Our study discloses HNF1β as the mediator of intrinsic OCCC chemoresistance and sheds a light to re-explore a cancer adjuvant therapeutic approach using BSO to overcome the lack of efficient therapy in OCCC.
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44
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Iacobazzi V, Infantino V. Citrate--new functions for an old metabolite. Biol Chem 2015; 395:387-99. [PMID: 24445237 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Citrate is an important substrate in cellular energy metabolism. It is produced in the mitochondria and used in the Krebs cycle or released into cytoplasm through a specific mitochondrial carrier, CIC. In the cytosol, citrate and its derivatives, acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, are used in normal and pathological processes. Beyond the classical role as metabolic regulator, recent studies have highlighted that citrate is involved in inflammation, cancer, insulin secretion, histone acetylation, neurological disorders, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Monitoring changes in the citrate levels could therefore potentially be used as diagnostic tool. This review highlights these new aspects of citrate functions.
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Sun Y, He W, Luo M, Zhou Y, Chang G, Ren W, Wu K, Li X, Shen J, Zhao X, Hu Y. SREBP1 regulates tumorigenesis and prognosis of pancreatic cancer through targeting lipid metabolism. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4133-41. [PMID: 25589463 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) is a known transcription factor of lipogenic genes, which plays important roles in regulating de novo lipogenesis. Accumulating evidences indicate SREBP1 is involved in tumorigenesis, yet its role in pancreatic cancer remains unclear. Here, we explored the expression characteristic and function of SREBP1 in pancreatic cancer. Analysis of 60 patients with pancreatic ducat cancer showed that SREBP1 level was significantly higher in pancreatic cancer than that in adjacent normal tissues. High expression of SREBP1 predicted poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Multivariate analysis revealed that SREBP1 was an independent factor affecting overall survival. SREBP1 silencing resulted in proliferation inhibition and induction of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, lipogenic genes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1)) and de novo lipogenesis were promoted by SREBP1. Inhibition of lipogenic genes through specific inhibitors ablated SREBP1-mediated growth regulation. Furthermore, depletion of SREBP1 could suppress lipid metabolism and tumor growth in vivo. Our results indicate that SREBP1 had important role in tumor progression and appears to be a novel prognostic marker for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Abstract
Solid tumours undergo considerable alterations in their metabolism of nutrients in order to generate sufficient energy and biomass for sustained growth and proliferation. During growth, the tumour microenvironment exerts a number of influences (e.g. hypoxia and acidity) that affect cellular biology and the flux or utilisation of fuels including glucose. The tumour spheroid model was used to characterise the utilisation of glucose and describe alterations to the activity and expression of key glycolytic enzymes during the tissue growth curve. Glucose was avidly consumed and associated with the production of lactate and an acidified medium, confirming the reliance on glycolytic pathways and a diminution of oxidative phosphorylation. The expression levels and activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in the glycolytic pathway were measured to assess glycolytic capacity. Similar measurements were made for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the entry point and regulatory step of the pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) and for cytosolic malate dehydrogenase, a key link to TCA cycle intermediates. The parameters for these key enzymes were shown to undergo considerable variation during the growth curve of tumour spheroids. In addition, they revealed that the dynamic alterations were influenced by both transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms.
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix regulates tissue development and homeostasis, and its dysregulation contributes to neoplastic progression. The extracellular matrix serves not only as the scaffold upon which tissues are organized but provides critical biochemical and biomechanical cues that direct cell growth, survival, migration and differentiation and modulate vascular development and immune function. Thus, while genetic modifications in tumor cells undoubtedly initiate and drive malignancy, cancer progresses within a dynamically evolving extracellular matrix that modulates virtually every behavioral facet of the tumor cells and cancer-associated stromal cells. Hanahan and Weinberg defined the hallmarks of cancer to encompass key biological capabilities that are acquired and essential for the development, growth and dissemination of all human cancers. These capabilities include sustained proliferation, evasion of growth suppression, death resistance, replicative immortality, induced angiogenesis, initiation of invasion, dysregulation of cellular energetics, avoidance of immune destruction and chronic inflammation. Here, we argue that biophysical and biochemical cues from the tumor-associated extracellular matrix influence each of these cancer hallmarks and are therefore critical for malignancy. We suggest that the success of cancer prevention and therapy programs requires an intimate understanding of the reciprocal feedback between the evolving extracellular matrix, the tumor cells and its cancer-associated cellular stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Pickup
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janna K Mouw
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA Departments of Anatomy, Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Matafome P, Rodrigues T, Pereira A, Letra L, Azevedo H, Paixão A, Silvério M, Almeida A, Sena C, Seiça R. Long-term globular adiponectin administration improves adipose tissue dysmetabolism in high-fat diet-fed Wistar rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2014; 120:147-57. [PMID: 25142333 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2014.950590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin administration to obese or type 2 diabetic patients is still far off, due to its expensive costs and absence of studies demonstrating the effectiveness of its chronic administration. We performed long-term globular adiponectin administration, testing its usefulness in improving adipose tissue metabolism. Adiponectin (98 υg/day) was administered through a subcutaneous minipump with continued release (28 days) to Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet. Adiponectin decreased body weight and adipocyte size, while decreasing circulating leptin levels. More, adiponectin was able to increase IkappaBalpha and PPARgamma levels and to prevent high-fat diet-induced impairment of insulin signalling, especially in epididymal adipose tissue. This resulted in improved glucose profile. High-fat diet caused an impairment of lipolysis in epididymal adipose tissue, which was partially restored by adiponectin treatment. Long-term globular adiponectin administration was able to improve pathways of insulin signalling and lipid storage in adipose tissue of high-fat diet-fed rats, contributing to a better metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Matafome
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra , Portugal
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Israel M. Comment on cancer metabolism and on the role of the endocrine pancreas. J Clin Med Res 2014; 6:490-1. [PMID: 25247026 PMCID: PMC4169094 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr1912w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Israel
- 2 Av. Aristide Briand 91440, Bures sur Yvette, and CNRS Gif sur Yvette 91190, France.
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50
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Botman D, Tigchelaar W, Van Noorden CJF. Determination of phosphate-activated glutaminase activity and its kinetics in mouse tissues using metabolic mapping (quantitative enzyme histochemistry). J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:813-26. [PMID: 25163927 PMCID: PMC4230542 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414551177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) converts glutamine to glutamate as part of the glutaminolysis pathway in mitochondria. Two genes, GLS1 and GLS2, which encode for kidney-type PAG and liver-type PAG, respectively, differ in their tissue-specific activities and kinetics. Tissue-specific PAG activity and its kinetics were determined by metabolic mapping using a tetrazolium salt and glutamate dehydrogenase as an auxiliary enzyme in the presence of various glutamine concentrations. In kidney and brain, PAG showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of 0.6 mM glutamine and a Vmax of 1.1 µmol/mL/min when using 5 mM glutamine. PAG activity was high in the kidney cortex and inner medulla but low in the outer medulla, papillary tip, glomeruli and the lis of Henle. In brain tissue sections, PAG was active in the grey matter and inactive in myelin-rich regions. Liver PAG showed allosteric regulation with a Km of 11.6 mM glutamine and a Vmax of 0.5 µmol/mL/min when using 20 mM glutamine. The specificity of the method was shown after incubation of brain tissue sections with the PAG inhibitor 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine. PAG activity was decreased to 22% in the presence of 2 mM 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine. At low glutamine concentrations, PAG activity was higher in periportal regions, indicating a lower Km for periportal PAG. When compared with liver, kidney and brain, other tissues showed 3-fold to 6-fold less PAG activity. In conclusion, PAG is mainly active in mouse kidney, brain and liver, and shows different kinetics depending on which type of PAG is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Botman
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (DB, WT, CJFVN)
| | - Wikky Tigchelaar
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (DB, WT, CJFVN)
| | - Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (DB, WT, CJFVN)
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