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Evans AK, Saw NL, Woods CE, Vidano LM, Blumenfeld SE, Lam RK, Chu EK, Reading C, Shamloo M. Impact of high-fat diet on cognitive behavior and central and systemic inflammation with aging and sex differences in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:334-354. [PMID: 38408498 PMCID: PMC11019935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging and age-related diseases are associated with cellular stress, metabolic imbalance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, accompanied by cognitive impairment. Lifestyle factors such as diet, sleep fragmentation, and stress can potentiate damaging cellular cascades and lead to an acceleration of brain aging and cognitive impairment. High-fat diet (HFD) has been associated with obesity, metabolic disorders like diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. HFD also induces neuroinflammation, impairs learning and memory, and may increase anxiety-like behavior. Effects of a HFD may also vary between sexes. The interaction between Age- and Sex- and Diet-related changes in neuroinflammation and cognitive function is an important and poorly understood area of research. This study was designed to examine the effects of HFD on neuroinflammation, behavior, and neurodegeneration in mice in the context of aging or sex differences. In a series of studies, young (2-3 months) or old (12-13 months) C57BL/6J male mice or young male and female C57Bl/6J mice were fed either a standard diet (SD) or a HFD for 5-6 months. Behavior was assessed in Activity Chamber, Y-maze, Novel Place Recognition, Novel Object Recognition, Elevated Plus Maze, Open Field, Morris Water Maze, and Fear Conditioning. Post-mortem analyses assessed a panel of inflammatory markers in the plasma and hippocampus. Additionally, proteomic analysis of the hypothalamus, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation in the locus coeruleus, and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus were assessed in a subset of young and aged male mice. We show that HFD increased body weight and decreased locomotor activity across groups compared to control mice fed a SD. HFD altered anxiety-related exploratory behavior. HFD impaired spatial learning and recall in young male mice and impaired recall in cued fear conditioning in young and aged male mice, with no effects on spatial learning or fear conditioning in young female mice. Effects of Age and Sex were observed on neuroinflammatory cytokines, with only limited effects of HFD. HFD had a more significant impact on systemic inflammation in plasma across age and sex. Aged male mice had induction of microglial immunoreactivity in both the locus coeruleus (LC) and hippocampus an effect that HFD exacerbated in the hippocampal CA1 region. Proteomic analysis of the hypothalamus revealed changes in pathways related to metabolism and neurodegeneration with both aging and HFD in male mice. Our findings suggest that HFD induces widespread systemic inflammation and limited neuroinflammation. In addition, HFD alters exploratory behavior in male and female mice, and impairs learning and memory in male mice. These results provide valuable insight into the impact of diet on cognition and aging pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Evans
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Nay L Saw
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Claire E Woods
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Laura M Vidano
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Sarah E Blumenfeld
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Rachel K Lam
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Emily K Chu
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | | | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304.
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Chen Z, Hu W, Mendez MJ, Gossman ZC, Chomyk A, Boylan BT, Kidd GJ, Phares TW, Bergmann CC, Trapp BD. Neuroprotection by Preconditioning in Mice is Dependent on MyD88-Mediated CXCL10 Expression in Endothelial Cells. ASN Neuro 2023; 15:17590914221146365. [PMID: 36591943 PMCID: PMC9810995 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221146365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) can be preconditioned to resist damage by peripheral pretreatment with low-dose gram-negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Underlying mechanisms associated with transient protection of the cerebral cortex against traumatic brain injury include increased neuronal production of antiapoptotic and neurotrophic molecules, microglial-mediated displacement of inhibitory presynaptic terminals innervating the soma of cortical projection neurons, and synchronized firing of cortical projection neurons. However, the cell types and signaling responsible for these neuronal and microglial changes are unknown. A fundamental question is whether LPS penetrates the CNS or acts on the luminal surface of brain endothelial cells, thereby triggering an indirect parenchymal neuroprotective response. The present study shows that a low-dose intraperitoneal LPS treatment increases brain endothelial cell activation markers CD54, but does not open the blood-brain barrier or alter brain endothelial cell tight junctions as assessed by electron microscopy. NanoString nCounter transcript analyses of CD31-positive brain endothelial cells further revealed significant upregulation of Cxcl10, C3, Ccl2, Il1β, Cxcl2, and Cxcl1, consistent with identification of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) as a regulator of these transcripts by pathway analysis. Conditional genetic endothelial cell gene ablation approaches demonstrated that both MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and Cxcl10 expression are essential for LPS-induced neuroprotection and microglial activation. These results suggest that C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) production by endothelial cells in response to circulating TLR ligands may directly or indirectly signal to CXCR3 on neurons and/or microglia. Targeted activation of brain endothelial receptors may thus provide an attractive approach for inducing transient neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,
Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mynor J. Mendez
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zachary C. Gossman
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Chomyk
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brendan T. Boylan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of
Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Grahame J. Kidd
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy W. Phares
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cornelia C. Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bruce D. Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute,
Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Avci S, Kuscu N, Durkut B, Kilinc L, Ustunel I, Celik-Ozenci C. Altered expression of Notch signaling, Tlr receptors, and surfactant protein expression after prostaglandin inhibition may be associated with the delayed labor in LPS-induced mice. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:1531-1544. [PMID: 35538257 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to investigate whether indomethacin (IND) delays preterm birth by regulating the Notch pathway, Tlr receptors, and Sp-A in the placenta in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preterm labor (PTL) model. METHODS CD-1 mice were distributed to the pregnant control (PC), Sham, PBS, IND (2 mg/kg; i.p.), LPS (25 μg/100 μl; intrauterine), and LPS + IND groups. The injections were performed on day 14.5 of pregnancy. Placentae were collected on day 15.5 of pregnancy, and immunohistochemical analyzes were performed. Differences in staining intensities between the Cox-1, Notch-1 (N1), Dll-1, Jagged-2 (Jag-2), Tlr-2, and Tlr-4 proteins were compared. RESULTS Preterm labor rates were 100% and 66% (preterm delivery delayed 5 h) in the LPS and LPS + IND groups, respectively. In LPS-treated mice, a general morphological deterioration was observed in the placenta. Total placental mid-sagittal measurement was significantly reduced in the LPS-treated group, while it was similar to the PC group in the LPS + IND group. Cox-1 expression in the LZ increased, and Sp-A expression decreased after LPS injection, and IND administration diminished this increase. N1 expression increased in the labyrinth zone (LZ) and the junctional zone (JZ). Dll-1 and Jag-2 expression increased in the JZ after LPS injection (p < 0.0001). IND administration diminished Tlr-2 expression in the LZ and Tlr-4 expression in the JZ after LPS injection. CONCLUSION In conclusion, PG (prostaglandin) inhibition may alter Notch signaling, Tlr, and Sp-A protein expression and may be associated with delayed labor in LPS-induced mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Avci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Nilay Kuscu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Begum Durkut
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Leyla Kilinc
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ustunel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ciler Celik-Ozenci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Verwoolde MB, Arts J, Jansen CA, Parmentier HK, Lammers A. Transgenerational Effects of Maternal Immune Activation on Specific Antibody Responses in Layer Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:832130. [PMID: 35252424 PMCID: PMC8891521 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.832130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the maternal immune system may affect innate and adaptive immune responses in the next generation and may therefore have implications for vaccine efficacy and dietary immune modulation by feed additives. However, transgenerational effects on immune responses in chickens have been investigated to a limited extend. The present study investigated effects of intratracheal (i.t) specific and aspecific immune activation of laying hens on specific antibody production in the next generation. In two experiments laying hens received intratracheally an immune stimulus with human serum albumin (HuSA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In experiment 1, hatchlings of the immune activated hens were at 4 weeks i.t. immunized with HuSA or HuSA+LPS. Maternal immune activation with LPS increased HuSA specific IgY and IgM responses in offspring. These results suggest a transgenerational effect of the maternal immune system on the specific antibody response in the next generation. In experiment 2 hatchlings received either β-glucan-enriched feed or control feed and were i.t. immunized with HuSA. Maternal immune activation with LPS decreased IgY anti-HuSA responses after HuSA immunization within hatchlings that received β-glucan enriched feed. The results of Experiment 2 suggest a transgenerational link between the innate immune system of mother and specific antibody responses in offspring. Despite variabilities in the outcomes of the two experiments, the observations of both suggest a link between the maternal innate immune system and the immune system of the offspring. Furthermore, our results may imply that maternal activation of the innate immune system can influence immune modulating dietary interventions and vaccine strategies in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel B. Verwoolde
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joop Arts
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk K. Parmentier
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Aart Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Aart Lammers
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Avci S, Kuscu N, Kilinc L, Ustunel I. Relationship of Notch Signal, Surfactant Protein A, and Indomethacin in Cervix During Preterm Birth: Mast Cell and Jagged-2 May Be Key in Understanding Infection-mediated Preterm Birth. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:121-138. [PMID: 34927491 PMCID: PMC8777376 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211061615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is thought that there is a close relationship between Notch signal and preterm birth, the functioning of this mechanism in the cervix is unknown. The efficacy of surfactants and prostaglandin inhibitors in preterm labor is also still unclear. In this study, 48 female CD-1 mice were distributed to pregnant control (PC), Sham, PBS, indomethacin (2 mg/kg; intraperitoneally), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (25 μg/100 μl; intrauterine), LPS + IND, and Surfactant Protein A Block (SP-A Block: SP-A B; the anti-SP-A antibody was applied 20 µg/100μl; intrauterine) groups. Tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis. LPS administration increased the expression of N1 Dll-1 and Jagged-2 (Jag-2). Although Toll-like receptor (Tlr)-2 significantly increased in the LPS-treated and SP-A-blocked groups, Tlr-4 significantly increased only in the LPS-exposed groups. It was observed that Jag-2 is specifically expressed by mast cells. Overall, this experimental model shows that some protein responses increase throughout the uterus, starting at a specific point on the cervix epithelium. Surfactant Protein A, which we observed to be significantly reduced by LPS, may be associated with the regulation of the epithelial response, especially during preterm delivery due to infection. On the contrary, prostaglandin inhibitors can be considered an option to delay infection-related preterm labor with their dose-dependent effects. Finally, the link between mast cells and Jag-2 could potentially be a control switch for preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilay Kuscu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical
School, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Leyla Kilinc
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical
School, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ustunel
- Ismail Ustunel, Department of Histology and
Embryology, Medical School, Akdeniz University, 07100 Antalya, Turkey. E-mail:
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6
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Lang V, Ferencik S, Ananthasubramaniam B, Kramer A, Maier B. Susceptibility rhythm to bacterial endotoxin in myeloid clock-knockout mice. eLife 2021; 10:e62469. [PMID: 34661529 PMCID: PMC8598165 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Local circadian clocks are active in most cells of our body. However, their impact on circadian physiology is still under debate. Mortality by endotoxic (LPS) shock is highly time-of-day dependent and local circadian immune function such as the cytokine burst after LPS challenge has been assumed to be causal for the large differences in survival. Here, we investigate the roles of light and myeloid clocks on mortality by endotoxic shock. Strikingly, mice in constant darkness (DD) show a threefold increased susceptibility to LPS as compared to mice in light-dark conditions. Mortality by endotoxic shock as a function of circadian time is independent of light-dark cycles as well as myeloid CLOCK or BMAL1 as demonstrated in conditional knockout mice. Unexpectedly, despite the lack of a myeloid clock these mice still show rhythmic patterns of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, MCP-1, IL-18, and IL-10 in peripheral blood as well as time-of-day and site-dependent traffic of myeloid cells. We speculate that systemic time-cues are sufficient to orchestrate innate immune response to LPS by driving immune functions such as cell trafficking and cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lang
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Sebastian Ferencik
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Bharath Ananthasubramaniam
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Achim Kramer
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Bert Maier
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
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Omega-3 Supplementation Prevents Short-Term High-Fat Diet Effects on the α7 Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Expression and Inflammatory Response. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:5526940. [PMID: 34421366 PMCID: PMC8371655 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5526940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study is aimed at investigating if PUFA supplementation could prevent the effects of a short-term HFD on α7nAChR expression and on the severity of sepsis. Swiss mice were used for the in vivo experiments. For the in vitro experiments, we used a microglia cell line (BV-2) and a hepatoma cell line (Hepa-1c1c7) derived from mice. The animals were either fed standard chow, fed a short-term HFD (60%), or given supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid (2 g/kg or 4 g/kg bw) for 17 days, followed by a short-term HFD. Endotoxemia was induced with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide injection (LPS, 5 or 12 mg/kg), and sepsis was induced by subjecting the animals to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). BV-2 and Hepa-1c1c7 cells were treated with LPS (100 and 500 ng/mL, respectively) for 3 hours. RT-PCR or Western blotting was used to evaluate α7nAChR expression, inflammatory markers, DNMT1, and overall ubiquitination. LPS and HFD reduced the expression of α7nAChR and increased the expression of inflammatory markers. Omega-3 partially prevented the damage caused by the HFD to the expression of α7nAChR in the bone marrow and hypothalamus, decreased the inflammatory markers, and reduced susceptibility to sepsis-induced death. Exposing the BV-2 cells to LPS increased the protein content of DNMT1 and the overall ubiquitination and reduced the expression of α7nAChR. The inflammation induced by LPS in the BV-2 cell decreased α7nAChR expression and concomitantly increased DNMT1 expression and the ubiquitinated protein levels, indicating the participation of pre- and posttranscriptional mechanisms.
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Kessoku T, Kobayashi T, Tanaka K, Yamamoto A, Takahashi K, Iwaki M, Ozaki A, Kasai Y, Nogami A, Honda Y, Ogawa Y, Kato S, Imajo K, Higurashi T, Hosono K, Yoneda M, Usuda H, Wada K, Saito S, Nakajima A. The Role of Leaky Gut in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Novel Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158161. [PMID: 34360923 PMCID: PMC8347478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver directly accepts blood from the gut and is, therefore, exposed to intestinal bacteria. Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between gut bacteria and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Approximately 10–20% of NAFLD patients develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and endotoxins produced by Gram-negative bacilli may be involved in NAFLD pathogenesis. NAFLD hyperendotoxicemia has intestinal and hepatic factors. The intestinal factors include impaired intestinal barrier function (leaky gut syndrome) and dysbiosis due to increased abundance of ethanol-producing bacteria, which can change endogenous alcohol concentrations. The hepatic factors include hyperleptinemia, which is associated with an excessive response to endotoxins, leading to intrahepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Clinically, the relationship between gut bacteria and NAFLD has been targeted in some randomized controlled trials of probiotics and other agents, but the results have been inconsistent. A recent randomized, placebo-controlled study explored the utility of lubiprostone, a treatment for constipation, in restoring intestinal barrier function and improving the outcomes of NAFLD patients, marking a new phase in the development of novel therapies targeting the intestinal barrier. This review summarizes recent data from studies in animal models and randomized clinical trials on the role of the gut–liver axis in NAFLD pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-787-2640; Fax: +81-45-784-3546
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Kota Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Michihiro Iwaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Anna Ozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Yuki Kasai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Asako Nogami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Shingo Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Takuma Higurashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Kunihiro Hosono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Haruki Usuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.U.); (K.W.)
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.U.); (K.W.)
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (M.I.); (A.O.); (Y.K.); (A.N.); (Y.H.); (Y.O.); (S.K.); (K.I.); (T.H.); (K.H.); (M.Y.); (S.S.); (A.N.)
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9
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Cichon I, Ortmann W, Kolaczkowska E. Metabolic Pathways Involved in Formation of Spontaneous and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Differ in Obesity and Systemic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147718. [PMID: 34299338 PMCID: PMC8303382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity manifests itself with low-grade chronic inflammation that shapes immune responses during infection. Albeit obese individuals are at risk of higher mortality due to comorbidities, they are better protected from systemic inflammation. Recently, we showed that in the vasculature of obese mice kept on high-fat diet (HFD), neutrophils produce less neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) than in lean controls (normal diet, ND). NETs are used by neutrophils to counteract severe infection, but they also cause collateral damage. Hardly anything is known about metabolic requirements for their formation, especially in the context of obesity and/or sepsis. Thus, we aimed to study the immunometabolism of NET formation by application of ex vivo neutrophil analyses (Seahorse analyzer, selective inhibitors, confocal imaging) and intravital microscopy. The obtained data show that glycolysis and/or pentose phosphate pathway are involved in NETs release by ND neutrophils in both physiological and inflammatory conditions. In contrast, such cells of septic HFD mice utilize these routes only to spontaneously cast NETs, while after secondary ex vivo activation they exhibit so called "exhausted phenotype", which manifests itself in diminished NET release despite high glycolytic potential and flexibility to oxidize fatty acids. Moreover, impact of ATP synthase inhibition on NET formation is revealed. Overall, the study shows that the neutrophil potential to cast NETs depends on both the metabolic and inflammatory state of the individual.
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10
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Bott KN, Yumol JL, Comelli EM, Klentrou P, Peters SJ, Ward WE. Trabecular and cortical bone are unaltered in response to chronic lipopolysaccharide exposure via osmotic pumps in male and female CD-1 mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243933. [PMID: 33544708 PMCID: PMC7864436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation has been identified as an underlying cause of many diseases including osteoporosis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent inducer of the inflammatory response that can negatively affect bone outcomes by upregulating bone resorption and inhibiting bone formation. The objective of this study was to assess the longitudinal response of trabecular and cortical bone structure and bone mineral density to LPS continuously administered for 12 weeks in male and female CD-1 mice. Mice were assigned to one of four LPS groups at 8-weeks of age: placebo (0.0 μg/d), low (0.9 μg/d), mid (3.6 μg/d) and high (14.4 μg/d) dose. Trabecular and cortical bone outcomes were measured at 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age using in vivo micro-computed tomography. The anticipated serum LPS dose-dependent response was not observed. Therefore, the low, mid, and high LPS groups were combined for analysis. Compared to the placebo group, endpoint serum LPS was elevated in both males (p < 0.05) and females (p < 0.05) when all LPS treatment groups were combined. However, there was no significant change in trabecular or cortical bone outcomes in the combined LPS groups compared to the placebo following the 12-week LPS intervention for either sex. This suggests that although serum LPS was elevated following the 12-week LPS intervention, the dosages administered using the osmotic pumps was not sufficient to negatively impact trabecular or cortical bone outcomes in either male or female CD-1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten N. Bott
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Jenalyn L. Yumol
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Elena M. Comelli
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra J. Peters
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy E. Ward
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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11
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Kessoku T, Kobayashi T, Imajo K, Tanaka K, Yamamoto A, Takahashi K, Kasai Y, Ozaki A, Iwaki M, Nogami A, Honda Y, Ogawa Y, Kato S, Higurashi T, Hosono K, Yoneda M, Okamoto T, Usuda H, Wada K, Kobayashi N, Saito S, Nakajima A. Endotoxins and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:770986. [PMID: 34777261 PMCID: PMC8586459 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.770986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. It occurs with a prevalence of up to 25%, of which 10-20% cases progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The histopathology of NASH is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration, and endotoxins from gram-negative rods have been postulated as a contributing factor. Elevations in endotoxin levels in the blood can be classified as intestinal and hepatic factors. In recent years, leaky gut syndrome, which is characterized by impaired intestinal barrier function, has become a significant issue. A leaky gut may prompt intestinal bacteria dysbiosis and increase the amount of endotoxin that enters the liver from the portal vein. These contribute to persistent chronic inflammation and progressive liver damage. In addition, hepatic factors suggest that liver damage can be induced by low-dose endotoxins, which does not occur in healthy individuals. In particular, increased expression of CD14, an endotoxin co-receptor in the liver, may result in leptin-induced endotoxin hyper-responsiveness in obese individuals. Thus, elevated blood endotoxin levels contribute to the progression of NASH. The current therapeutic targets for NASH treat steatosis and liver inflammation and fibrosis. While many clinical trials are underway, no studies have been performed on therapeutic agents that target the intestinal barrier. Recently, a randomized placebo-controlled trial examined the role of the intestinal barrier in patients with NAFLD. To our knowledge, this study was the first of its kind and study suggested that the intestinal barrier may be a novel target in the future treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takaomi Kessoku,
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kota Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuki Kasai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna Ozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michihiro Iwaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Asako Nogami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shingo Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takuma Higurashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hosono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Haruki Usuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Oncology, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Gowen BH, Reyes MV, Joseph LC, Morrow JP. Mechanisms of Chronic Metabolic Stress in Arrhythmias. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9101012. [PMID: 33086602 PMCID: PMC7603089 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are responsible for many cardiovascular disease-related deaths worldwide. While arrhythmia pathogenesis is complex, there is increasing evidence for metabolic causes. Obesity, diabetes, and chronically consuming high-fat foods significantly increase the likelihood of developing arrhythmias. Although these correlations are well established, mechanistic explanations connecting a high-fat diet (HFD) to arrhythmogenesis are incomplete, although oxidative stress appears to be critical. This review investigates the metabolic changes that occur in obesity and after HFD. Potential therapies to prevent or treat arrhythmias are discussed, including antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John P. Morrow
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-305-5553; Fax: +1-212-305-4648
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13
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Virginkar N, Christians JK. Maternal Obesity Does Not Exacerbate the Effects of LPS Injection on Pregnancy Outcomes in Mice. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090293. [PMID: 32947926 PMCID: PMC7563678 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of a number of pregnancy complications, potentially due to chronic inflammation. We predicted that an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) in mice would create an inflammatory environment that would exacerbate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an inflammatory insult, administered during pregnancy. Females were placed on a HFD or a low-fat diet (LFD) prior to mating, injected with 2 µg LPS or control on gestational day 7 and collected on day 14. Treatment with LPS increased the odds that a female thought to be pregnant at injection had no conceptuses at day 14 (p = 0.024), suggesting that injection with LPS was more likely to induce complete abortion. However, there was no effect of diet on the odds of having no conceptuses at day 14 and no interaction between diet and LPS injection. Diet and LPS injection had no effect on the number of viable fetuses in females still pregnant at day 14. For fetal weight, there was a significant interaction between diet and treatment (p = 0.017), whereby LPS reduced fetal weight in HFD females but not in LFD females. However, LPS treatment of HFD females reduced fetal weight to that observed in control-injected LFD females. Although LPS increased the odds of abortion, there was little evidence that a HFD exacerbated the effects of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Virginkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | - Julian K. Christians
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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14
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Ding M, Lian D, Zhang L, Jiang T, Wang W. I κB Kinase Inhibitor VII Modulates Sepsis-Induced Excessive Inflammation and Cardiac Dysfunction in 5/6 Nephrectomized Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:4251682. [PMID: 32963493 PMCID: PMC7501549 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4251682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease condition requires regular dialysis; the patients have greater risk of sepsis and have high mortality rate compared to general people with sepsis. The adverse cardiac condition leads to mortality in subjects with sepsis. In the present work, we studied the consequences of chronic kidney damage by 5/6 nephrectomy on cardiac function in mice induced with sepsis and the mechanism involved. METHODS We used C57BL/6 mice and subjected them to 5/6 nephrectomy; after induction of chronic kidney damage, they were subjected to sepsis by either LPS treatment or by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method. The cardiac function test was done by echocardiography. Protein expression was done by western blot analysis. RESULTS The 5/6 nephrectomized mice showed significant increase in blood creatinine and urea levels compared to sham-operated mice; the mice also showed decreased ejection fraction and increased levels of phosphorylated IkBα and nuclear translocation of the NF-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). When subjected to CLP and LPS treatment, the 5/6 nephrectomized mice augmented cardiac abnormalities and lung inflammation and increased plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-12, and IL-18. Also, we evidenced increased levels of p-IKKα/β and Ikβα, NF-κβ, and iNOS. Treatment of IKK inhibitor VII in 5/6 nephrectomized mice after LPS administration or CLP attenuated these effects. CONCLUSION Chronic kidney disease could lead to abnormal cardiac function caused by sepsis in mice; this may be due to increased expression of NF-κβ and iNOS in cardiac tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
- Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genetic Diagnosis, 130033, China
| | - Dede Lian
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Tiechao Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
- Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genetic Diagnosis, 130033, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
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15
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Metabolic Endotoxemia: A Potential Underlying Mechanism of the Relationship between Dietary Fat Intake and Risk for Cognitive Impairments in Humans? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081887. [PMID: 31412673 PMCID: PMC6722750 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Nutrition is a major lifestyle factor that can prevent the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Diet-induced metabolic endotoxemia has been proposed as a major root cause of inflammation and these pathways emerge as detrimental factors of healthy ageing. The aim of this paper was to update research focusing on the relationship between a fat-rich diet and endotoxemia, and to discuss the potential role of endotoxemia in cognitive performances. (2) Methods: We conducted a non-systematic literature review based on the PubMed database related to fat-rich meals, metabolic endotoxemia and cognitive disorders including dementia in humans. A total of 40 articles out of 942 in the first screening met the inclusion criteria. (3) Results: Evidence suggested that a fat-rich diet, depending on its quality, quantity and concomitant healthy food components, could influence metabolic endotoxemia. Since only heterogeneous cross-sectional studies are available, it remains unclear to what extent endotoxemia could be associated or not with cognitive disorders and dementia. (4) Conclusions: A fat-rich diet has the capability to provide significant increases in circulating endotoxins, which highlights nutritional strategies as a promising area for future research on inflammatory-associated diseases. The role of endotoxemia in cognitive disorders and dementia remains unclear and deserves further investigation.
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16
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Faraj TA, Stover C, Erridge C. Dietary Toll-Like Receptor Stimulants Promote Hepatic Inflammation and Impair Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Mice via Macrophage-Dependent Interleukin-1 Production. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1404. [PMID: 31316501 PMCID: PMC6611433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanisms connecting dietary intake of processed foods with systemic inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk remain poorly defined. We sought to compare the abundance of pro-inflammatory stimulants of innate immune receptors in processed foods with those produced by the murine ileal and caecal microbiota, and to explore the impact of their ingestion on systemic inflammation and lipid metabolism in vivo. Methods and results: Calibrated receptor-dependent reporter assays revealed that many processed foods, particularly those based on minced meats, contain pro-inflammatory stimulants of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4 at concentrations which greatly exceed those produced by the endogenous murine ileal microbiota. Chronic dietary supplementation with these stimulants, at concentrations relevant to those measured in the Western diet, promoted hepatic inflammation and reduced several markers of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in mice. Hepatocytes were found to be insensitive to TLR2- and TLR4-stimulants directly, but their secretion of functional cholesterol acceptors was impaired by interleukin (IL)-1β released by TLR-responsive hepatic macrophages. Hepatic macrophage priming by high-fat diet enhanced the impairment of RCT by ingested endotoxin, and this was reversed by macrophage depletion via clodronate liposome treatment, or genetic deficiency in the IL-1 receptor. Conclusion: These findings reveal an unexpected mechanism connecting processed food consumption with cardiovascular risk factors, and introduce the food microbiota as a potential target for therapeutic regulation of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tola A Faraj
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Cordula Stover
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Clett Erridge
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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The ATP-gated P2X 1 ion channel contributes to the severity of antibody-mediated Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5159. [PMID: 30914724 PMCID: PMC6435740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological responses that control the development of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI), a serious post-transfusion respiratory syndrome, still need to be clarified. Since extracellular nucleotides and their P2 receptors participate in inflammatory processes as well as in cellular responses to stress, we investigated the role of the ATP-gated P2X1 cation channel in antibody-mediated TRALI. The effects of NF449, a selective P2X1 receptor (P2RX1) antagonist, were analyzed in a mouse two-hit model of TRALI. Mice were primed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 24 h later challenged by administrating an anti-MHC I antibody. The selective P2RX1 antagonist NF449 was administrated before the administration of LPS and/or the anti-MHC I antibody. When given before antibody administration, NF449 improved survival while maximal protection was achieved when NF449 was also administrated before the sensitization step. Under this later condition, protein contents in bronchoalveolar lavages were dramatically reduced. Cell depletion experiments indicated that monocytes/macrophages, but not neutrophils, contribute to this effect. In addition, the reduced lung periarteriolar interstitial edemas in NF449-treated mice suggested that P2RX1 from arteriolar smooth muscle cells could represent a target of NF449. Accordingly, inhibition of TRPC6, another cation channel expressed by smooth muscle cells, also reduced TRALI-associated pulmonary interstitial and alveolar edemas. These data strongly suggest that cation channels like P2RX1 or TRPC6 participate to TRALI pathological responses.
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18
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Souza ACP, Souza CM, Amaral CL, Lemes SF, Santucci LF, Milanski M, Torsoni AS, Torsoni MA. Short-Term High-Fat Diet Consumption Reduces Hypothalamic Expression of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α7 Subunit (α7nAChR) and Affects the Anti-inflammatory Response in a Mouse Model of Sepsis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:565. [PMID: 30967878 PMCID: PMC6438922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in hospitalized patients and the chronic and low-grade inflammation observed in obesity seems to worsen susceptibility and morbidity of infections. However, little is known with respect to a short-term high-fat diet (HFD) and its role in the development of sepsis. Here, we show for the first time, that short-term HFD consumption impairs early nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit (α7nAChR)- mediated signaling, one of the major components of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, with a focus on hypothalamic inflammation and innate immune response. Mice were randomized to a HFD or standard chow (SC) for 3 days, and sepsis was subsequently induced by a lethal intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. In a separate experiment, both groups received LPS (i.p.) or LPS (i.p.) in conjunction with the selective α7nAChR agonist, PNU-282987 (i.p. or intracerebroventricular; i.c.v.), and were sacrificed 2 h after the challenge. Short-term HFD consumption significantly reduced the α7nAChR mRNA and protein levels in the hypothalamus and liver (p < 0.05). Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated lower cholinergic receptor nicotinic α7 subunit (α7nAChR)+ cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) (α7nAChR+ cells in SC = 216 and HFD = 84) and increased F4/80+ cells in the ARC (2.6-fold) and median eminence (ME) (1.6-fold), which can contribute to neuronal damage. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ cells and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN)+ cells were also increased following consumption of HFD. The HFD-fed mice died quickly after a lethal dose of LPS or following CLP surgery (2-fold compared with SC). The LPS challenge raised most cytokine levels in both groups; however, higher levels of TNF-α (Spleen and liver), IL-1β and IL-6 (in all tissues evaluated) were observed in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, PNU-282987 administration (i.p. or i.c.v.) reduced the levels of inflammatory markers in the hypothalamus following LPS injection. Nevertheless, when the i.c.v. injection of PNU-282987 was performed the anti-inflammatory effect was much smaller in HFD-fed mice than SC-fed mice. Here, we provide evidence that a short-term HFD impairs early α7nAChR expression in central and peripheral tissues, contributing to a higher probability of death in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Cristina Parras Souza
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Camilla Mendes Souza
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Camila Libardi Amaral
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Simone Ferreira Lemes
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Leticia Foglia Santucci
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
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19
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Bradley JH, Harrison A, Corey A, Gentry N, Gregg RK. Ebola virus secreted glycoprotein decreases the anti-viral immunity of macrophages in early inflammatory responses. Cell Immunol 2017; 324:24-32. [PMID: 29195741 PMCID: PMC7094302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During Ebola virus (EBOV) infection, secreted glycoprotein (sGP) is found in large quantities in the serum of both patients and infected animal models. It is thought to serve as a decoy for anti-EBOV antibodies. Using an in vitro model incorporating treatment of non-infected human THP-1 macrophages with recombinant EBOV sGP, this study sought to examine the impact of sGP upon key macrophage functions. Macrophage polarization and phagocytic capacity of activated macrophages were found to be unaltered by sGP treatment. However, treatment with sGP inhibited macrophage production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 while the yield of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, remained intact. Interestingly, the migratory ability of macrophages was also diminished by sGP, potentially due to a decrease in expression of CD11b, a vital macrophage integrin. Thus, EBOV sGP may operate to diminish functional contributions of non-infected macrophages to increase the potential viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian H Bradley
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States
| | - Ametria Harrison
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Physics, Converse College, Spartanburg, SC 29301, United States
| | - Ashley Corey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States
| | - Nathan Gentry
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States
| | - Randal K Gregg
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Magnolia Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States.
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20
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Zhang Z, Yang C, Dai X, Ao Y, Li Y. Inhibitory effect of trans-caryophyllene (TC) on leukocyte-endothelial attachment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28624443 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
trans-Caryophyllene (TC) is a major component found in the essential oils of many spices and foods/medicinal plants. It is a natural sesquiterpene and has been the subject of numerous studies. However, the effects of TC on vascular inflammation remain unknown. In this study, we reported that TC treatment in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) prevented attachment of monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 cells to endothelial cells. In addition, in vivo results indicate that TC inhibited macrophage infiltration to the aortic surface and reduced total serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Importantly, administration of TC could inhibit the induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, our data indicate that the inhibitory effects of TC on the expression of VCAM-1 are mediated by the JAK2/STAT1/IRF-1 pathway. TC is a specific agonist of the type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R). Importantly, we further verified that the inhibitory effects of TC on the expression of IRF-1 and VCAM-1 are dependent on activation of CB2R. Inhibition of CB2R by either specific inhibitors or RNA interference abolished the inhibitory effects of TC on the expression of IRF-1 and VCAM-1. Our results suggest that TC might have a capacity to suppress the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pediatric ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Chunfeng Yang
- Department of Pediatric ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xinlun Dai
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Ao
- Department of Pediatric ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Pediatric ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
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21
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Effects of LPS-induced immune activation prior to trauma exposure on PTSD-like symptoms in mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 323:117-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Forn-Cuní G, Varela M, Pereiro P, Novoa B, Figueras A. Conserved gene regulation during acute inflammation between zebrafish and mammals. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41905. [PMID: 28157230 PMCID: PMC5291205 DOI: 10.1038/srep41905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio), largely used as a model for studying developmental processes, has also emerged as a valuable system for modelling human inflammatory diseases. However, in a context where even mice have been questioned as a valid model for these analysis, a systematic study evaluating the reproducibility of human and mammalian inflammatory diseases in zebrafish is still lacking. In this report, we characterize the transcriptomic regulation to lipopolysaccharide in adult zebrafish kidney, liver, and muscle tissues using microarrays and demonstrate how the zebrafish genomic responses can effectively reproduce the mammalian inflammatory process induced by acute endotoxin stress. We provide evidence that immune signaling pathways and single gene expression is well conserved throughout evolution and that the zebrafish and mammal acute genomic responses after lipopolysaccharide stimulation are highly correlated despite the differential susceptibility between species to that compound. Therefore, we formally confirm that zebrafish inflammatory models are suited to study the basic mechanisms of inflammation in human inflammatory diseases, with great translational impact potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Forn-Cuní
- Inmunología y Genómica, Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - M Varela
- Inmunología y Genómica, Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - P Pereiro
- Inmunología y Genómica, Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - B Novoa
- Inmunología y Genómica, Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - A Figueras
- Inmunología y Genómica, Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
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23
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Xie M, Yu Y, Kang R, Zhu S, Yang L, Zeng L, Sun X, Yang M, Billiar TR, Wang H, Cao L, Jiang J, Tang D. PKM2-dependent glycolysis promotes NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13280. [PMID: 27779186 PMCID: PMC5093342 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock are the main cause of mortality in non-cardiac intensive care units. Immunometabolism has been linked to sepsis; however, the precise mechanism by which metabolic reprogramming regulates the inflammatory response is unclear. Here we show that aerobic glycolysis contributes to sepsis by modulating inflammasome activation in macrophages. PKM2-mediated glycolysis promotes inflammasome activation by modulating EIF2AK2 phosphorylation in macrophages. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of PKM2 or EIF2AK2 attenuates NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes activation, and consequently suppresses the release of IL-1β, IL-18 and HMGB1 by macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of the PKM2-EIF2AK2 pathway protects mice from lethal endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis. Moreover, conditional knockout of PKM2 in myeloid cells protects mice from septic death induced by NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation. These findings define an important role of PKM2 in immunometabolism and guide future development of therapeutic strategies to treat sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Shan Zhu
- Center of DAMP Biology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Liangchun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Research institute for Traffic Medicine of People's Liberation Army, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Center of DAMP Biology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Minghua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Research institute for Traffic Medicine of People's Liberation Army, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
- Center of DAMP Biology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
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24
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Janssen AWF, Kersten S. Potential mediators linking gut bacteria to metabolic health: a critical view. J Physiol 2016; 595:477-487. [PMID: 27418465 PMCID: PMC5233664 DOI: 10.1113/jp272476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the bacteria present in our gut may play a role in mediating the effect of genetics and lifestyle on obesity and metabolic diseases. Most of the current literature on gut bacteria consists of cross‐sectional and correlative studies, rendering it difficult to make any causal inferences as to the influence of gut bacteria on obesity and related metabolic disorders. Interventions with germ‐free animals, treatment with antibiotic agents, and microbial transfer experiments have provided some evidence that disturbances in gut bacteria may causally contribute to obesity‐related insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. Several potential mediators have been hypothesized to link the activity and composition of gut bacteria to insulin resistance and adipose tissue function, including lipopolysaccharide, angiopoietin‐like protein 4, bile acids and short‐chain fatty acids. In this review we critically evaluate the current evidence related to the direct role of gut bacteria in obesity‐related metabolic perturbations, with a focus on insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. It is concluded that the knowledge base in support of a role for the gut microbiota in metabolic regulation and in particular insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation needs to be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Payolla TB, Lemes SF, de Fante T, Reginato A, Mendes da Silva C, de Oliveira Micheletti T, Rodrigues HG, Torsoni AS, Milanski M, Torsoni MA. High-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation impairs the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the liver and white adipose tissue of mouse offspring. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:192-202. [PMID: 26687064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) prevents inflammatory cytokines production. The main was to evaluate the effect of maternal obesity on cholinergic pathway in the offspring. Female mice were subjected to either standard chow (SC) or high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy and the lactation period. After weaning, only male offspring from HFD dams (HFD-O) and from SC dams (SC-O) were fed the SC diet. Key proteins of the CAP were downregulated and serum TNF-α was elevated in the HFD-O mice. STAT3 and NF-κB activation in HFD-O mice ICV injected with nicotine (agonist) were lower than SC-O mice. Basal cholinesterase activity was upregulated in HFD-O mice in both investigated tissues. Lipopolysaccharide increased TNF-α and IL-1β expression in the liver and WAT of SC-O mice, but this effect was greater in HFD-O mice. In conclusion these changes exacerbated cytokine production in response to LPS and contributed to the reduced sensitivity of the CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thaís de Fante
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiano Mendes da Silva
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Brazil.
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26
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Targeting gut-liver axis for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: translational and clinical evidence. Transl Res 2016; 167:116-24. [PMID: 26318867 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is widely emerging as the most prevalent liver disorder and is associated with increased risk of liver-related and cardiovascular mortality. Recent experimental and clinical studies have revealed the pivotal role played by the alteration of gut-liver axis in the onset of fatty liver and related metabolic disturbances. Gut-liver cross talk is implicated not only in the impairment of lipid and glucose homeostasis leading to steatogenesis, but also in the initiation of inflammation and fibrogenesis, which characterize nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the evolving form of NAFLD. The gut microbiota has been recognized as the key player in the gut-liver liaison and because of its complexity can act as a villain or a victim. Gut microbiota not only influences absorption and disposal of nutrients to the liver, but also conditions hepatic inflammation by supplying toll-like receptor ligands, which can stimulate liver cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, the modification of intestinal bacterial flora by specific probiotics has been proposed as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of NASH. In this review, we summarized the evidence regarding the role of gut-liver axis in the pathogenesis of NASH and discussed the potential therapeutic role of gut microbiota modulation in the clinical setting.
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27
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Martins IJ. Overnutrition Determines LPS Regulation of Mycotoxin Induced Neurotoxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29554-73. [PMID: 26690419 PMCID: PMC4691133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neurodegenerative diseases are now associated with obesity and diabetes and linked to the developing and developed world. Interests in healthy diets have escalated that may prevent neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The global metabolic syndrome involves lipoprotein abnormalities and insulin resistance and is the major disorder for induction of neurological disease. The effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on dyslipidemia and NAFLD indicate that the clearance and metabolism of fungal mycotoxins are linked to hypercholesterolemia and amyloid beta oligomers. LPS and mycotoxins are associated with membrane lipid disturbances with effects on cholesterol interacting proteins, lipoprotein metabolism, and membrane apo E/amyloid beta interactions relevant to hypercholesterolemia with close connections to neurological diseases. The influence of diet on mycotoxin metabolism has accelerated with the close association between mycotoxin contamination from agricultural products such as apple juice, grains, alcohol, and coffee. Cholesterol efflux in lipoproteins and membrane cholesterol are determined by LPS with involvement of mycotoxin on amyloid beta metabolism. Nutritional interventions such as diets low in fat/carbohydrate/cholesterol have become of interest with relevance to low absorption of lipophilic LPS and mycotoxin into lipoproteins with rapid metabolism of mycotoxin to the liver with the prevention of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian James Martins
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup 6027, Australia.
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
- McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands 6009, Australia.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W. F. Janssen
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Franco R, Fernández-Suárez D. Alternatively activated microglia and macrophages in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:65-86. [PMID: 26067058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical known as M1, or the alternative known as M2. M1 markers are mostly mediators of pro-inflammatory responses whereas M2 markers emerge for resolution and cleanup. Microglia exerts in the central nervous system (CNS) a function similar to that of macrophages in the periphery. Microglia activation and proliferation occurs in almost any single pathology affecting the CNS. Often microglia activation has been considered detrimental and drugs able to stop microglia activation were considered for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Cumulative evidence shows that microglia may undergo the alternative activation pathway, express M2-type markers and contribute to neuroprotection. This review focuses on details about the role of M2 microglia and in the approaches available for its identification. Approaches to drive the M2 phenotype and data on its potential in CNS diseases are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
| | - Diana Fernández-Suárez
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Fogarty CL, Nieminen JK, Peräneva L, Lassenius MI, Ahola AJ, Taskinen MR, Jauhiainen M, Kirveskari J, Pussinen P, Hörkkö S, Mäkinen VP, Gordin D, Forsblom C, Groop PH, Vaarala O, Lehto M. High-fat meals induce systemic cytokine release without evidence of endotoxemia-mediated cytokine production from circulating monocytes or myeloid dendritic cells. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:315-22. [PMID: 25182144 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Dietary fats have been shown to promote the translocation of bacterial endotoxins from the gut into circulation, which may induce systemic inflammation and modulate the inflammatory response of circulating immune cells. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the postprandial milieu on inflammation and the inflammatory response of antigen presenting cells in the context of type 1 diabetes (T1D). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven patients with T1D and eleven nondiabetic controls were recruited as part of the FinnDiane study and given two fatty meals during 1 day. Cytokine responses in monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) as well as serum lipopolysaccharide activity levels, triglyceride concentrations and cytokine concentrations were measured from fasting and postprandial blood samples. RESULTS Postprandially, patients with T1D and controls showed significant increases in eight inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-α, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-12 and MIP-1β) without concomitant increase in serum LPS activity. Serum cytokine production was similar in both groups. No postprandial change was seen in the IL-6, TNF-α or IL-1β production of mDCs or monocytes. At fasting, diabetic mDCs exhibited higher LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-1β production than controls. CONCLUSIONS Acute high-fat meals increase circulating cytokines but have no effect on serum lipopolysaccharide activity levels or cytokine production in circulating mDCs or monocytes. Our results suggest that postprandial increase in serum cytokine levels is neither mediated by circulating endotoxins nor the activation of circulating innate cells. The production of high-fat meal-induced inflammatory markers is most likely regulated at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Fogarty
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki (Room C317b), Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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El-Tanbouly DM, Abdelsalam RM, Attia AS, Abdel-Aziz MT. Pretreatment with magnesium ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:914-20. [PMID: 26398385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis. LPS administration induces systemic inflammation that mimics many of the initial clinical features of sepsis and has deleterious effects on several organs including the liver and eventually leading to septic shock and death. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of magnesium (Mg), a well known cofactor in many enzymatic reactions and a critical component of the antioxidant system, on hepatic damage associated with LPS-induced endotoxima in mice. METHODS Mg (20 and 40mg/kg, po) was administered for 7 consecutive days. Systemic inflammation was induced 1h after the last dose of Mg by a single dose of LPS (2mg/kg, ip) and 3h thereafter plasma was separated, animals were sacrificed and their livers were isolated. RESULTS LPS-treated mice suffered from hepatic dysfunction revealed by histological observation, elevation in plasma transaminases activities, C-reactive protein content and caspase-3, a critical marker of apoptosis. Liver inflammation was evident by elevation in liver cytokines contents (TNF-α and IL-10) and MPO activity. Additionally, oxidative stress was manifested by increased liver lipoperoxidation, glutathione depletion, elevated total nitrate/nitrite (NOx) content and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Pretreatment with Mg largely mitigated these alternations. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with Mg protects the liver from the acute injury which occurs shortly after septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia M El-Tanbouly
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rania M Abdelsalam
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amina S Attia
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T Abdel-Aziz
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Setti SE, Littlefield AM, Johnson SW, Kohman RA. Diet-induced obesity attenuates endotoxin-induced cognitive deficits. Physiol Behav 2014; 141:1-8. [PMID: 25542778 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the immune system can impair cognitive function, particularly on hippocampus dependent tasks. Several factors such as normal aging and prenatal experiences can modify the severity of these cognitive deficits. One additional factor that may modulate the behavioral response to immune activation is obesity. Prior work has shown that obesity alters the activity of the immune system. Whether diet-induced obesity (DIO) influences the cognitive deficits associated with inflammation is currently unknown. The present study explored whether DIO alters the behavioral response to the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat (60% fat) or control diet (10% fat) for a total of five months. After consuming their respective diets for four months, mice received an LPS or saline injection and were assessed for alterations in spatial learning. One month later, mice received a second injection of LPS or saline and tissue samples were collected to assess the inflammatory response within the periphery and central nervous system. Results showed that LPS administration impaired spatial learning in the control diet mice, but had no effect in DIO mice. This lack of a cognitive deficit in the DIO female mice is likely due to a blunted inflammatory response within the brain. While cytokine production within the periphery (i.e., plasma, adipose, and spleen) was similar between the DIO and control mice, the DIO mice failed to show an increase in IL-6 and CD74 in the brain following LPS administration. Collectively, these data indicate that DIO can reduce aspects of the neuroinflammatory response as well as blunt the behavioral reaction to an immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharay E Setti
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Alyssa M Littlefield
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Samantha W Johnson
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Rachel A Kohman
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
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Liu T, Schneider RA, Lee NY, Hoyt DG. Peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1) regulates pulmonary effects of endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-α in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:468-72. [PMID: 25159840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1) modulates phospho-signaling by catalyzing rotation of the bond between a phosphorylated serine or threonine before proline in proteins. As depletion of PIN1 increased inflammatory protein expression in cultured endothelial cells treated with bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and interferon-γ, we hypothesized that PIN1 knockout would increase sensitivity to LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice. Mortality due to a high dose of LPS (30mg/kg) was greater in knockout than wildtype mice. Lung myeloperoxidase activity, reflecting neutrophils, was increased to a 35% higher level in PIN1 knockout mouse lung, as compared with wildtype, after treatment with a sublethal dose of 3mgLPS/kg, ip. Unexpectedly, plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) was approximately 50% less than in wildtype mice. Knockout mice, however, were more sensitive than wildtype to TNF-induced neutrophil accumulation. The neutrophil adhesion molecule, E-selectin, was also elevated in lungs of knockout mice treated with TNF, suggesting that PIN1 depletion increases endothelial sensitivity to TNF. Indeed, TNF induced more reactive oxygen species in cultured endothelial cells depleted of PIN1 with short hairpin RNA than in control cells. Collectively, the results indicate that while PIN1 normally facilitates TNF production in LPS-treated mice, it suppresses pulmonary and endothelial reactions to the cytokine. Tissue or cell-specific effects of PIN1 may affect the overall inflammatory response to LPS and other stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzheng Liu
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Ryan A Schneider
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Findlay, Findlay, OH 45840, USA.
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy and The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Dale G Hoyt
- Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy and The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Baumgarner KM, Setti S, Diaz C, Littlefield A, Jones A, Kohman RA. Diet-induced obesity attenuates cytokine production following an immune challenge. Behav Brain Res 2014; 267:33-41. [PMID: 24657736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases susceptibility for numerous diseases and neurological disorders including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and dementia. One factor that may contribute to the increased risk for these conditions is the development of chronic inflammation. The current study evaluated whether diet-induced obesity (DIO) affects cognitive performance by increasing neuroinflammation and prolonging the behavioral and inflammatory response to an immune challenge. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat (60% fat) or control diet (10% fat) for 2 or 5 months. After consuming their respective diets for two months, sickness associated behaviors were assessed 4 and 24h after a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline injection. In a separate experiment, DIO and control mice were tested for spatial learning in the water maze and challenged with LPS one month later. Peripheral cytokine production was assessed in adipose and spleen samples and the neuroinflammatory response was assessed in hippocampal, cortical, and brain samples. DIO impaired acquisition of a spatial learning task relative to control mice. However, these deficits are unlikely to be related to inflammation as DIO showed no changes in basal cytokine levels within the periphery or brain. Further, in response to LPS DIO mice showed comparable or attenuated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 relative to control mice. DIO also reduced hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the pre-synaptic marker synaptophysin. Presently, the data indicate that DIO suppresses aspects of the immune response and that cognitive deficits associated with DIO may be related to reduced neurotrophic support rather than inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharay Setti
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Carolyn Diaz
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Alyssa Littlefield
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Amanda Jones
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Rachel A Kohman
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
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Microbiota and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 36:115-32. [PMID: 24337650 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent rise in obesity-related diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its strong association with microbiota, has elicited interest in the underlying mechanisms of these pathologies. Experimental models have highlighted several mechanisms connecting microbiota to the development of liver dysfunction in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) such as increased energy harvesting from the diet, small intestine bacterial overgrowth, modulation of the intestinal barrier by glucagon-like peptide-2 secretions, activation of innate immunity through the lipopolysaccharide-CD14 axis caused by obesity-induced leptin, periodontitis, and sterile inflammation. The manipulation of microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and periodontitis treatment yields encouraging results for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and NASH, but data in humans is scarce.
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Anavi S, Hahn-Obercyger M, Margalit R, Madar Z, Tirosh O. A novel antihypoglycemic role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in liver inflammatory response induced by dietary cholesterol and endotoxemia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1889-901. [PMID: 23697659 PMCID: PMC3852347 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The current study aim was to elucidate the antihypoglycemic role and mechanism of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) under inflammatory stress. METHODS Liver inflammatory stress was induced in wild-type (WT) and iNOS-knockout (iNOS(-/-)) mice by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg) with and without the background of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-Induced by high cholesterol diet (HCD, 6 weeks). RESULTS HCD led to steatohepatitis in WT and iNOS(-/-) mice. LPS administration caused marked liver inflammatory damage only in cholesterol-fed mice, which was further exacerbated in the absence of iNOS. Glucose homeostasis was significantly impaired and included fatal hypoglycemia and inhibition of glycogen decomposition. In iNOS(-/-) hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1), signaling was impaired compared to control WT. Using hydrodynamic gene transfer method HIF1α was expressed in the livers of iNOS(-/-) mice, and significantly ameliorated cholesterol and LPS-induced liver damage. WT mice overexpressing HIF1α exhibited higher blood glucose levels and lower glycogen contents after LPS injection. Conversely, induction of HIF1α was not effective in preventing LPS-induced glucose lowering effect in iNOS(-/-) mice. The critical role of NO signaling in hepatocytes glucose output mediated by HIF1 pathway was also confirmed in vitro. Results also demonstrated increased oxidative stress and reduced heme oxygenase-1 mRNA in the livers of iNOS(-/-) mice. Furthermore, the amounts of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and intrahepatic TNFα mRNA were significantly elevated in the absence of iNOS. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION These data highlight the essential role of iNOS in the glycemic response to LPS in NASH conditions and argues for the beneficial effects of iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Anavi
- 1 The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot, Israel
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Prolonged postsurgical recovery period and adverse effects of a leptin application in endotoxemic obese rodents. Life Sci 2013; 93:247-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kim H, Bartley GE, Young SA, Seo KH, Yokoyama W. Altered hepatic gene expression profiles associated with improved fatty liver, insulin resistance, and intestinal permeability after hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) supplementation in diet-induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6404-6411. [PMID: 23742138 DOI: 10.1021/jf400545w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on hepatic gene expression was analyzed by exon microarray and real-time PCR from livers of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet supplemented with either 6% HPMC or 6% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). HPMC-fed mice exhibited significantly reduced body weight gain (55% lower compared to MCC), liver weight (13%), plasma LDL-cholesterol concentration (45%), and HF diet-increased intestinal permeability (48%). HPMC significantly reduced areas under the curve for 2 h insulin and glucose responses, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. HPMC up-regulated hepatic genes related to fatty acid oxidation, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, and cellular activation of glucocorticoid (bile acid recycling) and down-regulated genes related to oxidative stress, triglyceride synthesis, and polyunsaturated fatty acid elongation. In conclusion, HPMC consumption ameliorates the effects of a HF diet on intestinal permeability, insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation, glucocorticoid-related bile acid recycling, oxidative stress, and weight gain in DIO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Sharifov OF, Nayyar G, Ternovoy VV, Mishra VK, Litovsky SH, Palgunachari MN, Garber DW, Anantharamaiah GM, Gupta H. Cationic peptide mR18L with lipid lowering properties inhibits LPS-induced systemic and liver inflammation in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:705-10. [PMID: 23791744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The cationic single domain peptide mR18L has demonstrated lipid-lowering and anti-atherogenic properties in different dyslipidemic mouse models. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation is considered as one of the potential triggers for atherosclerosis. Here, we evaluated anti-inflammatory effects of mR18L peptide against LPS-mediated inflammation. First, we tested the efficacy and tolerance of 1, 2.5 and 5mg/kg mR18L in normolipidemic rats stimulated with 5mg/kg LPS. LPS and then mR18L were injected in different intraperitoneal regions. By 2h post LPS, mR18L inhibited LPS-mediated plasma TNF-α elevation at all doses, with the effect being stronger for 2.5mg/kg (P<0.05 vs. 1mg/kg, non-significant vs. 5mg/kg). In a similar model, 2.5mg/kg mR18L reduced LPS-mediated inflammation in the liver, as assessed by microscopic examination of liver sections and measurements of iNOS expression in the liver tissue. In plasma, 2.5mg/kg mR18L decreased levels of TNF-α and IL-6, decreased endotoxin activity and enhanced HDL binding to LPS. In another similar experiment, mR18L administered 1h post LPS, prevented elevation of plasma triglycerides by 6h post LPS and increased plasma activity of anti-oxidant enzyme paraoxonase 1, along with noted trends in reducing plasma levels of endotoxin and IL-6. Surface plasmon resonance study revealed that mR18L readily binds LPS. We conclude that mR18L exerts anti-endotoxin activity at least in part due to direct LPS-binding and LPS-neutralizing effects. We suggest that anti-endotoxin activity of mR18L is an important anti-inflammatory property, which may increase anti-atherogenic potential of this promising orally active lipid-lowering peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg F Sharifov
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35216, United States
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Chen S, Lin G, Lei L, You X, Wu C, Xu W, Huang M, Luo L, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhao X, Yan F. Hyperlipidemia Modifies Innate Immune Responses to Lipopolysaccharide via the TLR-NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2013; 36:968-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Zhou Y, Ni H, Li M, Sanzari JK, Diffenderfer ES, Lin L, Kennedy AR, Weissman D. Effect of solar particle event radiation and hindlimb suspension on gastrointestinal tract bacterial translocation and immune activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44329. [PMID: 23028522 PMCID: PMC3446907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental conditions that could lead to an increased risk for the development of an infection during prolonged space flight include: microgravity, stress, radiation, disturbance of circadian rhythms, and altered nutritional intake. A large body of literature exists on the impairment of the immune system by space flight. With the advent of missions outside the Earth's magnetic field, the increased risk of adverse effects due to exposure to radiation from a solar particle event (SPE) needs to be considered. Using models of reduced gravity and SPE radiation, we identify that either 2 Gy of radiation or hindlimb suspension alone leads to activation of the innate immune system and the two together are synergistic. The mechanism for the transient systemic immune activation is a reduced ability of the GI tract to contain bacterial products. The identification of mechanisms responsible for immune dysfunction during extended space missions will allow the development of specific countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Houping Ni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Minghong Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jenine K. Sanzari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Diffenderfer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Liyong Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ann R. Kennedy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Drew Weissman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The immunologic outcome of enhanced function of mouse liver lymphocytes and Kupffer cells by high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. Shock 2012; 36:484-93. [PMID: 21937954 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31822dc6e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary lipids/cholesterol may modulate liver immune function. We have recently found that mouse F4/80 Kupffer cells are classified into phagocytic CD68 Kupffer cells and cytokine-producing CD11b Kupffer cells. We here investigate how a high-fat and/or high-cholesterol diet affects innate immune liver mononuclear cells. For 4 weeks, C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFCD), a high-cholesterol diet (HCD), a high-fat diet (HFD), or a control diet (CD). High-fat and high-cholesterol diet and HCD increased liver cholesterol levels; serum cholesterol levels increased in HFCD and HFD mice but not in HCD mice. The increased proportion of natural killer (NK) cells, downregulated NK1.1 expression of natural killer T cells, and enhanced CD69 and IL-12 receptor β mRNA expression of liver lymphocytes indicate the activation of them by HFCD. IL-12 production from Kupffer cells and interferon γ production from NK/natural killer T cells activated by LPS and/or IL-12 both increased. IL-12 pretreatment more effectively improved the survival of HFCD mice relative to the survival of CD mice upon injections of liver metastatic EL-4 cells. In contrast, HFCD mouse survival decreased after LPS injection and generalized Shwartzman reaction. Consistently in HFCD mice, Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA expression of whole Kupffer cells was upregulated, and CD11b Kupffer cells proportionally increased. Although the proportion of CD68 Kupffer cells decreased in HFCD mice, phagocytic activity of them was enhanced. Mice fed with HCD rather than those fed with HFD showed features closer to HFCD mice. Thus, enhanced function of mouse liver mononuclear cells is likely dependent on the liver cholesterol level, rather than the liver triglyceride level.
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Lawrence CB, Brough D, Knight EM. Obese mice exhibit an altered behavioural and inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:649-59. [PMID: 22328591 PMCID: PMC3424462 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increase in the prevalence and severity of infections. Genetic animal models of obesity (ob/ob and db/db mice) display altered centrally-mediated sickness behaviour in response to acute inflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the effect of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on the anorectic and febrile response to LPS in mice is unknown. This study therefore determined how DIO and ob/ob mice respond to a systemic inflammatory challenge. C57BL/6 DIO and ob/ob mice, and their respective controls, were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LPS. Compared with controls, DIO and ob/ob mice exhibited an altered febrile response to LPS (100 μg/kg) over 8 hours. LPS caused a greater and more prolonged anorexic effect in DIO compared with control mice and, in ob/ob mice, LPS induced a reduction in food intake and body weight earlier than it did in controls. These effects of LPS in obese mice were also seen after a fixed dose of LPS (5 μg). LPS (100 μg/kg) induced Fos protein expression in several brain nuclei of control mice, with fewer Fos-positive cells observed in the brains of obese mice. An altered inflammatory response to LPS was also observed in obese mice compared with controls: changes in cytokine expression and release were detected in the plasma, spleen, liver and peritoneal macrophages in obese mice. In summary, DIO and ob/ob mice displayed an altered behavioural response and cytokine release to systemic inflammatory challenge. These findings could help explain why obese humans show increased sensitivity to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B Lawrence
- AV Hill Building, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Gao Q, Esworthy RS, Kim BW, Synold TW, Smith DD, Chu FF. Atherogenic diets exacerbate colitis in mice deficient in glutathione peroxidase. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:2043-54. [PMID: 20848490 PMCID: PMC2991606 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proinflammatory effect of high-fat diet has been observed beyond the cardiovascular system, but there is little evidence to support its role in triggering inflammatory bowel disease. GPx1/2-double-knockout (DKO) mice deficient in 2 intracellular glutathione peroxidases, GPx1 and GPx2, on a C57BL/6 (B6) background, have mild ileocolitis on a conventional chow. METHODS We fed B6 DKO mice 2 atherogenic diets to test the dietary effect on atherosclerosis and ileocolitis. Both atherogenic diets have high cholesterol-the Chol+/CA diet has cholic acid (CA), and the Chol+ diet has no CA. RESULTS The Chol+/CA diet induced severe colitis, but not ileitis, in the DKO mice compared with the Chol+ and the Chol- control diet. On the Chol+/CA diet, the wild-type (WT) mice had levels of aortic lesions and hypercholesterolemia similar to those of DKO mice but had no intestinal pathology. The diet-associated inflammatory responses in the DKO mice included increased colonic proinflammatory serum amyloid A3 expression, plasma lipopolysaccharide, and TNF-α levels. The Chol+/CA diet lowered the expression of the unfolded protein response genes ATF6, CHOP, unspliced Xbp(U) , and Grp78/Bip, in WT and DKO mice compared with mice on the Chol- diet. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that a cholesterol diet weakens the colon unfolded protein response, which can aggravate spontaneous colitis, leading to gut barrier breakdown. GPx has no impact on atherosclerosis without ultrahypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
| | - R. Steven Esworthy
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
| | - Byung-Wook Kim
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
| | - Timothy W. Synold
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
| | - David D. Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
| | - Fong-Fong Chu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
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Complex links between dietary lipids, endogenous endotoxins and metabolic inflammation. Biochimie 2010; 93:39-45. [PMID: 20433893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as obesity are characterized by a subclinical inflammatory state that contributes to the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Recent reports also indicate that (i) there are alterations of the intestinal microbiota in metabolic diseases and (ii) absorption of endogenous endotoxins (namely lipopolysaccharides, LPS) can occur, particularly during the digestion of lipids. The aim of the present review is to highlight recently gained knowledge regarding the links between high fat diets, lipid digestion, intestinal microbiota and metabolic endotoxemia & inflammation.
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Tiniakos DG, Vos MB, Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathology and pathogenesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2010; 5:145-71. [PMID: 20078219 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-121808-102132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as the leading cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of liver injuries ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis. Fibrosis may progress to cirrhosis and complications including hepatocellular carcinoma. Histologic findings represent the complexity of pathophysiology. NAFLD is closely associated with obesity and is most closely linked with insulin resistance; the current Western diet, high in saturated fats and fructose, plays a significant role. There are several mechanisms by which excess triglycerides are acquired and accumulate in hepatocytes. Formation of steatotic droplets may be disordered in NAFLD. Visceral adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and insulin resistance results in aberrant cytokine expression; many cytokines have a role in liver injury in NAFLD. Cellular stress and immune reactions, as well as the endocannabinoid system, have been implicated in animal models and in some human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina G Tiniakos
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.
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Metabolic endotoxemia and saturated fat contribute to circulating NGAL concentrations in subjects with insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 34:240-9. [PMID: 19949414 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipocalin-2 (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, NGAL) is an innate immune system protein that has been linked to insulin resistance and obesity, but the mechanisms behind these associations are poorly known. We hypothesized that endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and fat intake were in the background of these associations. DESIGN We studied four cohorts: (1) a cross-sectional study in 194 subjects; (2) the changes in NGAL concentration induced by diet and weight loss in 36 obese women (with circadian rhythm in 8 of them); (3) the effects of acute fat intake on circulating NGAL concentration in 42 morbidly obese subjects; and (4) LPS-induced NGAL secretion ex vivo (whole blood and adipose tissue explants). RESULTS Serum NGAL concentration was significantly associated with fasting triglycerides and LPS-binding protein in patients with type 2 diabetes. In obese subjects, the intake of saturated fatty acids was the factor that best explained the variance of NGAL changes after weight loss (contributing independently to 14% of NGAL variance). In fact, weight loss significantly changed the circadian rhythm of NGAL. The acute increase in circulating NGAL after fat overload was significantly associated with fasting insulin (r=0.52, P<0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r=0.36, P=0.02) and post-load triglyceride concentrations (r=0.38, P=0.018). LPS-induced NGAL secretion from adipose tissue explants did not change significantly, but LPS led to a significant increase in NGAL concentration in the whole blood obtained from patients with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Metabolic endotoxemia and saturated fat might contribute to circulating NGAL concentration in patients with insulin resistance.
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PJ34, a poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor, modulates visceral mitochondrial activity and CD14 expression following thoracic aortic ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Surg 2009; 198:250-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Liu T, Schneider RA, Shah V, Huang Y, Likhotvorik RI, Keshvara L, Hoyt DG. Protein Never in Mitosis Gene A Interacting-1 regulates calpain activity and the degradation of cyclooxygenase-2 in endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2009; 6:20. [PMID: 19545424 PMCID: PMC2708161 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The peptidyl-proline isomerase, Protein Never in Mitosis Gene A Interacting-1 (PIN1), regulates turnover of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in murine aortic endothelial cells (MAEC) stimulated with E. coli endotoxin (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN). Degradation of iNOS was reduced by a calpain inhibitor, suggesting that PIN1 may affect induction of other calpain-sensitive inflammatory proteins, such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, in MAEC. Methods MAEC, transduced with lentivirus encoding an inactive control short hairpin (sh) RNA or one targeting PIN1 that reduced PIN1 by 85%, were used. Cells were treated with LPS/IFN, calpain inhibitors (carbobenzoxy-valinyl-phenylalaninal (zVF), PD150606), cycloheximide and COX inhibitors to determine the effect of PIN1 depletion on COX-2 and calpain. Results LPS or IFN alone did not induce COX-2. However, treatment with 10 μg LPS plus 20 ng IFN per ml induced COX-2 protein 10-fold in Control shRNA MAEC. Induction was significantly greater (47-fold) in PIN1 shRNA cells. COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 production increased 3-fold in KD MAEC, but did not increase in Control cells. The additional increase in COX-2 protein due to PIN1 depletion was post-transcriptional, as induction of COX-2 mRNA by LPS/IFN was the same in cells containing or lacking PIN1. Instead, the loss of COX-2 protein, after treatment with cycloheximide to block protein synthesis, was reduced in cells lacking PIN1 in comparison with Control cells, indicating that degradation of the enzyme was reduced. zVF and PD150606 each enhanced the induction of COX-2 by LPS/IFN. zVF also slowed the loss of COX-2 after treatment with cycloheximide, and COX-2 was degraded by exogenous μ-calpain in vitro. In contrast to iNOS, physical interaction between COX-2 and PIN1 was not detected, suggesting that effects of PIN1 on calpain, rather than COX-2 itself, affect COX-2 degradation. While cathepsin activity was unaltered, depletion of PIN1 reduced calpain activity by 55% in comparison with Control shRNA cells. Conclusion PIN1 reduced calpain activity and slowed the degradation of COX-2 in MAEC, an effect recapitulated by an inhibitor of calpain. Given the sensitivity of COX-2 and iNOS to calpain, PIN1 may normally limit induction of these and other calpain substrates by maintaining calpain activity in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzheng Liu
- Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, and The Dorothy M, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA,.
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Liu T, Huang Y, Likhotvorik RI, Keshvara L, Hoyt DG. Protein Never in Mitosis Gene A Interacting-1 (PIN1) regulates degradation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C819-27. [PMID: 18650263 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00366.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The peptidyl-proline isomerase Protein Never in Mitosis Gene A Interacting-1 (PIN1) increases the level or activity of several transcription factors that can induce the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS). PIN1 can also regulate mRNA and protein turnover. Here, the effect of depletion of PIN1 on induction of iNOS by Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) in murine aortic endothelial cells (MAEC) was determined. Suppression of PIN1 by 85% with small hairpin RNA enhanced the induction of NO and iNOS protein by LPS-IFNgamma. There was no effect on induction of iNOS mRNA, suggesting a posttranscriptional effect. The enhanced levels of iNOS protein were functionally significant since LPS-IFNgamma was cytotoxic to MAEC lacking PIN1 but not MAEC harboring an inactive control construct, and because cytotoxicity was blocked by the NO synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Consistent with posttranscriptional action, knockdown of PIN1 increased the stability of iNOS protein in cycloheximide-treated cells. Furthermore, loss of iNOS was blocked by the calpain inhibitor carbobenzoxy-valinyl-phenylalaninal but not by the selective proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin. Immunoprecipitation indicated that PIN1 can interact with iNOS. Pull down of iNOS with a wild-type glutathione-S-transferase-PIN1 fusion protein, but not with a mutant of the amino terminal phospho-(serine/threonine)-proline binding WW domain of PIN1, indicated that this domain mediates interaction. The results suggest that PIN1 associates with iNOS and can limit its induction by facilitating calpain-mediated degradation in MAEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzheng Liu
- Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, 500 West Twelfth Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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