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Correia D, Manthey J, Neufeld M, Ferreira-Borges C, Olsen A, Shield K, Rehm J. Classifying national drinking patterns in Europe between 2000 and 2019: A clustering approach using comparable exposure data. Addiction 2024; 119:1543-1553. [PMID: 38924624 DOI: 10.1111/add.16567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previously identified national drinking patterns in Europe lack comparability and might be no longer be valid due to changes in economic conditions and policy frameworks. We aimed to identify the most recent alcohol drinking patterns in Europe based on comparable alcohol exposure indicators using a data-driven approach, as well as identifying temporal changes and establishing empirical links between these patterns and indicators of alcohol-related harm. DESIGN Data from the World Health Organization's monitoring system on alcohol exposure indicators were used. Repeated cross-sectional hierarchical cluster analyses were applied. Differences in alcohol-attributable harm between clusters of countries were analyzed via linear regression. SETTING European Union countries, plus Iceland, Norway and Ukraine, for 2000, 2010, 2015 and 2019. PARTICIPANTS/CASES Observations consisted of annual country data, at four different time points for alcohol exposure. Harm indicators were only included for 2019. MEASUREMENTS Alcohol exposure indicators included alcohol per capita consumption (APC), beverage-specific consumption and prevalence of drinking status indicators (lifetime abstainers, current drinkers, former drinkers and heavy episodic drinking). Alcohol-attributable harm was measured using age-standardized alcohol-attributable Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost and deaths per 100 000 people. FINDINGS The same six clusters were identified in 2019, 2015 and 2010, mainly characterized by type of alcoholic beverage and prevalence drinking status indicators, with geographical interpretation. Two-thirds of the countries remained in the same cluster over time, with one additional cluster identified in 2000, characterized by low APC. The most recent drinking patterns were shown to be significantly associated with alcohol-attributable deaths and DALY rates. Compared with wine-drinking countries, the mortality rate per 100 000 people was significantly higher in Eastern Europe with high spirits and 'other' beverage consumption [ β ^ = 90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 55-126], and in Eastern Europe with high lifetime abstainers and high spirits consumption ( β ^ = 42, 95% CI = 4-78). CONCLUSIONS European drinking patterns appear to be clustered by level of beverage-specific consumption, with heavy episodic drinkers, current drinkers and lifetime abstainers being distinguishing factors between clusters. Despite the overall stability of the clusters over time, some countries shifted between drinking patterns from 2000 to 2019. Overall, patterns of drinking in the European Union seem to be stable and partly determined by geographical proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Correia
- WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Shield
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program on Substance Abuse and WHO European Region Collaboration Centre, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Rehm J, Shield K, Hassan AS, Franklin A. The role of alcohol control policies in the reversal of alcohol consumption levels and resulting attributable harms in China. Alcohol 2024:S0741-8329(24)00096-X. [PMID: 39009173 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Yearly adult per capita consumption of alcohol in China between 2016 and 2019 decreased by 2.4 litres of pure alcohol, or 33%. According to the World Health Organization, this decrease in consumption was accompanied by reductions in alcohol-attributable mortality of 23% between 2015 and 2019. This paper examines the contribution of alcohol control policies in China to these public health gains. A systematic search of the literature was conducted on alcohol control policies and their effectiveness in China as part of a larger search of all countries in WHO Western Pacific Region. In addition to articles on empirical evidence on the impact of such alcohol control policies, we also searched for reviews. The plausibility of changes of traditional alcohol control policies (taxation increases, availability restrictions, restriction on advertisement and marketing, drink-driving laws, screening and brief interventions) in explaining reductions of consumption levels and attributable mortality rates was explored. There was some progress in the successful implementation of strict drink-driving policies, which could explain reductions in traffic injuries, including fatalities. Other traditional alcohol control policies seem to have played a minimal role in reducing alcohol consumption and attributable harms during the time period 2016-2019. However, an anti-corruption campaign was extensive enough to have substantially contributed to these reductions. The campaign prohibited the consumption of alcoholic beverages in everyday life of government officials and thus contributed to a de-normalization of alcohol. While this anti-corruption campaign was the only policy to potentially explain marked decreases in levels of alcohol consumption and attributable mortality, more detailed research is required to determine exactly how the campaign achieved these decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1; PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre at CAMH, Toronto, Canada & WHO European Region Collaborating Centre at the Public Health Institute of Catalonia, Roc Boronat Street 81 - 95, 08005, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3M7; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8(th) floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8; Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Program on Substance Abuse & WHO European Region Collaboration Centre, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Roc Boronat Street 81 - 95, 08005, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Kevin Shield
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1; PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre at CAMH, Toronto, Canada & WHO European Region Collaborating Centre at the Public Health Institute of Catalonia, Roc Boronat Street 81 - 95, 08005, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3M7
| | - Ahmed S Hassan
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3M7
| | - Ari Franklin
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1
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Carr T, Kilian C, Llamosas-Falcón L, Zhu Y, Lasserre AM, Puka K, Probst C. The risk relationships between alcohol consumption, alcohol use disorder and alcohol use disorder mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2024; 119:1174-1187. [PMID: 38450868 PMCID: PMC11156554 DOI: 10.1111/add.16456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increasing levels of alcohol use are associated with a risk of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD), which, in turn, is associated with considerable burden. Our aim was to estimate the risk relationships between alcohol consumption and AUD incidence and mortality. METHOD A systematic literature search was conducted, using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science for case-control or cohort studies published between 1 January 2000 and 8 July 2022. These were required to report alcohol consumption, AUD incidence and/or AUD mortality (including 100% alcohol-attributable deaths). The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022343201). Dose-response and random-effects meta-analyses were used to determine the risk relationships between alcohol consumption and AUD incidence and mortality and mortality rates in AUD patients, respectively. RESULTS Of the 5904 reports identified, seven and three studies from high-income countries and Brazil met the inclusion criteria for quantitative and qualitative syntheses, respectively. In addition, two primary US data sources were analyzed. Higher levels of alcohol consumption increased the risk of developing or dying from an AUD exponentially. At an average consumption of four standard drinks (assuming 10 g of pure alcohol/standard drink) per day, the risk of developing an AUD was increased sevenfold [relative risk (RR) = 7.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.13-9.93] and the risk of dying fourfold (RR = 3.94, 95% CI = 3.53-4.40) compared with current non-drinkers. The mortality rate in AUD patients was 3.13 (95% CI = 1.07-9.13) per 1000 person-years. CONCLUSIONS There are exponential positive risk relationships between alcohol use and both alcohol use disorder incidence and mortality. Even at an average consumption of 20 g/day (about one large beer), the risk of developing an alcohol use disorder (AUD) is nearly threefold that of current non-drinkers and the risk of dying from an AUD is approximately double that of current non-drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Carr
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolin Kilian
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Llamosas-Falcón
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yachen Zhu
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Aurélie M Lasserre
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klajdi Puka
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Rehm J, Rovira P, Jiang H, Lange S, Shield KD, Tran A, Štelemėkas M. Trends of alcohol-attributable deaths in Lithuania 2001-2021: epidemiology and policy conclusions. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:774. [PMID: 38475821 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithuania, a Baltic country in the European Union, can be characterized by high alcohol consumption and attributable burden. The aim of this contribution is to estimate the mortality burden due to alcohol use for the past two decades based on different relative risk functions, identify trends, and analyse the associations of alcohol-attributable burden with alcohol control policies and life expectancy. METHODS The standard methodology used by the World Health Organization for estimating alcohol-attributable mortality was employed to generate mortality rates for alcohol-attributable mortality, standardized for Lithuania's 2021 population distribution. Joinpoint analysis, T-tests, correlations, and regression analyses including meta-regressions were used to describe trends and associations. RESULTS Age-standardized alcohol-attributable mortality was high in Lithuania during the two decades between 2001 and 2021, irrespective of which relative risks were used for the estimates. Overall, there was a downward trend, mainly in males, which was associated with four years of intensive implementation of alcohol control policies in 2008, 2009, 2017, and 2018. For the remaining years, the rates of alcohol-attributable mortality were stagnant. Among males, the correlations between alcohol-attributable mortality and life expectancy were 0.90 and 0.76 for Russian and global relative risks respectively, and regression analyses indicated a significant association between changes in alcohol-attributable mortality and life expectancy, after controlling for gross domestic product. CONCLUSIONS Male mortality and life expectancy in Lithuania were closely linked to alcohol-attributable mortality and markedly associated with strong alcohol control policies. Further implementation of such policies is predicted to lead to further improvements in life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 2S1, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 1P8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Program on Substance Abuse & WHO CC, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 81-95 Roc Boronat St, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pol Rovira
- Program on Substance Abuse & WHO CC, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 81-95 Roc Boronat St, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 2S1, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 1P8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 2S1, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin D Shield
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 2S1, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, M5T 1R8, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 1P8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Tran
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, M5S 2S1, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Ng CS, Ong XJ, Au M, Lau YH, Kwok HHY, Quan J. ALDH2 polymorphism, alcohol intake and the attributable burden of cancer in East Asia: systematic review, meta-analysis, and modeling study. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 85:113-120.e20. [PMID: 37268241 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the burden of alcohol-attributable cancer in East Asian populations accounting for aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) genotype-specific cancer risk and alcohol exposure. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of eight databases on cancer risk to derive alcohol dose-response curves by ALDH2 genotype. A simulation-based approach using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) modeling framework was applied to estimate the population attributable fraction, incidence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost to alcohol-attributable cancer. RESULTS We included 34 studies (66,655 participants) from China, Japan, and South Korea in the meta-analysis. Alcohol dose-response curves for liver, esophageal, and oral cavity/pharynx cancer showed an increased risk for people with the inactivated ALDH2 genetic polymorphism, resulting in a higher burden of alcohol-attributable cancer compared to GBD estimates. Our methods estimated annual incidence of cancer of 230,177 cases, an underestimate of 69,596 cases compared to GBD estimates. Similarly, total DALYs lost annually were underestimated by 1.20 million. CONCLUSIONS The burden of liver, esophageal, and oral cavity/pharynx cancer attributable to alcohol is underestimated in populations with the ALDH2 genetic polymorphism when compared to current estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S Ng
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Jiong Ong
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minnie Au
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Ho Lau
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Harley H Y Kwok
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianchao Quan
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Rumgay H, Ortega-Ortega M, Sharp L, Lunet N, Soerjomataram I. The cost of premature death from cancer attributable to alcohol: Productivity losses in Europe in 2018. Cancer Epidemiol 2023; 84:102365. [PMID: 37058915 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2023.102365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 1.9 million people die from cancer each year in Europe. Alcohol use is a major modifiable risk factor for cancer and poses an economic burden on society. We estimated the cost of productivity lost due to premature death (under 65 years of age) from alcohol-attributable cancer in the European Union (EU) plus Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2018. METHODS We estimated cancer deaths attributable to alcohol using a Levin-based population attributable fractions method and cancer deaths in 2018 from the Global Cancer Observatory. Lost productivity was estimated for all alcohol-attributable cancer deaths by sex, cancer site, and country. Productivity losses were valued using the human capital approach. RESULTS An estimated 23,300 cancer deaths among people aged less than 65 in the EU plus Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the UK in 2018 were attributable to alcohol (18,200 males, 5100 females). This equated to €4.58 billion in total productivity losses in the region and 0.027 % of the European Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The average cost per alcohol-attributable cancer death was €196,000. Productivity lost to alcohol-attributable cancer per capita was highest in Western Europe. Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Portugal had the highest rate of premature mortality from alcohol-attributable cancer and the highest productivity lost as a share of national GDP. CONCLUSION Our study provides estimates of lost productivity from alcohol-attributable cancer death in Europe. Cost-effective strategies to prevent alcohol-attributable cancer deaths could result in economic benefits for society and must be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Rumgay
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
| | - Marta Ortega-Ortega
- Department of Applied and Public Economics, and Political Economy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linda Sharp
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno Lunet
- EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Rehm J, Rovira P, Manthey J, Anderson P. Reduction of Alcoholic Strength: Does It Matter for Public Health? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040910. [PMID: 36839266 PMCID: PMC9959344 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, reduction of alcoholic strength was discussed as a means to reduce consumption and alcohol-attributable harm. Statistical modelling was conducted to (1) estimate its potential for the largest six Western and Central European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, UK); (2) calculate the increase in taxation necessary to reach this potential, and (3) estimate the mortality gains achieved with the introduction of no- or low-alcohol beverages in the UK and Spain. The high public health potential of reducing alcoholic strength was demonstrated via modelling a scenario in which the strength of all beverages was reduced by 10%, which would avert thousands of deaths in these six European countries per year. However, methods by which to achieve these gains were not clear, as the alcohol industry has shown no inclination toward reductions in the alcoholic strength of beer, wine, or spirits via a reformulation on a large scale. The increase of excise taxation to achieve the public health gains of such a reduction would result in markedly increasing prices-a situation unlikely to be implemented in Europe. Finally, the introduction of beer and wine with an alcoholic strength below 0.5% led to some substitutions of higher-strength beverages, but did not show a marked public health impact. New taxation initiatives to achieve the potential of a reduction of alcoholic strength will need to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia/Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Roc Boronat 81-95, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-535-8501 (ext. 36173)
| | - Pol Rovira
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia/Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Roc Boronat 81-95, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Anderson
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Barbalat G, Liu S. Socio-demographic development and burden of mental, substance use disorders, and self-harm: An ecological analysis using the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2022; 56:1617-1627. [PMID: 34963341 DOI: 10.1177/00048674211066764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Whether a country's level of development is associated with an increased or decreased burden of mental and behavioural problems is an important yet unresolved question. Here, we examined the association between the burden of mental and substance use disorders and self-harm with socio-demographic development along temporal and geographical dimensions. METHODS We collected data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, which uses robust statistical modelling techniques to calculate disease burden estimates where data are sparse or unavailable. We extracted age-standardized Disability Adjusted Life Year rates as a measure of disease burden for 204 countries and territories, as well as the Socio-Demographic Index, a measure of development reflecting income per capita, fertility rate and level of education. We tested the association between Socio-Demographic Index and Disability Adjusted Life Years for mental and substance use disorders and self-harm, between 1990 and 2019, and across six geographical regions as defined by the World Health Organization. RESULTS The association between Socio-Demographic Index and Disability Adjusted Life Years was heterogeneous across world regions for all mental and behavioural conditions. For substance use disorders and self-harm, these regional variations were further moderated by time period. Our findings were robust to down-weighing outlier observations, as well as controlling for other socio-demographic variables, and the number of data sources available in each country. CONCLUSION Based on data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, we demonstrated that the association between mental and substance use disorders and self-harm with socio-demographic development is dependent on geographical regions and temporal periods. This heterogeneity is likely related to geographical and temporal variations in socio-cultural norms, attitudes towards mental problems, as well as health care and social policies. Better knowledge of this spatial and temporal heterogeneity is crucial to ensure that countries do not develop at the expense of a higher burden of mental and behavioural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Barbalat
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.,Centre Ressource De Réhabilitation Psychosociale Et De Remédiation Cognitive, UMR 5229, CNRS & Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sze Liu
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
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Social, psychological and health characteristics associated with stability and change in adult alcohol consumption. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277511. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Many studies analyzing health effects of alcohol consumption have operationalized alcohol intake from a single baseline measure without further follow-up. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge about stability and change in alcohol consumption over the life course and the social, psychological, lifestyle, and health characteristics associated with different alcohol consumption trajectories.
Objectives
The aims of the study were to describe the prevalence of different adult-life alcohol consumption trajectories among Danish men and to analyze social, psychological, lifestyle and health characteristics associated with these trajectories.
Methods
For 2510 Danish men, retrospective decade-based information on alcohol consumption during life period 26–60 years was obtained in late midlife and information on individual characteristics was obtained in young adulthood, late midlife and from national hospital registries. The men were allocated to one of six a priori defined alcohol consumption trajectories.
Results
About 65% of Danish men had a stable moderate consumption, drinking 1–21 units weekly while the five other consumption trajectories were comparatively rare: 3% stable abstainers, 4.7% stable high-risk drinkers, 10.9% with increasing and 12.7% with decreasing consumption. Moderate consumption over the adult life-course was associated with the most favorable social, psychological, lifestyle and health characteristics while the other trajectories were generally associated with less favorable characteristics to varying degrees–e. g. this was the case for the stable abstaining trajectory and in particular the trajectory with decreasing consumption.
Conclusion
The findings suggest that the majority of Danish men drink moderately in the life period from young adulthood to late midlife, and deviance from this ‘normal’ moderate consumption trajectory is associated with less favorable social, psychological, lifestyle and health characteristics. Some of these characteristics may influence alcohol consumption patterns, but for some of the trajectories, alcohol consumption may influence health as well as social and psychological functioning.
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10
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Paik JM, Henry L, Younossi ZM. Reply. Hepatology 2022; 75:1663-1664. [PMID: 35076970 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M Paik
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated ResearchInova Health SystemFalls ChurchVirginiaUSA
- Center for Liver DiseaseDepartment of MedicineInova Fairfax Medical CampusFalls ChurchVirginiaUSA
| | - Linda Henry
- Center for Outcomes Research in Liver DiseasesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Inova MedicineInova Health SystemFalls ChurchVirginiaUSA
| | - Zobair M Younossi
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated ResearchInova Health SystemFalls ChurchVirginiaUSA
- Center for Liver DiseaseDepartment of MedicineInova Fairfax Medical CampusFalls ChurchVirginiaUSA
- Inova MedicineInova Health SystemFalls ChurchVirginiaUSA
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11
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Lange S, Jiang H, Bagge C, Probst C, Tran A, Rehm J. Gender-specific risk relationship between heavy alcohol use/alcohol use disorders and suicidal thoughts and behavior among adults in the United States over time. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:721-726. [PMID: 35032174 PMCID: PMC8969096 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Suicidal thoughts and behaviors have been on the rise in the recent years in the US. There is a well-known link between heavy alcohol use/alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. An increase in the respective risk relationships is one way in which heavy alcohol use/AUDs may be driving the increase in the rate of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The objective of the current study was to investigate whether the gender-specific risk relationships between heavy alcohol use/AUDs and past-year (1) suicidal thoughts and (2) attempted suicide have increased over time. METHODS Individual-level annual data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health for the past 12 years (2008-2019) were utilized. Year- and gender-specific multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were first conducted. Gender-stratified random-effects meta-regressions across study years were then conducted. RESULTS Heavy alcohol use/AUDs were associated with elevated odds of past-year suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide for both men and women; however, a linear increase in the risk relationships over time was not found. CONCLUSION Although a temporal increase in the risk relationships of interest was not found, until additional research in this area is conducted, heavy alcohol use/AUDs cannot be ruled out as being a driving force behind the increasing rate of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin St., Room T521, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin St., Room T521, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Courtney Bagge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin St., Room T521, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Tran
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin St., Room T521, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin St., Room T521, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Pérez-Ríos M, Rey-Brandariz J, Galán I, Fernández E, Montes A, Santiago-Pérez MI, Giraldo-Osorio A, Ruano-Raviña A. Methodological guidelines for the estimation of attributable mortality using a prevalence-based method: The STREAMS-P tool. J Clin Epidemiol 2022; 147:101-110. [PMID: 35341948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence of strong links between exposure to different risk factors and life-threatening diseases. Assessing the burden of a risk factor on the population's mortality due to a given disease provides a clear picture of these links. The estimation of attributable mortality to a risk factor is the most widely used procedure for doing this. Although different methods are available to estimate attributable mortality, the prevalence-based methodology is the most frequent. The main objective of this paper is to develop guidelines and checklists to STrengthen the design and REporting of Attributable-Mortality Studies using a Prevalence-based method (STREAMS-P) and also to assess the quality of an already published study which uses this methodology. METHODS The design of the guideline and checklists has been done in two phases. A development phase, where we set recommendations based on the review of the literature; and a validation phase, where we validated our recommendations against other published studies that have estimated attributable mortality using a prevalence-based method. RESULTS We have developed and tested a guideline that includes the information required to perform a prevalence-based attributable mortality study to a given risk factor; a checklist of aspects that should be present when a report or a paper on attributable mortality is written or interpreted and a checklist of quality control criteria for reports or papers estimating attributable mortality. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, the STREAMS-P is the first set of criteria specifically created to assess the quality of such studies and it could be valuable for authors and readers interested in performing attributable mortality studies or interpreting their reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pérez-Ríos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, CIBERESP; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Julia Rey-Brandariz
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iñaki Galán
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Control, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona; CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Agustín Montes
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, CIBERESP; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Alexandra Giraldo-Osorio
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Salud Pública, Grupo de investigación Promoción de la Salud y Prevención de la Enfermedad (GIPSPE), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; Fundación Carolina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ruano-Raviña
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, CIBERESP; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Tran A, Jiang H, Kim KV, Room R, Štelemėkas M, Lange S, Rovira P, Rehm J. Predicting the Impact of Alcohol Taxation Increases on Mortality-A Comparison of Different Estimation Techniques. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 57:500-507. [PMID: 35217852 PMCID: PMC9270989 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine how standard analytical approaches to model mortality outcomes of alcohol use compare to the true results using the impact of the March 2017 alcohol taxation increase in Lithuania on all-cause mortality as an example. METHODS Four methodologies were used: two direct methodologies: (a) interrupted time-series on mortality and (b) comparing predictions based on time-series modeling with the real number of deaths for the year following the implementation of the tax increase; and two indirect methodologies: (c) combining a regression-based estimate for the impact of taxation on alcohol consumption with attributable-fraction methodology and (d) using price elasticities from meta-analyses to estimate the impact on alcohol consumption before applying attributable-fraction methodology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS While all methodologies estimated reductions in all-cause mortality, especially for men, there was substantial variability in the level of mortality reductions predicted. The indirect methodologies had lower predictions as the meta-analyses on elasticities and risk relations seem to underestimate the true values for Lithuania. Directly estimated effects of taxation based on the actual mortalities seem to best represent the true reductions in alcohol-attributable mortality. A significant increase in alcohol excise taxation had a marked impact on all-cause mortality in Lithuania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tran
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P8, Canada
| | - Kawon Victoria Kim
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P8, Canada
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Building NR-1, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Sciences, Albanovägen 12, floor 5, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, Kaunas 47181, Lithuania
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Ursula Franklin Street 33, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3M1, Canada
| | - Pol Rovira
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 81-95 Roc Boronat St., Barcelona 08005, Spain
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Corresponding author: Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Ursula Franklin Street 33, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M1, Canada. Tel.: +1-416-535-8501 x 36173; E-mail:
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Impact of introducing a minimum alcohol tax share in retail prices on alcohol-attributable mortality in the WHO European Region: A modelling study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2022; 15:100325. [PMID: 35558995 PMCID: PMC9088199 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Alcohol use and its burden constitute one of the largest public health challenges in the WHO European Region. Raising alcohol taxes is a cost-effective "best buy" measure to reduce alcohol consumption, but its implementation remains uneven. This paper provides an overview of existing tax structures in 50 countries and subregions of the Region, estimates their proportions of tax on retail prices of beer, wine, and spirits, and quantifies the number of deaths that could be averted annually if these tax shares were raised to a minimum level. Methods Review of databases and statistical reports on taxes and mean retail prices of alcohol beverages in the Region. Affordability was calculated based on alcohol prices, adjusted for differences in purchasing power. Consumption changes and averted mortality were modelled assuming two scenarios. In Scenario 1, a minimum excise tax share level of 25% of the beverage-specific retail price was assumed for all countries. In Scenario 2, in addition to a minimum excise tax share level of 15% it was assumed that per unit of ethanol minimal retail prices were the same irrespective of alcoholic beverages (equalisation). Sensitivity analyses were conducted for different price elasticities. Findings Alcohol is very affordable in the Region and alcohol taxes have clearly been under-utilized as a public health measure, constituting on average only 5·7%, 14·0% and 31·3% of the retail prices of wine, beer, and spirits, respectively. Tax shares were higher in the eastern part of the Region compared to the EU, where various countries did not have excise taxes on wine. Annually, the introduction of a minimum tax share of 25% (Scenario 1) could avert 40,033 (95% CI: 38,054-46,097) deaths in the WHO European Region (with 753,454,300 inhabitants older than 15 years of age). If a 15% tax share with equalisation were implemented (Scenario 2), 132,906 (95% CI: (124,691-151,674) deaths could be averted. All sensitivity analyses with different elasticities yielded outcomes close to those of the main analyses. Interpretation Similar to tobacco taxes, increasing alcohol taxes should be considered to be a health-based measure aimed at saving lives. Many countries have hesitated to apply higher taxes to alcohol, but the present results show a clear health benefit as a result of implementing a minimum tax share. Funding This work was supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (1R01AA028224) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Institute of Neurosciences, and Mental Health and Addiction (SMN-13950).
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15
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Rovira P, Belian G, Ferreira-Borges C, Kilian C, Neufeld M, Tran A, Štelemėkas M, Rehm J. Alcohol taxation, alcohol consumption and cancers in Lithuania: A case study. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2022; 39:25-37. [PMID: 35308470 PMCID: PMC8899268 DOI: 10.1177/14550725211021318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this contribution was to estimate the impact of the last significant alcohol taxation increase in Lithuania in 2017 on alcohol consumption, incident cancer cases, and cancer mortality, as well as the number of cancer outcomes that could have potentially been averted in 2018 had larger increases in alcohol excise taxation been applied. Design Statistical modelling was used to estimate the change in alcohol per capita consumption following the tax increase, and alcohol-attributable fraction methodology was then used to estimate the associated cancer incidence and mortality. Potential increases of current excise duties were modelled in two steps. First, beverage-specific price elasticities of demand were used to predict the associated decreases in consumption and cancer outcomes, and second, the outcomes arising from the actual numbers and the modelled numbers were compared. Method Data were taken from the following sources: alcohol consumption data from Statistics Lithuania and the WHO, cancer data from the International Agency of Research on Cancer, and risk relations and elasticities of demand from published meta-analyses. Results A total of 15,857 new cancer cases (8,031 in women and 7,826 in men) and 8,534 cancer deaths (3,757 in women and 4,777 in men) were recorded in Lithuania in 2018. Using the attributable fraction methodology, we estimate that 4.8% of 761 of these new cancer cases were attributable to alcohol use (284 in women; 477 in men), as well as 5.5% or 466 cancer deaths (115 in women; 351 in men). With the taxation increase of 2017, 45 new cases and 24 deaths will be averted over the next 10 years. Further taxation increases of 100% could double the number of new cancer cases averted or saved. Conclusion In a high-consumption European country like Lithuania, alcohol use is an important and avoidable risk factor for cancer. Taxation is an important measure to reduce the alcohol-attributable cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Rovira
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gražina Belian
- Tobacco and Alcohol Control Department, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Carina Ferreira-Borges
- WHO European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Russian Federation
| | | | - Maria Neufeld
- WHO European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Russian Federation Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexander Tran
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jürgen Rehm
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain Drug, Tobacco and Alcohol Control Department, Vilnius, Lithuania Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Esser MB, Sherk A, Subbaraman MS, Martinez P, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Sacks JJ, Naimi TS. Improving Estimates of Alcohol-Attributable Deaths in the United States: Impact of Adjusting for the Underreporting of Alcohol Consumption. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022; 83:134-144. [PMID: 35040769 PMCID: PMC8819896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-reported alcohol consumption in U.S. public health surveys covers only 30%-60% of per capita alcohol sales, based on tax and shipment data. To estimate alcohol-attributable harms using alcohol-attributable fractions, accurate measures of total population consumption and the distribution of this drinking are needed. This study compared methodological approaches of adjusting self-reported survey data on alcohol consumption to better reflect sales and assessed the impact of these adjustments on the distribution of average daily consumption (ADC) levels and the number of alcohol-attributable deaths. METHOD Prevalence estimates of ADC levels (i.e., low, medium, and high) among U.S. adults who responded to the 2011-2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS; N = 2,198,089) were estimated using six methods. BRFSS ADC estimates were adjusted using the National Alcohol Survey, per capita alcohol sales data (from the Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System), or both. Prevalence estimates for the six methods were used to estimate average annual alcohol-attributable deaths, using a population-attributable fraction approach. RESULTS Self-reported ADC in the BRFSS accounted for 31.3% coverage of per capita alcohol sales without adjustments, 36.1% using indexed-BRFSS data, and 44.3% with National Alcohol Survey adjustments. Per capita sales adjustments decreased low ADC prevalence estimates and increased medium and high ADC prevalence estimates. Estimated alcohol-attributable deaths ranged from approximately 91,200 per year (BRFSS unadjusted; Method 1) to 125,200 per year (100% of per capita sales adjustment; Method 6). CONCLUSIONS Adjusting ADC to reflect total U.S. alcohol consumption (e.g., adjusting to 73% of per capita sales) has implications for assessing the impact of excessive drinking on health outcomes, including alcohol-attributable death estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B. Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,Correspondence may be sent to Marissa B. Esser at the Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-6, Atlanta, GA 30341. Or via email at:
| | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, California,RTI International—Berkeley Office, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Timothy S. Naimi
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Esser MB, Sherk A, Subbaraman MS, Martinez P, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Sacks JJ, Naimi TS. Improving Estimates of Alcohol-Attributable Deaths in the United States: Impact of Adjusting for the Underreporting of Alcohol Consumption. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022; 83:134-144. [PMID: 35040769 PMCID: PMC8819896 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2022.83.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-reported alcohol consumption in U.S. public health surveys covers only 30%-60% of per capita alcohol sales, based on tax and shipment data. To estimate alcohol-attributable harms using alcohol-attributable fractions, accurate measures of total population consumption and the distribution of this drinking are needed. This study compared methodological approaches of adjusting self-reported survey data on alcohol consumption to better reflect sales and assessed the impact of these adjustments on the distribution of average daily consumption (ADC) levels and the number of alcohol-attributable deaths. METHOD Prevalence estimates of ADC levels (i.e., low, medium, and high) among U.S. adults who responded to the 2011-2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS; N = 2,198,089) were estimated using six methods. BRFSS ADC estimates were adjusted using the National Alcohol Survey, per capita alcohol sales data (from the Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System), or both. Prevalence estimates for the six methods were used to estimate average annual alcohol-attributable deaths, using a population-attributable fraction approach. RESULTS Self-reported ADC in the BRFSS accounted for 31.3% coverage of per capita alcohol sales without adjustments, 36.1% using indexed-BRFSS data, and 44.3% with National Alcohol Survey adjustments. Per capita sales adjustments decreased low ADC prevalence estimates and increased medium and high ADC prevalence estimates. Estimated alcohol-attributable deaths ranged from approximately 91,200 per year (BRFSS unadjusted; Method 1) to 125,200 per year (100% of per capita sales adjustment; Method 6). CONCLUSIONS Adjusting ADC to reflect total U.S. alcohol consumption (e.g., adjusting to 73% of per capita sales) has implications for assessing the impact of excessive drinking on health outcomes, including alcohol-attributable death estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B. Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, California
- RTI International—Berkeley Office, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Timothy S. Naimi
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Buckley C, Brennan A, Kerr WC, Probst C, Puka K, Purshouse RC, Rehm J. Improved estimates for individual and population-level alcohol use in the United States, 1984-2020. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG RESEARCH 2022; 10:24-33. [PMID: 37090902 PMCID: PMC10117538 DOI: 10.7895/ijadr.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aims While nationally representative alcohol surveys are a mainstay of public health monitoring, they underestimate consumption at the population level. This paper demonstrates how to adjust individual-level survey data using aggregated alcohol per capita (APC) data for improved individual- and population-level consumption estimates. Design and Methods For the period 1984-2020, data on self-reported alcohol consumption in the past 30 days were taken from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) involving participants (18+ years) in the United States (US). Monthly abstainers were reallocated into lifetime abstainers, former drinkers, and 12-month drinkers using the 2005 National Alcohol Survey data. To correct for under-coverage of alcohol use, we triangulated APC and survey data by upshifting quantity (average grams/day) and frequency (drinking days/week) of alcohol use based on national- and state-level APC data. Results were provided for the US as a whole and for selected states to represent different drinking patterns. Findings The corrections described above resulted in improved correspondence between survey and APC data. Following our procedure, national estimates of alcohol quantity increased from 45% to 77% of APC estimates. Both quantity and frequency of alcohol use were upshifted; by upshifting to 90% of APC, we were able to fit trends and distributions in APC patterns for individual states and the US. Conclusions An individual-level dataset which more accurately reflects the alcohol use of US citizens was achieved. This dataset will be invaluable as a research tool and for the planning and evaluation of alcohol control policies for the US. The methodology described can also be used to adjust individual-level alcohol survey data in other geographical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Buckley
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, S1 3JD
| | - Alan Brennan
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, UK, S1 4DT
| | - William C. Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group, 6001 Shellmound St, Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klajdi Puka
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, 1465 Richmond St, 3 floor, London, ON, Canada, N6G 2M1
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1
| | - Robin C. Purshouse
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, S1 3JD
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 3M7
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str., 8, b. 2, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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Buckley C, Field M, Vu TM, Brennan A, Greenfield TK, Meier PS, Nielsen A, Probst C, Shuper PA, Purshouse RC. An integrated dual process simulation model of alcohol use behaviours in individuals, with application to US population-level consumption, 1984-2012. Addict Behav 2022; 124:107094. [PMID: 34530207 PMCID: PMC8529781 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) describes how attitudes, norms and perceived behavioural control guide health behaviour, including alcohol consumption. Dual Process Theories (DPT) suggest that alongside these reasoned pathways, behaviour is influenced by automatic processes that are determined by the frequency of engagement in the health behaviour in the past. We present a computational model integrating TPB and DPT to determine drinking decisions for simulated individuals. We explore whether this model can reproduce historical patterns in US population alcohol use and simulate a hypothetical scenario, "Dry January", to demonstrate the utility of the model for appraising the impact of policy interventions on population alcohol use. METHOD Constructs from the TPB pathway were computed using equations from an existing individual-level dynamic simulation model of alcohol use. The DPT pathway was initialised by simulating individuals' past drinking using data from a large US survey. Individuals in the model were from a US population microsimulation that accounts for births, deaths and migration (1984-2015). On each modelled day, for each individual, we calculated standard drinks consumed using the TPB or DPT pathway. In each year we computed total population alcohol use prevalence, frequency and quantity. The model was calibrated to alcohol use data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (1984-2004). RESULTS The model was a good fit to prevalence and frequency but a poorer fit to quantity of alcohol consumption, particularly in males. Simulating Dry January in each year led to a small to moderate reduction in annual population drinking. CONCLUSION This study provides further evidence, at the whole population level, that a combination of reasoned and implicit processes are important for alcohol use. Alcohol misuse interventions should target both processes. The integrated TPB-DPT simulation model is a useful tool for estimating changes in alcohol consumption following hypothetical population interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Buckley
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3DA, UK.
| | - Matt Field
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield S1 2LT, UK
| | - Tuong Manh Vu
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK
| | - Alan Brennan
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK
| | - Thomas K Greenfield
- Alcohol Research Group (ARG), Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Petra S Meier
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
| | - Alexandra Nielsen
- Alcohol Research Group (ARG), Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, On M5S 2S1, Canada; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 130.3 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul A Shuper
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, On M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Robin C Purshouse
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3DA, UK
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Rehm J, Štelemėkas M, Kim KV, Zafar A, Lange S. Alcohol and health in Central and Eastern European Union countries - status quo and alcohol policy options. JOURNAL OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES 2021; 7:91-95. [PMID: 35356304 PMCID: PMC8963928 DOI: 10.5114/jhi.2021.113167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to give an overview of alcohol consumption, attributable health harm, and potential alcohol control policies to reduce this harm in five Central and Eastern European Union countries: Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. The overall level of alcohol consumption was high, with the two highest-consuming countries in the world being situated in Central and Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Latvia), and all five of these countries being in the top 15% of World Health Organization member states with respect to consumption. Accordingly, alcohol-attributable health harm was high. Implementation of alcohol control policies could be improved, especially the implementation of pricing policies such as taxation increases. A moderate increase of the tax share on alcohol could result in thousands of lives being saved in Central and Eastern Europe in a single year. As taxation increases not only save lives, but also increase state revenue, the implementation of this alcohol control measure should be made a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program on Substance Abuse and World Health Organization Collaboration Center, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mindaugas Štelemėkas
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kawon Victoria Kim
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anush Zafar
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Bayesian modelling of population trends in alcohol consumption provides empirically based country estimates for South Africa. Popul Health Metr 2021; 19:43. [PMID: 34732207 PMCID: PMC8565040 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-021-00270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol use has widespread effects on health and contributes to over 200 detrimental conditions. Although the pattern of heavy episodic drinking independently increases the risk for injuries and transmission of some infectious diseases, long-term average consumption is the fundamental predictor of risk for most conditions. Population surveys, which are the main source of data on alcohol exposure, suffer from bias and uncertainty. This article proposes a novel triangulation method to reduce bias by rescaling consumption estimates by sex and age to match country-level consumption from administrative data. Methods We used data from 17 population surveys to estimate age- and sex-specific trends in alcohol consumption in the adult population of South Africa between 1998 and 2016. Independently for each survey, we calculated sex- and age-specific estimates of the prevalence of drinkers and the distribution of individuals across consumption categories. We used these aggregated results, together with data on alcohol production, sales and import/export, as inputs of a Bayesian model and generated yearly estimates of the prevalence of drinkers in the population and the parameters that characterise the distribution of the average consumption among drinkers. Results Among males, the prevalence of drinkers decreased between 1998 and 2009, from 56.2% (95% CI 53.7%; 58.7%) to 50.6% (49.3%; 52.0%), and increased afterwards to 53.9% (51.5%; 56.2%) in 2016. The average consumption from 52.1 g/day (49.1; 55.6) in 1998 to 42.8 g/day (40.0; 45.7) in 2016. Among females the prevalence of current drinkers rose from 19.0% (17.2%; 20.8%) in 1998 to 20.0% (18.3%; 21.7%) in 2016 while average consumption decreased from 32.7 g/day (30.2; 35.0) to 26.4 g/day (23.8; 28.9). Conclusions The methodology provides a viable alternative to current approaches to reconcile survey estimates of individual alcohol consumption patterns with aggregate administrative data. It provides sex- and age-specific estimates of prevalence of drinkers and distribution of average daily consumption among drinkers in populations. Reliance on locally sourced data instead of global and regional trend estimates better reflects local nuances and is adaptable to the inclusion of additional data. This provides a powerful tool to monitor consumption, develop burden of disease estimates and inform and evaluate public health interventions.
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22
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Ren Y, Chase E, d'Almeida T, Allègre J, Latino-Martel P, Deschamps V, Arwidson P, Etilé F, Hercberg S, Touvier M, Julia C. Modelling the number of avoidable new cancer cases in France attributable to alcohol consumption by following official recommendations: a simulation study. Addiction 2021; 116:2316-2325. [PMID: 33565659 DOI: 10.1111/add.15426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To predict the effects of perfect adherence to the French alcohol consumption guidelines, a maximum of 10 standard alcoholic drinks per week with no more than two standard alcoholic drinks per day, during a 36-year period (2014-50). DESIGN This simulation study is an adaption of the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model. The dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable cancer risks was defined by cancer site-specific risk functions, each modelled as a continuous risk. These estimates were used to compute the potential impact fraction (PIF) associated with alcohol consumption by cancer site. SETTING The French general adult population during a 36-year period (2014-50). PARTICIPANTS For the baseline scenario, the current distribution of consumption levels, the counterfactual scenario and perfect adherence to the French alcohol consumption guidelines, we generated for each gender and age group 1000 randomly distributed alcohol consumption values from calibrated group-specific gamma distribution. MEASUREMENTS The predicted number of new cancer cases among men and women in France between 2015 and 2050 that could have been prevented by following the French government's alcohol consumption guidelines. FINDINGS The simulation predicted that perfect adherence to the French government's alcohol consumption guidelines would prevent, on average, an estimated 15 952 cancer cases per year after the PIF reached its full effect, which would have represented 4.5% of new cancer cases in 2015. The number of averted cancer cases over the study period were highest for oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx cancer (respectively, 118 462, 95% CI = 113 803-123 022 and 11 167, 95% CI = 10 149-12 229] for men and women; liver and intrahepatic bile ducts cancer (123 447, 95% CI = 112 581-133 404 and 2825, 95% CI = 2208,4095); colorectal cancer (89 859, 95% CI = 84 651-95 355 and 12 847, 95% CI = 11 545-14 245); and female breast cancer (61 649, 95% CI = 56 330-67 452). CONCLUSION This simulation study of the French general population predicted that perfect adherence to the French government's alcohol consumption guidelines (no more than 10 standard alcoholic drinks per week and two per day) would prevent almost 16 000 cancer cases per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ren
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, University of Paris, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Earl Chase
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, University of Paris, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Tania d'Almeida
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, University of Paris, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Julien Allègre
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, University of Paris, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Paule Latino-Martel
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, University of Paris, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Etilé
- Paris School of Economics and Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Paris, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, University of Paris, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France.,Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, University of Paris, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Chantal Julia
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, University of Paris, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France.,Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
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Moissl AP, Delgado GE, Krämer BK, Dawczynski C, Stojakovic T, März W, Kleber ME, Lorkowski S. Alcohol consumption and mortality: The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. Atherosclerosis 2021; 335:119-125. [PMID: 34454737 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS One of the most important risk factors for morbidity and mortality is the consumption of alcohol. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of alcohol consumption on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. METHODS The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study includes 3316 patients hospitalized for coronary angiography at a tertiary care centre in Southwest Germany. Patients were followed-up for a median of 9.9 (range 0.1-11.9 years) years. Total mortality number in the follow-up period was 995, and the number of incident cases, i.e. cardiovascular death, was 622. Information on alcohol consumption assessed by self-report questionnaires was used to calculate intake in grams of ethanol per day. Associations of alcohol consumption with morbidity and mortality were analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS We found significantly increased mortality for patients in the highest alcohol intake group age- and sex-adjusted (hazard ratio of 1.59 (95%CI, 0.93-2.72)) and a reduced risk for the group of low-volume drinkers (hazard ratio of 0.75 (95%CI, 0.65-0.86)). After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, the risk difference between abstainers and low-volume drinkers was not significant anymore. CONCLUSIONS In the LURIC study, the risk of overall mortality and cardiovascular mortality is significantly increased in study participants with very high alcohol consumption and slightly increased in total abstainers as compared to participants with low consumption in unadjusted analysis, replicating the well-known J-curve. Adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors rendered the risk decrease observed for low-volume drinkers insignificant. Therefore, our results do not show a significant health benefit of low-volume alcohol consumption in a cohort of patients at medium-to-high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P Moissl
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPDBW), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPDBW), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Dawczynski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; SYNLAB Academy, SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH, Augsburg and Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; SYNLAB MVZ für Humangenetik Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
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24
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Rovira P, Rehm J. Estimation of cancers caused by light to moderate alcohol consumption in the European Union. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:591-596. [PMID: 33338220 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has identified alcohol to be an important risk factor for several types of cancers. This study estimates the number of incident cancers attributable to alcohol consumption in the European Union (EU) in 2017, with a special focus on those caused by light to moderate drinking levels. METHODS The attributable-fraction methodology is used to estimate the number of new cancer cases in the year 2017 in the EU caused by alcohol use, and further examines those due to light to moderate drinking levels, defined here as alcohol consumption of <20 g of pure alcohol per day. RESULTS Light to moderate drinking levels of alcohol caused almost 23 000 new cancer cases in the EU in 2017, and accounted for 13.3% of all alcohol-attributable cancers, and 2.3% of all cases of the seven alcohol-related cancer types. Almost half of these (∼11 000 cases) were female breast cancers. Also, more than a third of the cancer cases due to light to moderate drinking resulted from a light drinking level of <1 standard drink per day (total: 37%; women: 40%; men: 32%). CONCLUSIONS Alcohol use, including light to moderate drinking, continues to cause considerable cancer burden, and efforts should be made to reduce this burden. In addition to the alcohol control policies suggested by the World Health Organization, public information campaigns and the placement of warning labels on alcohol containers advising of the cancer risk associated with alcohol use should be initiated to increase knowledge about the alcohol-cancer link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Rovira
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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25
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Manthey J, Solovei A, Anderson P, Carr S, Rehm J. Can alcohol consumption in Germany be reduced by alcohol screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment in primary health care? Results of a simulation study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255843. [PMID: 34352005 PMCID: PMC8341530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is a programme to reduce alcohol consumption for drinkers with high alcohol consumption levels. Only 2.9% of patients in primary health care (PHC) are screened for their alcohol use in Germany, despite high levels of alcohol consumption and attributable harm. We developed an open-access simulation model to estimate the impact of higher SBIRT delivery rates in German PHC settings on population-level alcohol consumption. METHODS AND FINDINGS A hypothetical population of drinkers and non-drinkers was simulated by sex, age, and educational status for the year 2009 based on survey and sales data. Risky drinking persons receiving BI or RT were sampled from this population based on screening coverage and other parameters. Running the simulation model for a ten-year period, drinking levels and heavy episodic drinking (HED) status were changed based on effect sizes from meta-analyses. In the baseline scenario of 2.9% screening coverage, 2.4% of the adult German population received a subsequent intervention between 2009 and 2018. If every second PHC patient would have been screened for alcohol use, 21% of adult residents in Germany would have received BI or RT by the end of the ten-year simulation period. In this scenario, population-level alcohol consumption would be 11% lower than it was in 2018, without any impact on HED prevalence. Screening coverage rates below 10% were not found to have a measurable effect on drinking levels. CONCLUSIONS Large-scale implementation of SBIRT in PHC settings can yield substantial reductions of alcohol consumption in Germany. As high screening coverage rates may only be achievable in the long run, other effective alcohol policies are required to achieve short-term reduction of alcohol use and attributable harm in Germany. There is large potential to apply this open-access simulation model to other settings and for other alcohol interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Manthey
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adriana Solovei
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Anderson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sinclair Carr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research & Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Rehm J, Purshouse RC. Causality and initiation of alcohol control policy. A response to Allamani. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40:1389-1391. [PMID: 34347331 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In a recent commentary, Allamani asked how one can establish causality in epidemiological research, and specifically about causality as it relates to alcohol control policy. Epidemiology customarily uses a sufficient-component cause model, where a sufficient cause for an outcome is determined by a set of minimal conditions and events that inevitably produce the stated outcome. While this model is theoretically clear, its operationalisation often involves probabilistic elements. Recent advances in agent-based modelling may improve operationalisation. The implications for alcohol control policy from this model are straightforward: the so-called alcohol-attributable fraction denotes the cases of morbidity or mortality which would not have happened in the absence of alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin C Purshouse
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Rehm J, Rovira P, Llamosas-Falcón L, Shield KD. Dose-Response Relationships between Levels of Alcohol Use and Risks of Mortality or Disease, for All People, by Age, Sex, and Specific Risk Factors. Nutrients 2021; 13:2652. [PMID: 34444809 PMCID: PMC8401096 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use has been causally linked to more than 200 disease and injury conditions, as defined by three-digit ICD-10 codes. The understanding of how alcohol use is related to these conditions is essential to public health and policy research. Accordingly, this study presents a narrative review of different dose-response relationships for alcohol use. Relative-risk (RR) functions were obtained from various comparative risk assessments. Two main dimensions of alcohol consumption are used to assess disease and injury risk: (1) volume of consumption, and (2) patterns of drinking, operationalized via frequency of heavy drinking occasions. Lifetime abstention was used as the reference group. Most dose-response relationships between alcohol and outcomes are monotonic, but for diabetes type 2 and ischemic diseases, there are indications of a curvilinear relationship, where light to moderate drinking is associated with lower risk compared with not drinking (i.e., RR < 1). In general, women experience a greater increase in RR per gram of alcohol consumed than men. The RR per gram of alcohol consumed was lower for people of older ages. RRs indicated that alcohol use may interact synergistically with other risk factors, in particular with socioeconomic status and other behavioural risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, or physical inactivity. The literature on the impact of genetic constitution on dose-response curves is underdeveloped, but certain genetic variants are linked to an increased RR per gram of alcohol consumed for some diseases. When developing alcohol policy measures, including low-risk drinking guidelines, dose-response relationships must be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada; (L.L.-F.); (K.D.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Street 8, b. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 08005 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Pol Rovira
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, 08005 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Laura Llamosas-Falcón
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada; (L.L.-F.); (K.D.S.)
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin D. Shield
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada; (L.L.-F.); (K.D.S.)
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M1, Canada
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Neufeld M, Rehm J, Bunova A, Gil A, Gornyi B, Rovira, P, Manthey J, Yurasova E, Dolgova S, Idrisov B, Moskvicheva M, Nabiullina G, Shegaym O, Zhidkova I, Ziganshina Z, Ferreira-Borges C. Validation of a screening test for alcohol use, the Russian Federation. Bull World Health Organ 2021; 99:496-505. [PMID: 34248222 PMCID: PMC8243036 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.273227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate a Russian-language version of the World Health Organization's Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). METHODS We invited 2173 patients from 21 rural and urban primary health-care centres in nine Russian regions to participate in the study (143 declined and eight were excluded). In a standardized interview, patients who had consumed alcohol in the past 12 months provided information on their sociodemographic characteristics and completed the Russian AUDIT, the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview to identify problem drinking and alcohol use disorders. We assessed the feasibility of administering the test, its internal consistency and its ability to predict hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders in primary health care in the Russian Federation. FINDINGS Of the 2022 patients included in the study, 1497 were current drinkers with Russian AUDIT scores. The test was internally consistent with good psychometric properties (Cronbach's α : 0.842) and accurately predicted alcohol use disorders and other outcomes (area under the curve > 75%). A three-item short form of the test correlated well with the full instrument and had similar predictive power (area under the curve > 80%). We determined sex-specific thresholds for all outcomes, as non-specific thresholds resulted in few women being identified. CONCLUSION With the validated Russian AUDIT, there is no longer a barrier to introducing screening and brief interventions into primary health care in the Russian Federation to supplement successful alcohol control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Neufeld
- World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Leontyevsky Pereulok 9, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anna Bunova
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Artyom Gil
- Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Boris Gornyi
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pol Rovira,
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elena Yurasova
- World Health Organization Office in the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Bulat Idrisov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Moskvicheva
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare, South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Olga Shegaym
- Center for Medical Prevention, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Zhidkova
- Amur Regional Center for Preventive Medicine, Blagoveshchensk, Russian Federation
| | - Zukhra Ziganshina
- Institute of Management, Economics and Finance, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Carina Ferreira-Borges
- World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Leontyevsky Pereulok 9, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - & the 2019/2020 RUS-AUDIT Collaborators & the RUS-AUDIT Project Advisory Board
- World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Leontyevsky Pereulok 9, 125009 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
- World Health Organization Office in the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Vologda City Policlinic, Vologda, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare, South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
- Center for Medical Prevention, Astrakhan, Russian Federation
- Center for Medical Prevention, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Amur Regional Center for Preventive Medicine, Blagoveshchensk, Russian Federation
- Institute of Management, Economics and Finance, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
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29
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Kilian C, Manthey J, Probst C, Brunborg GS, Bye EK, Ekholm O, Kraus L, Moskalewicz J, Sieroslawski J, Rehm J. Why Is Per Capita Consumption Underestimated in Alcohol Surveys? Results from 39 Surveys in 23 European Countries. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 55:554-563. [PMID: 32491170 PMCID: PMC7427154 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aims of the article are (a) to estimate coverage rates (i.e. the proportion of ‘real consumption’ accounted for by a survey compared with more reliable aggregate consumption data) of the total, the recorded and the beverage-specific annual per capita consumption in 23 European countries, and (b) to investigate differences between regions, and other factors which might be associated with low coverage (prevalence of heavy episodic drinking [HED], survey methodology). Methods Survey data were derived from the Standardised European Alcohol Survey and Harmonising Alcohol-related Measures in European Surveys (number of surveys: 39, years of survey: 2008–2015, adults aged 20–64 years). Coverage rates were calculated at the aggregated level by dividing consumption estimates derived from the surveys by alcohol per capita estimates from a recent global modelling study. Fractional response regression models were used to examine the relative importance of the predictors. Results Large variation in coverage across European countries was observed (average total coverage: 36.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] [33.2; 39.8]), with lowest coverage found for spirits consumption (26.3, 95% CI [21.4; 31.3]). Regarding the second aim, the prevalence of HED was associated with wine- and spirits-specific coverage, explaining 10% in the respective variance. However, neither the consideration of regions nor survey methodology explained much of the variance in coverage estimates, regardless of the scenario. Conclusion The results reiterate that alcohol survey data should not be used to compare or estimate aggregate consumption levels, which may be better reflected by statistics on recorded or total per capita consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kilian
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, UKE Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Geir S Brunborg
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin K Bye
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola Ekholm
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ludwig Kraus
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, München, Germany.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jacek Moskalewicz
- Department of Studies on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Sieroslawski
- Department of Studies on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,WHO Collaboration Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
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30
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Jiang H, Lange S, Tran A, Imtiaz S, Rehm J. Determining the sex-specific distributions of average daily alcohol consumption using cluster analysis: is there a separate distribution for people with alcohol dependence? Popul Health Metr 2021; 19:28. [PMID: 34098997 PMCID: PMC8186209 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-021-00261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether alcohol use disorders (AUDs) can be characterized by specific levels of average daily alcohol consumption. The aim of the current study was to model the distributions of average daily alcohol consumption among those who consume alcohol and those with alcohol dependence, the most severe AUD, using various clustering techniques. METHODS Data from Wave 1 and Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions were used in the current analyses. Clustering algorithms were applied in order to group a set of data points that represent the average daily amount of alcohol consumed. Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) were then used to estimate the likelihood of a data point belonging to one of the mixture distributions. Individuals were assigned to the clusters which had the highest posterior probabilities from the GMMs, and their treatment utilization rate was examined for each of the clusters. RESULTS Modeling alcohol consumption via clustering techniques was feasible. The clusters identified did not point to alcohol dependence as a separate cluster characterized by a higher level of alcohol consumption. Among both females and males with alcohol dependence, daily alcohol consumption was relatively low. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found little evidence for clusters of people with the same drinking distribution, which could be characterized as clinically relevant for people with alcohol use disorders as currently defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Jiang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 6th Floor, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Alexander Tran
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Sameer Imtiaz
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 6th Floor, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, D-01187, Dresden, Germany
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 8th Floor, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str., 8, b. 2, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Lange S, Rehm J. Commentary: The COVID-19 Pandemic Is Not a Good Time to Weaken Restrictions on Alcohol Availability. Healthc Policy 2021; 16:25-30. [PMID: 34129476 PMCID: PMC8200833 DOI: 10.12927/hcpol.2021.26501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use is well established globally as one of the major risk factors for burden of disease and mortality. Although it is not yet clear how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the overall level of alcohol use in Canada, we do know that various levels of government have promoted its use - either by designating it essential or by increasing its availability. Such actions may have both an immediate and sustained impact on alcohol-related harm in Canada. We encourage all levels of government to support and prioritize the development and implementation of an evidence-informed framework for both alcohol policy and service delivery to reduce alcohol-related harms during the current pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Lange
- Independent Scientist, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Senior Scientist, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON
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32
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Rehm J, Patra J, Brennan A, Buckley C, Greenfield TK, Kerr WC, Manthey J, Purshouse RC, Rovira P, Shuper PA, Shield KD. The role of alcohol use in the aetiology and progression of liver disease: A narrative review and a quantification. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40:1377-1386. [PMID: 33783063 PMCID: PMC9389623 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Issues. Alcohol use has been shown to impact on various forms of liver disease, not restricted to alcoholic liver disease. Approach. We developed a conceptual framework based on a narrative review of the literature to identify causal associations between alcohol use and various forms of liver disease including the complex interactions of alcohol with other major risk factors. Based on this framework, we estimate the identified relations for 2017 for the USA. Key Findings. The following pathways were identified and modelled for the USA for the year 2017. Alcohol use caused 35 200 (95% uncertainty interval 32 800–37 800) incident cases of alcoholic liver cirrhosis. There were 1700 (uncertainty interval 1100–2500) acute hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections attributable to heavy-drinking occasions, and 14 000 (uncertainty interval 5900–19 500) chronic HBV and 1700 (uncertainty interval 700–2400) chronic HCV infections due to heavy alcohol use interfering with spontaneous clearance. Alcohol use and its interactions with other risk factors (HBV, HCV, obesity) led to 54 500 (uncertainty interval 50 900–58 400) new cases of liver cirrhosis. In addition, alcohol use caused 6600 (uncertainty interval 4200–9300) liver cancer deaths and 40 700 (uncertainty interval 36 600–44 600) liver cirrhosis deaths. Implications. Alcohol use causes a substantial number of incident cases and deaths from chronic liver disease, often in interaction with other risk factors. Conclusion. This additional disease burden is not reflected in the current alcoholic liver disease categories. Clinical work and prevention policies need to take this into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jayadeep Patra
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alan Brennan
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - William C Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, USA
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robin C Purshouse
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pol Rovira
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul A Shuper
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin D Shield
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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Rehm J, Babor TF, Casswell S, Room R. Heterogeneity in trends of alcohol use around the world: Do policies make a difference? Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40:345-349. [PMID: 33538021 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Thomas F Babor
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA
| | - Sally Casswell
- SHORE & Whariki Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Valverde JR, Mackenbach J, Bopp M, Brønnum-Hansen H, Deboosere P, Kalediene R, Kovács K, Leinsalu M, Martikainen P, Regidor E, Strand BH, Nusselder W. Determinants of educational inequalities in disability-free life expectancy between ages 35 and 80 in Europe. SSM Popul Health 2021; 13:100740. [PMID: 33598526 PMCID: PMC7868628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Socioeconomic inequalities in disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) exist across all European countries, yet the driving determinants of these differences are not completely known. We calculated the impact on educational inequalities in DFLE of equalizing the distribution of eight risk factors for mortality and disability using register-based mortality data and survey data from 15 European countries for individuals between 35 and 80 years old. From the selected risk factors, the ones that contribute the most to the educational inequalities in DFLE are low income, high body-weight, smoking (for men), and manual occupation of the father. Potentially large reductions in inequalities can be achieved in Eastern European countries, where educational inequalities in DFLE are also the largest. Disability-free life expectancy is lower among low than the high educated in Europe. Over-all, the risk factor contributing most to the inequality was low income. Other important contributors are high body-weight, smoking and father's manual occupation. Size of inequality and contribution of risk factors vary importantly between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Mackenbach
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthias Bopp
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Brønnum-Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Deboosere
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Katalin Kovács
- Hungarian Demographic Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mall Leinsalu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Enrique Regidor
- Department of Public Health & Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid y CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Wilma Nusselder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Rehm J, Manthey J, Franklin A, Shield KD. Further considerations of the best indicator for the harmful use of alcohol. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 39:634-636. [PMID: 33463836 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS We discuss the rejoinder of Sherwin to our review which came to the result that adult alcohol per capita consumption is the best indicator for the harmful use of alcohol for the sustainable development goals. DESIGN AND METHODS Scientific discourse. RESULTS Sherwin suggested two additional indicators, 'age-standardised prevalence of heavy episodic drinking among adolescents and adults' and 'alcohol-related morbidity and mortality among adolescents and adults'. Given that these indicators should be part of the comprehensive sustainable development goals, we do not believe that three indicators for one target make sense. In addition, both suggested indicators are can only be derived using adult alcohol per capita consumption as basis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Adult per capita consumption should remain the indicator for the sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ari Franklin
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin D Shield
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Rovira P, Kilian C, Neufeld M, Rumgay H, Soerjomataram I, Ferreira-Borges C, Shield KD, Sornpaisarn B, Rehm J. Fewer Cancer Cases in 4 Countries of the WHO European Region in 2018 through Increased Alcohol Excise Taxation: A Modelling Study. Eur Addict Res 2021; 27:189-197. [PMID: 33271557 PMCID: PMC8220913 DOI: 10.1159/000511899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prevention of cancer has been identified as a major public health priority for Europe, and alcohol is a leading risk factor for various types of cancer. This contribution estimates the number of cancer cases that could have potentially been averted in 2018 in 4 European countries if an increase in alcohol excise taxation had been applied. METHODS Current country and beverage-specific excise taxation of 4 member states of the WHO European Region (Germany, Italy, Kazakhstan, and Sweden) was used as a baseline, and the potential impacts of increases of 20, 50, and 100% to current excise duties were modelled. A sensitivity analysis was performed, replacing the current tax rates in the 4 countries by those levied in Finland. The resulting increase in tax was assumed to be fully incorporated into the consumer price, and beverage-specific price elasticities of demand were obtained from meta-analyses, assuming less elasticity for heavy drinkers. Model estimates were applied to cancer incidence rates for the year 2018. RESULTS In the 4 countries, >35,000 cancer cases in 2018 were caused by alcohol consumption, with the highest rate of alcohol-attributable cancers recorded in Germany and the lowest in Sweden. An increase in excise duties on alcohol would have significantly reduced these numbers, with between 3 and 7% of all alcohol-attributable cancer cases being averted if taxation had been increased by 100%. If the 4 countries were to adopt an excise taxation level equivalent to the one currently imposed in Finland, an even higher proportion of alcohol-attributable cancers could be avoided, with Germany alone experiencing 1,600 fewer cancer cases in 1 year. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Increasing excise duties can markedly reduce cancer incidence in European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Rovira
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolin Kilian
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Neufeld
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,WHO European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harriet Rumgay
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Cancer Research, Lyon, France
| | | | - Carina Ferreira-Borges
- WHO European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kevin D. Shield
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bundit Sornpaisarn
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation,*Jürgen Rehm, CAMH, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1 (Canada),
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Yang ZM, Cheng JX, Yu LJ, Cui XL, Wang JB. Province-specific alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and years of potential life lost in China. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 218:108431. [PMID: 33257197 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer is a major cause of death in China. As alcohol drinking, a risk factor of cancer, is common in China, we aimed to estimate the alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL) across all provinces in China. METHODS We estimated the proportion of cancer deaths and YPLL attributable to alcohol consumption at the province level. Population attributable fraction (PAF) was calculated based on: 1) prevalence of alcohol consumption, obtained from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002; 2) dose-response relative risks (RRs) of alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer, extracted from published meta-analyses; 3) cancer mortality data, originated from the National Program of Cancer Registry 2013. RESULTS We estimated that 98,306 cancer deaths were attributable to alcohol consumption and accounted for 4.56 % of the total cancer deaths in China in 2013. Of these deaths, a total of 919,741.57 person-years premature loss of life was caused. Both overall PAF and average YPLL per 100,000 individuals were much higher in men than that in women (7.01 % vs. 0.33 % and 130.55 vs. 4.45, respectively). At the province level, overall PAF ranged from 2.14 % (95 % CI: 1.40 %-2.87 %) in Shanghai to 6.56 % (95 % CI: 4.06 %-9.05 %) in Anhui and the average YPLL per 100,000 individuals ranged from 10.97 in Tibet to 106.52 in Shandong. CONCLUSIONS Cancer burden attributable to alcohol consumption varied across provinces in China. Province-level approaches are warranted to decrease alcohol consumption and reduce the alcohol-related cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Ming Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xia Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Jie Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Cui
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Bing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Esser MB, Sacks JJ, Sherk A, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Greenfield TK, Pierannunzi C, Brewer RD. Distribution of Drinks Consumed by U.S. Adults by Average Daily Alcohol Consumption: A Comparison of 2 Nationwide Surveys. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:669-677. [PMID: 32747177 PMCID: PMC7577921 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estimates of alcohol consumption in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System are generally lower than those in other surveys of U.S. adults. This study compares the estimates of adults' drinking patterns and the distribution of drinks consumed by average daily alcohol consumption from 2 nationwide telephone surveys. METHODS The 2014-2015 National Alcohol Survey (n=7,067) and the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n=408,069) were used to assess alcohol consumption among adults (≥18 years), analyzed in 2019. The weighted prevalence of binge-level drinking and the distribution of drinks consumed by average daily alcohol consumption (low, medium, high) were assessed for the previous 12 months using the National Alcohol Survey and the previous 30 days using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, stratified by respondents' characteristics. RESULTS The prevalence of binge-level drinking in a day was 26.1% for the National Alcohol Survey; the binge drinking prevalence was 17.4% for the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The prevalence of high average daily alcohol consumption among current drinkers was 8.2% for the National Alcohol Survey, accounting for 51.0% of total drinks consumed, and 3.3% for the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, accounting for 27.7% of total drinks consumed. CONCLUSIONS National Alcohol Survey yearly prevalence estimates of binge-level drinking in a day and high average daily consumption were consistently greater than Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System monthly binge drinking and high average daily consumption prevalence estimates. When planning and evaluating prevention strategies, the impact of different survey designs and methods on estimates of excessive drinking and related harms is important to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | | | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Carol Pierannunzi
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert D Brewer
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Rehm J, Kilian C, Manthey J. Future of surveys in the alcohol field. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020; 40:176-178. [PMID: 32959438 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Responding to the commentaries on a recent paper on the elusiveness of representativeness in general population alcohol surveys, we can summarise that there is agreement that the status quo of current alcohol surveys is scientifically no longer defensible. Current surveys cannot per se be assumed to yield representative results for the general populations of countries based on a probabilistic sampling alone. Alternatives are discussed and-as for any survey-creative ideas on validating key results on indicators or hypotheses need to be developed and used. This will inevitably lead away from omnibus surveys to more focused studies requiring more complex methodological tools. While there may not be obvious solutions for every problem related to alcohol use prevention and policy or treatment use disorders, and it may take years to find solutions for some of the issues, continued use of the methodology of the status quo will surely fail to answer the questions posed by modern societies concerning these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,WHO Collaborating Centre-Barcelona (Currently in Development), Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolin Kilian
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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40
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Robinson M, Kibuchi E, Gray L, McCartney G. Approaches to triangulation of alcohol data in Scotland: Commentary on Rehm
et al
. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020; 40:173-175. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robinson
- Institute for Social Science Research University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Eliud Kibuchi
- Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Linsay Gray
- Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom
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41
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Mäkelä P. The future of alcohol surveys: Between the devil and the deep blue sea. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020; 40:171-172. [PMID: 32959442 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The future of survey research in the alcohol field, as elsewhere, does look gloomy. Even if there is a need to better confront this reality, abandoning traditional survey methods does not guarantee better outcomes and is not an equally burning issue in all countries or surveys and for all objectives. Correcting biases is easier when the aim is to estimate the parameters of a consumption distribution than when the aim is to measure drinking patterns, their changes and subgroup differences. Combining data from various sources requires making assumptions that affect the results but that may be hard to base on evidence. Despite these challenges, alcohol researchers need to take steps in this direction to find out more about the situations and ways in which such new methods would best serve the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Mäkelä
- Alcohol, Drugs and Addictions Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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42
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Brennan A, Buckley C, Vu TM, Probst C, Nielsen A, Bai H, Broomhead T, Greenfield T, Kerr W, Meier PS, Rehm J, Shuper P, Strong M, Purshouse RC. Introducing CASCADEPOP: an open-source sociodemographic simulation platform for us health policy appraisal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROSIMULATION 2020; 13:21-60. [PMID: 33884027 DOI: 10.34196/ijm.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Largescale individual-level and agent-based models are gaining importance in health policy appraisal and evaluation. Such models require the accurate depiction of the jurisdiction's population over extended time periods to enable modeling of the development of non-communicable diseases under consideration of historical, sociodemographic developments. We developed CASCADEPOP to provide a readily available sociodemographic micro-synthesis and microsimulation platform for US populations. The micro-synthesis method used iterative proportional fitting to integrate data from the US Census, the American Community Survey, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Multiple Cause of Death Files, and several national surveys to produce a synthetic population aged 12 to 80 years on 01/01/1980 for five states (California, Minnesota, New York, Tennessee, and Texas) and the US. Characteristics include individuals' age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital/employment/parental status, education, income and patterns of alcohol use as an exemplar health behavior. The microsimulation simulates individuals' sociodemographic life trajectories over 35 years to 31/12/2015 accounting for population developments including births, deaths, and migration. Results comparing the 1980 micro-synthesis against observed data shows a successful depiction of state and US population characteristics and of drinking. Comparing the microsimulation over 30 years with Census data also showed the successful simulation of sociodemographic developments. The CASCADEPOP platform enables modelling of health behaviors across individuals' life courses and at a population level. As it contains a large number of relevant sociodemographic characteristics it can be further developed by researchers to build US agent-based models and microsimulations to examine health behaviors, interventions, and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Brennan
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield (ScHARR), 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Tuong Manh Vu
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield (ScHARR), 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Charlotte Probst
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, On M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Alexandra Nielsen
- Alcohol Research Group (ARG), Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Thomas Broomhead
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, 19 Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - Thomas Greenfield
- Alcohol Research Group (ARG), Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - William Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group (ARG), Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Petra S Meier
- School of Health and Related Research; University of Sheffield (ScHARR), 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - JüRgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Paul Shuper
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
| | - Mark Strong
- School of Health and Related Research; University of Sheffield (ScHARR), 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Robin C Purshouse
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
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43
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Rehm J, Kilian C, Rovira P, Shield KD, Manthey J. The elusiveness of representativeness in general population surveys for alcohol. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020; 40:161-165. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Toronto Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Toronto Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Carolin Kilian
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Pol Rovira
- WHO Collaborating Centre—Barcelona (currently in development) Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya Barcelona Spain
| | - Kevin D. Shield
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Toronto Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Toronto Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol use, including binge drinking (i.e., ≥5 drinks (males); ≥4 drinks (females), per occasion during the past 30 days), is associated with work-related injuries, absenteeism, and lost productivity. Binge drinking varies by sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex, income). However, information on binge drinking by occupation is limited. Purpose: This study examined binge drinking prevalence, frequency, intensity, and total binge drinks per binge drinker by sociodemographic characteristics and occupation. Methods: Data were analyzed from 358,355 currently employed U.S. adults who resided in the 32 states that administered the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System industry and occupation questions during 2013-2016. Binge drinking was evaluated using weighted and adjusted prevalence models. Results: Among currently employed adults in the 32 states, 20.8% reported binge drinking, with an average of nearly 49 times per year and an average intensity of 7.4 drinks per binge episode, resulting in 478 total binge drinks per binge drinker. The adjusted binge drinking prevalence ranged from 15.9% among community and social services workers to 26.3% among construction and extraction workers. The total annual binge drinks per binge drinker ranged from 207 drinks among community and social services workers to 749 drinks among construction and extraction workers. Conclusions: One in five employed adults binge drink, and binge drinking varied across occupation groups. Widespread use of effective community-based strategies for preventing excessive alcohol use (e.g., regulating alcohol outlet density), as well as interventions tailored to specific occupation groups, and could reduce binge drinking and improve occupational safety and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Shockey
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Marissa B Esser
- Division of Population Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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45
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancers constitute a major non-communicable disease category globally and in the European Union (EU). SUMMARY Alcohol use has been established as a major cause of cancer in humans. Principal cancer agencies agree that the following cancer sites are causally impacted by alcohol: lip and oral cavity, pharynx (excluding nasopharynx), oesophagus, colon and rectum, liver, (female) breast, and larynx. For all of these cancer sites, there is a dose-response relationship with no apparent threshold: the higher the average level of consumption, the higher the risk of cancer incidence. In the EU in 2016, about 80,000 people died of alcohol-attributable cancer, and about 1.9 million years of life were lost due to premature mortality or due to disability. Key messages: Given the above-described impact of alcohol on cancer, public awareness about the alcohol-cancer link needs to be increased. In addition, effective alcohol policy measures should be implemented. As a large part of alcohol-attributable cancers are in low and moderate alcohol users, in particular for females, general population measures such as increases in taxation, restrictions on availability, and bans on marketing and advertisement are best suited to reduce the alcohol-attributable cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation,
| | - Kevin D Shield
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Rehm J, Crépault J, Wettlaufer A, Manthey J, Shield K. What is the best indicator of the harmful use of alcohol? A narrative review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020; 39:624-631. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Toronto Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Toronto Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Jean‐François Crépault
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Toronto Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Ashley Wettlaufer
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Toronto Canada
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Dresden University of Technology Dresden Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Kevin Shield
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Toronto Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Canada
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Subbaraman MS, Ye Y, Martinez P, Mulia N, Kerr WC. Improving the Validity of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Alcohol Measures. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:892-899. [PMID: 32030773 PMCID: PMC7166177 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valid measurement of alcohol use can be difficult in surveys, which are subject to biases like underreporting and differential nonresponse. Still, monitoring trends, policy impacts, disparities, and related issues all require valid individual- and state-level drinking data collected over time. Here, we propose a double-adjustment approach for improving the validity of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) alcohol measures. METHODS Validity analyses of the 1999 to 2016 BRFSS, a general population survey of U.S. adults. Measures are aggregated to state level for N = 918 observations, single-adjusted for BRFSS methodologic changes, and double-adjusted by per capita consumption. Fixed-effects models: (i) assess predictive validity using adjusted BRFSS drink volume to predict mortality outcomes and (ii) assess outcome validity using state-level alcohol taxes to predict adjusted BRFSS volume. RESULTS Neither the raw nor the single-adjusted BRFSS drinking measures were related to mortality in the expected direction, while double-adjusted BRFSS volume and 5+ days were significantly positively related to mortality, as expected. Spirits and beer taxes were not related to single-adjusted BRFSS drinking in the expected direction. However, spirits and beer taxes were both significantly related to double-adjusted BRFSS volume in the expected directions. CONCLUSIONS Future studies should consider using the double-adjusted BRFSS measures to ensure the validity of drinking survey data in analyses where variation over time is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Ye
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, CA
| | | | - Nina Mulia
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, CA
| | - William C. Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, CA
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48
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Rehm J, Shield K. Alcohol Use and Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Epidemiology and Preventive Implications. Front Oncol 2020; 10:403. [PMID: 32269967 PMCID: PMC7109294 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Alcohol is a carcinogen for human cancer. This contribution summarizes the relationships between alcohol use and gastrointestinal cancers, and implications for prevention. Methods: Comparative risk assessment and narrative literature review. Results: The following gastrointestinal cancer sites were found to be causally impacted by alcohol use: lip and oral cavity, pharynx other than nasopharynx, esophagus, colon and rectum, and liver. Globally, 368,000 deaths (304,000 men and 64,000 women) and more than 10 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost (10.1 million; 8.4 million men and 1.6 million women) in 2016 were attributable to alcohol use, making up about 10% of all deaths and DALYs lost due to these cancers, respectively. There are effective and cost-effective alcohol control policies available to reduce this burden, namely the best buys of increasing taxation, reducing availability, and banning advertisement. In addition, public knowledge about the alcohol-cancer link should be increased. Discussion: There are a number of assumptions underlying these estimates, but overall all of them seem to be conservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kevin Shield
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Sorge JT, Young M, Maloney-Hall B, Sherk A, Kent P, Zhao J, Stockwell T, Perlova K, Macdonald S, Ferguson B. Estimation of the impacts of substance use on workplace productivity: a hybrid human capital and prevalence-based approach applied to Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2019; 111:202-211. [PMID: 31792845 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-019-00271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Policy makers require evidence-based estimates of the economic costs of substance use-attributable lost productivity to set strategies aimed at reducing substance use-related harms. Building on a study by Rehm et al. (2006), we provide estimates of workplace costs using updated methods and data sources. METHODS We estimated substance use-attributable productivity losses due to premature mortality, long-term disability, and presenteeism/absenteeism in Canada between 2007 and 2014. Lost productivity was estimated using a hybrid prevalence and incidence approach. Substance use prevalence data were drawn from three national self-report surveys. Premature mortality data were from the Canadian Vital Statistics Death Database, and long-term disability and workplace interference data were from the Canadian Community Health Survey. RESULTS In 2014, the total cost of lost productivity due to substance use was $15.7 billion, or approximately $440 per Canadian, an increase of 8% from 2007. Substances responsible for the greatest economic costs were alcohol (38% of per capita costs), tobacco (37%), opioids (12%), other central nervous system (CNS) depressants (4%), other CNS stimulants (3%), cannabis (2%), cocaine (2%), and finally other psychoactive substances (2%). CONCLUSION In 2014, alcohol and tobacco represent three quarters of substance use-related lost productivity costs in Canada, followed by opioids. These costs provide a valuable baseline that can be used to assess the impact of future substance use policy, practice, and other interventions, especially important given Canada's opioid crisis and recent cannabis legalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Sorge
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Technology Enterprise Facility, Room 273, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Matthew Young
- Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Technology Enterprise Facility, Room 273, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Pam Kent
- Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Technology Enterprise Facility, Room 273, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Tim Stockwell
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Technology Enterprise Facility, Room 273, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katerina Perlova
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Technology Enterprise Facility, Room 273, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Scott Macdonald
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Technology Enterprise Facility, Room 273, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada.,School of Health and Information Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Ferguson
- Department of Economics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Mackenbach JP, Valverde JR, Bopp M, Brønnum-Hansen H, Deboosere P, Kalediene R, Kovács K, Leinsalu M, Martikainen P, Menvielle G, Regidor E, Nusselder WJ. Determinants of inequalities in life expectancy: an international comparative study of eight risk factors. LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 4:e529-e537. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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