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Li S, Wen X, Yang X, Wang L, Gao K, Liang X, Xiao H. Glutamine protects intestinal immunity through microbial metabolites rather than microbiota. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110832. [PMID: 37634449 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine has anti-inflammatory properties as well as the ability to maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier. In our previous study, we found that 1.0% glutamine promoted SIgA (secretory immunoglobulin A) synthesis in the gut via both T cell-dependent and non-dependent processes, as well as via the intestinal microbiota. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the intestinal microbiota or microbial metabolites regulate SIgA synthesis. In the mouse model, supplementation with 1.0% glutamine had no significant effect on the intestinal microbiota, but KEGG function prediction showed the difference on microbiota metabolites. Therefore, in this study, untargeted metabolomics techniques were used to detect and analyze the metabolic changes of glutamine in intestinal luminal contents. Metabolomics showed that in the positive ion (POS) mode, a total of 1446 metabolic differentials (VIP ≥ 1, P < 0.05, FC ≥ 2 or FC ≤ 0.5) were annotated in samples treated with glutamine-supplemented group compared to control group, of which 922 were up-regulated and 524 down-regulated. In the negative ion (NEG) mode, 370 differential metabolites (VIP ≥ 1, P < 0.05, FC ≥ 2 or FC ≤ 0.5) were screened, of which 220 were up-regulated and 150 down-regulated. These differential metabolites mainly include bile secretion synthesis, ABC transporters, diterpenoids and other secondary metabolites. KEGG analysis showed that propionic acid metabolism, TCA cycle, endoplasmic reticulum protein processing, nitrogen metabolism and other metabolic pathways were active. The above metabolic pathways and differential metabolites have positive effects on intestinal development and intestinal immunity, and combined with our previous studies, we conclude that glutamine supplementation can may maintain intestinal homeostasis and improving intestinal immunity through intestinal microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaolu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kaiguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Hao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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2
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Torices S, Daire L, Simon S, Naranjo O, Mendoza L, Teglas T, Fattakhov N, Adesse D, Toborek M. Occludin: a gatekeeper of brain Infection by HIV-1. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:73. [PMID: 37840143 PMCID: PMC10577960 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Compromised structure and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the pathological hallmarks of brain infection by HIV-1. BBB damage during HIV-1 infection has been associated with modified expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, including occludin. Recent evidence indicated occludin as a redox-sensitive, multifunctional protein that can act as both an NADH oxidase and influence cellular metabolism through AMPK kinase. One of the newly identified functions of occludin is its involvement in regulating HIV-1 infection. Studies suggest that occludin expression levels and the rate of HIV-1 infection share a reverse, bidirectional relationship; however, the mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. In this review, we describe the pathways involved in the regulation of HIV-1 infection by occludin. We propose that occludin may serve as a potential therapeutic target to control HIV-1 infection and to improve the lives of people living with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torices
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Leah Daire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Sierra Simon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Oandy Naranjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Luisa Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Timea Teglas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA.
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3
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Al-Ayadhi L, Bhat RS, Alghamdi FA, Alhadlaq AS, El-Ansary A. Influence of Auditory Integrative Training on Casein Kinase 2 and Its Impact on Behavioral and Social Interaction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4317-4330. [PMID: 37232743 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable disturbances in post-translational protein phosphorylation have recently been discovered in multiple neurological disorders. Casein kinase-2 (CK2) is a tetrameric Ser/Thr protein kinase that phosphorylates a large number of substrates and contributes in several cellular physiological and pathological processes. CK2 is highly expressed in the mammalian brain and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a large number of substrates that are crucial in neuronal or glial homeostasis and inflammatory signaling processes across synapses. In this study, we investigated the impact of auditory integration therapy (AIT) for the treatment of sensory processing abnormalities in autism on plasma CK2 levels. A total of 25 ASD children, aged between 5 and 12 years, were enrolled and participated in the present research study. AIT was performed for two weeks, for a period of 30 min, twice a day, with a 3 h interval between sessions. Before and after AIT, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Short Sensory Profile (SSP) scores were calculated, and plasma CK2 levels were assayed using an ELISA test. The CARS and SRS indices of autism severity improved as a result of AIT, which could be related to the decreased level of plasma CK2. However, the mean value of the SSP scores was not significantly increased after AIT. The relationship between CK2 downregulation and glutamate excitotoxicity, neuro-inflammation, and leaky gut, as etiological mechanisms in ASD, was proposed and discussed. Further research, conducted on a larger scale and with a longer study duration, are required to assess whether the cognitive improvement in ASD children after AIT is related to the downregulation of CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farah Ali Alghamdi
- College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia
- Autism Center, Lotus Holistic Medical Center, Abu Dhabi 110281, United Arab Emirates
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4
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Goncalves A, Antonetti DA. Transgenic animal models to explore and modulate the blood brain and blood retinal barriers of the CNS. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:86. [PMID: 36320068 PMCID: PMC9628113 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique environment of the brain and retina is tightly regulated by blood-brain barrier and the blood-retinal barrier, respectively, to ensure proper neuronal function. Endothelial cells within these tissues possess distinct properties that allow for controlled passage of solutes and fluids. Pericytes, glia cells and neurons signal to endothelial cells (ECs) to form and maintain the barriers and control blood flow, helping to create the neurovascular unit. This barrier is lost in a wide range of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and retina such as brain tumors, stroke, dementia, and in the eye, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions and age-related macular degeneration to name prominent examples. Recent studies directly link barrier changes to promotion of disease pathology and degradation of neuronal function. Understanding how these barriers form and how to restore these barriers in disease provides an important point for therapeutic intervention. This review aims to describe the fundamentals of the blood-tissue barriers of the CNS and how the use of transgenic animal models led to our current understanding of the molecular framework of these barriers. The review also highlights examples of targeting barrier properties to protect neuronal function in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Goncalves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St Rm, Ann Arbor, MI, 7317, USA
| | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall St Rm, Ann Arbor, MI, 7317, USA.
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5
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Srivastava AK, Venkata BS, Sweat YY, Rizzo HR, Jean-François L, Zuo L, Kurgan KW, Moore P, Shashikanth N, Smok I, Sachleben JR, Turner JR, Meredith SC. Serine 408 phosphorylation is a molecular switch that regulates structure and function of the occludin α-helical bundle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204618119. [PMID: 35969745 PMCID: PMC9407527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204618119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Occludin is a tetramembrane-spanning tight junction protein. The long C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, which represents nearly half of occludin sequence, includes a distal bundle of three α-helices that mediates interactions with other tight junction components. A short unstructured region just proximal to the α-helical bundle is a phosphorylation hotspot within which S408 phosphorylation acts as molecular switch that modifies tight junction protein interactions and barrier function. Here, we used NMR to define the effects of S408 phosphorylation on intramolecular interactions between the unstructured region and the α-helical bundle. S408 pseudophosphorylation affected conformation at hinge sites between the three α-helices. Further studies using paramagnetic relaxation enhancement and microscale thermophoresis indicated that the unstructured region interacts with the α-helical bundle. These interactions between the unstructured domain are enhanced by S408 phosphorylation and allow the unstructured region to obstruct the binding site, thereby reducing affinity of the occludin tail for zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Conversely, S408 dephosphorylation attenuates intramolecular interactions, exposes the binding site, and increases the affinity of occludin binding to ZO-1. Consistent with an increase in binding to ZO-1, intravital imaging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analyses of transgenic mice demonstrated increased tight junction anchoring of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged nonphosphorylatable occludin relative to wild-type EGFP-occludin. Overall, these data define the mechanisms by which S408 phosphorylation modifies occludin tail conformation to regulate tight junction protein interactions and paracellular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Y. Sweat
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Heather R. Rizzo
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Léa Jean-François
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Li Zuo
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, 230032
| | | | - Patrick Moore
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Izabela Smok
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
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6
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Firnau MB, Brieger A. CK2 and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081987. [PMID: 36009534 PMCID: PMC9405757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is commonly dysregulated in cancer, impacting diverse molecular pathways. CK2 is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, constitutively active and ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. With over 500 known substrates and being estimated to be responsible for up to 10% of the human phosphoproteome, it is of significant importance. A broad spectrum of diverse types of cancer cells has been already shown to rely on disturbed CK2 levels for their survival. The hallmarks of cancer provide a rationale for understanding cancer’s common traits. They constitute the maintenance of proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling of replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, the activation of invasion and metastasis, as well as avoidance of immune destruction and dysregulation of cellular energetics. In this work, we have compiled evidence from the literature suggesting that CK2 modulates all hallmarks of cancer, thereby promoting oncogenesis and operating as a cancer driver by creating a cellular environment favorable to neoplasia.
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7
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Raju P, Shashikanth N, Tsai PY, Pongkorpsakol P, Chanez-Paredes S, Steinhagen PR, Kuo WT, Singh G, Tsukita S, Turner JR. Inactivation of paracellular cation-selective claudin-2 channels attenuates immune-mediated experimental colitis in mice. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5197-5208. [PMID: 32516134 PMCID: PMC7524482 DOI: 10.1172/jci138697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction protein claudin-2 is upregulated in disease. Although many studies have linked intestinal barrier loss to local and systemic disease, these have relied on macromolecular probes. In vitro analyses show, however, that these probes cannot be accommodated by size- and charge-selective claudin-2 channels. We sought to define the impact of claudin-2 channels on disease. Transgenic claudin-2 overexpression or IL-13-induced claudin-2 upregulation increased intestinal small cation permeability in vivo. IL-13 did not, however, affect permeability in claudin-2-knockout mice. Claudin-2 is therefore necessary and sufficient to effect size- and charge-selective permeability increases in vivo. In chronic disease, T cell transfer colitis severity was augmented or diminished in claudin-2-transgenic or -knockout mice, respectively. We translated the in vitro observation that casein kinase-2 (CK2) inhibition blocks claudin-2 channel function to prevent acute, IL-13-induced, claudin-2-mediated permeability increases in vivo. In chronic immune-mediated colitis, CK2 inhibition attenuated progression in claudin-2-sufficient, but not claudin-2-knockout, mice, i.e., the effect was claudin-2 dependent. Paracellular flux mediated by claudin-2 channels can therefore promote immune-mediated colitis progression. Although the mechanisms by which claudin-2 channels intensify disease remain to be defined, these data suggest that claudin-2 may be an accessible target in immune-mediated disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Raju
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pei-Yun Tsai
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sandra Chanez-Paredes
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter R. Steinhagen
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Cao T, Cao Y, Wang H, Wang P, Wang X, Niu H, Shao C. The Effect of Exposure to Bisphenol A on Spermatozoon and the Expression of Tight Junction Protein Occludin in Male Mice. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820926745. [PMID: 32523488 PMCID: PMC7235676 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820926745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although bisphenol A (BPA) has been associated with impaired spermatogenesis, the mechanisms remain unclear. Tight junction occludin plays important roles in spermatogenesis. The objective of the present study was to explore the effects of BPA exposure in adolescent mice. Male mice were orally treated with low-dose (0.05 mg/kg/d), middle-dose (5.0 mg/kg/d), or high-dose (50 mg/kg/d) BPA in corn oil from postnatal day (PND) 35 to 65. Animals were killed on PND 65 and PND 125. On PND 65, the sperm count, sperm motility, and the expression of occludin showed a dose-related decline. On PND 125, the sperm count, sperm motility, and the expression of occludin were in recovery. However, there remained significant decreases in these parameters in the 50 mg/kg/d group on PND 125 compared with the control. The dose-related effects on the measured parameters and occludin expression suggest an early suppressive or damaging effect on the blood–testis barrier followed by recovery after dosing ceased. At a BPA dose of 50 mg/kg/d, recovery did not occur, suggesting that higher doses of BPA may cause irreversible damage to reproduction in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingshuai Cao
- Department of Urology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanchao Cao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- Department of Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Peitao Wang
- Department of Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Niu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihua Shao
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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9
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Post-translational modifications of tight junction transmembrane proteins and their direct effect on barrier function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183330. [PMID: 32376223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination or glycosylation are processes affecting the conformation, stability, localization and function of proteins. There is clear evidence that PTMs can act upon tight junction (TJ) proteins, thus modulating epithelial barrier function. Compared to transcriptional or translational regulation, PTMs are rapid and more dynamic processes so in the context of barrier maintenance they might be essential for coping with changing environmental or external impacts. The aim of this review is to extract literature deciphering PTMs in TJ proteins directly contributing to epithelial barrier changes in permeability to ions and macromolecules. It is not intended to cover the entire scope of PTMs in TJ proteins and should rather be understood as a digest of TJ protein modifications directly resulting in the tightening or opening of the epithelial barrier.
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10
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Díaz-Coránguez M, Liu X, Antonetti DA. Tight Junctions in Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5972. [PMID: 31783547 PMCID: PMC6928848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) proteins form a continuous intercellular network creating a barrier with selective regulation of water, ion, and solutes across endothelial, epithelial, and glial tissues. TJ proteins include the claudin family that confers barrier properties, members of the MARVEL family that contribute to barrier regulation, and JAM molecules, which regulate junction organization and diapedesis. In addition, the membrane-associated proteins such as MAGUK family members, i.e., zonula occludens, form the scaffold linking the transmembrane proteins to both cell signaling molecules and the cytoskeleton. Most studies of TJ have focused on the contribution to cell-cell adhesion and tissue barrier properties. However, recent studies reveal that, similar to adherens junction proteins, TJ proteins contribute to the control of cell proliferation. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the specific role of TJ proteins in the control of epithelial and endothelial cell proliferation. In some cases, the TJ proteins act as a reservoir of critical cell cycle modulators, by binding and regulating their nuclear access, while in other cases, junctional proteins are located at cellular organelles, regulating transcription and proliferation. Collectively, these studies reveal that TJ proteins contribute to the control of cell proliferation and differentiation required for forming and maintaining a tissue barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A. Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (M.D.-C.); (X.L.)
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11
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Costea L, Mészáros Á, Bauer H, Bauer HC, Traweger A, Wilhelm I, Farkas AE, Krizbai IA. The Blood-Brain Barrier and Its Intercellular Junctions in Age-Related Brain Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215472. [PMID: 31684130 PMCID: PMC6862160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With age, our cognitive skills and abilities decline. Maybe starting as an annoyance, this decline can become a major impediment to normal daily life. Recent research shows that the neurodegenerative disorders responsible for age associated cognitive dysfunction are mechanistically linked to the state of the microvasculature in the brain. When the microvasculature does not function properly, ischemia, hypoxia, oxidative stress and related pathologic processes ensue, further damaging vascular and neural function. One of the most important and specialized functions of the brain microvasculature is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which controls the movement of molecules between blood circulation and the brain parenchyma. In this review, we are focusing on tight junctions (TJs), the multiprotein complexes that play an important role in establishing and maintaining barrier function. After a short introduction of the cell types that modulate barrier function via intercellular communication, we examine how age, age related pathologies and the aging of the immune system affects TJs. Then, we review how the TJs are affected in age associated neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Lastly, we summarize the TJ aspects of Huntington's disease and schizophrenia. Barrier dysfunction appears to be a common denominator in neurological disorders, warranting detailed research into the molecular mechanisms behind it. Learning the commonalities and differences in the pathomechanism of the BBB injury in different neurological disorders will predictably lead to development of new therapeutics that improve our life as we age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Costea
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania.
| | - Ádám Mészáros
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Hannelore Bauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Hans-Christian Bauer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania.
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Attila E Farkas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - István A Krizbai
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania.
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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12
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Berndt P, Winkler L, Cording J, Breitkreuz-Korff O, Rex A, Dithmer S, Rausch V, Blasig R, Richter M, Sporbert A, Wolburg H, Blasig IE, Haseloff RF. Tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier: far more than claudin-5. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1987-2002. [PMID: 30734065 PMCID: PMC11105330 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
At the blood-brain barrier (BBB), claudin (Cldn)-5 is thought to be the dominant tight junction (TJ) protein, with minor contributions from Cldn3 and -12, and occludin. However, the BBB appears ultrastructurally normal in Cldn5 knock-out mice, suggesting that further Cldns and/or TJ-associated marvel proteins (TAMPs) are involved. Microdissected human and murine brain capillaries, quickly frozen to recapitulate the in vivo situation, showed high transcript expression of Cldn5, -11, -12, and -25, and occludin, but also abundant levels of Cldn1 and -27 in man. Protein levels were quantified by a novel epitope dilution assay and confirmed the respective mRNA data. In contrast to the in vivo situation, Cldn5 dominates BBB expression in vitro, since all other TJ proteins are at comparably low levels or are not expressed. Cldn11 was highly abundant in vivo and contributed to paracellular tightness by homophilic oligomerization, but almost disappeared in vitro. Cldn25, also found at high levels, neither tightened the paracellular barrier nor interconnected opposing cells, but contributed to proper TJ strand morphology. Pathological conditions (in vivo ischemia and in vitro hypoxia) down-regulated Cldn1, -3, and -12, and occludin in cerebral capillaries, which was paralleled by up-regulation of Cldn5 after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Cldn1 expression increased after Cldn5 knock-down. In conclusion, this complete Cldn/TAMP profile demonstrates the presence of up to a dozen TJ proteins in brain capillaries. Mouse and human share a similar and complex TJ profile in vivo, but this complexity is widely lost under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Berndt
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Winkler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jimmi Cording
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Breitkreuz-Korff
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Rex
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Rausch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosel Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Richter
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anje Sporbert
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institut für Pathologie und Neuropathologie, Universität Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingolf E Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reiner F Haseloff
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Harrer A, Bücker R, Boehm M, Zarzecka U, Tegtmeyer N, Sticht H, Schulzke JD, Backert S. Campylobacter jejuni enters gut epithelial cells and impairs intestinal barrier function through cleavage of occludin by serine protease HtrA. Gut Pathog 2019; 11:4. [PMID: 30805031 PMCID: PMC6373145 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni secretes HtrA (high temperature requirement protein A), a serine protease that is involved in virulence. Here, we investigated the interaction of HtrA with the host protein occludin, a tight junction strand component. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that infection of polarized intestinal Caco-2 cells with C. jejuni strain 81-176 resulted in a redistribution of occludin away from the tight junctions into the cytoplasm, an effect that was also observed in human biopsies during acute campylobacteriosis. Occludin knockout Caco-2 cells were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Inactivation of this gene affected the polarization of the cells in monolayers and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was reduced, compared to wild-type Caco-2 cells. Although tight junctions were still being formed, occludin deficiency resulted in a slight decrease of the tight junction plaque protein ZO-1, which was redistributed off the tight junction into the lateral plasma membrane. Adherence of C. jejuni to Caco-2 cell monolayers was similar between the occludin knockout compared to wild-type cells, but invasion was enhanced, indicating that deletion of occludin allowed larger numbers of bacteria to pass the tight junctions and to reach basal membranes to target the fibronectin receptor followed by cell entry. Finally, we discovered that purified C. jejuni HtrA cleaves recombinant occludin in vitro to release a 37 kDa carboxy-terminal fragment. The same cleavage fragment was observed in Western blots upon infection of polarized Caco-2 cells with wild-type C. jejuni, but not with isogenic ΔhtrA mutants. HtrA cleavage was mapped to the second extracellular loop of occludin, and a putative cleavage site was identified. In conclusion, HtrA functions as a secreted protease targeting the tight junctions, which enables the bacteria by cleaving occludin and subcellular redistribution of other tight junction proteins to transmigrate using a paracellular mechanism and subsequently invade epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Harrer
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- 2Institut für Klinische Physiologie, Med. Klinik m.S. Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manja Boehm
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Urszula Zarzecka
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,4Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- 3Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg D Schulzke
- 2Institut für Klinische Physiologie, Med. Klinik m.S. Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Manda B, Mir H, Gangwar R, Meena AS, Amin S, Shukla PK, Dalal K, Suzuki T, Rao R. Phosphorylation hotspot in the C-terminal domain of occludin regulates the dynamics of epithelial junctional complexes. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs206789. [PMID: 29507118 PMCID: PMC5963837 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC), which includes tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), determines the epithelial polarity, cell-cell adhesion and permeability barrier. An intriguing characteristic of a TJ is the dynamic nature of its multiprotein complex. Occludin is the most mobile TJ protein, but its significance in TJ dynamics is poorly understood. On the basis of phosphorylation sites, we distinguished a sequence in the C-terminal domain of occludin as a regulatory motif (ORM). Deletion of ORM and expression of a deletion mutant of occludin in renal and intestinal epithelia reduced the mobility of occludin at the TJs. ORM deletion attenuated Ca2+ depletion, osmotic stress and hydrogen peroxide-induced disruption of TJs, AJs and the cytoskeleton. The double point mutations T403A/T404A, but not T403D/T404D, in occludin mimicked the effects of ORM deletion on occludin mobility and AJC disruption by Ca2+ depletion. Both Y398A/Y402A and Y398D/Y402D double point mutations partially blocked AJC disruption. Expression of a deletion mutant of occludin attenuated collective cell migration in the renal and intestinal epithelia. Overall, this study reveals the role of ORM and its phosphorylation in occludin mobility, AJC dynamics and epithelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Manda
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Hina Mir
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Ruchika Gangwar
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Avtar S Meena
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Shrunali Amin
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Pradeep K Shukla
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Kesha Dalal
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Takuya Suzuki
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - RadhaKrishna Rao
- Departments of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 3 North Dunlap, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
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15
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Pan Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Xue F, Hu Y, Hu R, Xu C. MKP-1 attenuates LPS-induced blood-testis barrier dysfunction and inflammatory response through p38 and IκBα pathways. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84907-84923. [PMID: 27783995 PMCID: PMC5356708 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sertoli cells create a local tolerogenic microenvironment to maintain testicular immune privilege especially through the formation of a blood-testis barrier (BTB). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune modulation function and BTB dynamics of Sertoli cells remained elusive. MAP phosphatase (MKP)-1 acts as a crucial negative regulator of the inflammatory response. Nevertheless, the role of MKP-1 in regulating Sertoli cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we have for the first time uncovered distinct cellular localization of MKP-1 in the cells at different stages of mouse testis, and the level of MKP-1 expression was significantly up-regulated by LPS-induced acute testis inflammation. In addition, MKP-1 staining was strongly detected in nuclei and peri-nuclear regions of cytoplasm in the Sertoli cells, and it was presented at Sertoli cell tight junctions (TJs) at stages VII-VIII after LPS treatment. Moreover, we demonstrated that MKP-1 was capable of attenuating LPS-induced decrease of occludin by interaction with p38 MAP kinase and IκBα molecules. Taken together, our data highlight that MKP-1 was an important endogenous suppressor of innate immune responses involved in the regulation of BTB barrier dynamic. This study thus might offer novel targets for treating inflammatory diseases in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Pan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yanqin Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ran Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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16
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Buckley A, Turner JR. Cell Biology of Tight Junction Barrier Regulation and Mucosal Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029314. [PMID: 28507021 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells. In the intestine, the epithelium establishes a selectively permeable barrier that supports nutrient absorption and waste secretion while preventing intrusion by luminal materials. Intestinal epithelia therefore play a central role in regulating interactions between the mucosal immune system and luminal contents, which include dietary antigens, a diverse intestinal microbiome, and pathogens. The paracellular space is sealed by the tight junction, which is maintained by a complex network of protein interactions. Tight junction dysfunction has been linked to a variety of local and systemic diseases. Two molecularly and biophysically distinct pathways across the intestinal tight junction are selectively and differentially regulated by inflammatory stimuli. This review discusses the mechanisms underlying these events, their impact on disease, and the potential of using these as paradigms for development of tight junction-targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Buckley
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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17
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Van Itallie CM, Anderson JM. Phosphorylation of tight junction transmembrane proteins: Many sites, much to do. Tissue Barriers 2017; 6:e1382671. [PMID: 29083946 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1382671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a dynamic post-translational modification that can alter protein structure, localization, protein-protein interactions and stability. All of the identified tight junction transmembrane proteins can be multiply phosphorylated, but only in a few cases are the consequences of phosphorylation at specific sites well characterized. The goal of this review is to highlight some of the best understood examples of phosphorylation changes in the integral membrane tight junction proteins in the context of more general overview of the effects of phosphorylation throughout the proteome. We expect as that structural information for the tight junction proteins becomes more widely available and the molecular modeling algorithms improve, so will our understanding of the relevance of phosphorylation changes at single and multiple sites in tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Van Itallie
- a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - James M Anderson
- a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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18
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Sauer RS, Kirchner J, Yang S, Hu L, Leinders M, Sommer C, Brack A, Rittner HL. Blood-spinal cord barrier breakdown and pericyte deficiency in peripheral neuropathy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1405:71-88. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reine-Solange Sauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care; University Hospital of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Juliane Kirchner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care; University Hospital of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Shaobing Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care; University Hospital of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Liu Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care; University Hospital of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Mathias Leinders
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Claudia Sommer
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Alexander Brack
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care; University Hospital of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Heike L. Rittner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care; University Hospital of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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19
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Lahey KA, Ronaghan NJ, Shang J, Dion SP, Désilets A, Leduc R, MacNaughton WK. Signaling pathways induced by serine proteases to increase intestinal epithelial barrier function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180259. [PMID: 28671992 PMCID: PMC5495298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract are thought to contribute to the inflammatory bowel diseases Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Previous work in our lab demonstrated that apical exposure of intestinal epithelial cell lines to serine proteases results in an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). However, the underlying mechanisms governing this response are unclear. We aimed to determine the requirement for proteolytic activity, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, and downstream intracellular signaling in initiating and maintaining enhanced barrier function following protease treatment using a canine intestinal epithelial cell line (SCBN). We also examined the role of phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain on the serine protease-induced increase in TER through. It was found that proteolytic activity of the serine proteases trypsin and matriptase is required to initiate and maintain the protease-mediated increase in TER. We also show that MMP-independent EGFR activation is essential to the sustained phase of the protease response, and that Src kinases may mediate EGFR transactivation. PI3-K and ERK1/2 signaling were important in reaching a maximal increase in TER following protease stimulation; however, their upstream activators are yet to be determined. CK2 inhibition prevented the increase in TER induced by serine proteases. The bradykinin B(2) receptor was not involved in the change in TER in response to serine proteases, and no change in phosphorylation of MLC was observed after trypsin or matriptase treatment. Taken together, our data show a requirement for ongoing proteolytic activity, EGFR transactivation, as well as downstream PI3-K, ERK1/2, and CK2 signaling in protease-mediated barrier enhancement of intestinal epithelial cells. The pathways mediating enhanced barrier function by proteases may be novel therapeutic targets for intestinal disorders characterized by disrupted epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelcie A. Lahey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natalie J. Ronaghan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Judie Shang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sébastien P. Dion
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Antoine Désilets
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Wallace K. MacNaughton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Kim MH, Kim H. The Roles of Glutamine in the Intestine and Its Implication in Intestinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051051. [PMID: 28498331 PMCID: PMC5454963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine, the most abundant free amino acid in the human body, is a major substrate utilized by intestinal cells. The roles of glutamine in intestinal physiology and management of multiple intestinal diseases have been reported. In gut physiology, glutamine promotes enterocyte proliferation, regulates tight junction proteins, suppresses pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, and protects cells against apoptosis and cellular stresses during normal and pathologic conditions. As glutamine stores are depleted during severe metabolic stress including trauma, sepsis, and inflammatory bowel diseases, glutamine supplementation has been examined in patients to improve their clinical outcomes. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of glutamine for intestinal health and its underlying mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the current evidence for the efficacy of glutamine supplementation in intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hyun Kim
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Center for Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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21
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Intestinal Epithelial Cell-Specific Deletion of PLD2 Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis by Regulating Occludin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1573. [PMID: 28484281 PMCID: PMC5431506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a multi-factorial disease involving a dysregulated immune response. Disruptions to the intestinal epithelial barrier and translocation of bacteria, resulting in inflammation, are common in colitis. The mechanisms underlying epithelial barrier dysfunction or regulation of tight junction proteins during disease progression of colitis have not been clearly elucidated. Increase in phospholipase D (PLD) activity is associated with disease severity in colitis animal models. However, the role of PLD2 in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity remains elusive. We have generated intestinal-specific Pld2 knockout mice (Pld2 IEC-KO) to investigate the mechanism of intestinal epithelial PLD2 in colitis. We show that the knockout of Pld2 confers protection against dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Treatment with DSS induced the expression of PLD2 and downregulated occludin in colon epithelial cells. PLD2 was shown to mediate phosphorylation of occludin and induce its proteasomal degradation in a c-Src kinase-dependent pathway. Additionally, we have shown that treatment with an inhibitor of PLD2 can rescue mice from DSS-induced colitis. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that PLD2 is pivotal in the regulation of the integrity of epithelial tight junctions and occludin turn over, thereby implicating it in the pathogenesis of colitis.
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22
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Jennek S, Mittag S, Reiche J, Westphal JK, Seelk S, Dörfel MJ, Pfirrmann T, Friedrich K, Schütz A, Heinemann U, Huber O. Tricellulin is a target of the ubiquitin ligase Itch. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1397:157-168. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jennek
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Sonnhild Mittag
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Juliane Reiche
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Julie K. Westphal
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Stefanie Seelk
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Max J. Dörfel
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Thorsten Pfirrmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Halle; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Karlheinz Friedrich
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Anja Schütz
- Helmholtz Protein Sample Production Facility; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Helmholtz Protein Sample Production Facility; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
- Crystallography; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Otmar Huber
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
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23
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Ding C, Cong X, Zhang XM, Li SL, Wu LL, Yu GY. Decreased interaction between ZO-1 and occludin is involved in alteration of tight junctions in transplanted epiphora submandibular glands. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:225-234. [PMID: 28332063 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) in salivary epithelium play an important role in regulating saliva secretion. Autologous transplantation of submandibular glands (SMGs) is an effective method to treat severe dry eye syndrome. However, epiphora occurs in some patients 6 months after transplantation. We previously found that the acinar TJs are enlarged in rabbit SMGs after long-term transplantation, but the exact TJ components involved in the epiphora are still unknown. Here, we found that the mRNA and protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin were increased in the transplanted SMGs obtained from epiphora patients, while other TJs were unchanged. The intensity of ZO-1 and occludin at the apicolateral membranes as well as occludin in the cytoplasm were increased in epiphora SMGs, but the interaction between ZO-1 and occludin was decreased as evidenced by both co-immunoprecipitation assay and co-immunofluorescence staining. Mechanically, the expression of casein kinase 2α (CK2α) and CK2β, which was reported to affect occludin modification and the interaction of occludin with ZO-1 in previous literatures, were increased in epiphora glands. Moreover, activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) by carbachol directly decreased the interaction between ZO-1 and occludin and increased the acinar TJ width in the freshly isolated human SMGs, whereas these effects were abolished by pretreatment with CK2 inhibitor. Taken together, our findings suggest that decreased interaction between ZO-1 and occludin might contribute to the epiphora occurred in the transplanted SMGs, and mAChR together with the intracellular molecule CK2 might be responsible for the alteration of TJs in epiphora glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ding
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases and Center Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Lin Li
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases and Center Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Borgo C, Franchin C, Scalco S, Bosello-Travain V, Donella-Deana A, Arrigoni G, Salvi M, Pinna LA. Generation and quantitative proteomics analysis of CK2α/α' (-/-) cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42409. [PMID: 28209983 PMCID: PMC5314375 DOI: 10.1038/srep42409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 is a ubiquitous, constitutively active, highly pleiotropic, acidophilic Ser/Thr protein kinase whose holoenzyme is composed of two catalytic (α and/or α’) subunits and a dimer of a non-catalytic β subunit. Abnormally high CK2 level/activity is often associated with malignancy and a variety of cancer cells have been shown to rely on it to escape apoptosis. To gain information about the actual “druggability” of CK2 and to dissect CK2 dependent cellular processes that are instrumental to the establishment and progression of neoplasia we have exploited the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to generate viable clones of C2C12 myoblasts devoid of either both the CK2 catalytic subunits or its regulatory β-subunit. Suppression of both CK2 catalytic subunits promotes the disappearance of the β-subunit as well, through its accelerated proteasomal degradation. A quantitative proteomics analysis of CK2α/α’(−/−) versus wild type cells shows that knocking out both CK2 catalytic subunits causes a rearrangement of the proteomics profile, with substantially altered level ( > 50%) of 240 proteins, 126 of which are up-regulated, while the other are down-regulated. A functional analysis reveals that up- and down-regulated proteins tend to be segregated into distinct sub-cellular compartments and play different biological roles, consistent with a global rewiring underwent by the cell to cope with the lack of CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Franchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus 2/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Scalco
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus 2/B, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Donella-Deana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, via G. Orus 2/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy
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25
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Kolosov D, Bui P, Donini A, Wilkie MP, Kelly SP. A role for tight junction-associated MARVEL proteins in larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) osmoregulation. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:3657-3670. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on tight junction-associated MARVEL proteins of larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and their potential role in ammocoete osmoregulation. Two Occludin isoforms (designated Ocln and Ocln-a) and a tricellulin (Tric) were identified. Transcripts encoding ocln, ocln-a, and tric were broadly expressed in larval lamprey, with greatest abundance of ocln in gut, liver and kidney, ocln-a in the gill and skin, and tric in the kidney. Ocln and Ocln-a resolved as ∼63 kDa and ∼35 kDa MW proteins respectively while Tric resolved as a ∼50 kDa protein. Ocln immunolocalized to the gill vasculature and in gill mucous cells while Ocln-a localized to the gill pouch and gill epithelium. Both Ocln and Ocln-a localized in the nephron, the epidermis and the luminal side of the gut. In branchial tissue, Tric exhibited punctate localization, consistent with its presence at regions of tricellular contact. Following ion-poor water (IPW) acclimation of ammocoetes, serum [Na+] and [Cl−] reduced, but not [Ca++], and carcass moisture content increased. In association, Ocln abundance increased in skin and kidney, but reduced in gill of IPW-acclimated ammocoetes while Ocln-a abundance reduced in the kidney only. Tric abundance increased in the gill. Region-specific alterations in ocln, ocln-a and tric mRNA abundance was also observed in the gut. Data support a role for Ocln, Ocln-a and Tric in the osmoregulatory strategies of a basal vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kolosov
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
- Current address: Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Phuong Bui
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Andrew Donini
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Mike P. Wilkie
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3C5
| | - Scott P. Kelly
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
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26
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Wetzel F, Mittag S, Cano-Cortina M, Wagner T, Krämer OH, Niedenthal R, Gonzalez-Mariscal L, Huber O. SUMOylation regulates the intracellular fate of ZO-2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:373-392. [PMID: 27604867 PMCID: PMC11107645 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The zonula occludens (ZO)-2 protein links tight junctional transmembrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton and associates with splicing and transcription factors in the nucleus. Multiple posttranslational modifications control the intracellular distribution of ZO-2. Here, we report that ZO-2 is a target of the SUMOylation machinery and provide evidence on how this modification may affect its cellular distribution and function. We show that ZO-2 associates with the E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and with SUMO-deconjugating proteases SENP1 and SENP3. In line with this, modification of ZO-2 by endogenous SUMO1 was detectable. Ubc9 fusion-directed SUMOylation confirmed SUMOylation of ZO-2 and was inhibited in the presence of SENP1 but not by an enzymatic-dead SENP1 protein. Moreover, lysine 730 in human ZO-2 was identified as a potential modification site. Mutation of this site to arginine resulted in prolonged nuclear localization of ZO-2 in nuclear recruitment assays. In contrast, a construct mimicking constitutive SUMOylation of ZO-2 (SUMO1ΔGG-ZO-2) was preferentially localized in the cytoplasm. Based on previous findings the differential localization of these ZO-2 constructs may affect glycogen-synthase-kinase-3β (GSK3β) activity and β-catenin/TCF-4-mediated transcription. In this context we observed that ZO-2 directly binds to GSK3β and SUMO1ΔGG-ZO-2 modulates its kinase activity. Moreover, we show that ZO-2 forms a complex with β-catenin. Wild-type ZO-2 and ZO-2-K730R inhibited transcriptional activity in reporter gene assays, whereas the cytosolic SUMO1ΔGG-ZO-2 did not. From these data we conclude that SUMOylation affects the intracellular localization of ZO-2 and its regulatory role on GSK3β and β-catenin signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Nonnenplan 2-4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften, Abt. Humanernährung, Dornburger Str. 29, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sonnhild Mittag
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Nonnenplan 2-4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Misael Cano-Cortina
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, 07360, Mexico
| | - Tobias Wagner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, CMB Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rainer Niedenthal
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry/Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lorenza Gonzalez-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, 07360, Mexico
| | - Otmar Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Nonnenplan 2-4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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27
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Bolinger MT, Ramshekar A, Waldschmidt HV, Larsen SD, Bewley MC, Flanagan JM, Antonetti DA. Occludin S471 Phosphorylation Contributes to Epithelial Monolayer Maturation. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2051-66. [PMID: 27185880 PMCID: PMC4946429 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00053-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple organ systems require epithelial barriers for normal function, and barrier loss is a hallmark of diseases ranging from inflammation to epithelial cancers. However, the molecular processes regulating epithelial barrier maturation are not fully elucidated. After contact, epithelial cells undergo size-reductive proliferation and differentiate, creating a dense, highly ordered monolayer with high resistance barriers. We provide evidence that the tight junction protein occludin contributes to the regulation of epithelial cell maturation upon phosphorylation of S471 in its coiled-coil domain. Overexpression of a phosphoinhibitory occludin S471A mutant prevents size-reductive proliferation and subsequent tight junction maturation in a dominant manner. Inhibition of cell proliferation in cell-contacted but immature monolayers recapitulated this phenotype. A kinase screen identified G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) targeting S471, and GRK inhibitors delayed epithelial packing and junction maturation. We conclude that occludin contributes to the regulation of size-reductive proliferation and epithelial cell maturation in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Bolinger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aniket Ramshekar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Helen V Waldschmidt
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria C Bewley
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John M Flanagan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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28
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Ampofo E, Rudzitis-Auth J, Dahmke IN, Rössler OG, Thiel G, Montenarh M, Menger MD, Laschke MW. Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced leukocyte–endothelial cell interaction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2123-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Janosevic D, Axis J, Bacallao RL, Amsler K. Occludin Content Modulates Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Increase in Renal Epithelial Paracellular Permeability. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:769-79. [PMID: 26348235 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to increase paracellular permeability of renal epithelial cell monolayers was examined and the role of occludin in this regulation was investigated. H2O2 treatment increased the paracellular movement of calcein, a marker for the leak pathway permeability, across monolayers of two renal epithelial cell lines, MDCK and LLC-PK1, in a concentration-dependent manner. At the same concentrations, H2O2 did not alter transepithelial resistance (TER) nor increase cell death. The magnitude of the H2O2-induced increase in leak pathway permeability was inversely related to cellular occludin protein content. H2O2 treatment did not produce any major change in total cellular content or Triton X-100-soluble or -insoluble fraction content of occludin protein. Occludin protein staining at the tight junction region was diminished following H2O2 treatment. The most dramatic effect of H2O2 was on the dynamic mobility of GFP-occludin into the tight junction region. H2O2 treatment slowed lateral movement of GFP-occludin into the tight junction region but not on the apical membrane. Further, removal of the cytoplasmic C-terminal region of occludin protein eliminated the effect of H2O2 on GFP-occludin lateral movement into the tight junction region. An increase in the mobile fraction of GFP-occludin was associated with a loss of response to H2O2. These data indicate that the H2O2-induced increase in renal epithelial cell paracellular permeability is mediated, at least in part, through occludin protein, possibly through a slowing of the rate of occludin movement into the tight junction region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Janosevic
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, Indiana
| | - Josephine Axis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, 11568, New York
| | - Robert L Bacallao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, Indiana
| | - Kurt Amsler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, 11568, New York
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30
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Filhol O, Giacosa S, Wallez Y, Cochet C. Protein kinase CK2 in breast cancer: the CK2β regulatory subunit takes center stage in epithelial plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3305-22. [PMID: 25990538 PMCID: PMC11113558 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structurally, protein kinase CK2 consists of two catalytic subunits (α and α') and two regulatory subunits (β), which play a critical role in targeting specific CK2 substrates. Compelling evidence shows the complexity of the CK2 cellular signaling network and supports the view that this enzyme is a key component of regulatory protein kinase networks that are involved in several aspects of cancer. CK2 both activates and suppresses the expression of a number of essential oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and its expression and activity are upregulated in blood tumors and virtually all solid tumors. The prognostic significance of CK2α expression in association with various clinicopathological parameters highlighted this kinase as an adverse prognostic marker in breast cancer. In addition, several recent studies reported its implication in the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an early step in cancer invasion and metastasis. In this review, we briefly overview the contribution of CK2 to several aspects of cancer and discuss how in mammary epithelial cells, the expression of its CK2β regulatory subunit plays a critical role in maintaining an epithelial phenotype through CK2-mediated control of key EMT-related transcription factors. Importantly, decreased CK2β expression in breast tumors is correlated with inefficient phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Snail1 and Foxc2, ultimately leading to EMT induction. This review highlights the pivotal role played by CK2β in the mammary epithelial phenotype and discusses how a modest alteration in its expression may be sufficient to induce dramatic effects facilitating the early steps in tumor cell dissemination through the coordinated regulation of two key transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sofia Giacosa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yann Wallez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Cochet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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31
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Trubitt RT, Rabeneck DB, Bujak JK, Bossus MC, Madsen SS, Tipsmark CK. Transepithelial resistance and claudin expression in trout RTgill-W1 cell line: effects of osmoregulatory hormones. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 182:45-52. [PMID: 25490293 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the trout gill cell line RTgill-W1 as a possible tool for in vitro investigation of epithelial gill function in fish. After seeding in transwells, transepithelial resistance (TER) increased until reaching a plateau after 1-2 days (20-80Ω⋅cm(2)), which was then maintained for more than 6 days. Tetrabromocinnamic acid, a known stimulator of TER via casein kinase II inhibition, elevated TER in the cell line to 125% of control values after 2 and 6h. Treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid induced a decrease in TER to <15% of pre-treatment level. Cortisol elevated TER after 12-72 h in a concentration-dependent manner, and this increase was antagonized by growth hormone (Gh). The effects of three osmoregulatory hormones, Gh, prolactin, and cortisol, on the mRNA expression of three tight junction proteins were examined: claudin-10e (Cldn-10e), Cldn-30, and zonula occludens-1 (Zo-1). The expression of cldn-10e was stimulated by all three hormones but with the strongest effect of Gh (50-fold). cldn-30 expression was stimulated especially by cortisol (20-fold) and also by Gh (4-fold). Finally, zo-1 was unresponsive to hormone treatment. Western blot analysis detected Cldn-10e and Cldn-30 immunoreactive proteins of expected molecular weight in samples from rainbow trout gills but not from RTgill-W1 cultures, possibly due to low expression levels. Collectively, these results show that the RTgill-W1 cell layers have tight junctions between cells, are sensitive to hormone treatments, and may provide a useful model for in vitro study of some in vivo gill phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Trubitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - D Brett Rabeneck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Joanna K Bujak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Maryline C Bossus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steffen S Madsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christian K Tipsmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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32
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Haseloff RF, Dithmer S, Winkler L, Wolburg H, Blasig IE. Transmembrane proteins of the tight junctions at the blood-brain barrier: structural and functional aspects. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 38:16-25. [PMID: 25433243 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by microvascular endothelial cells sealed by tetraspanning tight junction (TJ) proteins, such as claudins and TAMPs (TJ-associated marvel proteins, occludin and tricellulin). Claudins are the major components of the TJs. At the BBB, claudin-5 dominates the TJs by preventing the paracellular permeation of small molecules. On the other hand, TAMPs regulate the structure and function of the TJs; tricellulin may tighten the barrier for large molecules. This review aims at integrating and summarizing the most relevant and recent work on how the BBB is influenced by claudin-1, -3, -5, -12 and the TAMPs occludin and tricellulin, all of which are four-transmembrane TJ proteins. The exact functions of claudin-1, -3, -12 and TAMPs at this barrier still need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner F Haseloff
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Winkler
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf E Blasig
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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33
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Lu RY, Yang WX, Hu YJ. The role of epithelial tight junctions involved in pathogen infections. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6591-610. [PMID: 24965148 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are sealing complexes between adjacent epithelial cells, functioning by controlling paracellular passage and maintaining cell polarity. These functions of TJs are primarily based on structural integrity as well as dynamic regulatory balance, indicating plasticity of TJ in response to external stimuli. An indispensable role of TJs involved in pathogen infection has been widely demonstrated since disruption of TJs leads to a distinct increase in paracellular permeability and polarity defects which facilitate viral or bacterial entry and spread. In addition to pathological changes in TJ integrity, TJ proteins such as occludin and claudins can either function as receptors for pathogen entry or interact with viral/bacterial effector molecules as an essential step for characterizing an infective stage. This suggests a more complicated role for TJ itself and especially specific TJ components. Thus, this review surveys the role of the epithelial TJs involved in various pathogen infections, and extends TJ targeted therapeutic and pharmacological application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Yi Lu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
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Fiorentino M, Levine MM, Sztein MB, Fasano A. Effect of wild-type Shigella species and attenuated Shigella vaccine candidates on small intestinal barrier function, antigen trafficking, and cytokine release. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85211. [PMID: 24416363 PMCID: PMC3887025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial dysentery due to Shigella species is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of Shigella is based on the bacteria's ability to invade and replicate within the colonic epithelium, resulting in severe intestinal inflammatory response and epithelial destruction. Although the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Shigella in the colon have been extensively studied, little is known on the effect of wild-type Shigella on the small intestine and the role of the host response in the development of the disease. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge no studies have described the effects of apically administered Shigella flexneri 2a and S. dysenteriae 1 vaccine strains on human small intestinal enterocytes. The aim of this study was to assess the coordinated functional and immunological human epithelial responses evoked by strains of Shigella and candidate vaccines on small intestinal enterocytes. To model the interactions of Shigella with the intestinal mucosa, we apically exposed monolayers of human intestinal Caco2 cells to increasing bacterial inocula. We monitored changes in paracellular permeability, examined the organization of tight-junctions and the pro-inflammatory response of epithelial cells. Shigella infection of Caco2 monolayers caused severe mucosal damage, apparent as a drastic increase in paracellular permeability and disruption of tight junctions at the cell-cell boundary. Secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-8 was independent of epithelial barrier dysfunction. Shigella vaccine strains elicited a pro-inflammatory response without affecting the intestinal barrier integrity. Our data show that wild-type Shigella infection causes a severe alteration of the barrier function of a small intestinal cell monolayer (a proxy for mucosa) and might contribute (along with enterotoxins) to the induction of watery diarrhea. Diarrhea may be a mechanism by which the host attempts to eliminate harmful bacteria and transport them from the small to the large intestine where they invade colonocytes inducing a strong inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fiorentino
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
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