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Tretola M, Mazzoleni S, Bee G, Silacci P, Pinotti L. Replacing cereal with ultra-processed foods in pig diets does not adverse gut microbiota, L-glutamate uptake, or serum insulin. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00413-9. [PMID: 39084342 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using ultra-processed food (UPF) to replace traditional feed ingredients offers a promising strategy for enhancing food production sustainability. OBJECTIVE Analyze the impact of salty and sugary UPF on gut microbiota, amino acids uptake, and serum analytes in growing and finishing pig. METHODS Thirty-six Swiss Large White male castrated pigs were assigned to three experimental diets: (1) standard (ST), 0% UPF; (2) 30% conventional ingredients replaced by sugary UPF (SU); and (3) 30% conventional ingredients replaced by salty UPF (SA). The Next Generation Sequencing was used to characterise the fecal microbiota. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the active uptake of selected amino acids in pig jejuna were also evaluated. Data were enriched with measurements of fecal volatile fatty acids and serum urea, minerals and insulin. All data analyses were run in R v4.0.3. The packages phyloseq, vegan, microbiome and microbiomeutilities were used for microbiota data analysis. The remaining data were analyzed by ANOVA using linear mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS The UPF did not affect fecal microbiota abundance or biodiversity. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio remained unaffected. SU-induced increase in the Anaerostipes genus suggested altered glucose metabolism, while SA increased the abundance of CAG-352 and p-2534-18B. No effects on fecal volatile fatty acids were observed. Assumptions of UPF negatively affecting small intestinal physiology were not supported by the measurements of TEER in pigs. Active amino acids uptake tests showed potential decrease in L-glutamate absorption in the SA compared to the SU diet. Blood serum analysis indicated no adverse effects on urea, calcium, magnesium or potassium concentration but the SU group resulted in a lower blood serum insulin level at the time of blood collection. CONCLUSIONS When incorporated at 30% into a standard growing-finishing diet for pigs, UPF does not have detrimental effects on gut microbiota, intestinal integrity and blood mineral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Mazzoleni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; CRC I-WE, Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
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Liu T, Ma W, Wang J, Wei Y, Wang Y, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Guan W, Shao D, Chen F. Dietary Protease Supplementation Improved Growth Performance and Nutrients Digestion via Modulating Intestine Barrier, Immunological Response, and Microbiota Composition in Weaned Piglets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:816. [PMID: 39061885 PMCID: PMC11273905 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence for dietary protease benefits, the mechanisms beyond enhanced protein degradation are poorly understood. This study aims to thoroughly investigate the impact of protease addition on the growth performance, intestinal function, and microbial composition of weaned piglets. Ninety 28-day-old weaned pigs were randomly assigned to the following three experimental diets based on their initial body weight for a 28-day experiment: (1) control (CC), a basic diet with composite enzymes without protease; (2) negative control (NC), a diet with no enzymes; and (3) dietary protease (PR), a control diet with protease. The results show that dietary proteases significantly enhanced growth performance and boosted antioxidant capacity, increasing the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels (p < 0.05) while reducing malonaldehyde levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, protease addition reduced serum levels of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05), suppressed mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors in the jejunum (p < 0.01), and inhibited MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Moreover, protease-supplemented diets improved intestinal morphology and barrier integrity, including zonula occludens protein 1(ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1 (p < 0.05). Microbiota compositions were also significantly altered by protease addition with increased abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001) (p < 0.05) and reduced harmful Terrisporobacter (p < 0.05). Further correlation analysis revealed a positive link between beneficial bacteria and growth performance and a negative association with inflammatory factors and intestinal permeability. In summary, dietary protease addition enhanced growth performance in weaned piglets, beneficial effects which were associated with improved intestinal barrier integrity, immunological response, and microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Yulong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Zheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wutai Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dan Shao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.L.); (W.M.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Newman NS, Abbott CA, Brame JE, Cando-Dumancela C, Fickling NW, Liddicoat C, Robinson JM, Breed MF. Childcare centre soil microbiomes are influenced by substrate type and surrounding vegetation condition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172158. [PMID: 38583619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Urban development has profoundly reduced human exposure to biodiverse environments, which is linked to a rise in human disease. The 'biodiversity hypothesis' proposes that contact with diverse microbial communities (microbiota) benefits human health, as exposure to microbial diversity promotes immune training and regulates immune function. Soils and sandpits in urban childcare centres may provide exposure to diverse microbiota that support immunoregulation at a critical developmental stage in a child's life. However, the influence of outdoor substrate (i.e., sand vs. soil) and surrounding vegetation on these environmental microbiota in urban childcare centres remains poorly understood. Here, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to examine the variation in bacterial communities in sandpits and soils across 22 childcare centres in Adelaide, Australia, plus the impact of plant species richness and habitat condition on these bacterial communities. We show that sandpits had distinct bacterial communities and lower alpha diversity than soils. In addition, we found that plant species richness in the centres' yards and habitat condition surrounding the centres influenced the bacterial communities in soils but not sandpits. These results demonstrate that the diversity and composition of childcare centre sandpit and soil bacterial communities are shaped by substrate type, and that the soils are also shaped by the vegetation within and surrounding the centres. Accordingly, there is potential to modulate the exposure of children to health-associated bacterial communities by managing substrates and vegetation in and around childcare centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Newman
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Catherine A Abbott
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Joel E Brame
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | | | - Nicole W Fickling
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Craig Liddicoat
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Jake M Robinson
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Martin F Breed
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
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Hiney K, Sypniewski L, DeSilva U, Pezeshki A, Rudra P, Goodarzi P, Willis E, McFarlane D. Fecal microbiota composition, serum metabolomics, and markers of inflammation in dogs fed a raw meat-based diet compared to those on a kibble diet. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1328513. [PMID: 38694479 PMCID: PMC11061498 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1328513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the potential health risks associated with feeding raw and non-traditional diets, the use of these diets in dogs is increasing, yet the health outcomes associated with these diets is not well understood. This study investigates the effect of feeding dogs a kibble or raw meat-based diets on fecal microbiota composition, serum metabolomics and inflammatory markers. Methods Clinically healthy dogs with a history of consuming either kibble (KD, n = 27) or raw meat-based diets (RMBD, n = 28) for more than 1 year were enrolled. Dogs were fed a standardized diet of either a single brand of KD or RMBD for 28 days. Serum and fecal samples were collected for analysis of microbiota, metabolomics, and inflammatory markers. Multiple regression analysis was performed for each of the metabolites and inflammatory markers, with feed group, age and BCS included as independent variables. Results The fecal microbiota composition differed between the KD and RMBD groups. Beta-diversity and some indices of alpha-diversity (i.e., Shannon and Simpson) were different between the two diet groups. Sixty- three serum metabolites differed between KD and RMBD-fed dogs with the majority reflecting the differences in macronutrient composition of the two diets.Fecal IAP, IgG and IgA were significantly higher in RMBD dogs compared to KD dogs, while systemic markers of inflammation, including serum c-reactive protein (CRP), galectin, secretory receptor of advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE), haptoglobin, and serum IgG were similar in dogs fed either diet. Discussion Diet composition significantly affected fecal microbiota composition and metabolome. Although it had a potentially beneficial effect on local inflammatory markers, feeding RMBD had no impact on systemic inflammation. The influence of these changes on long term health outcomes provides an area for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Hiney
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Ferguson College of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Lara Sypniewski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Udaya DeSilva
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Ferguson College of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Ferguson College of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Pratyaydipta Rudra
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Ferguson College of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Erin Willis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Dianne McFarlane
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Li M, Ghonimy A, Chen DQ, Li JT, He YY, López Greco LS, Dyzenchauz F, Chang ZQ. Profile of the gut microbiota of Pacific white shrimp under industrial indoor farming system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:225. [PMID: 38376561 PMCID: PMC10879296 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbial communities interact with the host immunity and physiological functions. In this study, we investigated the bacterial composition in Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp's gut and rearing water under different host (developmental stage: juvenile and adult; health status: healthy and diseased) and environmental factors (temperature 25 °C and 28 °C; and light intensity: low and high). The PCoA analysis showed that all water samples were clustered together in a quarter, whereas the gut samples spread among three quarters. In terms of functional bacteria, gut samples of adult shrimp, healthy adult shrimp, adult shrimp raised at 28 °C, and juvenile shrimp under high light intensity exhibited a higher abundance of Vibrionaceae compared to each other opposite group. Gut samples of juvenile shrimp, infected adult shrimp, juvenile shrimp with low light intensity, and adult shrimp with a water temperature of 25 °C showed a higher abundance of Pseudoaltromonadaceae bacteria compared to each other opposite group. Gut samples of juvenile shrimp, healthy adult shrimp, adult shrimp raised at a water temperature of 28 °C, and juvenile shrimp with high light intensity showed the higher abundance of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio compared to each other opposite group. Our results showed that L. vannamei juveniles are more sensitive to bacterial infections; besides, water temperature of 28 °C and high light intensity groups were both important conditions improving the shrimp gut bacterial composition under industrial indoor farming systems. KEY POINTS: • Bacteria diversity was higher among shrimp intestinal microbiota compared to the rearing water. • Shrimp juveniles are more sensitive to bacterial infection compared to adults. • Water temperature of 28 °C and high light intensity are recommended conditions for white shrimp aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdallah Ghonimy
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Dai-Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Laura Susana López Greco
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción y el Crecimiento de Crustáceos Decápodos, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Dyzenchauz
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción y el Crecimiento de Crustáceos Decápodos, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, 1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zhi-Qiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
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Déru V, Tiezzi F, Carillier-Jacquin C, Blanchet B, Cauquil L, Zemb O, Bouquet A, Maltecca C, Gilbert H. The potential of microbiota information to better predict efficiency traits in growing pigs fed a conventional and a high-fiber diet. Genet Sel Evol 2024; 56:8. [PMID: 38243193 PMCID: PMC10797989 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-023-00865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving pigs' ability to digest diets with an increased dietary fiber content is a lever to improve feed efficiency and limit feed costs in pig production. The aim of this study was to determine whether information on the gut microbiota and host genetics can contribute to predict digestive efficiency (DE, i.e. digestibility coefficients of energy, organic matter, and nitrogen), feed efficiency (FE, i.e. feed conversion ratio and residual feed intake), average daily gain, and daily feed intake phenotypes. Data were available for 1082 pigs fed a conventional or high-fiber diet. Fecal samples were collected at 16 weeks, and DE was estimated using near‑infrared spectrometry. A cross-validation approach was used to predict traits within the same diet, for the opposite diet, and for a combination of both diets, by implementing three models, i.e. with only genomic (Gen), only microbiota (Micro), and both genomic and microbiota information (Micro+Gen). The predictive ability with and without sharing common sires and breeding environment was also evaluated. Prediction accuracy of the phenotypes was calculated as the correlation between model prediction and phenotype adjusted for fixed effects. RESULTS Prediction accuracies of the three models were low to moderate (< 0.47) for growth and FE traits and not significantly different between models. In contrast, for DE traits, prediction accuracies of model Gen were low (< 0.30) and those of models Micro and Micro+Gen were moderate to high (> 0.52). Prediction accuracies were not affected by the stratification of diets in the reference and validation sets and were in the same order of magnitude within the same diet, for the opposite diet, and for the combination of both diets. Prediction accuracies of the three models were significantly higher when pigs in the reference and validation populations shared common sires and breeding environment than when they did not (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The microbiota is a relevant source of information to predict DE regardless of the diet, but not to predict growth and FE traits for which prediction accuracies were similar to those obtained with genomic information only. Further analyses on larger datasets and more diverse diets should be carried out to complement and consolidate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanille Déru
- GenPhySE, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
- France Génétique Porc, 35651, Le Rheu Cedex, France.
| | - Francesco Tiezzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Benoit Blanchet
- UE3P, INRAE, Domaine de la Prise, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Laurent Cauquil
- GenPhySE, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Olivier Zemb
- GenPhySE, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hélène Gilbert
- GenPhySE, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Zhang J, Wu X, Zhao J, Ma X, Murad MS, Mu G. Peptidome comparison on the immune regulation effects of different casein fractions in a cyclophosphamide mouse model. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:40-61. [PMID: 37709034 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The protein composition of human milk plays a crucial role in infant formula milk powder formulation. Notably, significant differences exist between bovine casein and human milk casein. Previous studies have shown that casein hydrolysates could enhance immune function; however, gastrointestinal dyspepsia in infants affects the type and function of peptides. Therefore, the present study used peptidomics to sequence and analyze hydrolyzed peptides from different casein fractions. Additionally, animal experiments were conducted to assess the functionality of these casein fractions and elucidate their differences. The results revealed variations in peptide composition among the different casein fractions of formula milk powder. Interestingly, milk powder formulated with both β- and κ-casein (BK) exhibited significant enrichment of peptides related to the immune system. Moreover, the BK group significantly alleviated immune organ damage in cyclophosphamide-treated mice and regulated serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, feeding different casein fractions influenced the intestinal microflora of cyclophosphamide-treated mice, with the BK group mitigating the changes caused by cyclophosphamide. In conclusion, the findings suggest that BK formula in milk powder has the potential to positively enhance immunity. This study provides a robust theoretical basis for human-emulsified formula milk powder development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China.
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China
| | - Xutong Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China
| | - M Safian Murad
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoning, 116000, China.
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Larsen C, Offersen SM, Brunse A, Pirolo M, Kar SK, Guadabassi L, Thymann T. Effects of early postnatal gastric and colonic microbiota transplantation on piglet gut health. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:158. [PMID: 38143275 PMCID: PMC10749501 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00954-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is a major cause of reduced growth and mortality in piglets during the suckling and weaning periods and poses a major threat to the global pig industry. Diarrhea and gut dysbiosis may in part be prevented via improved early postnatal microbial colonization of the gut. To secure better postnatal gut colonization, we hypothesized that transplantation of colonic or gastric content from healthy donors to newborn recipients would prevent diarrhea in the recipients in the post-weaning period. Our objective was to examine the impact of transplanting colonic or gastric content on health and growth parameters and paraclinical parameters in recipient single-housed piglets exposed to a weaning transition and challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). METHODS Seventy-two 1-day-old piglets were randomized to four groups: colonic microbiota transplantation (CMT, n = 18), colonic content filtrate transplantation (CcFT, n = 18), gastric microbiota transplantation (GMT, n = 18), or saline (CON, n = 18). Inoculations were given on d 2 and 3 of life, and all piglets were milk-fed until weaning (d 20) and shortly after challenged with ETEC (d 24). We assessed growth, diarrhea prevalence, ETEC concentration, organ weight, blood parameters, small intestinal morphology and histology, gut mucosal function, and microbiota composition and diversity. RESULTS Episodes of diarrhea were seen in all groups during both the milk- and the solid-feeding phase, possibly due to stress associated with single housing. However, CcFT showed lower diarrhea prevalence on d 27, 28, and 29 compared to CON (all P < 0.05). CcFT also showed a lower ETEC prevalence on d 27 (P < 0.05). CMT showed a higher alpha diversity and a difference in beta diversity compared to CON (P < 0.05). Growth and other paraclinical endpoints were similar across groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, only CcFT reduced ETEC-related post-weaning diarrhea. However, the protective effect was marginal, suggesting that higher doses, more effective modalities of administration, longer treatment periods, and better donor quality should be explored by future research to optimize the protective effects of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Simone Margaard Offersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anders Brunse
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mattia Pirolo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Soumya Kanti Kar
- Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, 1 De Elst, 6708, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Guadabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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9
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Ngo C, Suwimonteerabutr J, Apiwatsiri P, Saenkankam I, Prapasarakul N, Morrell JM, Tummaruk P. Boar Seminal Microbiota in Relation to Sperm Quality under Tropical Environments. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3837. [PMID: 38136874 PMCID: PMC10740666 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine the seminal microbiota of boars and their correlation with sperm quality. A total of 17 ejaculates were collected from 17 Duroc boars and were classified according to sperm quality into two groups: low-quality (n = 8) and high-quality (n = 9). Each ejaculate was subjected to (i) semen evaluation, (ii) bacterial culture and MALDI-TOF identification, and (iii) 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. No difference in the total bacterial count, alpha diversity, and beta diversity between the high-quality group and the low-quality group was detected (p > 0.05). While Globicatella sanguinis was negatively correlated with sperm quality (p < 0.05), Delftia acidovorans was positively correlated with sperm quality (p < 0.05). Lactobacillales (25.2%; LB) and Enterobacterales (10.3%; EB) were the most dominant bacteria and negatively correlated: EB = 507.3 - 0.5 × LB, R2 = 0.24, p < 0.001. Moreover, the abundance of Escherichia-shigella was negatively correlated with LB (r = -0.754, p < 0.001) and positively correlated with Proteus (r = 0.533, p < 0.05). Alysiella was positively correlated with Lactobacillus (r = 0.485, p < 0.05), Prevotella (r = 0.622, p < 0.01), and Staphylococcus (r = 0.489, p < 0.05). In conclusion, seminal microbiota is significantly associated with boar semen qualities. The distributions of the most dominant bacterial genera, the differences in the abundance of small subset microbes, and their correlation appear to have far more impact than the overall seminal bacterial content (e.g., total bacterial count, alpha diversity, and beta diversity) on sperm quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- CongBang Ngo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (C.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Junpen Suwimonteerabutr
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (C.N.); (J.S.)
- Center of Excellent in Swine Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Prasert Apiwatsiri
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.A.); (I.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Imporn Saenkankam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.A.); (I.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.A.); (I.S.); (N.P.)
- Center of Excellence in Diagnosis and Monitoring for Animal Pathogens, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jane M. Morrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (C.N.); (J.S.)
- Center of Excellent in Swine Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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10
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Neeteson AM, Avendaño S, Koerhuis A, Duggan B, Souza E, Mason J, Ralph J, Rohlf P, Burnside T, Kranis A, Bailey R. Evolutions in Commercial Meat Poultry Breeding. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3150. [PMID: 37835756 PMCID: PMC10571742 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the history of commercial poultry breeding, from domestication to the development of science and commercial breeding structures. The development of breeding goals over time, from mainly focusing on production to broad goals, including bird welfare and health, robustness, environmental impact, biological efficiency and reproduction, is detailed. The paper outlines current breeding goals, including traits (e.g., on foot and leg health, contact dermatitis, gait, cardiovascular health, robustness and livability), recording techniques, their genetic basis and how trait these antagonisms, for example, between welfare and production, are managed. Novel areas like genomic selection and gut health research and their current and potential impact on breeding are highlighted. The environmental impact differences of various genotypes are explained. A future outlook shows that balanced, holistic breeding will continue to enable affordable lean animal protein to feed the world, with a focus on the welfare of the birds and a diversity of choice for the various preferences and cultures across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santiago Avendaño
- Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK; (S.A.); (A.K.); (T.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Alfons Koerhuis
- Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK; (S.A.); (A.K.); (T.B.); (R.B.)
| | | | - Eduardo Souza
- Aviagen Inc., Huntsville, AL 35805, USA; (E.S.); (J.M.)
| | - James Mason
- Aviagen Inc., Huntsville, AL 35805, USA; (E.S.); (J.M.)
| | - John Ralph
- Aviagen Turkeys Ltd., Tattenhall CH3 9GA, UK;
| | - Paige Rohlf
- Aviagen Turkeys Inc., Lewisburg, WV 24901, USA;
| | - Tim Burnside
- Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK; (S.A.); (A.K.); (T.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Andreas Kranis
- Aviagen Ltd., Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK; (B.D.); or (A.K.)
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Richard Bailey
- Aviagen Group, Newbridge EH28 8SZ, UK; (S.A.); (A.K.); (T.B.); (R.B.)
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11
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Liu Y, Su Y, Zhou Z, Zhu J, Zhu Q, Xie P, Qian S, Wang L, Qin T, Zhou G. Conjoint analysis of transcriptome and metabolome profiles of normal captivity and arch soil free-range in Meishan pigs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1187877. [PMID: 37576833 PMCID: PMC10421962 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1187877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis has been advanced as a potential explanation for the increasingly high levels of atopy and allergic disease in the general human population. In an effort to conduct a more detailed study of the link between immune activity and the hygiene hypothesis, Meishan pigs raised under normal captivity (NC) or arch soil free-range (ASF) conditions were selected as an experimental model system. Cytokine levels were found to differ significantly between these two groups consistent with a difference in cellular immune status. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling of duodenal tissue samples from Meishan pigs were then performed, leading to the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs), and key pathways that were able to distinguish the NC and ASF groups. This approach led to the identification of 1,113 DEGs, as well as 577 and 372 DAMs in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. When an interaction network incorporating DEGs and metabolites associated with immune responsivity was constructed, it included factors such as 9-cis-Retinoic acid, (9Z,11E)-(13S)-13-Hydroxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid and (10E,12Z)-(9S)-9-Hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid. Functional enrichment analyses confirmed that identified DEGs and DAMs were associated with immune-related pathways including the intestinal IgA production and PPAR signaling pathways. Together, these results offer new insight into the roles that particular genes and metabolites enriched in response to environmental stressors in free-range Meishan pigs may play in the regulation of cellular immunity, thus offering a foundation for future efforts to better understand the immunological mechanisms underlying the hygiene hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Yanlong Su
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Zhijie Zhou
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Peng Xie
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Shiquan Qian
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Xuhuai Region, Huaian, China
| | - Tong Qin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Xuhuai Region, Huaian, China
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12
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Lerch F, Yosi F, Vötterl J, Ehmig J, Koger S, Verhovsek D. Temporal Microbial Dynamics in Feces Discriminate by Nutrition, Fecal Color, Consistency and Sample Type in Suckling and Newly Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2251. [PMID: 37508029 PMCID: PMC10376145 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Feces enable frequent samplings for the same animal, which is valuable in studies investigating the development of the gut microbiome in piglets. Creep feed should prepare the piglet's gut for the postweaning period and shape the microbiome accordingly. Little is known about the variation that is caused by differences in fecal color and consistency and different sample types (feces versus swab samples). Therefore, this study evaluated the age-related alterations in the microbiome composition (16S rRNA gene) in feces of suckling and newly weaned piglets in the context of nutrition and fecal consistency, color and sample type from day 2 to 34 of life. Feces from 40 healthy piglets (2 each from 20 litters) were collected on days 2, 6, 13, 20, 27, 30 and 34. Weaning occurred on day 28. Half of the litters only drank sow milk during the suckling phase, whereas the other half had access to creep feed from day 10. Creep feeding during the suckling phase influenced the age-related total bacterial and archaeal abundances but had less of an influence on the relative bacterial composition. Results further showed different taxonomic compositions in feces of different consistency, color and sample type, emphasizing the need to consider these characteristics in comprehensive microbiome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frederike Lerch
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fitra Yosi
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sriwijaya, Palembang 30662, Indonesia
| | - Julia Vötterl
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane Ehmig
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Koger
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Verhovsek
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Kim HW, Kim NK, Thompson J, de Jesus M, Rehberger J, Rehberger T, Smith AH, Mackie RI. Effects of dosing non-toxigenic Clostridia on the bacterial populations and immunological responses in the intestinal tract of lactating dairy cows. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1107964. [PMID: 37415814 PMCID: PMC10321773 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1107964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects of dosing non-toxigenic Clostridia to cows is rare and has received little attention so far. In the present study, a total of eight lactating dairy cows were divided in two groups: control (n = 4) or Clostridia challenged (oral supplementation of five diverse strains of Paraclostridium bifermentans, n = 4). Bacterial communities were analyzed by qPCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the buccal mucosa as well as digesta and mucosal samples of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from rumen to rectum (10 compartments), as well as fecal samples. Transcriptomic analysis of barrier and immune-related gene expression was performed on rumen, jejunum, and liver samples. We observed increased microbial populations with the Clostridial challenge in the buccal tissues and the proximal GI tract (forestomach), correlating with Clostridial loads in the feed. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in microbial populations (p > 0.05) throughout the distal part of the GI tract. The NGS approach, however, revealed that the Clostridial challenge changed the relative abundance of gut and fecal microbiota. In particular, in the challenge group, no Bifidobacterium was observed in the mucosa-associated microbiota and abundance of Pseudomonadota increased in the feces. These results indicated potential adverse effects of Clostridia to cow health. In general, immune responses to the Clostridial challenge were weak. However, transcriptional analysis revealed the down-regulation of junction adhesion molecule encoding gene (-1.44 of log2 fold-change), which might impact intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Na Kyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jesse Thompson
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI, United States
| | | | - Josh Rehberger
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI, United States
| | - Thomas Rehberger
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Waukesha, WI, United States
| | | | - Roderick Ian Mackie
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Carle R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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14
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Nakandalage R, Guan LL, Malmuthuge N. Microbial Interventions to Improve Neonatal Gut Health. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1328. [PMID: 37317302 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The diverse pioneer microbial community colonizing the mammalian gastrointestinal tract is critical for the developing immune system. Gut microbial communities of neonates can be affected by various internal and external factors, resulting in microbial dysbiosis. Microbial dysbiosis during early life affects gut homeostasis by changing metabolic, physiological, and immunological status, which increases susceptibility to neonatal infections and long-term pathologies. Early life is crucial for the establishment of microbiota and the development of the host immune system. Therefore, it provides a window of opportunity to reverse microbial dysbiosis with a positive impact on host health. Recent attempts to use microbial interventions during early life have successfully reversed dysbiotic gut microbial communities in neonates. However, interventions with persistent effects on microbiota and host health are still limited. This review will critically discuss microbial interventions, modulatory mechanisms, their limitations, and gaps in knowledge to understand their roles in improving neonatal gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranga Nakandalage
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Nilusha Malmuthuge
- Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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15
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Lan LY, Hong QX, Gao SM, Li Q, You YY, Chen W, Fan PF. Gut microbiota of skywalker hoolock gibbons (Hoolock tianxing) from different habitats and in captivity: Implications for gibbon health. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23468. [PMID: 36691713 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an integral role in the metabolism and immunity of animal hosts, and provides insights into the health and habitat assessment of threatened animals. The skywalker hoolock gibbon (Hoolock tianxing) is a newly described gibbon species, and is considered an endangered species. Here, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to describe the fecal bacterial community of skywalker hoolock gibbons from different habitats and in captivity. Fecal samples (n = 5) from two captive gibbons were compared with wild populations (N = 6 gibbons, n = 33 samples). At the phylum level, Spirochetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes dominated in captive gibbons, while Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Tenericutes dominated in wild gibbons. At the genus level, captive gibbons were dominated by Treponema-2, followed by Succinivibrio and Cerasicoccus, while wild gibbons were dominated by Anaeroplasma, Prevotellaceae UCG-001, and Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-004. Captive rearing was significantly associated with lower taxonomic alpha-diversity, and different relative abundance of some dominant bacteria compared to wild gibbons. Predicted Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses showed that captive gibbons have significantly lower total pathway diversity and higher relative abundance of bacterial functions involved in "drug resistance: antimicrobial" and "carbohydrate metabolism" than wild gibbons. This study reveals the potential influence of captivity and habitat on the gut bacterial community of gibbons and provides a basis for guiding the conservation management of captive populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Lan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Xuan Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Ming Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Yan You
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Fei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Lafuente E, Carles L, Walser J, Giulio M, Wullschleger S, Stamm C, Räsänen K. Effects of anthropogenic stress on hosts and their microbiomes: Treated wastewater alters performance and gut microbiome of a key detritivore (
Asellus aquaticus
). Evol Appl 2023; 16:824-848. [PMID: 37124094 PMCID: PMC10130563 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activity is a major driver of ecological and evolutionary change in wild populations and can have diverse effects on eukaryotic organisms as well as on environmental and host-associated microbial communities. Although host-microbiome interactions can be a major determinant of host fitness, few studies consider the joint responses of hosts and their microbiomes to anthropogenic changes. In freshwater ecosystems, wastewater is a widespread anthropogenic stressor that represents a multifarious environmental perturbation. Here, we experimentally tested the impact of treated wastewater on a keystone host (the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus) and its gut microbiome. We used a semi-natural flume experiment, in combination with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, to assess how different concentrations (0%, 30%, and 80%) of nonfiltered wastewater (i.e. with chemical toxicants, nutrients, organic particles, and microbes) versus ultrafiltered wastewater (i.e. only dissolved pollutants and nutrients) affected host survival, growth, and food consumption as well as mid- and hindgut bacterial community composition and diversity. Our results show that while host survival was not affected by the treatments, host growth increased and host feeding rate decreased with nonfiltered wastewater - potentially indicating that A. aquaticus fed on organic matter and microbes available in nonfiltered wastewater. Furthermore, even though the midgut microbiome (diversity and composition) was not affected by any of our treatments, nonfiltered wastewater influenced bacterial composition (but not diversity) in the hindgut. Ultrafiltered wastewater, on the other hand, affected both community composition and bacterial diversity in the hindgut, an effect that in our system differed between sexes. While the functional consequences of microbiome changes and their sex specificity are yet to be tested, our results indicate that different components of multifactorial stressors (i.e. different constituents of wastewater) can affect hosts and their microbiome in distinct (even opposing) manners and have a substantial impact on eco-evolutionary responses to anthropogenic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Lafuente
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
- Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
| | - Louis Carles
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Jean‐Claude Walser
- Department of Environmental Systems Science D‐USYS, Genetic Diversity CentreSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Marco Giulio
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Simon Wullschleger
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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17
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Genova JL, Rupolo PE, de Azevedo LB, Henz D, Carvalho ST, Kipper M, Gonçalves GDAC, Vilela HLO, Pasquetti TJ, de Oliveira NTE, Dietrich ARM, Carvalho PLDO. β-mannanase supplementation in diets reduced in 85 kcal metabolizable energy/kg containing xylanase-phytase improves gain to feed ratio, nutrient usage, and backfat thickness in finisher pigs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1144692. [PMID: 37008356 PMCID: PMC10061018 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1144692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of β-mannanase supplementation in metabolizable energy (ME)-reduced diets containing xylanase-phytase on performance, fecal score, blood biochemical and immunological profile, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), digesta passage rate, fecal microbiome, carcass traits and meat quality in finisher pigs (n = 40 entire male hybrid, 26.0 ± 0.9 kg) randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: a control diet containing isolated phytase and xylanase valued at 40 kcal of ME/kg (CD0), CD0 + β-mannanase (0.3 g/kg valued at 30 kcal of ME/kg) (CD70), CD0 + β-mannanase (0.3 g/kg valued at 45 kcal of ME/kg) (CD85), and CD0 + β-mannanase (0.3 g/kg valued at 60 kcal of ME/kg) (CD100), with 10 pen replicates. Pigs fed CD0 diet showed (P = 0.002) greater ADFI. However, pigs fed CD0 diet showed (P = 0.009) lower G:F than those provided CD70 or CD85 diets. A greater (P < 0.001) superoxide dismutase concentration was observed in pigs fed CD70 diet. Pigs fed CD85 diet showed (P = 0.002) greater digestible protein than pigs fed CD0 or CD100 diets. Pigs fed CD70 diet showed an increase of 11.3% in digestible protein than those fed CD0 diet. In addition, greater (P < 0.001) digestible energy was observed in pigs fed CD85 diet. Pigs fed CD0 or CD100 diets showed greater (P < 0.05) Firmicutes:Bacteroidota ratio than those fed CD85 diet. The Muribaculaceae was more abundant (P = 0.030) in pigs fed CD70 diet than in those fed CD0 diet. The Prevotella was more abundant (P = 0.045) in pigs fed CD85 diet than in those fed CD100 diet. In conclusion, β-mannanase supplementation in diets containing xylanase-phytase allows reducing 85 kcal of ME/kg because it improves gain to feed ratio, energy and protein usage, and backfat thickness without metabolic and intestinal ecosystem disorders in finisher pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jansller Luiz Genova
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jansller Luiz Genova
| | - Paulo Evaristo Rupolo
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Liliana Bury de Azevedo
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Henz
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Silvana Teixeira Carvalho
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcos Kipper
- Elanco Animal Health Incorporated Company, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tiago Junior Pasquetti
- Animal Science Department, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, MS, Brazil
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18
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Pan PK, Wang KT, Wu TM, Chen YY, Nan FH, Wu YS. Heat inactive Bacillus subtilis var. natto regulate Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) intestine microbiota and metabolites involved in the intestine phagosome response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108567. [PMID: 36731811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the intestinal microbiota, intestinal and fecal metabolites production and the intestinal RNA-seq analysis of the Nile tilapia intestine after feeding with 105and 107 of the inactive Bacillus subtilis var. natto. First, we assessed the influence of heat inactive Bacillus subtilis var. natto on the growth performance, biochemical blood analysis, and evaluated the liver/body, spleen/body and intestine/body ratio. This evidence was known feeding with inactive Bacillus subtilis var. natto was able to improve the growth performance after 4 weeks, but not to affect the inflammatory biochemical blood parametres total protein (T-pro), albumin (Alb), Alb/T-pro ratio, creatine-phospho-kinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Further, in the intestine microbiota, the Lactobacillaceae, Firmicutes, Chromatiales, and Rhodobacteria, was significantly higher than the control and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B), which was indicated with a significantly increased. The intestine tissue metabolites OPLS-DA analysis indicated that the prominent bioactive metabolites changed. The peonidin-3-glucoside, l-Tyrosine, 1-Deoxy-1-(N6-lysino)-d-fructose was significantly increased. The feces metabolite OPLS-DA analysis indicated that the palmitelaidic acid, 5-KETE, tangeritin was significantly increased. In the transcriptome, the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was found to enhance the intestine intestinal immune network. Combine of these evidence, feeding of the heat inactive Bacillus subtilis var. natto exactly improved the O. niloticus growth performance and regulation of the microbiota to promote the metabolites. In the transcriptome analysis, it was found to involve in the intestine immune phagosome response. Summarized of this study, the heat inactive Bacillus subtilis var. natto was reported to affect Nile tilapia intestine microbiota, and could positively regulate the intestine and fecal metabolites production to improve the intestine immune network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kai Pan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Teng Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Meng Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Yu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan.
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Qin S, Zhang K, Ding X, Bai S, Wang J, Tian G, Xuan Y, Su Z, Zeng Q. Microbiome-metabolomics analysis insight into the effects of dietary resistant starch on intestinal integrity. Food Chem 2023; 401:134148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rydal MP, Gambino M, Castro-Mejia JL, Poulsen LL, Jørgensen CB, Nielsen JP. Post-weaning diarrhea in pigs from a single Danish production herd was not associated with the pre-weaning fecal microbiota composition and diversity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1108197. [PMID: 36922976 PMCID: PMC10010570 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The association between the porcine pre-weaning gut microbiota composition and diversity, and subsequent post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) susceptibility is currently being studied. In this longitudinal study, we examined the association between pre-weaning fecal microbiome composition and diversity, and PWD development in a Danish sow herd. Methods Forty-five pigs were followed from birth until 7 days after weaning (post-natal day (PND) 33). At PND 33, the pigs were categorized as PWD cases or healthy controls based on fecal consistency. We compared their fecal microbiomes at PND 8, late lactation (PND 27) and 7 days post weaning (PND 33) using 16S rRNA V3 region high-throughput sequencing. At PND 27 and 33, we also weighed the pigs, assessed fecal shedding of hemolytic Escherichia coli by culture and characterized hemolytic isolates by ETEC virulence factors with PCR and by whole genome sequencing. Results A total of 25 out of 45 pigs developed PWD and one Enterotoxigenic E. coli strain with F18:LT:EAST1 virotype was isolated from most pigs. At PND 33, we found differences in beta diversity between PWD and healthy pigs (R2 = 0.027, p = 0.009) and that body weight was associated with both alpha and beta diversity. Pre-weaning fecal microbiome diversity did not differ between PWD and healthy pigs and we found no significant, differentially abundant bacteria between them. Conclusion In the production herd under study, pre-weaning fecal microbiome diversity and composition were not useful indicators of PWD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peter Rydal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michela Gambino
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Josue L Castro-Mejia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Louise Ladefoged Poulsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Claus Bøttcher Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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21
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Härer A, Rennison DJ. Quantifying (non)parallelism of gut microbial community change using multivariate vector analysis. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9674. [PMID: 36590339 PMCID: PMC9797641 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallel evolution of phenotypic traits is regarded as strong evidence for natural selection and has been studied extensively in a variety of taxa. However, we have limited knowledge of whether parallel evolution of host organisms is accompanied by parallel changes of their associated microbial communities (i.e., microbiotas), which are crucial for their hosts' ecology and evolution. Determining the extent of microbiota parallelism in nature can improve our ability to identify the factors that are associated with (putatively adaptive) shifts in microbial communities. While it has been emphasized that (non)parallel evolution is better considered as a quantitative continuum rather than a binary phenomenon, quantitative approaches have rarely been used to study microbiota parallelism. We advocate using multivariate vector analysis (i.e., phenotypic change vector analysis) to quantify direction and magnitude of microbiota changes and discuss the applicability of this approach for studying parallelism, and we compiled an R package for multivariate vector analysis of microbial communities ('multivarvector'). We exemplify its use by reanalyzing gut microbiota data from multiple fish species that exhibit parallel shifts in trophic ecology. We found that multivariate vector analysis results were largely consistent with other statistical methods, parallelism estimates were not affected by the taxonomic level at which the microbiota is studied, and parallelism might be stronger for gut microbiota function compared to taxonomic composition. This approach provides an analytical framework for quantitative comparisons across host lineages, thereby providing the potential to advance our capacity to predict microbiota changes. Hence, we emphasize that the development and application of quantitative measures, such as multivariate vector analysis, should be further explored in microbiota research in order to better understand the role of microbiota dynamics during their hosts' adaptive evolution, particularly in settings of parallel evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Härer
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Ecology, Behavior, & EvolutionUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Diana J. Rennison
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Ecology, Behavior, & EvolutionUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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22
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Saladrigas-García M, Durán M, D’Angelo M, Coma J, Pérez JF, Martín-Orúe SM. An insight into the commercial piglet's microbial gut colonization: from birth towards weaning. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:68. [PMID: 36572944 PMCID: PMC9791761 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of the gut microbiota can be influenced by several perinatal factors, including, most importantly, the maternal microbiota. Moreover, early-life environmental variation affects gut microbial colonization and the intestinal health of offspring throughout life. The present study aimed to explore the development of piglet gut microbiota from birth to weaning in the commercial practice and also to assess how different farm environments could condition this process. Although it is possible to find in the literature other studies with similar objectives this work probably represents one of the few studies that make a systematic evaluation of such differential factors under a real scenario. To achieve this objective, we performed two trials. In a first Trial, we selected 2 farms in which we performed an intensive sampling (5 samples /animal) to characterize the gut colonization pattern during the first days of life and to identify the time window with the greatest impact. Both farms differed in their health status and the use of antimicrobials in the piglets. In a second Trial, we selected 4 additional farms with variable rearing conditions and a distinctive use of antimicrobials in the sows with a simplified sampling pattern (2 samples/animal). Faecal samples were obtained with swabs and DNA was extracted by using the PSP® Spin Stool DNA Kit and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4 region) performed by Illumina MiSeq Platform. RESULTS The present study contributes to a better understanding of microbiome development during the transition from birth to weaning in commercial conditions. Alpha diversity was strongly affected by age, with an increased richness of species through time. Beta diversity decreased after weaning, suggesting a convergent evolvement among individuals. We pinpointed the early intestinal colonizers belonging to Bacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and Fusobacterium genera. During lactation(d7-d21 of life), the higher relative abundances of Bacteroides and Lactobacillus genera were correlated with a milk-oriented microbiome. As the piglets aged and after weaning (d36 of life), increasing abundances of genera such as Prevotella, Butyricimonas, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Dorea, Phascolarctobacterium, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Subdoligranulum, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 were observed. These changes indicate the adaptation of the piglets to a cereal-based diet rich in oligosaccharides and starch. Our results also show that the farm can have a significant impact in such a process, evidencing the influence of different environments and rearing systems on the gut microbiota development of the young piglet. Differences between farms were more noticeable after weaning than during lactation with changes in alpha and beta biodiversity and specific taxa. The analysis of such differences suggests that piglets receiving intramuscular amoxicillin (days 2-5 of life) and being offered an acidifying rehydrating solution (Alpha farm in Trial 1) have a greater alpha diversity and more abundant Lactobacillus population. Moreover, the only farm that did not offer any rehydrating solution (Foxtrot farm in Trial 2) showed a lower alpha diversity (day 2 of life) and increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae (both at 2 and 21 days). The use of in-feed antibiotics in the sows was also associated with structural changes in the piglets' gut ecosystem although without changes in richness or diversity. Significant shifts could be registered in different microbial groups, particularly lower abundances of Fusobacterium in those piglets from medicated sows. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, during the first weeks of life, the pig microbiota showed a relevant succession of microbial groups towards a more homogeneous and stable ecosystem better adapted to the solid dry feed. In this relevant early-age process, the rearing conditions, the farm environment, and particularly the antimicrobial use in piglets and mothers determine changes that could have a relevant impact on gut microbiota maturation. More research is needed to elucidate the relative impact of these farm-induced early life-long changes in the growing pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Saladrigas-García
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Servicio de Nutrición Y Bienestar Animal. Departamento de Ciencia Animal Y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Matilde D’Angelo
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Servicio de Nutrición Y Bienestar Animal. Departamento de Ciencia Animal Y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Coma
- Grupo Vall Companys, 25191 Lleida, Spain
| | - José Francisco Pérez
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Servicio de Nutrición Y Bienestar Animal. Departamento de Ciencia Animal Y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana María Martín-Orúe
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Servicio de Nutrición Y Bienestar Animal. Departamento de Ciencia Animal Y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Abbas M, Hayirli Z, Drakesmith H, Andrews SC, Lewis MC. Effects of iron deficiency and iron supplementation at the host-microbiota interface: Could a piglet model unravel complexities of the underlying mechanisms? Front Nutr 2022; 9:927754. [PMID: 36267902 PMCID: PMC9577221 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.927754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most prevalent human micronutrient deficiency, disrupting the physiological development of millions of infants and children. Oral iron supplementation is used to address iron-deficiency anemia and reduce associated stunting but can promote infection risk since restriction of iron availability serves as an innate immune mechanism against invading pathogens. Raised iron availability is associated with an increase in enteric pathogens, especially Enterobacteriaceae species, accompanied by reductions in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and may skew the pattern of gut microbiota development. Since the gut microbiota is the primary driver of immune development, deviations from normal patterns of bacterial succession in early life can have long-term implications for immune functionality. There is a paucity of knowledge regarding how both iron deficiency and luminal iron availability affect gut microbiota development, or the subsequent impact on immunity, which are likely to be contributors to the increased risk of infection. Piglets are naturally iron deficient. This is largely due to their low iron endowments at birth (primarily due to large litter sizes), and their rapid growth combined with the low iron levels in sow milk. Thus, piglets consistently become iron deficient within days of birth which rapidly progresses to anemia in the absence of iron supplementation. Moreover, like humans, pigs are omnivorous and share many characteristics of human gut physiology, microbiota and immunity. In addition, their precocial nature permits early maternal separation, individual housing, and tight control of nutritional intake. Here, we highlight the advantages of piglets as valuable and highly relevant models for human infants in promoting understanding of how early iron status impacts physiological development. We also indicate how piglets offer potential to unravel the complexities of microbiota-immune responses during iron deficiency and in response to iron supplementation, and the link between these and increased risk of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Abbas
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Zeynep Hayirli
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Marie C. Lewis
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Canibe N, Højberg O, Kongsted H, Vodolazska D, Lauridsen C, Nielsen TS, Schönherz AA. Review on Preventive Measures to Reduce Post-Weaning Diarrhoea in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2585. [PMID: 36230326 PMCID: PMC9558551 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many countries, medical levels of zinc (typically as zinc oxide) are added to piglet diets in the first two weeks post-weaning to prevent the development of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). However, high levels of zinc constitute an environmental polluting agent, and may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria. Consequently, the EU banned administering medical levels of zinc in pig diets as of June 2022. However, this may result in an increased use of antibiotic therapeutics to combat PWD and thereby an increased risk of further AMR development. The search for alternative measures against PWD with a minimum use of antibiotics and in the absence of medical levels of zinc has therefore been intensified over recent years, and feed-related measures, including feed ingredients, feed additives, and feeding strategies, are being intensively investigated. Furthermore, management strategies have been developed and are undoubtedly relevant; however, these will not be addressed in this review. Here, feed measures (and vaccines) are addressed, these being probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, proteobiotics, plants and plant extracts (in particular essential oils and tannins), macroalgae (particularly macroalgae-derived polysaccharides), dietary fibre, antimicrobial peptides, specific amino acids, dietary fatty acids, milk replacers, milk components, creep feed, vaccines, bacteriophages, and single-domain antibodies (nanobodies). The list covers measures with a rather long history and others that require significant development before their eventual use can be extended. To assess the potential of feed-related measures in combating PWD, the literature reviewed here has focused on studies reporting parameters of PWD (i.e., faeces score and/or faeces dry matter content during the first two weeks post-weaning). Although the impact on PWD (or related parameters) of the investigated measures may often be inconsistent, many studies do report positive effects. However, several studies have shown that control pigs do not suffer from diarrhoea, making it difficult to evaluate the biological and practical relevance of these improvements. From the reviewed literature, it is not possible to rank the efficacy of the various measures, and the efficacy most probably depends on a range of factors related to animal genetics and health status, additive doses used, composition of the feed, etc. We conclude that a combination of various measures is probably most recommendable in most situations. However, in this respect, it should be considered that combining strategies may lead to additive (e.g., synbiotics), synergistic (e.g., plant materials), or antagonistic (e.g., algae compounds) effects, requiring detailed knowledge on the modes of action in order to design effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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25
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Zhang X, Yang L, Wang M, Zeng J, Long S, He T, Chen Z. Effect of precision air supply cooling system with different cooling air speed on reproductive performance, stress status, immunoglobulin and fecal microbiota of lactating sows. J Therm Biol 2022; 108:103249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lee JJ, Song M, Kyoung H, Park KI, Ryu S, Kim Y, Shin M. Effects of Dietary Carbohydrases on Fecal Microbiome Composition of Lactating Sows and Their Piglets. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:776-782. [PMID: 35586929 PMCID: PMC9628907 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2203.03026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Corn-soybean meal diets are commonly used in the pork industry as a primary source of energy and protein. However, such a diet generally contains non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) which present a challenge in finding ways to improve their availability and digestibility. Dietary multi-carbohydrases (MCs) have been proposed as an efficient approach to utilize NSPs, and can result in improved growth performance and host intestinal fitness. In this study, we evaluated the effects of MC in lactation diets on gut microbiota composition of lactating sows and their litters. The experimental design contained two dietary treatments, a diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON), and CON supplemented with 0.01% multigrain carbohydrases (MCs). Sow and piglet fecal samples were collected on days 7 and 28 after farrowing. Based on the results from 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, MC led to changes in species diversity and altered the microbial compositions in lactating sows and their piglets. Specifically, the MC treatment induced an increase in the proportions of Lactobacillus in piglets. Clostridium and Spirochaetaceae showed a significantly reduced proportion in MC-treated sows at day 28. Our results support the beneficial effects of dietary carbohydrases and their link with improved production due to better host fitness outcomes and gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jae Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Il Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdon Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhye Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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27
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Ferreira WT, Hong HA, Adams JRG, Hess M, Kotowicz NK, Tan S, Ferrari E, Brisson A, Zentek J, Soloviev M, Cutting SM. Environmentally Acquired Bacillus and Their Role in C. difficile Colonization Resistance. Biomedicines 2022; 10:930. [PMID: 35625667 PMCID: PMC9138776 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an environmentally acquired, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium which ordinarily causes disease following antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. Although much is understood regarding the life cycle of C. difficile, the fate of C. difficile spores upon ingestion remains unclear, and the underlying factors that predispose an individual to colonization and subsequent development of C. difficile infection (CDI) are not fully understood. Here, we show that Bacillus, a ubiquitous and environmentally acquired, spore-forming bacterium is associated with colonization resistance to C. difficile. Using animal models, we first provide evidence that animals housed under conditions that mimic reduced environmental exposure have an increased susceptibility to CDI, correlating with a loss in Bacillus. Lipopeptide micelles (~10 nm) produced by some Bacilli isolated from the gastro-intestinal (GI)-tract and shown to have potent inhibitory activity to C. difficile have recently been reported. We show here that these micelles, that we refer to as heterogenous lipopeptide lytic micelles (HELMs), act synergistically with components present in the small intestine to augment inhibitory activity against C. difficile. Finally, we show that provision of HELM-producing Bacillus to microbiota-depleted animals suppresses C. difficile colonization thereby demonstrating the significant role played by Bacillus in colonization resistance. In the wider context, our study further demonstrates the importance of environmental microbes on susceptibility to pathogen colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Ferreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Huynh A. Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
| | - James R. G. Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Mateusz Hess
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Natalia K. Kotowicz
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK;
| | - Sisareuth Tan
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Moléculaire et Nano-Bio-Technologie, UMR-CBMN CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IPB, 33607 Pessac, France; (S.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Enrico Ferrari
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK;
| | - Alain Brisson
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Moléculaire et Nano-Bio-Technologie, UMR-CBMN CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IPB, 33607 Pessac, France; (S.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Jurgen Zentek
- Institute for Animal Health, Freie University of Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany;
| | - Mikhail Soloviev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Simon M. Cutting
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (W.T.F.); (H.A.H.); (J.R.G.A.); (M.H.)
- SporeGen Ltd., London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK;
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28
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Correa F, Luise D, Bosi P, Trevisi P. Weaning differentially affects the maturation of piglet peripheral blood and jejunal Peyer's patches. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1604. [PMID: 35102264 PMCID: PMC8803882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess how the post-weaning condition changes piglet peripheral blood (PB) and jejunal Peyer's patches (JPPs) as compared to the suckling period, and how these changes are associated with intestinal microbiota evolution. Sixteen pigs were slaughtered and sampled for PB, JPPs and jejunal content (JC) at weaning (26 days) or at 12 days fed on a pre-starter diet. The PB and JPP transcriptomes were analysed using mRNA-seq. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was used to demonstrate enriched gene clusters, depending on sampling time. Jejunal microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Post-weaning JPPs were enriched for processes related to the activation of IFN-γ and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen processing which clustered with the reduced abundance of the Weisella genus and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in JC. The post-weaning microbiome differed from that seen in just-weaned pigs. For just-weaned PB, the enrichment of genes related to hemoglobin and the iron metabolism indicated the greater presence of reticulocytes and immature erythrocytes. The JPP genes involved in the I MHC and IFN-γ activations were markers of the post-weaning phase. Several genes attributable to reticulocyte and erythrocyte maturation could be interesting for testing the iron nutrition of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Correa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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Lee A, Le Bon M, Connerton IF, Mellits KH. OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6576765. [PMID: 35511201 PMCID: PMC9113333 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lee
- Corresponding author: Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom. Tel: 07845 963223; E-mail:
| | - Melanie Le Bon
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian F Connerton
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth H Mellits
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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Kim M, Cho JH, Seong PN, Jung H, Jeong JY, Kim S, Kim H, Kim ES, Keum GB, Guevarra RB, Kim HB. Fecal microbiome shifts by different forms of copper supplementations in growing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1386-1396. [PMID: 34957452 PMCID: PMC8672264 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential mineral for pigs, thus it is used as a feed additive in
the forms of copper sulfate. Therefore, this study aimed at characterizing the
fecal microbiota shifts in pigs as fed by different forms of copper
supplementation. 40 growing pigs aged 73 ± 1 days with an average weight
of 30.22 ± 1.92kg were randomly divided into 5 groups. The control group
(CON) fed with basal diet, while treatment groups were fed a basal diet
supplemented with 100 ppm/kg of copper sulfate (CuSO4), Cu-glycine
complex (CuGly), Cu-amino acid complex (CuAA), and
Cu-hydroxy(4methylthio)butanoate chelate complex (CuHMB) for 28 days of trial,
respectively. The data presented the comparison between inorganic and organic
copper supplementation through gut microbiota in growing pigs. Alpha and Beta
diversity anaylsis resulted in copper supplementation did shifted gut microbioal
community structure. At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the
most abundant phyla at all times regardless of treatment. At the genus level,
the relative abundances of Prevotella,
Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, and SMB53 of
the CuGly and CuHMB groups were significantly higher than those of copper
sulfate and basal diet groups. Overall, this study may provide the potential
role of organic copper replacing inorganic copper, resulting in increased
beneficial bacteria in the pig gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jae Hyoung Cho
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Pil-Nam Seong
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Jung
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sheena Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Hyeri Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Eun Sol Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Gi Beom Keum
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Robin B Guevarra
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Williams CR, Burnell SM, Rogers M, Flies EJ, Baldock KL. Nature-Based Citizen Science as a Mechanism to Improve Human Health in Urban Areas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:68. [PMID: 35010326 PMCID: PMC8751081 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The world is becoming increasingly urbanised, impacting human interactions with natural environments (NEs). NEs take a number of forms, ranging from pristine, modified, to built NEs, which are common in many urban areas. NEs may include nature-based solutions, such as introducing nature elements and biological processes into cities that are used to solve problems created by urbanisation. Whilst urbanisation has negative impacts on human health, impacting mental and physical wellbeing through a number of mechanisms, exposure to NEs may improve human health and wellbeing. Here, we review the mechanisms by which health can be improved by exposure to NEs, as explained by Stress Reduction Theory, Attention Restoration Theory, and the 'Old Friends'/biodiversity hypothesis. Such exposures may have physiological and immunological benefits, mediated through endocrine pathways and altered microbiota. Citizen Science, which often causes exposure to NEs and social activity, is being increasingly used to not only collect scientific data but also to engage individuals and communities. Despite being a named component of scientific and environmental strategies of governments, to our knowledge, the intrinsic health benefits of Citizen Science in NEs do not form part of public health policy. We contend that Citizen Science programs that facilitate exposure to NEs in urban areas may represent an important public health policy advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R. Williams
- UniSA Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (S.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Sophie M. Burnell
- UniSA Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (S.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Michelle Rogers
- UniSA Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (S.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Emily J. Flies
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
| | - Katherine L. Baldock
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
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Early social contact alters the community structure and functions of the faecal microbiome in suckling-growing piglets. Animal 2021; 15:100393. [PMID: 34844184 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Social contact during suckling, in an enriched social environment, can reduce the aggressive behaviours of piglets during regrouping at weaning, and improve their production performance and welfare. The aim of this study was to determine the possible impact of suckling social contact on gut microbes. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing to measure the faecal microbial structure and function in piglets experiencing social contact. Eighteen-litter piglets were allocated to two treatments: an early continuous social contact (CSC) group where piglets from adjacent pens shared a mutual pen starting at 14 days postpartum and a control (CON) group where piglets had no contact with individuals from adjacent pens during the suckling period. The piglets were regrouped at 36 days of age. The litter weights at 35 and 63 days of age were measured. Faecal samples were randomly collected at 16, 35, 42, and 63 days of age and faecal DNA was determined. The results showed that the litter weight of piglets in the CSC group was significantly decreased at 63 days compared with the CON group. Continuous social contact also significantly decreased the microbial richness at 16 and 35 days of age (P < 0.05). Firmicutes was the most abundant bacterial phylum in both groups at all detected time-points and the abundance increased with social contact. At the genus level, Lactobacillus was the most abundant bacterium after weaning and the abundance increased in the piglets with social contact. Compared with the faecal microbiota of control piglets, a total of 22 genera at 16 days, 20 genera at 35 days, 12 genera at 42 days, and 27 genera at 63 days in the faeces of CSC piglets were observed to be significantly different in abundance (linear discriminant analysis score > 3, P < 0.05). Furthermore, functional analysis of the microbial composition showed that the changes induced by early CSC mainly altered the relative abundance of metabolic and related pathways. The social contact notably had an effect on the abundance of microbial pathways for amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. In conclusion, CSC changed the microbial composition in the faeces of piglets, which might have a negative effect on nutrient metabolism for the suckling-growing piglets. Our study provided new insight into the influence of social contact on the suckling-growing piglets.
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Law K, Lozinski B, Torres I, Davison S, Hilbrands A, Nelson E, Parra-Suescun J, Johnston L, Gomez A. Disinfection of Maternal Environments Is Associated with Piglet Microbiome Composition from Birth to Weaning. mSphere 2021; 6:e0066321. [PMID: 34494881 PMCID: PMC8550216 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00663-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal factors predetermine offspring development and health, including the establishment of offsprings' first microbiomes. Research in swine has shown that early microbial exposures impact microbiome colonization in piglets, but this phenomenon has never been tested in the context of delivery room disinfection. Thus, we exposed gestating sows to two delivery environments (n = 3/environment): stalls cleaned with a broad-spectrum disinfectant (disinfected environment [D]) or stalls cleaned only with hot-water power washing (nondisinfected environment [Nde]), 3 days prior to farrowing. Microbiomes of sows and farrowed piglets (n = 27/environment) were profiled at 4 different time points from birth to weaning via 16S rRNA sequencing. The results show that although vaginal, milk, skin, and gut microbiomes in mothers were minimally affected, sanitation of farrowing stalls impacted piglet microbiome colonization. These effects were mainly characterized by lower bacterial diversity in the gut and nasal cavity, specifically in D piglets at birth, and by distinct taxonomic compositions from birth to weaning depending on the farrowing environment. For instance, environmental bacteria greatly influenced microbiome colonization in Nde piglets, which also harbored significantly higher abundances of gut Lactobacillus and nasal Enhydrobacter at several time points through weaning. Different sanitation strategies at birth also resulted in distinct microbiome assembly patterns, with lower microbial exposures in D piglets being associated with limited interactions between bacterial taxa. However, increasing microbial exposures at birth through the lack of disinfection were also associated with lower piglet weight, highlighting the importance of understanding the trade-offs among optimal microbiome development, health, and growth performance in swine production systems. IMPORTANCE We show that levels of disinfection in farrowing facilities can impact early microbial exposures and colonization by pioneer microbes in piglets. Although previous research has shown a similar effect by raising pigs outdoors or by exposing them to soil, these practices are unattainable in most swine production systems in the United States due to biosecurity practices. Thus, our results underscore the importance of evaluating different disinfection practices in swine production to safely reduce pathogenic risks without limiting early microbial exposures. Allowing early exposure to both beneficial and pathogenic microbes may positively impact immune responses, reduce the stressors of weaning, and potentially reduce the need for dietary antimicrobials. However, the benefits of modified early microbial exposures need to be accomplished along with acceptable growth performance. Thus, our results also provide clues for understanding how disinfection practices in farrowing rooms may impact early microbiome development and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Law
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brigit Lozinski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ivanellis Torres
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuel Davison
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adrienne Hilbrands
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emma Nelson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Lee Johnston
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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The gut microbiota and microbial metabolites are associated with tail biting in pigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20547. [PMID: 34654857 PMCID: PMC8521594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tail biting is an abnormal behaviour that causes stress, injury and pain. Given the critical role of the gut-microbiota in the development of behavioural problems in humans and animals, the aim of this study was to determine whether pigs that are biters, victims of tail biting or controls (nine matched sets of pigs) have a different microbiota composition, diversity and microbial metabolite profile. We collected faecal and blood samples from each individual for analysis. The gut microbiota composition was most different between the biter and the control pigs, with a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes in tail biter pigs than the controls. Furthermore, we detected differences in faecal and plasma short chain fatty acids (SCFA) profiles between the biter and victim pigs, suggesting physiological differences even though they are kept in the same pen. Thus, in addition to supporting an association between the gut microbiota and tail biting in pigs, this study also provides the first evidence of an association between tail biting and SCFA. Therefore, further research is needed to confirm these associations, to determine causality and to study how the SCFA profiles of an individual play a role in the development of tail biting behaviour.
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Luise D, Chalvon-Demersay T, Lambert W, Bosi P, Trevisi P. Meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of the reduction of dietary crude protein on the gut health of post-weaning pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1952911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Hao Y, Ji Z, Shen Z, Wu Y, Zhang B, Tang J, Hou S, Xie M. Effects of Total Dietary Fiber on Cecal Microbial Community and Intestinal Morphology of Growing White Pekin Duck. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:727200. [PMID: 34539618 PMCID: PMC8440899 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.727200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber (TDF) on growth performance, cecal structure, cecal microbial community, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles in the cecum of growing White Pekin ducks. A total of 108 male Pekin ducks of 14-days-old were randomly allocated and fed diets containing 12.4, 14.7, and 16.2% TDF for 35 days. Each dietary treatment consisted of six replicates with six birds each. The results showed that 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments promoted growth performance relative to 12.4% TDF treatments (P < 0.05). A total of 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments significantly elevated villus height, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth and muscle layer thickness of cecum, and lowered crypt depth compared with 12.4% TDF treatment (P < 0.05). Simultaneously, 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments up-regulated Claudin-1 mRNA expression of barrier genes in the cecum compared with 12.4% TDF (P < 0.05). Butyrate-producing bacteria like Oscillopiraceae affiliating to the phyla Firmicutes were observed as a biomarker in the 16.2% TDF. Higher concentration of butyrate in the cecum was obtained in the 14.7% TDF compared with 12.4 and 16.2% TDF (P < 0.05). The concentrations of isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate in the cecum were significantly increased in the 16.2% TDF compared with 12.4 and 14.7% TDF (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the abundance of genus UCG-005 and Enterococcus was positive correlations with isobutyrate and valerate (P < 0.05). However, the concentration of propionate in the cecum significantly decreased in 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments relative to 12.4% TDF treatments (P < 0.05). In summary, increasing TDF levels improved growth performance, cecal histomorphology, and barrier function of meat ducks and it might be mediated by the changes of microbiota communities, especially bloom of SCFAs-producing bacteria, which facilitated the interaction between intestinal mucosa and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanqing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuisheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Xiang L, Jin X, Liu Y, Ma Y, Jian Z, Wei Z, Li H, Li Y, Wang K. Prediction of the occurrence of calcium oxalate kidney stones based on clinical and gut microbiota characteristics. World J Urol 2021; 40:221-227. [PMID: 34427737 PMCID: PMC8813786 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To predict the occurrence of calcium oxalate kidney stones based on clinical and gut microbiota characteristics. Methods Gut microbiota and clinical data from 180 subjects (120 for training set and 60 for validation) attending the West China Hospital (WCH) were collected between June 2018 and January 2021. Based on the gut microbiota and clinical data from 120 subjects (66 non-kidney stone individuals and 54 kidney stone patients), we evaluated eight machine learning methods to predict the occurrence of calcium oxalate kidney stones. Results With fivefold cross-validation, the random forest method produced the best area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94. We further applied random forest to an independent validation dataset with 60 samples (34 non-kidney stone individuals and 26 kidney stone patients), which yielded an AUC of 0.88. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that clinical data combined with gut microbiota characteristics may help predict the occurrence of kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Xiang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yucheng Ma
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhongyu Jian
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhitao Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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Variation in Microbial Exposure at the Human-Animal Interface and the Implications for Microbiome-Mediated Health Outcome. mSystems 2021; 6:e0056721. [PMID: 34342530 PMCID: PMC8407385 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00567-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome varies between populations, largely reflecting ecological differences. One ecological variable that is rarely considered but may contribute substantially to microbiome variation is the multifaceted nature of human-animal interfaces. We present the hypothesis that different interactions with animals contribute to shaping the human microbiome globally. We utilize a One Health framework to explore how changes in microbial exposure from human-animal interfaces shape the microbiome and, in turn, contribute to differential human health across populations, focusing on commensal and pathogen exposure, changes in colonization resistance and immune system training, and the potential for other functional shifts. Although human-animal interfaces are known to underlie human health and particularly infectious disease disparities, since their impact on the human microbiome remains woefully understudied, we propose foci for future research. We believe it will be crucial to understand this critical aspect of biology and its impacts on human health around the globe.
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Wen C, van Dixhoorn I, Schokker D, Woelders H, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Rebel JMJ, Smidt H. Environmentally enriched housing conditions affect pig welfare, immune system and gut microbiota in early life. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:52. [PMID: 34321110 PMCID: PMC8320228 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional pig housing and management conditions are associated with gastrointestinal pathophysiology and disease susceptibility in early life. Developing new strategies to reduce both therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic use is urgent for the sustainable swine production globally. To this end, housing methodology providing effective environmental enrichment could be a promising alternative approach to reduce antibiotic usage, as it has been proven to positively influence pig welfare and immune status and reduce susceptibility to infections. It is, however, poorly understood how this enriched housing affects systemic and local pulmonary immune status and gut microbiota colonization during early life. In the present study, we compared the effects of two housing conditions, i.e., conventional housing: (CH) versus enriched housing (EH), on immune status and gut microbiota from birth until 61 days of age. RESULTS The expected benefits of enrichment on pig welfare were confirmed as EH pigs showed more positive behaviour, less aggression behaviour during the weaning transition and better human animal relation during the post weaning phase. Regarding the pigs' immune status, EH pigs had higher values of haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume in haematological profiles and higher percentages of T cells and cytotoxic T cells in peripheral blood. Furthermore, EH pigs showed higher ex vivo secretion of IL1ß and TNF-α after lipopolysaccharide stimulation of whole blood than CH pigs. The structure of the developing faecal microbiota of CH and EH pigs significantly differed as early as day 12 with an increase in the relative abundance of several bacterial groups known to be involved in the production of short chain fatty acids, such as Prevotella_2, Christensenellaceae_R_7_group and Ruminococcus gauvreauii group. Furthermore, the main difference between both housing conditions post weaning was that on day 61, CH pigs had significantly larger inter-individual variation of ileal and colonic microbiota than EH pigs. In addition to housing, other intrinsic factors (e.g., sex) were associated with gut microbiota development and immune competence. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the known welfare benefits for pigs, environmentally enriched housing also positively drives important aspects of the development of the immune system and the establishment of gut microbiota in early life. Consequently, EH may contribute to increasing productivity of pigs and reducing antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifang Wen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Dixhoorn
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Woelders
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna M. J. Rebel
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Owens CE, Huffard HG, Nin-Velez AI, Duncan J, Teets CL, Daniels KM, Ealy AD, James RE, Knowlton KF, Cockrum RR. Microbiomes of Various Maternal Body Systems Are Predictive of Calf Digestive Bacterial Ecology. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082210. [PMID: 34438668 PMCID: PMC8388428 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Body systems once thought sterile at birth instead have complex and sometimes abundant microbial ecosystems. However, relationships between dam and calf microbial ecosystems are still unclear. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the various maternal and calf microbiomes during peri-partum and post-partum periods and (2) examine the influence of the maternal microbiome on calf fecal microbiome composition during the pre-weaning phase. Multiparous Holstein cows were placed in individual, freshly bedded box stalls 14 d before expected calving. Caudal vaginal fluid samples were collected approximately 24 h before calving and dam fecal, oral, colostrum, and placenta samples were collected immediately after calving. Calf fecal samples were collected at birth (meconium) and 24 h, 7 d, 42 d, and 60 d of age. Amplicons covering V4 16S rDNA regions were generated using DNA extracted from all samples and were sequenced using 300 bp paired end Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Spearman rank correlations were performed between genera in maternal and calf fecal microbiomes. Negative binomial regression models were created for genera in calf fecal samples at each time point using genera in maternal microbiomes. We determined that Bacteroidetes dominated the calf fecal microbiome at all time points (relative abundance ≥42.55%) except for 24 h post-calving, whereas Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum (relative abundance = 85.10%). Maternal fecal, oral, placental, vaginal, and colostrum microbiomes were significant predictors of calf fecal microbiome throughout pre-weaning. Results indicate that calf fecal microbiome inoculation and development may be derived from various maternal sources. Maternal microbiomes could be used to predict calf microbiome development, but further research on the environmental and genetic influences is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor E. Owens
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.E.O.); (H.G.H.); (A.I.N.-V.); (J.D.); (C.L.T.); (K.M.D.); (R.E.J.); (K.F.K.)
| | - Haley G. Huffard
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.E.O.); (H.G.H.); (A.I.N.-V.); (J.D.); (C.L.T.); (K.M.D.); (R.E.J.); (K.F.K.)
| | - Alexandra I. Nin-Velez
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.E.O.); (H.G.H.); (A.I.N.-V.); (J.D.); (C.L.T.); (K.M.D.); (R.E.J.); (K.F.K.)
| | - Jane Duncan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.E.O.); (H.G.H.); (A.I.N.-V.); (J.D.); (C.L.T.); (K.M.D.); (R.E.J.); (K.F.K.)
| | - Chrissy L. Teets
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.E.O.); (H.G.H.); (A.I.N.-V.); (J.D.); (C.L.T.); (K.M.D.); (R.E.J.); (K.F.K.)
| | - Kristy M. Daniels
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.E.O.); (H.G.H.); (A.I.N.-V.); (J.D.); (C.L.T.); (K.M.D.); (R.E.J.); (K.F.K.)
| | - Alan D. Ealy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Robert E. James
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.E.O.); (H.G.H.); (A.I.N.-V.); (J.D.); (C.L.T.); (K.M.D.); (R.E.J.); (K.F.K.)
| | - Katharine F. Knowlton
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.E.O.); (H.G.H.); (A.I.N.-V.); (J.D.); (C.L.T.); (K.M.D.); (R.E.J.); (K.F.K.)
| | - Rebecca R. Cockrum
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.E.O.); (H.G.H.); (A.I.N.-V.); (J.D.); (C.L.T.); (K.M.D.); (R.E.J.); (K.F.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-540-231-1568
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Supplementation of Lactobacillus early in life alters attention bias to threat in piglets. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10130. [PMID: 33980959 PMCID: PMC8115133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes play an important role in regulating brain processes and influence behaviour, cognition and emotional states in humans and rodents. Nevertheless, it is not known how ingestion of beneficial microbes modulates emotional states in piglets and whether it can improve welfare. Here we use an attention bias task to assess the effects of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC-PTA-6475 and Lactobacillus plantarum L1-6 supplementation early in life on emotional states in 33 piglets compared to 31 placebo supplemented piglets. We hypothesized that Lactobacillus supplementation would reduce vigilance behaviour (head at shoulder height or higher) and attention (head oriented towards the threat) in response to an auditory threat. The results showed that the control group increased vigilance behaviour in response to the threat, but there was no increase in the probiotics group. Despite the increased vigilance, the control group paid less attention to the threat. One explanation may be that control piglets avoided looking in the direction of the threat just because they perceived it as more threatening, but further research is necessary to confirm this. In conclusion, Lactobacillus supplementation may be a suitable tool to reduce anxiety, promote a more appropriate response to a challenge and so improve welfare.
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Luise D, Le Sciellour M, Buchet A, Resmond R, Clement C, Rossignol MN, Jardet D, Zemb O, Belloc C, Merlot E. The fecal microbiota of piglets during weaning transition and its association with piglet growth across various farm environments. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250655. [PMID: 33905437 PMCID: PMC8078812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the fecal microbiota from piglets reared in different living environments during the weaning transition, and presents the characteristics of microbiota associated with good growth of piglets after weaning. Fecal samples were collected pre- (d26) and post-weaning (d35) from 288 male piglets in 16 conventional indoor commercial farms located in the West of France. The changes one week after weaning on the most abundant microbial families was roughly the same in all farms: alpha diversity increased, the relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae (-61%), Christensenellaceae (-35%), Enterobacteriaceae (-42%), and Clostridiaceae (-32%) decreased, while the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae (+143%) and Lachnospiraceae (+21%) increased. Among all the collected samples, four enterotypes that were ubiquitous in all farms were identified. They could be discriminated by their respective relative abundances of Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, and Lachnospira, and likely corresponded to a gradual maturational shift from pre- to post-weaning microbiota. The rearing environment influenced the frequency of enterotypes, as well as the relative abundance of 6 families at d26 (including Christensenellaceae and Lactobacillaceae), and of 21 families at d35. In all farms, piglets showing the highest relative growth rate during the first three weeks after weaning, which were characterized as more robust, had a higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria, and showed a greater increase in Prevotella, Coprococcus, and Lachnospira in the post-weaning period. This study revealed the presence of ubiquitous enterotypes among the farms of this study, reflecting maturational stages of microbiota from a young suckling to an older cereal-eating profile. Despite significant variation in the microbial profile between farms, piglets whose growth after weaning was less disrupted were, those who had reached the more mature phenotype characterized by Prevotella the fastest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Agricultural, Environmental, Food Science and Technology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Arnaud Buchet
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, Saint Gilles, France
- Cooperl Arc Atlantique, Lamballe, France
| | - Rémi Resmond
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, Saint Gilles, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elodie Merlot
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, Saint Gilles, France
- * E-mail:
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Cappelli K, Sabino M, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Acuti G, Capomaccio S, Menghini L, Verini-Supplizi A. Differential Effects of Dietary Oregano Essential Oil on the Inflammation Related Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells From Outdoor and Indoor Reared Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:602811. [PMID: 33718464 PMCID: PMC7946822 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.602811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive farming systems represent a stressful environment for pigs and negatively influence neuroendocrine functions, behavior, and performance. Outdoor farming is an alternative option, which is thought to imply several beneficial effects for the animal. Dietary essential oils are known to be an innovative strategy to improve pig health and performance, and oregano essential oil (ORE) possesses beneficial effects due to its antimicrobial, anti-fungal, and antioxidant properties. We tested the effect of dietary ORE on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 36 growing pigs, either reared under indoor or outdoor conditions. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was used to evaluate the effect of diet (control vs. ORE) and the time of sampling (T1-120 days vs. T2-190 days) on the expression of inflammatory and immune-related genes (TNF, IL1β, IL8, IL18, IL10, IL1RN, STAT3, HSP90, ICAM-1, and NFKB1). Under outdoor condition, the majority of transcripts were upregulated (p < 0.05), assuming a general inflammatory status (TNF, HSP90, NFKB1, IL1β, and STAT3). However, an interaction between diet and the farming system was observed: HSP90, NFKB1, and STAT3 were downregulated (p < 0.05) in the outdoor reared pigs when fed the ORE diet. Our study showed that bioactive compounds of ORE exert their activity, especially when the animals are exposed to stressful stimuli. Dietary ORE can be an acceptable strategy to help pigs tolerate the stress related to the harsh, outdoor, rearing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcella Sabino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Acuti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Capomaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Choudhury R, Middelkoop A, de Souza JG, van Veen LA, Gerrits WJJ, Kemp B, Bolhuis JE, Kleerebezem M. Impact of early-life feeding on local intestinal microbiota and digestive system development in piglets. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4213. [PMID: 33603087 PMCID: PMC7892833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life gut microbial colonisation is known to influence host physiology and development, shaping its phenotype. The developing gastro-intestinal tract of neonatal piglets provides a "window of opportunity" for programming their intestinal microbiota composition and corresponding intestinal development. Here, we investigated the impact of early feeding on jejunum and colon microbiota composition, and intestinal maturation in suckling piglets. From two days of age, early-fed (EF; n = 6 litters) piglets had access to solid feed containing a mixture of fibres till weaning (day29) in addition to sow's milk, whereas the control (CON; n = 6 litters) piglets exclusively fed on sow's milk. Early feeding elicited a significant impact on the colon microbiota, whereas no such effect was seen in the jejunal and ileal microbiota. Quantified eating behavioural scores could significantly explain the variation in microbiota composition of EF piglets and support their classification into good, moderate, and bad eaters. Members of the Lachnospiraceae family, and the genera Eubacterium, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus were quantitatively associated with eating scores. EF piglets were found to have a decreased pH in caecum and colon, which coincided with increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. Moreover, they also had increased weights and lengths of several intestinal tract segments, as well as a decreased villus-crypt ratio in jejunal mucosa and an increased abundance of proliferative cells in colon mucosa. The approaches in this study indicate that early feeding of a mixed-fibre (pre-weaning) diet changes the microbiota composition, pH, and fermentation products in the distal gut of piglets, while it also alters both macroscopic and microscopic intestinal measurements. These results exemplify the potential of early feeding to modulate intestinal development in young piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Choudhury
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Middelkoop
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J G de Souza
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L A van Veen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J E Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Kleerebezem
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Trevisi P, Luise D, Correa F, Bosi P. Timely Control of Gastrointestinal Eubiosis: A Strategic Pillar of Pig Health. Microorganisms 2021; 9:313. [PMID: 33546450 PMCID: PMC7913656 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an open ecosystem in which microorganisms and their host are mutually involved and continually adapt to different factors and problems which may or may not be host dependent or due to the production system. The aim of the present review is to highlight the factors affecting the GIT microbial balance in young pigs, focusing on the pre- and post-weaning phases, to define a road map for improving pig health and the production efficiency of the food chain. Birth and weaning body weight, physiological maturation, colostrum and milk (composition and intake), genetic background, environmental stressors and management practices, antibiotic use and diet composition are considered. Overall, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect that some factors, including weaning age, the use of creep feed, the composition of the colostrum and milk and the use of antibiotics, may have on the gut microbiome of piglets. Furthermore, the information on the gut microbiome of piglets is mainly based on the taxonomy description, while there is a lack of knowledge regarding the functional modification of the microbiota, essential for the exploitation of microbiota potential for modulating pig physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.L.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
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Astaxanthin Alleviates Ochratoxin A-Induced Cecum Injury and Inflammation in Mice by Regulating the Diversity of Cecal Microbiota and TLR4/MyD88/NF- κB Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8894491. [PMID: 33505592 PMCID: PMC7806395 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8894491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common environmental pollutant found in a variety of foods and grains, and excessive OTA consumption causes serious global health effects on animals and humans. Astaxanthin (AST) is a natural carotenoid that has anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antidiabetes, and other biological activities. The present study is aimed at investigating the effects of AST on OTA-induced cecum injury and its mechanism of action. Eighty C57 mice were randomly divided into four groups, including the control group, OTA group (5 mg/kg body weight), AST group (100 mg/kg body weight), and AST intervention group (100 mg/kg body weight AST+5 mg/kg body weight OTA). It was found that AST decreased the endotoxin content, effectively prevented the shortening of mouse cecum villi, and increased the expression levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins, consisting of occludin, claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). AST increased the number of goblet cells, the contents of mucin-2 (MUC2), and defensins (Defa5 and β-pD2) significantly, while the expression of mucin-1 (MUC1) decreased significantly. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that AST affected the richness and diversity of cecum flora, decreased the proportion of lactobacillus, and also decreased the contents of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (acetate and butyrate). In addition, AST significantly decreased the expression of TLR4, MyD88, and p-p65, while increasing the expression of p65. Meanwhile, the expression of inflammatory factors including TNF-α and INF-γ decreased, while the expression of IL-10 increased. In conclusion, AST reduced OTA-induced cecum injury by regulating the cecum barrier function and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Supplementation of postbiotic RI11 improves antioxidant enzyme activity, upregulated gut barrier genes, and reduced cytokine, acute phase protein, and heat shock protein 70 gene expression levels in heat-stressed broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100908. [PMID: 33518339 PMCID: PMC7936158 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the impacts of feeding different levels of postbiotic RI11 on antioxidant enzyme activity, physiological stress indicators, and cytokine and gut barrier gene expression in broilers under heat stress. A total of 252 male broilers Cobb 500 were allocated in cages in environmentally controlled chambers. All the broilers received the same basal diet from 1 to 21 d. On day 22, the broilers were weighed and grouped into 7 treatment groups and exhibited to cyclic high temperature at 36 ± 1°C for 3 h per day until the end of the experiment. From day 22 to 42, broilers were fed with one of the 7 following diets: negative control, basal diet (0.0% RI11) (NC group); positive control, NC diet + 0.02% (w/w) oxytetracycline (OTC group); antioxidant control, NC diet + 0.02% (w/w) ascorbic acid. The other 4 other groups were as follows: NC diet + 0.2% cell-free supernatant (postbiotic RI11) (v/w), NC diet + 0.4% cell-free supernatant (postbiotic RI11) (v/w), NC diet + 0.6% cell-free supernatant (postbiotic RI11) (v/w), and NC diet + 0.8% cell-free supernatant (postbiotic RI11) (v/w). Supplementation of different levels (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%) of postbiotic RI11 increased plasma glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione enzyme activity. Postbiotic RI11 groups particularly at levels of 0.4 and 0.6% upregulated the mRNA expression of IL-10 and downregulated the IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, heat shock protein 70, and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein levels compared with the NC and OTC groups. Feeding postbiotic RI11, particularly at the level of 0.6%, upregulated ileum zonula occludens-1 and mucin 2 mRNA expressions. However, no difference was observed in ileum claudin 1, ceruloplasmin, IL-6, IL-2, and interferon expression, but downregulation of occludin expression was observed as compared with the NC group. Supplementation of postbiotic RI11 at different levels quadratically increased plasma glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione, IL-10, mucin 2, and zonula occludens-1 mRNA expression and reduced plasma IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and heat shock protein 70 mRNA expression. The results suggested that postbiotics produced from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RI11 especially at the level of 0.6% (v/w) could be used as an alternative to antibiotics and natural sources of antioxidants in poultry feeding.
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Beaumont M, Cauquil L, Bertide A, Ahn I, Barilly C, Gil L, Canlet C, Zemb O, Pascal G, Samson A, Combes S. Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite Signature in Suckling and Weaned Piglets. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:982-994. [PMID: 33289566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in intestinal development at the suckling-to-weaning transition. The objective of this study was to analyze the production of metabolites by the gut microbiota in suckling and weaned piglets. We studied piglets raised in two separate maternity farms and weaned at postnatal day 21 in the same farm. The fecal metabolome (1H nuclear magnetic resonance) and the microbiota composition (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and its predicted functions (PICRUSt2) were analyzed in the same piglets during the suckling period (postnatal day 13) and 2 days after weaning (postnatal day 23). The relative concentrations of the bacterial metabolites methylamine, dimethylamine, cadaverine, tyramine, putrescine, 5-aminovalerate, succinate, and 3-(4-hydroxyphenylpropionate) were higher during the suckling period than after weaning. In contrast, the relative concentrations of the short-chain fatty acids acetate and propionate were higher after weaning than during the suckling period. The maternity of origin of piglets also influenced the level of some bacterial metabolites (propionate and isobutyrate). The fecal metabolome signatures observed in suckling and weaned piglets were associated with specific microbiota-predicted functionalities, structure, and diversity. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites, which are differentially abundant between suckling and weaned piglets (e.g., short-chain fatty acids and biogenic amines), are known to regulate gut health. Thus, identification of metabolome signatures in suckling and weaned piglets paves the way for the development of health-promoting nutritional strategies, targeting the production of bacterial metabolites in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Cauquil
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Allan Bertide
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.,Neovia-ADM, Rue de l'Eglise, 02402 Château-Thierry Cedex, France
| | - Ingrid Ahn
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Céline Barilly
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lisa Gil
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRAE, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Canlet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Zemb
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Géraldine Pascal
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Arnaud Samson
- Neovia-ADM, Rue de l'Eglise, 02402 Château-Thierry Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Combes
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Deng B, Wu J, Li X, Zhang C, Men X, Xu Z. Effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, serum parameters, digestive enzyme, intestinal morphology, and colonic microbiota in piglets. AMB Express 2020; 10:212. [PMID: 33263814 PMCID: PMC7710768 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, serum parameters, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology, and colonic microbiota in piglets. A total of 72 piglets were weighed and randomly allotted into three treatments (four replication pens per treatment with six piglets/pen) for a 28-day experiment. The dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet (control group, CTR), basal diet supplementation with antibiotic (antibiotic group, ABT), and basal diet supplementation with 0.1% Bacillus subtilis (probiotic group, PBT). The average daily gain of body weight increased in both the ABT and PBT groups, and dietary antibiotics decreased the feed:gain ratio (F:G), as compared to the CTR group (P < 0.05). Both ABT and PBT piglets had increased serum triglycerides and lipase, amylase, maltase activities and villus height:crypt depth ratio (V/C) in ileum (P < 0.05). The PBT group also showed an increase in serum glucose and villus height in the ileum (P < 0.05). Dietary antibiotics increased Lactobacillus johnsonii, as compared to the CTR group, but decreased bacterial diversity and increased Escherichia coli, as compared to the PBT group (P < 0.05). Piglets dietary with B. subtilis modulated the microbiota by increasing the abundance of Firmicutes (L. johnsonii, L. reuteri) and decreasing the abundance of E. coli, as compared to the control group (P < 0.05). These results indicate that dietary of B. subtilis improves growth performance and intestinal health and can be a promising alternative to antibiotics in piglets diet.
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