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Jallah BP, Kuypers DRJ. Impact of Immunosenescence in Older Kidney Transplant Recipients: Associated Clinical Outcomes and Possible Risk Stratification for Immunosuppression Reduction. Drugs Aging 2024; 41:219-238. [PMID: 38386164 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-024-01100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The number of older individuals receiving a kidney transplant as replacement therapy has significantly increased in the past decades and this increase is expected to continue. Older patients have a lower rate of acute rejection but an increased incidence of death with a functioning graft. Several factors, including an increased incidence of infections, post-transplant malignancy and cardiovascular comorbidity and mortality, contribute to this increased risk. Notwithstanding, kidney transplantation is still the best form of kidney replacement therapy in all patients with chronic kidney disease, including in older individuals. The best form of immunosuppression and the optimal dose of these medications in older recipients remains a topic of discussion. Pharmacological studies have usually excluded older patients and when included, patients were highly selected and their numbers insignificant to draw a reasonable conclusion. The reduced incidence of acute rejection in older recipients has largely been attributed to immunosenescence. Immunosenescence refers to the aging of the innate and adaptive immunity, accumulating in phenotypic and functional changes. These changes influences the response of the immune system to new challenges. In older individuals, immunosenescence is associated with increased susceptibility to infectious pathogens, a decreased response after vaccinations, increased risk of malignancies and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic kidney disease is associated with premature immunosenescent changes, and these are independent of aging. The immunosenescent state is associated with low-grade sterile inflammation termed inflammaging. This chronic low-grade inflammation triggers a compensatory immunosuppressive state to avoid further tissue damage, leaving older individuals with chronic kidney disease in an immune-impaired state before kidney transplantation. Immunosuppression after transplantation may further enhance progression of this immunosenescent state. This review covers the role of immunosenescence in older kidney transplant recipients and it details present knowledge of the changes in chronic kidney disease and after transplantation. The impact of immunosuppression on the progression and complications of an immunosenescent state are discussed, and the future direction of a possible clinical implementation of immunosenescence to individualize/reduce immunosuppression in older recipients is laid out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borefore P Jallah
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospital Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk R J Kuypers
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospital Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Ginevičienė V, Pranckevičienė E, Kilaitė J, Mastavičiūtė A, Dadelienė R, Jamontaitė IE, Letukienė A, Ahmetov II, Alekna V. Bibliometric and scientometric analysis on biomarkers and molecular mechanisms for physical frailty and sarcopenia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1326764. [PMID: 38375321 PMCID: PMC10875138 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1326764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The influence of physical frailty and sarcopenia (PFS) on the well-being of older people and continuous pressure on the healthcare systems has prompted a research on the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms of these conditions. Nonetheless some biomarkers have been suggested as potential markers for PFS none of them have been shown to highlight the complex nature of PFS, which reveals that there is a need for an understanding of the possible biomarker candidates. The aim of this study was to identify the current research hotspots, status, and trends in the field of biomarkers and molecular mechanisms for PFS. Methods The bibliometric and scientometric analyses were performed using VOSviewer (version 1.6.18) and open source software platform Cytoscape v.3.9 (for visualizing and constructing a network of keywords). Data of publications (from 1997 to 2023) related to biomarkers and molecular mechanisms of PFS were obtained (in May 2023) from the database of Science Citation Index Expanded of Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The keywords obtained from the Scopus database were used to perform a meaningful keyword analysis. A network of keyword relationships was build using Cytoscape. Results In this study, we present biomarker keywords for PFS in relation to other keywords potentially designating processes and mechanisms and reveal the biomarker identities and current contexts in which these biomarker identities are discussed. Conclusions Over recent years, scientific interest in the field of PFS has increased and focused on the inflammatory process and probably will be concentrated on myokines (such as cytokines and small proteins) that are synthetized and released by skeletal muscles in response to physical activity. Moreover, proteomic and genetic markers are deeply involved in PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erinija Pranckevičienė
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Informatics, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Justina Kilaitė
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Clinic of Internal Diseases and Family Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Rūta Dadelienė
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Ildus I. Ahmetov
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Simon MS, Ioannou M, Arteaga-Henríquez G, Wijkhuijs A, Berghmans R, Musil R, Müller N, Drexhage HA. Premature T cell aging in major depression: A double hit by the state of disease and cytomegalovirus infection. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 29:100608. [PMID: 36909830 PMCID: PMC9995284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous research indicates that premature T cell senescence is a characteristic of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, known senescence inducing factors like cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection or, probably, childhood adversity (CA) have not been taken into consideration so far. Objective Differentiation and senescent characteristics of T cells of MDD patients were investigated in relation to healthy controls (HC), taking the CMV seropositivity and CA into account. Methods 127 MDD and 113 HC of the EU-MOODSTRATIFICATION cohort were analyzed. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis was performed to determine B, NK, and T cell frequencies. In a second FACS analysis, naïve, effector memory (Tem), central memory (Tcm), effector memory cells re-expressing RA (TEMRA), as well as CD28+ and CD27+ memory populations, were determined of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations in a subsample (N = 35 MDD and N = 36 HC). CMV-antibody state was measured by IgG ELISA and CA by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Results We detected a CMV-antibody positivity in 40% of MDD patients (35% HC, n. s.) with seropositive MDD cases showing a higher total childhood trauma score. Second, a higher inflation of memory CD4+ T helper cells in CMV seronegative patients as compared to seronegative HC and reduced numbers of naïve CD4+ T helper cells in CMV seropositive patients (not in CMV seropositive HC) were found. Third, a higher inflation of memory CD8+ T cytotoxic cells in CMV seropositive cases as compared to CMV seropositive HC, particularly of the TEMRA cells, became apparent. Higher percentages of CD4+ TEMRA and late stage CD27-CD28- TEMRA cells were similar in both HC and MDD with CMV seropositivity. Overall, apportioning of T cell subpopulations did not differ between CA positive vs negative cases. Conclusions MDD patients show several signs of a CMV independent "MDD specific" premature T cell aging, such as a CMV independent increase in CD4+ T memory cells and a latent naïve CD4 T-cell reduction and a latent CD8+ T-cell increase. However, these two latent T cell senescence abnormalities only become evident with CMV infection (double hit).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalini Ioannou
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713, GZ, Netherlands
| | - Gara Arteaga-Henríquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Annemarie Wijkhuijs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, GD, Netherlands
| | - Raf Berghmans
- Advanced Practical Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhout, 2300, Belgium
| | - Richard Musil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Hemmo A Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015, GD, Netherlands
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Langford BJ, So M, Simeonova M, Leung V, Lo J, Kan T, Raybardhan S, Sapin ME, Mponponsuo K, Farrell A, Leung E, Soucy JPR, Cassini A, MacFadden D, Daneman N, Bertagnolio S. Antimicrobial resistance in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e179-e191. [PMID: 36736332 PMCID: PMC9889096 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent use of antibiotics in patients with COVID-19 threatens to exacerbate antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to establish the prevalence and predictors of bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance in patients with COVID-19. METHODS We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of bacterial co-infections (identified within ≤48 h of presentation) and secondary infections (>48 h after presentation) in outpatients or hospitalised patients with COVID-19. We searched the WHO COVID-19 Research Database to identify cohort studies, case series, case-control trials, and randomised controlled trials with populations of at least 50 patients published in any language between Jan 1, 2019, and Dec 1, 2021. Reviews, editorials, letters, pre-prints, and conference proceedings were excluded, as were studies in which bacterial infection was not microbiologically confirmed (or confirmed via nasopharyngeal swab only). We screened titles and abstracts of papers identified by our search, and then assessed the full text of potentially relevant articles. We reported the pooled prevalence of bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance by doing a random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression. Our primary outcomes were the prevalence of bacterial co-infection and secondary infection, and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens among patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and bacterial infections. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021297344). FINDINGS We included 148 studies of 362 976 patients, which were done between December, 2019, and May, 2021. The prevalence of bacterial co-infection was 5·3% (95% CI 3·8-7·4), whereas the prevalence of secondary bacterial infection was 18·4% (14·0-23·7). 42 (28%) studies included comprehensive data for the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial infections. Among people with bacterial infections, the proportion of infections that were resistant to antimicrobials was 60·8% (95% CI 38·6-79·3), and the proportion of isolates that were resistant was 37·5% (26·9-49·5). Heterogeneity in the reported prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in organisms was substantial (I2=95%). INTERPRETATION Although infrequently assessed, antimicrobial resistance is highly prevalent in patients with COVID-19 and bacterial infections. Future research and surveillance assessing the effect of COVID-19 on antimicrobial resistance at the patient and population level are urgently needed. FUNDING WHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Langford
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Miranda So
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Valerie Leung
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto East Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Lo
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiffany Kan
- North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mia E Sapin
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kwadwo Mponponsuo
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth Leung
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, UK
| | - Jean-Paul R Soucy
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Derek MacFadden
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nick Daneman
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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de Castro MV, Silva MVR, Naslavsky MS, Scliar MO, Nunes K, Passos-Bueno MR, Castelli EC, Magawa JY, Adami FL, Moretti AIS, de Oliveira VL, Boscardin SB, Cunha-Neto E, Kalil J, Jouanguy E, Bastard P, Casanova JL, Quiñones-Vega M, Sosa-Acosta P, Guedes JDS, de Almeida NP, Nogueira FCS, Domont GB, Santos KS, Zatz M. The oldest unvaccinated Covid-19 survivors in South America. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:57. [PMID: 36384671 PMCID: PMC9666972 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although older adults are at a high risk of severe or critical Covid-19, there are many cases of unvaccinated centenarians who had a silent infection or recovered from mild or moderate Covid-19. We studied three Brazilian supercentenarians, older than 110 years, who survived Covid-19 in 2020 before being vaccinated. RESULTS Despite their advanced age, humoral immune response analysis showed that these individuals displayed robust levels of IgG and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2. Enrichment of plasma proteins and metabolites related to innate immune response and host defense was also observed. None presented autoantibodies (auto-Abs) to type I interferon (IFN). Furthermore, these supercentenarians do not carry rare variants in genes underlying the known inborn errors of immunity, including particular inborn errors of type I IFN. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that their Covid-19 resilience might be a combination of their genetic background and their innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus V de Castro
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monize V R Silva
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michel S Naslavsky
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia O Scliar
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly Nunes
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erick C Castelli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jhosiene Y Magawa
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), LIM19, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia L Adami
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting to Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana I S Moretti
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), LIM19, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian L de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), LIM19, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia B Boscardin
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting to Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), LIM19, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Paul Bastard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mauricio Quiñones-Vega
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Proteomics (LabProt), Institute of Chemistry, LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Sosa-Acosta
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Proteomics (LabProt), Institute of Chemistry, LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jéssica de S Guedes
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Proteomics (LabProt), Institute of Chemistry, LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália P de Almeida
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Proteomics (LabProt), Institute of Chemistry, LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio C S Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Proteomics (LabProt), Institute of Chemistry, LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Keity S Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), LIM19, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Akbarzadeh MA, Hosseini MS. Is COVID-19 really a geriatric syndrome? Ageing Res Rev 2022; 79:101657. [PMID: 35640838 PMCID: PMC9148424 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Geriatric syndromes are a group of medical conditions, such as cognitive impairment, delirium, frailty, dizziness, syncope, and incontinence, associated with age increase. Many studies have reported a higher mortality rate for older COVID-19 patients, which could be explained by the complications of COVID-19, including the components of geriatric syndromes. We read with great interest the paper "Prevalence of unwillingness and uncertainty to vaccinate against COVID-19 in older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis" by Nicola Veronese et al. Their valuable work determines how uncertainty and unwillingness towards receiving the COVID-19 vaccine are more prevalent among older adults and how this hesitancy could affect vaccine uptake, and ultimately, the mortality rate. Regarding this paper, we wish to address some points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Akbarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Iranian Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) Centre, Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Salar Hosseini
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Iranian Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) Centre, Joanna Briggs Institute Affiliated Group, Tabriz, Iran,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Correspondence to: Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, Postal code 5166/15731, EA, Iran
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Sorrenti V, Benedetti F, Buriani A, Fortinguerra S, Caudullo G, Davinelli S, Zella D, Scapagnini G. Immunomodulatory and Antiaging Mechanisms of Resveratrol, Rapamycin, and Metformin: Focus on mTOR and AMPK Signaling Networks. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080912. [PMID: 35893737 PMCID: PMC9394378 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging results from the progressive dysregulation of several molecular pathways and mTOR and AMPK signaling have been suggested to play a role in the complex changes in key biological networks involved in cellular senescence. Moreover, multiple factors, including poor nutritional balance, drive immunosenescence progression, one of the meaningful aspects of aging. Unsurprisingly, nutraceutical and pharmacological interventions could help maintain an optimal biological response by providing essential bioactive micronutrients required for the development, maintenance, and the expression of the immune response at all stages of life. In this regard, many studies have provided evidence of potential antiaging properties of resveratrol, as well as rapamycin and metformin. Indeed, in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated for these molecules a number of positive effects associated with healthy aging. The current review focuses on the mechanisms of action of these three important compounds and their suggested use for the clinical treatment of immunosenescence and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorrenti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo Egidio Meneghetti, 2, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Bendessere® Study Center, Via Prima Strada 23/3, 35129 Padova, Italy;
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (D.Z.); (G.S.)
| | - Francesca Benedetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandro Buriani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Giada Caudullo
- Bendessere® Study Center, Via Prima Strada 23/3, 35129 Padova, Italy;
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Davide Zella
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (D.Z.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (D.Z.); (G.S.)
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8
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Tarcsai KR, Corolciuc O, Tordai A, Ongrádi J. SARS-CoV-2 infection in HIV-infected patients: potential role in the high mutational load of the Omicron variant emerging in South Africa. GeroScience 2022; 44:2337-2345. [PMID: 35739343 PMCID: PMC9225796 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 named Omicron (B.1.1.529) was isolated from an HIV-infected patient in Botswana, South Africa, in November 2021. Whole genome sequencing revealed a multitude of mutations and its relationship to the mutation-rich Alpha variant that had been isolated from a cancer patient. It is conceivable that very high prevalence of HIV-infected individuals as susceptible hosts in South Africa and their immunocompromised state may predispose for accumulation of coronavirus mutations. Coronaviruses uniquely code for an N-terminal 3' to 5'exonuclease (ExoN, nsp14) that removes mismatched nucleotides paired by the RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Its activity depends preferably on Mg2+ and other divalent cations (manganese, cobalt and zinc). On the contrary, methyl transferase activity of non-structural protein (nsp) 14 and nsp16 both complexed with nsp10 requires Mn2+. Enzymes in successive stages of HIV infections require the same cations. In HIV-infected organisms, a subsequent coronavirus infection encounters with altered homeostasis of the body including relative starvation of divalent cations induced by interleukin production of HIV-infected cells. It is hypothesized that selective diminished efficacy of ExoN in the absence of sufficient amount of magnesium may result in the accumulation of mutations. Unusual mutations and recombinations of heterologous viruses detected in AIDS patients also suggest that long-lasting persistence of superinfecting viruses may also contribute to the selection of genetic variants. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors partially restore divalent cations' equilibrium. As a practical approach, implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy against HIV replication and vaccination against coronaviruses may be a successful strategy to reduce the risk of selection of similar mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Réka Tarcsai
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Oliga Corolciuc
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Department of Transfusion Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary
| | - Attila Tordai
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Department of Transfusion Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary
| | - József Ongrádi
- grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Department of Transfusion Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary ,grid.11804.3c0000 0001 0942 9821Institute of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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The 90 plus: longevity and COVID-19 survival. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1936-1944. [PMID: 35136227 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The world population is getting older and studies aiming to enhance our comprehension of the underlying mechanisms responsible for health span are of utmost interest for longevity and as a measure for health care. In this review, we summarized previous genetic association studies (GWAS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of elderly cohorts. We also present the updated hypothesis for the aging process, together with the factors associated with healthy aging. We discuss the relevance of studying older individuals and build databanks to characterize the presence and resistance against late-onset disorders. The identification of about 2 million novel variants in our cohort of more than 1000 elderly Brazilians illustrates the importance of studying highly admixed populations of non-European ancestry. Finally, the ascertainment of nonagenarians and particularly of centenarians who were recovered from COVID-19 or remained asymptomatic opens new avenues of research aiming to enhance our comprehension of biological mechanisms associated with resistance against pathogens.
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10
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Sabbagh B, Seijari MN, Albuni MK, Barakat M, Alfitori GB. Varicella-Zoster meningitis with normal CSF cellularity: a rare case report. IDCases 2022; 28:e01484. [PMID: 35392597 PMCID: PMC8980618 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) meningitis is a one of the manifestations of VZV reactivation which usually presents with fever, headache, and is sometimes preceded by a dermatomal vesicular rash. CSF analysis is the cornerstone investigation in helping to identify the causative organism or in orienting the physician toward a possible agent. CSF analysis in Viral meningitis usually reveals lymphocytic pleocytosis. However, normal CSF analysis with viral meningitis -despite being rare- has been reported especially with bacterial causes. Therefore, a first CSF puncture cannot rule out infection and a second one might be warranted if there is still high suspicion of viral meningitis with no diagnosis made by PCR. Here we present a case of an 89-year-old female who had signs and symptoms of meningitis with normal CSF analysis. However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive for VZV. The patient was treated accordingly, and she recovered fully.
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11
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Salem MA, Aborehab NM, Al-Karmalawy AA, Fernie AR, Alseekh S, Ezzat SM. Potential Valorization of Edible Nuts By-Products: Exploring the Immune-Modulatory and Antioxidants Effects of Selected Nut Shells Extracts in Relation to Their Metabolic Profiles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030462. [PMID: 35326112 PMCID: PMC8944461 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a potent army that defends our body against various infections and diseases through innate and adaptive immunity. Herbal medicine is one of the essential sources for enhancing immunity because of affordability, availability, minor side effects, and consumers’ preferences. Hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds, and peanuts are among the most widespread edible nuts that are rich in phenolics, fats, fibers, vitamins, proteins, and minerals. The potential of nut shells in phytoremediation has attracted increasing attention as a sustainable solution for waste recycling. Here, we determined the in vitro immune-modulatory activity as well as the metabolite profile of the four nut shell extracts. The addition of the extracts to LPS-stimulated macrophages, especially peanut and walnut shells, has downregulated the gene expression of AP-1, TNF-α, IL-8, iNOS, and COX-2 expression levels. Significant antioxidant capabilities and immune-modulatory effects have been traced for peanut shells. UPLC-MS metabolic profiling of the four nut shell extracts allowed the detection of a relatively high level of phenolic compounds in peanut shells. Intriguingly, a significant correlation between the antioxidant capacity and the total phenolic content was found, indicating the contribution of the phenolic compounds to the antioxidant properties and hence the immune-modulatory activity. Furthermore, molecular docking and structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed kaempferol rutinoside and proanthocyanidin A5’ as potential iNOS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr St., Shibin Elkom 32511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (S.A.); Tel.: +20-1032927063 (M.A.S.); +49-331-567-8211 (S.A.)
| | - Nora M. Aborehab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 12451, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt;
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (S.A.); Tel.: +20-1032927063 (M.A.S.); +49-331-567-8211 (S.A.)
| | - Shahira M. Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 12451, Egypt
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12
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Mahmoodpoor A, Sanaie S, Roudbari F, Sabzevari T, Sohrabifar N, Kazeminasab S. Understanding the role of telomere attrition and epigenetic signatures in COVID-19 severity. Gene 2022; 811:146069. [PMID: 34848322 PMCID: PMC8634871 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Within the past several decades, the emergence and spread of infectious diseases with pandemic potential have endangered human lives. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak represents an unprecedented threat for all health systems worldwide. The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 is highly heterogeneous, ranging from asymptomatic and mild upper respiratory tract illness to severe interstitial pneumonia with respiratory failure and even death. Highly age-dependent patterns of immune response potentially explain the higher rates of the severe forms of COVID-19 in elderly patients. However, genetic and epigenetic architecture can influence multiple biological processes during the lifespan, therefore as far as our knowledge shows, vulnerability to viral infection concerning telomere length and epigenetic signature is not a new idea. This review aims is to summarize the current understanding of the role of telomere length and epigenetic mechanisms on the severity of COVID-19. The current knowledge highlights the significant association between the shorter telomere length and the higher risk of developing severe COVID-19. Differential DNA methylation patterns and miRNA expression profiles imply that these hallmarks can play a pivotal role in COVID- 19 pathogenesis. Understanding the causes of inter-individual variations in COVID-19 outcomes could provide clues to the development of the personalized therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Neurosciences Research center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Tara Sabzevari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Sohrabifar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Kazeminasab
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research Vice-Chancellor, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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13
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Identification of the robust predictor for sepsis based on clustering analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2336. [PMID: 35149759 PMCID: PMC8837750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening disorder with high incidence and mortality rate. However, the early detection of sepsis is challenging due to lack of specific marker and various etiology. This study aimed to identify robust risk factors for sepsis via cluster analysis. The integrative task of the automatic platform (i.e., electronic medical record) and the expert domain was performed to compile clinical and medical information for 2,490 sepsis patients and 16,916 health check-up participants. The subjects were categorized into 3 and 4 groups based on seven clinical and laboratory markers (Age, WBC, NLR, Hb, PLT, DNI, and MPXI) by K-means clustering. Logistic regression model was performed for all subjects including healthy control and sepsis patients, and cluster-specific cases, separately, to identify sepsis-related features. White blood cell (WBC), well-known parameter for sepsis, exhibited the insignificant association with the sepsis status in old age clusters (K3C3 and K4C3). Besides, NLR and DNI were the robust predictors in all subjects as well as three or four cluster-specific subjects including K3C3 or K4C3. We implemented the cluster-analysis for real-world hospital data to identify the robust predictors for sepsis, which could contribute to screen likely overlooked and potential sepsis patients (e.g., sepsis patients without WBC count elevation).
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14
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Why Does the Severity of COVID-19 Differ With Age?: Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying the Age Gradient in Outcome Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:e36-e45. [PMID: 34966142 PMCID: PMC8740029 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although there are many hypotheses for the age-related difference in the severity of COVID-19, differences in innate, adaptive and heterologous immunity, together with differences in endothelial and clotting function, are the most likely mechanisms underlying the marked age gradient. Children have a faster and stronger innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2, especially in the nasal mucosa, which rapidly controls the virus. In contrast, adults can have an overactive, dysregulated and less effective innate response that leads to uncontrolled pro-inflammatory cytokine production and tissue injury. More recent exposure to other viruses and routine vaccines in children might be associated with protective cross-reactive antibodies and T cells against SARS-CoV-2. There is less evidence to support other mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the age-related difference in outcome following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including pre-existing immunity from exposure to common circulating coronaviruses, differences in the distribution and expression of the entry receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2, and difference in viral load.
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15
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Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: Safe options for next-generation therapeutics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:505-521. [PMID: 35015145 PMCID: PMC8749913 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Probiotics have been considered as an economical and safe alternative for the treatment of a large number of chronic diseases and improvement of human health. They are known to modulate the host immunity and protect from several infectious and non-infectious diseases. The colonization, killing of pathogens and induction of host cells are few of the important probiotic attributes which affect several functions of the host. In addition, prebiotics and non-digestible food substances selectively promote the growth of probiotics and human health through nutrient enrichment, and modulation of gut microbiota and immune system. This review highlights the role of probiotics and prebiotics alone and in combination (synbiotics) in the modulation of immune system, treatment of infections, management of inflammatory bowel disease and cancer therapy. Key points • Probiotics and their derivatives against several human diseases. • Prebiotics feed probiotics and induce several functions in the host. • Discovery of novel and biosafe products needs attention for human health.
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16
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Langford BJ, So M, Leung V, Raybardhan S, Lo J, Kan T, Leung F, Westwood D, Daneman N, MacFadden DR, Soucy JPR. Predictors and microbiology of respiratory and bloodstream bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19: living rapid review update and meta-regression. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:491-501. [PMID: 34843962 PMCID: PMC8619885 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The prevalence of bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19 is low, however, empiric antibiotic use is high. Risk stratification may be needed to minimize unnecessary empiric antibiotic use. Objective To identify risk factors and microbiology associated with respiratory and bloodstream bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19. Data sources We searched MEDLINE, OVID Epub and EMBASE for published literature up to 5 February 2021. Study eligibility criteria Studies including at least 50 patients with COVID-19 in any healthcare setting. Methods We used a validated ten-item risk of bias tool for disease prevalence. The main outcome of interest was the proportion of COVID-19 patients with bloodstream and/or respiratory bacterial co-infection and secondary infection. We performed meta-regression to identify study population factors associated with bacterial infection including healthcare setting, age, comorbidities and COVID-19 medication. Results Out of 33 345 studies screened, 171 were included in the final analysis. Bacterial infection data were available from 171 262 patients. The prevalence of co-infection was 5.1% (95% CI 3.6–7.1%) and secondary infection was 13.1% (95% CI 9.8–17.2%). There was a higher odds of bacterial infection in studies with a higher proportion of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) (adjusted OR 18.8, 95% CI 6.5–54.8). Female sex was associated with a lower odds of secondary infection (adjusted OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55–0.97) but not co-infection (adjusted OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.80–1.37). The most common organisms isolated included Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci and Klebsiella species. Conclusions While the odds of respiratory and bloodstream bacterial infection are low in patients with COVID-19, meta-regression revealed potential risk factors for infection, including ICU setting and mechanical ventilation. The risk for secondary infection is substantially greater than the risk for co-infection in patients with COVID-19. Understanding predictors of co-infection and secondary infection may help to support improved antibiotic stewardship in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Langford
- Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; Hotel Dieu Shaver Health and Rehabilitation Centre, ON, Canada.
| | - Miranda So
- Sinai Health-University Health Network Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie Leung
- Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; Toronto East Health Network, Michael Garron Hospital, ON Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Lo
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, ON, Canada
| | - Tiffany Kan
- Toronto East Health Network, Michael Garron Hospital, ON Canada
| | | | | | - Nick Daneman
- Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada; ICES (formerly Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), ON Canada
| | | | - Jean-Paul R Soucy
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Zeevat F, Luttjeboer J, Paulissen JHJ, van der Schans J, Beutels P, Boersma C, Postma MJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Economically Justifiable Price of a Hypothetical RSV Vaccine for Older Adults in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. J Infect Dis 2021; 226:S102-S109. [PMID: 34522947 PMCID: PMC9374509 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In older adults, the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) resembles that of influenza and may even be considered worse due to the lack of preventive interventions. This study was performed to identify the available literature on RSV infection in older adults, and to provide updated exploratory results of the cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical RSV vaccine in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Methods A literature search was performed in Medline and EMBASE on 11 November 2019, which served as input for a static decision-tree model that was used to estimate the EJP, for an RSV vaccine applying different willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds. WTP thresholds applied were €20 000 and €50 000 per quality-adjusted life-year for the Netherlands, and £20 000 and £30 000 per quality-adjusted life-year for the United Kingdom. Analyses were—in line with country-specific guidelines—conducted from a societal perspective for the Netherlands and a third-party payer perspective for the United Kingdom. The robustness of the cost-effectiveness results was tested in sensitivity analysis. Results After screening the literature, 3 studies for the Netherlands and 6 for the United Kingdom remained to populate the country-specific models. In the base case analysis for the Netherlands (mean RSV incidence, 3.32%), justifiable vaccine prices of €16.38 and €50.03 were found, based on applying the lower and higher WTP thresholds, respectively. Similarly, for the United Kingdom (mean incidence, 7.13%), vaccine prices of £72.29 and £109.74 were found, respectively. Conclusion RSV vaccination may well be cost-effective in both the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, depending on the exact RSV incidence, vaccine effectiveness and price. However, sensitivity analysis showed that the results were robust based on varying the different parameter estimates and assumptions. With RSV vaccines reaching the final stages of development, a strong need exists for cost-effectiveness studies to understand economically justifiable pricing of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zeevat
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Luttjeboer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - J van der Schans
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - P Beutels
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Boersma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M J Postma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre, Groningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Khan SR, Chaker L, Ikram MA, Peeters RP, van Hagen PM, Dalm VASH. Determinants and Reference Ranges of Serum Immunoglobulins in Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals: a Population-Based Study. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1902-1914. [PMID: 34505230 PMCID: PMC8604889 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In clinical practice, currently one reference range for serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A, G, and M is applied to all adults, although various factors may influence Ig serum levels. Population-based data on determinants of IgA, IgG, and IgM and recommendations for subgroup specific reference ranges are lacking. We aimed to provide an overview of determinants of IgA, IgG, and IgM in community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly individuals and explore determinants that influence Ig reference ranges. Methods Within the Rotterdam Study, we performed linear regression analyses for the association of demographic, lifestyle, and cardiovascular factors with serum IgA, IgG, and IgM. We furthermore calculated Ig reference ranges (based on percentiles), both overall and within relevant subgroups. Results We included 8768 participants (median age 62 years). IgA and IgG increased non-linearly with higher age (P < .0001 for both). Women had lower IgA (beta: − 0.24; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: − 0.29; − 0.20) and IgG (beta: − 0.33; 95% CI: − 0.44; − 0.23), but higher IgM levels (beta: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.04;0.13) than men. Former and particularly current smoking were associated with lower IgA and IgG (betas between − 0.07 and − 1.03). Higher alcohol consumption was associated with lower IgG (beta for heavy drinking: − 0.70; 95% CI: − 0.91; − 0.48). Corticosteroid use was associated with lower IgG (beta: − 1.12; 95% CI: − 1.58; − 0.66). Associations with cardiovascular factors were heterogeneous and differed between sexes. Conclusion Age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, corticosteroid use, and cardiovascular factors are determinants that should be considered when interpreting serum Ig levels in middle-aged and elderly individuals and may require adjusted reference ranges. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10875-021-01120-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Raza Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin Patrick Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petrus Martinus van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Virgil Alain Silvester Hovestadt Dalm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. .,Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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19
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Schouten J, De Waele J, Lanckohr C, Koulenti D, Haddad N, Rizk N, Sjövall F, Kanj SS. Antimicrobial stewardship in the ICU in COVID times: the known unknowns. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 58:106409. [PMID: 34339777 PMCID: PMC8323503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been concern about the concomitant rise of antimicrobial resistance. While bacterial co-infections seem rare in COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital wards and intensive care units (ICUs), an increase in empirical antibiotic use has been described. In the ICU setting, where antibiotics are already abundantly—and often inappropriately—prescribed, the need for an ICU-specific antimicrobial stewardship programme is widely advocated. Apart from essentially warning against the use of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of a viral infection, other aspects of ICU antimicrobial stewardship need to be considered in view of the clinical course and characteristics of COVID-19. First, the distinction between infectious and non-infectious (inflammatory) causes of respiratory deterioration during an ICU stay is difficult, and the much-debated relevance of fungal and viral co-infections adds to the complexity of empirical antimicrobial prescribing. Biomarkers such as procalcitonin for the decision to start antibacterial therapy for ICU nosocomial infections seem to be more promising in COVID-19 than non-COVID-19 patients. In COVID-19 patients, cytomegalovirus reactivation is an important factor to consider when assessing patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 as it may have a role in modulating the patient immune response. The diagnosis of COVID-19-associated invasive aspergillosis is challenging because of the lack of sensitivity and specificity of the available tests. Furthermore, altered pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties need to be taken into account when prescribing antimicrobial therapy. Future research should now further explore the ‘known unknowns’, ideally with robust prospective study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Schouten
- Department of Intensive care, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan De Waele
- Department of Intensive Care, UZ Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Christian Lanckohr
- Antibiotic Stewardship Team, Institut für Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Germany
| | - Despoina Koulenti
- Critical Care Department, 'Attiko' University Hospital, Athens, Greece; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nisrine Haddad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Nesrine Rizk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
| | - Fredrik Sjövall
- Department of Intensive care, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Souha S Kanj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon
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20
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Dalekos GN, Azariadis K, Lygoura V, Arvaniti P, Gampeta S, Gatselis NK. Autoimmune hepatitis in patients aged 70 years or older: Disease characteristics, treatment response and outcome. Liver Int 2021; 41:1592-1599. [PMID: 33896089 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) affects both sexes and all age groups. However, very few studies have focused specifically on the characteristics and outcome of AIH in patients aged 70 y or older. METHODS 25/234 patients with well-established AIH and disease onset at ≥70-y (median: 73-y) were analysed and compared to the rest patients (median: 47 y). Treatment response was assessed in all patients from both groups who were eligible for treatment (n = 202). RESULTS Disease presentation was mainly insidious in both groups (19/25, 76% vs. 134/209, 64.1%; P = .313). At diagnosis, older patients had lower alaninoaminotrasferase (101[433] vs. 199[441] IU/L, P < .05) but were more frequently cirrhotic (12/25, 48% vs. 57/209, 27.3%; P = .03). Importantly, similar rates of on-treatment response (16/18, 89% vs. 154/184, 84%; P = .565), corticosteroid withdrawal (10/16, 62.5% vs. 113/154, 73.4%; P = .355) and complete withdrawal of immunosuppression (1/16, 6.3% vs. 40/154, 26%; P = .122) were achieved in both groups. Treatment-related adverse events were evenly observed between groups (6/18, 33% vs. 54/184, 29%; P = .724). In treated patients, the age ≥70 y was only associated with the overall mortality (HR 8.3 [95% CI: 2.1-36.4], P = .003), but not with the liver-related mortality (HR 3.4 [95% CI: 0.4-30.0], P = .268). CONCLUSION AIH should be seriously considered in patients ≥70 y with unexplained impaired liver function tests as the disease is not infrequent in this group and seems to bear an increased risk for advanced disease stage at diagnosis. However, if immunosuppression is started promptly, it seems as safe and effective as in younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Dalekos
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Larissa, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Azariadis
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Lygoura
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Arvaniti
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Stella Gampeta
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos K Gatselis
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Larissa, Greece
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21
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Wiggins KB, Smith MA, Schultz-Cherry S. The Nature of Immune Responses to Influenza Vaccination in High-Risk Populations. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061109. [PMID: 34207924 PMCID: PMC8228336 DOI: 10.3390/v13061109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic has brought a renewed appreciation for the critical importance of vaccines for the promotion of both individual and public health. Influenza vaccines have been our primary tool for infection control to prevent seasonal epidemics and pandemics such as the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus pandemic. Certain high-risk populations, including the elderly, people with obesity, and individuals with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, are more susceptible to increased disease severity and decreased vaccine efficacy. High-risk populations have unique microenvironments and immune responses that contribute to increased vulnerability for influenza infections. This review focuses on these differences as we investigate the variations in immune responses to influenza vaccination. In order to develop better influenza vaccines, it is critical to understand how to improve responses in our ever-growing high-risk populations.
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22
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Zekavat SM, Lin SH, Bick AG, Liu A, Paruchuri K, Wang C, Uddin MM, Ye Y, Yu Z, Liu X, Kamatani Y, Bhattacharya R, Pirruccello JP, Pampana A, Loh PR, Kohli P, McCarroll SA, Kiryluk K, Neale B, Ionita-Laza I, Engels EA, Brown DW, Smoller JW, Green R, Karlson EW, Lebo M, Ellinor PT, Weiss ST, Daly MJ, Terao C, Zhao H, Ebert BL, Reilly MP, Ganna A, Machiela MJ, Genovese G, Natarajan P. Hematopoietic mosaic chromosomal alterations increase the risk for diverse types of infection. Nat Med 2021; 27:1012-1024. [PMID: 34099924 PMCID: PMC8245201 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age is the dominant risk factor for infectious diseases, but the mechanisms linking age to infectious disease risk are incompletely understood. Age-related mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs) detected from genotyping of blood-derived DNA, are structural somatic variants indicative of clonal hematopoiesis, and are associated with aberrant leukocyte cell counts, hematological malignancy, and mortality. Here, we show that mCAs predispose to diverse types of infections. We analyzed mCAs from 768,762 individuals without hematological cancer at the time of DNA acquisition across five biobanks. Expanded autosomal mCAs were associated with diverse incident infections (hazard ratio (HR) 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15-1.36; P = 1.8 × 10-7), including sepsis (HR 2.68; 95% CI = 2.25-3.19; P = 3.1 × 10-28), pneumonia (HR 1.76; 95% CI = 1.53-2.03; P = 2.3 × 10-15), digestive system infections (HR 1.51; 95% CI = 1.32-1.73; P = 2.2 × 10-9) and genitourinary infections (HR 1.25; 95% CI = 1.11-1.41; P = 3.7 × 10-4). A genome-wide association study of expanded mCAs identified 63 loci, which were enriched at transcriptional regulatory sites for immune cells. These results suggest that mCAs are a marker of impaired immunity and confer increased predisposition to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh M Zekavat
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shu-Hong Lin
- Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Alexander G Bick
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aoxing Liu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaavya Paruchuri
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Md Mesbah Uddin
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yixuan Ye
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhaolong Yu
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Romit Bhattacharya
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James P Pirruccello
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akhil Pampana
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Puja Kohli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krzysztof Kiryluk
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Neale
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iuliana Ionita-Laza
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Eric A Engels
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Derek W Brown
- Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Green
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Karlson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Lebo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Healthcare, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
- The Department of Applied Genetics, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106:429-439. [PMID: 33262177 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to other respiratory viruses, children have less severe symptoms when infected with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we discuss proposed hypotheses for the age-related difference in severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Factors proposed to explain the difference in severity of COVID-19 in children and adults include those that put adults at higher risk and those that protect children. The former include: (1) age-related increase in endothelial damage and changes in clotting function; (2) higher density, increased affinity and different distribution of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors and transmembrane serine protease 2; (3) pre-existing coronavirus antibodies (including antibody-dependent enhancement) and T cells; (4) immunosenescence and inflammaging, including the effects of chronic cytomegalovirus infection; (5) a higher prevalence of comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 and (6) lower levels of vitamin D. Factors that might protect children include: (1) differences in innate and adaptive immunity; (2) more frequent recurrent and concurrent infections; (3) pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses; (4) differences in microbiota; (5) higher levels of melatonin; (6) protective off-target effects of live vaccines and (7) lower intensity of exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zimmermann
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital HFR, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Bolton C. An evaluation of the recognised systemic inflammatory biomarkers of chronic sub-optimal inflammation provides evidence for inflammageing (IFA) during multiple sclerosis (MS). Immun Ageing 2021; 18:18. [PMID: 33853634 PMCID: PMC8045202 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the human demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS) involves the loss of immune tolerance to self-neuroantigens. A deterioration in immune tolerance is linked to inherent immune ageing, or immunosenescence (ISC). Previous work by the author has confirmed the presence of ISC during MS. Moreover, evidence verified a prematurely aged immune system that may change the frequency and profile of MS through an altered decline in immune tolerance. Immune ageing is closely linked to a chronic systemic sub-optimal inflammation, termed inflammageing (IFA), which disrupts the efficiency of immune tolerance by varying the dynamics of ISC that includes accelerated changes to the immune system over time. Therefore, a shifting deterioration in immunological tolerance may evolve during MS through adversely-scheduled effects of IFA on ISC. However, there is, to date, no collective proof of ongoing IFA during MS. The Review addresses the constraint and provides a systematic critique of compelling evidence, through appraisal of IFA-related biomarker studies, to support the occurrence of a sub-optimal inflammation during MS. The findings justify further work to unequivocally demonstrate IFA in MS and provide additional insight into the complex pathology and developing epidemiology of the disease.
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25
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Mainali S, Darsie ME. Neurologic and Neuroscientific Evidence in Aged COVID-19 Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:648662. [PMID: 33833676 PMCID: PMC8021699 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.648662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to prevail as a catastrophic wave infecting over 111 million people globally, claiming 2. 4 million lives to date. Aged individuals are particularly vulnerable to this disease due to their fraility, immune dysfunction, and higher rates of medical comorbidities, among other causes. Apart from the primary respiratory illness, this virus is known to cause multi-organ dysfunction including renal, cardiac, and neurologic injuries, particularly in the critically-ill cohorts. Elderly patients 65 years of age or older are known to have more severe systemic disease and higher rates of neurologic complications. Morbidity and mortality is very high in the elderly population with 6–930 times higher likelihood of death compared to younger cohorts, with the highest risk in elderly patients ≥85 years and especially those with medical comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and underlying respiratory illness. Commonly reported neurologic dysfunctions of COVID-19 include headache, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Elderly patients may manifest atypical presentations like fall or postural instability. Other important neurologic dysfunctions in the elderly include cerebrovascular diseases, cognitive impairment, and neuropsychiatric illnesses. Elderly patients with preexisting neurologic diseases are susceptibility to severe COVID-19 infection and higher rates of mortality. Treatment of neurologic dysfunction of COVID-19 is based on existing practice standards of specific neurologic condition in conjunction with systemic treatment of the viral illness. The physical, emotional, psychologic, and financial implications of COVID-19 pandemic have been severe. Long-term data are still needed to understand the lasting effects of this devastating pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Mainali
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Marin E Darsie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI, United States
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26
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Broxmeyer HE, Liu Y, Kapur R, Orschell CM, Aljoufi A, Ropa JP, Trinh T, Burns S, Capitano ML. Fate of Hematopoiesis During Aging. What Do We Really Know, and What are its Implications? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:1020-1048. [PMID: 33145673 PMCID: PMC7609374 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing shift in demographics such that older persons will outnumber young persons in the coming years, and with it age-associated tissue attrition and increased diseases and disorders. There has been increased information on the association of the aging process with dysregulation of hematopoietic stem (HSC) and progenitor (HPC) cells, and hematopoiesis. This review provides an extensive up-to date summary on the literature of aged hematopoiesis and HSCs placed in context of potential artifacts of the collection and processing procedure, that may not be totally representative of the status of HSCs in their in vivo bone marrow microenvironment, and what the implications of this are for understanding aged hematopoiesis. This review covers a number of interactive areas, many of which have not been adequately explored. There are still many unknowns and mechanistic insights to be elucidated to better understand effects of aging on the hematopoietic system, efforts that will take multidisciplinary approaches, and that could lead to means to ameliorate at least some of the dysregulation of HSCs and HPCs associated with the aging process. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christie M Orschell
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arafat Aljoufi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA
| | - James P Ropa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA
| | - Thao Trinh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA
| | - Sarah Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maegan L Capitano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA.
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27
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Zekavat SM, Lin SH, Bick AG, Liu A, Paruchuri K, Uddin MM, Ye Y, Yu Z, Liu X, Kamatani Y, Pirruccello JP, Pampana A, Loh PR, Kohli P, McCarroll SA, Neale B, Engels EA, Brown DW, Smoller JW, Green R, Karlson EW, Lebo M, Ellinor PT, Weiss ST, Daly MJ, Terao C, Zhao H, Ebert BL, Ganna A, Machiela MJ, Genovese G, Natarajan P. Hematopoietic mosaic chromosomal alterations and risk for infection among 767,891 individuals without blood cancer. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.11.12.20230821. [PMID: 33236019 PMCID: PMC7685330 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.12.20230821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Age is the dominant risk factor for infectious diseases, but the mechanisms linking the two are incompletely understood1,2. Age-related mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs) detected from blood-derived DNA genotyping, are structural somatic variants associated with aberrant leukocyte cell counts, hematological malignancy, and mortality3-11. Whether mCAs represent independent risk factors for infection is unknown. Here we use genome-wide genotyping of blood DNA to show that mCAs predispose to diverse infectious diseases. We analyzed mCAs from 767,891 individuals without hematological cancer at DNA acquisition across four countries. Expanded mCA (cell fraction >10%) prevalence approached 4% by 60 years of age and was associated with diverse incident infections, including sepsis, pneumonia, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization. A genome-wide association study of expanded mCAs identified 63 significant loci. Germline genetic alleles associated with expanded mCAs were enriched at transcriptional regulatory sites for immune cells. Our results link mCAs with impaired immunity and predisposition to infections. Furthermore, these findings may also have important implications for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in prioritizing individual preventive strategies and evaluating immunization responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh M. Zekavat
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shu-Hong Lin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Alexander G. Bick
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Aoxing Liu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaavya Paruchuri
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Md Mesbah Uddin
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Yixuan Ye
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Zhaolong Yu
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - James P. Pirruccello
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Akhil Pampana
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Po-Ru Loh
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Puja Kohli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA
| | - Steven A. McCarroll
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin Neale
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Eric A. Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Derek W. Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Robert Green
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth W. Karlson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew Lebo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Healthcare, Cambridge, MA
| | - Patrick T. Ellinor
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott T. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
- The Department of Applied Genetics, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Benjamin L. Ebert
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrea Ganna
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mitchell J. Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Stanley Center, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Natarajan P, Zekavat S, Lin SH, Bick A, Liu A, Paruchuri K, Uddin MM, Ye Y, Yu Z, Liu X, Kamatani Y, Pirruccello J, Pampana A, Loh PR, Kohli P, McCarroll S, Neale B, Engels E, Brown D, Smoller J, Green R, Karlson E, Lebo M, Ellinor P, Weiss S, Daly M, Terao C, Zhao H, Ebert B, Machiela M, Genovese G. Hematopoietic mosaic chromosomal alterations and risk for infection among 767,891 individuals without blood cancer. RESEARCH SQUARE 2020. [PMID: 33236004 PMCID: PMC7685327 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-100817/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age is the dominant risk factor for infectious diseases, but the mechanisms linking the two are incompletely understood1,2. Age-related mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs) detected from blood-derived DNA genotyping, are structural somatic variants associated with aberrant leukocyte cell counts, hematological malignancy, and mortality3-11. Whether mCAs represent independent risk factors for infection is unknown. Here we use genome-wide genotyping of blood DNA to show that mCAs predispose to diverse infectious diseases. We analyzed mCAs from 767,891 individuals without hematological cancer at DNA acquisition across four countries. Expanded mCA (cell fraction >10%) prevalence approached 4% by 60 years of age and was associated with diverse incident infections, including sepsis, pneumonia, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization. A genome-wide association study of expanded mCAs identified 63 significant loci. Germline genetic alleles associated with expanded mCAs were enriched at transcriptional regulatory sites for immune cells. Our results link mCAs with impaired immunity and predisposition to infections. Furthermore, these findings may also have important implications for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in prioritizing individual preventive strategies and evaluating immunization responses.
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Nunn AVW, Guy GW, Brysch W, Botchway SW, Frasch W, Calabrese EJ, Bell JD. SARS-CoV-2 and mitochondrial health: implications of lifestyle and ageing. Immun Ageing 2020; 17:33. [PMID: 33292333 PMCID: PMC7649575 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARs-COV-2 displays increasing fatality with age and underlying co-morbidity, in particular, with markers of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes, which seems to be associated with a "cytokine storm" and an altered immune response. This suggests that a key contributory factor could be immunosenescence that is both age-related and lifestyle-induced. As the immune system itself is heavily reliant on mitochondrial function, then maintaining a healthy mitochondrial system may play a key role in resisting the virus, both directly, and indirectly by ensuring a good vaccine response. Furthermore, as viruses in general, and quite possibly this new virus, have also evolved to modulate immunometabolism and thus mitochondrial function to ensure their replication, this could further stress cellular bioenergetics. Unlike most sedentary modern humans, one of the natural hosts for the virus, the bat, has to "exercise" regularly to find food, which continually provides a powerful adaptive stimulus to maintain functional muscle and mitochondria. In effect the bat is exposed to regular hormetic stimuli, which could provide clues on how to resist this virus. In this paper we review the data that might support the idea that mitochondrial health, induced by a healthy lifestyle, could be a key factor in resisting the virus, and for those people who are perhaps not in optimal health, treatments that could support mitochondrial function might be pivotal to their long-term recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V W Nunn
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Optimal Health, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
| | | | | | - Stanley W Botchway
- UKRI, STFC, Central Laser Facility, & Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX110QX, UK
| | - Wayne Frasch
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Optimal Health, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK
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Song TZ, Zheng HY, Han JB, Jin L, Yang X, Liu FL, Luo RH, Tian RR, Cai HR, Feng XL, Liu C, Li MH, Zheng YT. Delayed severe cytokine storm and immune cell infiltration in SARS-CoV-2-infected aged Chinese rhesus macaques. Zool Res 2020; 41:503-516. [PMID: 32772513 PMCID: PMC7475018 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As of June 2020, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has killed an estimated 440 000 people worldwide, 74% of whom were aged ≥65 years, making age the most significant risk factor for death caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. To examine the effect of age on death, we established a SARS-CoV-2 infection model in Chinese rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta) of varied ages. Results indicated that infected young macaques manifested impaired respiratory function, active viral replication, severe lung damage, and infiltration of CD11b + and CD8 + cells in lungs at one-week post infection (wpi), but also recovered rapidly at 2 wpi. In contrast, aged macaques demonstrated delayed immune responses with a more severe cytokine storm, increased infiltration of CD11b + cells, and persistent infiltration of CD8 + cells in the lungs at 2 wpi. In addition, peripheral blood T cells from aged macaques showed greater inflammation and chemotaxis, but weaker antiviral functions than that in cells from young macaques. Thus, the delayed but more severe cytokine storm and higher immune cell infiltration may explain the poorer prognosis of older aged patients suffering SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Jian-Bao Han
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Feng-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Hou-Rong Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Chao Liu
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China. E-mail:
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Vaysman T, Melkonyan A, Liu A. New onset of Bell's palsy in a patient with West Nile Encephalitis. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:1895-1899. [PMID: 33088514 PMCID: PMC7562893 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The case report presented a patient who was diagnosed with West Nile virus encephalitis and developed new onset of Bell's palsy within 8 days of diagnosis. Given the incidence of WNV, it would be beneficial to evaluate WNV‐infected patients for peripheral neuropathy which nowadays has quite practical implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Vaysman
- Department of Medicine University of Maryland Capital Region Health Cheverly MD USA
| | - Anna Melkonyan
- Department of Neurology Adventist Health White Memorial Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Antonio Liu
- Department of Neurology Adventist Health White Memorial Los Angeles CA USA
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Mueller AL, McNamara MS, Sinclair DA. Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people? Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:9959-9981. [PMID: 32470948 PMCID: PMC7288963 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The severity and outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) largely depends on a patient's age. Adults over 65 years of age represent 80% of hospitalizations and have a 23-fold greater risk of death than those under 65. In the clinic, COVID-19 patients most commonly present with fever, cough and dyspnea, and from there the disease can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung consolidation, cytokine release syndrome, endotheliitis, coagulopathy, multiple organ failure and death. Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity increase the chances of fatal disease, but they alone do not explain why age is an independent risk factor. Here, we present the molecular differences between young, middle-aged and older people that may explain why COVID-19 is a mild illness in some but life-threatening in others. We also discuss several biological age clocks that could be used in conjunction with genetic tests to identify both the mechanisms of the disease and individuals most at risk. Finally, based on these mechanisms, we discuss treatments that could increase the survival of older people, not simply by inhibiting the virus, but by restoring patients' ability to clear the infection and effectively regulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Mueller
- Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Maeve S. McNamara
- Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - David A. Sinclair
- Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115, USA
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Har-Noy M, Or R. Allo-priming as a universal anti-viral vaccine: protecting elderly from current COVID-19 and any future unknown viral outbreak. J Transl Med 2020; 18:196. [PMID: 32398026 PMCID: PMC7215129 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present the rationale for a novel allo-priming approach to serve the elderly as a universal anti-virus vaccine, as well serving to remodel the aging immune system in order to reverse immunosenescence and inflammaging. This approach has the potential to protect the most vulnerable from disease and provide society an incalculable economic benefit. Allo-priming healthy elderly adults is proposed to provide universal protection from progression of any type of viral infection, including protection against progression of the current outbreak of COVID-19 infection, and any future variants of the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus or the next 'Disease X'. Allo-priming is an alternative approach for the COVID-19 pandemic that provides a back-up in case vaccination strategies to elicit neutralizing antibody protection fails or fails to protect the vulnerable elderly population. The allo-priming is performed using activated, intentionally mismatched, ex vivo differentiated and expanded living Th1-like cells (AlloStim®) derived from healthy donors currently in clinical use as an experimental cancer vaccine. Multiple intradermal injections of AlloStim® creates a dominate titer of allo-specific Th1/CTL memory cells in circulation, replacing the dominance of exhausted memory cells of the aged immune system. Upon viral encounter, by-stander activation of the allo-specific memory cells causes an immediate release of IFN-ϒ, leading to development of an "anti-viral state", by-stander activation of innate cellular effector cells and activation of cross-reactive allo-specific CTL. In this manner, the non-specific activation of allo-specific Th1/CTL initiates a cascade of spatial and temporal immune events which act to limit the early viral titer. The release of endogenous heat shock proteins (HSP) and DAMP from lysed viral-infected cells, in the context of IFN-ϒ, creates of conditions for in situ vaccination leading to viral-specific Th1/CTL immunity. These viral-specific Th1/CTL provide sterilizing immunity and memory for protection from disease recurrence, while increasing the pool of Th1/CTL in circulation capable of responding to the next viral encounter. CONCLUSION Allo-priming has potential to provide universal protection from viral disease and is a strategy to reverse immunosenescence and counter-regulate chronic inflammation (inflammaging). Allo-priming can be used as an adjuvant for anti-viral vaccines and as a counter-measure for unknown biological threats and bio-economic terrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Har-Noy
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Immunovative Therapies, Ltd, Malcha Technology Park, B1/F1, 9695101, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Mirror Biologics, Inc., 4824 E Baseline Rd #113, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Reuven Or
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
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The proportion of CD57+ cells among effector CD8+ T cells is lower in HIV controllers compared with antiretroviral therapy-treated patients. AIDS 2019; 33:2137-2147. [PMID: 31688039 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection has often been linked to faster immune ageing. We sought to determine whether or not treatment-naive spontaneous HIV-1 controllers (HICs) and ART-exposed patients differ with regard to the expression of cell senescence markers. METHODS Eighty-eight chronically infected HICs and ART-exposed patients (median time since infection: 15 years) with an undetectable plasma HIV RNA load (at least for the previous 2 years) were included. We used flow cytometry to measure immunosenescence markers (KLRG-1 and CD57) expression in fresh blood samples collected from patients and healthy donors. RESULTS For the CD8 T-cell population as a whole, the ART-exposed but not the HIC patients exhibited a much higher proportion of KLRG-1 and CD57 CD8 T cells than healthy blood donors. For the CD8 T-cell subsets, HICs had a lower proportion of CD57 effector CD8 T cells than ART patients or healthy blood donors, whereas the proportions of KLRG-1 effector were similar. A similar trend was observed for terminal effectors. No impact of age, sex or standard parameters of infection (CD4 percentage, protective HLA allele, viral blips) was observed. The difference in the proportion of CD57 cells between HICs and ART was observed more specifically in long-term infected patients (>20 years). However, whenever considering the CD57 effector memory and effector subsets, the cytotoxic granule content was greater in HICs than in ART. CONCLUSION The proportion of CD57 effector CD8 T cells is lower in HICs than in ART-exposed patients. This profile may be beneficial by ensuring limited senescence associated with consistent cytotoxic potential.
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Aiello A, Farzaneh F, Candore G, Caruso C, Davinelli S, Gambino CM, Ligotti ME, Zareian N, Accardi G. Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2247. [PMID: 31608061 PMCID: PMC6773825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by remodeling of the immune system. With time, this leads to a decline in immune efficacy, resulting in increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, diminished responses to vaccination, and a susceptibility to age-related inflammatory diseases. An age-associated immune alteration, extensively reported in previous studies, is the reduction in the number of peripheral blood naïve cells, with a relative increase in the frequency of memory cells. These two alterations, together with inflamm-aging, are considered the hallmarks of immunosenescence. Because aging is a plastic process, it is influenced by both nutritional and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, the role of nutrition and of immunomodulation in immunosenescence is discussed, due to the multifactorial influence on these hallmarks. The close connection between nutrition, intake of bioactive nutrients and supplements, immune function, and inflammation demonstrate the key role of dietary strategies as regulators of immune response and inflammatory status, hence as possible modulators of the rate of immunosenescence. In addition, potential options for therapeutic intervention are clarified. In particular, the use of interleukin-7 as growth factor for naïve T cells, the function of checkpoint inhibitors in improving T cell responses during aging and, the potential of drugs that inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases and their interaction with nutrient signaling pathways are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that the inclusion of appropriate combinations of toll-like receptor agonists may enhance the efficacy of vaccination in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aiello
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Hematological Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caterina Maria Gambino
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mattia Emanuela Ligotti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nahid Zareian
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Hematological Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Accardi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Peters A, Delhey K, Nakagawa S, Aulsebrook A, Verhulst S. Immunosenescence in wild animals: meta‐analysis and outlook. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1709-1722. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Peters
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Kaspar Delhey
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Anne Aulsebrook
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen 9747 AGGroningen The Netherlands
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Crooke SN, Ovsyannikova IG, Poland GA, Kennedy RB. Immunosenescence: A systems-level overview of immune cell biology and strategies for improving vaccine responses. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110632. [PMID: 31201918 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence contributes to a decreased capacity of the immune system to respond effectively to infections or vaccines in the elderly. The full extent of the biological changes that lead to immunosenescence are unknown, but numerous cell types involved in innate and adaptive immunity exhibit altered phenotypes and function as a result of aging. These manifestations of immunosenescence at the cellular level are mediated by dysregulation at the genetic level, and changes throughout the immune system are, in turn, propagated by numerous cellular interactions. Environmental factors, such as nutrition, also exert significant influence on the immune system during aging. While the mechanisms that govern the onset of immunosenescence are complex, systems biology approaches allow for the identification of individual contributions from each component within the system as a whole. Although there is still much to learn regarding immunosenescence, systems-level studies of vaccine responses have been highly informative and will guide the development of new vaccine candidates, novel adjuvant formulations, and immunotherapeutic drugs to improve vaccine responses among the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Crooke
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Abstract
Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is regarded as a chronic inflammatory lung disease, the disease mechanism is still not known. Intriguingly, aging lungs are quite similar to COPD-affected lungs in many ways, and COPD has been viewed as a disease of accelerated premature aging of the lungs. In this paper, based on a literature review, we would like to propose immunosenescence, age-associated decline in immunity, as a critical mechanism for the development of COPD. Immunosenescence can cause a low-grade, systemic inflammation described as inflammaging. This inflammaging may be directly involved in the COPD pathogenesis. The potential contributors to the development of inflammaging in the lungs possibly leading to COPD are discussed in the review paper. A notable fact about COPD is that only 15% to 20% of smokers develop clinically significant COPD. Given that there is a substantial inter-individual variation in inflammaging susceptibility, which is genetically determined and significantly affected by the history of the individual's exposure to pathogens, immunosenescence and inflammaging may also provide the answer for this unexpectedly low susceptibility of smokers to clinically significant COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyung Cho
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, International Healthcare Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lark Kyun Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Abstract
The role of immune system is to protect the organism from the not built-in program-like alterations inside and against the agents penetrating from outside (bacteria, viruses, and protozoa). These functions were developed and formed during the evolution. Considering these functions, the immune system promotes the lengthening of lifespan and helps longevity. However, some immune functions have been conveyed by men to medical tools (e.g., pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, and prevention), especially in our modern age, which help the struggle against microbes, but evolutionarily weaken the immune system. Aging is a gradual slow attrition by autoimmunity, directed by the thymus and regulated by the central nervous system and pineal gland. Considering this, thymus could be a pacemaker of aging. The remodeling of the immune system, which can be observed in elderly people and centenarians, is probably not a cause of aging, but a consequence of it, which helps to suit immunity to the requirements. Oxidative stress also helps the attrition of the immune cells and antioxidants help to prolong lifespan. There are gender differences in the aging of the immune system as well as in the longevity. There is an advantage for women in both cases. This can be explained by hormonal differences (estrogens positively influences both processes); however, social factors are also not excluded. The endocrine disruptor chemicals act similar to estrogens, like stimulating or suppressing immunity and provoking autoimmunity; however, their role in longevity is controversial. There are some drugs (rapamycin, metformin, and selegiline) and antioxidants (as vitamins C and E) that prolong lifespan and also improve immunity. It is difficult to declare that longevity is exclusively dependent on the state of the immune system; however, there is a parallelism between the state of immune system and lifespan. It seems likely that there is not a real decline of immunity during aging, but there is a remodeling of the system according to the claims of senescence. This is manifested in the remaining (sometimes stronger) function of memory cells in contrast to the production and number of the new antigen-reactive naive T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Csaba
- 1 Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Compté N, Dumont L, Bron D, De Breucker S, Praet JP, Bautmans I, Pepersack T. White blood cell counts in a geriatric hospitalized population: A poor diagnostic marker of infection. Exp Gerontol 2018; 114:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Tomassini V, Fanelli F, Prosperini L, Cerqua R, Cavalla P, Pozzilli C. Predicting the profile of increasing disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2018; 25:1306-1315. [PMID: 30070597 PMCID: PMC6681428 DOI: 10.1177/1352458518790397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Effective therapeutic strategies to preserve function and delay progression
in multiple sclerosis (MS) require early recognition of individual disease
trajectories. Objectives: To determine the profiles of disability evolution, identify their early
predictors and develop a risk score of increasing disability. Methods: We analysed demographic, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data
from patients with relapsing MS, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)
score of 3.0–4.0 and follow-up ≥ 2 years. Attaining EDSS = 6.0 defined
increasing disability; relapses and/or MRI defined
disease activity. Results: In total, 344 out of 542 (63.5%) patients reached EDSS ≥ 6.0; of these, 220
(64.0%) showed disease activity. In patients with activity, the number of
relapses before reaching EDSS 3.0–4.0 predicted increasing disability;
age > 45 at baseline predicted increasing disability without activity.
Combining age and number of relapses increased the risk of and shortened the
time to EDSS = 6.0. Conclusion: Increasing disability is frequently associated with persistent activity. The
high number of relapses identifies early those patients worsening in the
presence of activity. Age predicts increasing disability in the absence of
activity. The presence of both factors increases the risk of developing
severe disability. As this study likely describes the transition to
progression, our findings contribute to improving patient management and
stratification in trials on progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Tomassini
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University and University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fulvia Fanelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Prosperini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy/Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo- Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cerqua
- Neurological Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancones, Italy
| | - Paola Cavalla
- Department of Neurosciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Pozzilli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Sharma P, Singh D, Sharma K, Verma S, Mahajan S, Kanga A. Are We Neglecting Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Just as Laboratory Contaminants? Time to Reevaluate Things. J Pathog 2018; 2018:8907629. [PMID: 30034884 PMCID: PMC6032641 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8907629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) incidences are on the rise worldwide, including the tuberculosis endemic areas. They should be identified rapidly to the species level and should be carefully differentiated as contamination, colonization, or disease. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and clinicoepidemiological profile of mycobacteriosis cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultures were made on liquid and solid media. NTM were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction analysis (PRA) and gene sequencing. Data was analyzed using Epi-info 7. RESULTS Out of the 1042 processed specimens, 16% were positive for M. tuberculosis complex and 1.2% for clinically significant NTM. M. intracellulare was the commonest species isolated. NTM were treated mainly on outdoor basis (92%), involving more extrapulmonary system (62%) and higher age-group of 41-60 years (69%). No significant factor was seen to be associated clinically, radiologically, and biochemically with the NTM infections. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of early diagnosis and differentiation among Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTM so that these NTM are not underestimated in routine diagnostic procedures merely as environmental or laboratory contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Rohini, New Delhi 110085, India
| | - Digvijay Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001, India
| | - Kusum Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Santwana Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001, India
| | - Sanjay Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001, India
| | - Anil Kanga
- Department of Microbiology, Dr YSPGMC, Nahan, Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh 173001, India
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Feng S, Cowling BJ, Kelly H, Sullivan SG. Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness With the Test-Negative Design Using Alternative Control Groups: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2018. [PMID: 28641373 PMCID: PMC5860156 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One important assumption in case-control studies is that control selection should be independent of exposure. Nevertheless, it has been hypothesized that virus interference might lead to a correlation between receipt of influenza vaccination and increased risk of infection with other respiratory viruses. We investigated whether such a phenomenon might affect a study design commonly used to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE). We searched publications in MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science. We identified 12 studies using the test-negative design (2011–2017) that reported VE estimates separately derived by 3 alternative control groups: 1) all patients testing negative for influenza (FLU), VEFLU−; 2) patients who tested positive for other/another respiratory virus (ORV), VEORV+; and 3) patients who tested negative for all viruses in the panel (PAN), VEPAN−. These included VE estimates from 7 countries for all age groups from 2003/2004 to 2013/2014. We observed no difference in vaccination coverage between the ORV-positive and PAN-negative control groups. A total of 63 VEFLU− estimates, 62 VEORV+ estimates, and 33 VEPAN− estimates were extracted. Pooled estimates of the difference in VE (ΔVE) were very similar between groups. In meta-regression, no association was found between the selection of control group and VE estimates. In conclusion, we did not find any differences in VE estimates based on the choice of control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Feng
- WHO Collaborating Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Heath Kelly
- National Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sheena G Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Langley JM. Vaccine Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Older Adults: The Work Continues. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1334-1336. [PMID: 29029125 PMCID: PMC5853301 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority), Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Community health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Abstract
Surveys of taxonomic groups of animals have shown that contrary to the opinion of most gerontologists aging is not a genuine trait. The process of aging is not universal and its mechanisms have not been widely conserved among species. All life forms are subject to extrinsic and intrinsic destructive forces. Destructive effects of stochastic events are visible only when allowed by the specific life program of an organism. Effective life programs of immortality and high longevity eliminate the impact of unavoidable damage. Organisms that are capable of agametic reproduction are biologically immortal. Mortality of an organism is clearly associated with terminal specialisation in sexual reproduction. The longevity phenotype that is not accompanied by symptoms of senescence has been observed in those groups of animals that continue to increase their body size after reaching sexual maturity. This is the result of enormous regeneration abilities of both of the above-mentioned groups. Senescence is observed when: (i) an organism by principle switches off the expression of existing growth and regeneration programs, as in the case of imago formation in insect development; (ii) particular programs of growth and regeneration of progenitors are irreversibly lost, either partially or in their entirety, in mammals and birds. “We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.” (Ascribed to Albert Einstein)
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46
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Horváthová M, Ilavská S, Štefíková K, Szabová M, Krivošíková Z, Jahnová E, Tulinská J, Spustová V, Gajdoš M. The Cell Surface Markers Expression in Postmenopausal Women and Relation to Obesity and Bone Status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070751. [PMID: 28696349 PMCID: PMC5551189 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The age-related changes and hormonal deprivation in postmenopausal women are associated with the immune response alteration. The excessive fat accumulation, local and systemic inflammation may lead to dysregulation in immune function and relevant health problems, including obesity and osteoporosis. We analyzed the expression of cell surface markers in the venous blood specimens, stained with fluorophores-conjugated monoclonal antibodies and analysed by multicolour flow cytometry. The significant changes of cytotoxic, naive, and memory T-lymphocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) were in postmenopausal women versus fertile women. Body mass index (BMI) affected markedly the cell surface expression of CD265/RANK. Osteoporosis is linked to reduced percentage of plasmacytoid DCs, and elevated natural Treg cells (p < 0.05). The confounding factors such as women age, BMI, bone mineral density (BMD), waist size and tissue fat affect the expression of RANK on myeloid DCs and CD40L on T-lymphocytes that might be the immunophenotypic modulators after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Horváthová
- Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Silvia Ilavská
- Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Kornélia Štefíková
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Michaela Szabová
- Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Zora Krivošíková
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Eva Jahnová
- Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jana Tulinská
- Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Viera Spustová
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Gajdoš
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Wilson D, Jackson T, Sapey E, Lord JM. Frailty and sarcopenia: The potential role of an aged immune system. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:1-10. [PMID: 28223244 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Frailty is a common negative consequence of ageing. Sarcopenia, the syndrome of loss of muscle mass, quality and strength, is more common in older adults and has been considered a precursor syndrome or the physical manifestation of frailty. The pathophysiology of both syndromes is incompletely described with multiple causes, inter-relationships and complex pathways proposed. Age-associated changes to the immune system (both immunesenescence, the decline in immune function with ageing, and inflammageing, a state of chronic inflammation) have been suggested as contributors to sarcopenia and frailty but a direct causative role remains to be established. Frailty, sarcopenia and immunesenescence are commonly described in older adults but are not ubiquitous to ageing. There is evidence that all three conditions are reversible and all three appear to share common inflammatory drivers. It is unclear whether frailty, sarcopenia and immunesenescence are separate entities that co-occur due to coincidental or potentially confounding factors, or whether they are more intimately linked by the same underlying cellular mechanisms. This review explores these possibilities focusing on innate immunity, and in particular associations with neutrophil dysfunction, inflammation and known mechanisms described to date. Furthermore, we consider whether the age-related decline in immune cell function (such as neutrophil migration), increased inflammation and the dysregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway in neutrophils could contribute pathogenically to sarcopenia and frailty.
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48
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Singh SK, Dorak MT. Cancer Immunoprevention and Public Health. Front Public Health 2017; 5:101. [PMID: 28534024 PMCID: PMC5421153 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The power of cancer immune surveillance has been documented beyond doubt, and the successful exploitation of immune response to cancer has started a new era in the war against cancer. Cancer biologists have recognized immunoevasion as an emerging hallmark in addition to the six hallmarks of cancer. Besides the natural connection between the immune system and cancer development, most established environmental risk factors are now known to interfere with immune surveillance mechanisms. Genetic variations regulating immunity may also modulate cancer susceptibility, but evidence for this is currently limited. Molecular cross talk linking “immune” and “genomic” surveillance pathways has been characterized. It appears that immune mechanisms may contribute to the effects of common cancer risk factors. We provide an updated overview of evidence for cancer immune surveillance, cancer risk factors interfering with it, and interventions to enhance cancer immune surveillance as tools to complement ongoing vaccine development efforts for cancer immunoprevention. Although there is a lot of support for cancer immunoprevention with simple lifestyle modifications from observational studies, there is an urgent need for clinical trials to establish the effectiveness of this approach for public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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49
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Xydonas S, Parissis J, Lioni L, Kapsimali V, Psarra E, Farmakis D, Kremastinos D, Lekakis J, Sideris A, Tsirogianni A, Filippatos G. Immunosenescence in patients with chronic systolic heart failure. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017; 17:624-30. [PMID: 26909541 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIM Chronic heart failure (CHF) is characterized by hemodynamic compromise, neurohormonal and immune activation. We sought to examine the presence and severity of immunosenescence and its relation with the stages of CHF. METHODS We enrolled 86 consecutive stable systolic CHF patients and examined the relationship of leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulation counts by flow cytometry with their functional status according to New York Heart Association (NYHA) class. RESULTS Patients with advanced heart failure were characterized by significantly increased neutrophil and reduced lymphocyte counts. T-helper cells were increased, whereas B-cells and T cytotoxic cells were decreased. T-helper cells exhibited significant differentiation and aging across the NYHA classes; naïve T-cells, CD4 + CD45RA +, were significantly reduced in NYHA Class IV and memory T-cells, CD4 + CD45RO +, were significantly increased. CONCLUSION Patients with CHF develop intense T-cell differentiation and aging. The presence of significant immunosenescence in advanced CHF may indicate a population at increased risk for adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Xydonas
- aSecond Department of Cardiology bDepartment of Immunology-Histocompatibility, Evaggelismos General Hospital cHeart Failure Unit, Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon General Hospital, Athens University dMicrobiology Department, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Anderson JJ, Li T, Sharrow DJ. Insights into mortality patterns and causes of death through a process point of view model. Biogerontology 2017; 18:149-170. [PMID: 27885527 PMCID: PMC5290203 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Process point of view (POV) models of mortality, such as the Strehler-Mildvan and stochastic vitality models, represent death in terms of the loss of survival capacity through challenges and dissipation. Drawing on hallmarks of aging, we link these concepts to candidate biological mechanisms through a framework that defines death as challenges to vitality where distal factors defined the age-evolution of vitality and proximal factors define the probability distribution of challenges. To illustrate the process POV, we hypothesize that the immune system is a mortality nexus, characterized by two vitality streams: increasing vitality representing immune system development and immunosenescence representing vitality dissipation. Proximal challenges define three mortality partitions: juvenile and adult extrinsic mortalities and intrinsic adult mortality. Model parameters, generated from Swedish mortality data (1751-2010), exhibit biologically meaningful correspondences to economic, health and cause-of-death patterns. The model characterizes the twentieth century epidemiological transition mainly as a reduction in extrinsic mortality resulting from a shift from high magnitude disease challenges on individuals at all vitality levels to low magnitude stress challenges on low vitality individuals. Of secondary importance, intrinsic mortality was described by a gradual reduction in the rate of loss of vitality presumably resulting from reduction in the rate of immunosenescence. Extensions and limitations of a distal/proximal framework for characterizing more explicit causes of death, e.g. the young adult mortality hump or cancer in old age are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting Li
- Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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