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Gunasingam G, He R, Taladriz-Blanco P, Balog S, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Combining analytical techniques to assess the translocation of diesel particles across an alveolar tissue barrier in vitro. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:26. [PMID: 38778339 PMCID: PMC11110323 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During inhalation, airborne particles such as particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), can deposit and accumulate on the alveolar epithelial tissue. In vivo studies have shown that fractions of PM2.5 can cross the alveolar epithelium to blood circulation, reaching secondary organs beyond the lungs. However, approaches to quantify the translocation of particles across the alveolar epithelium in vivo and in vitro are still not well established. In this study, methods to assess the translocation of standard diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) across permeable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) inserts at 0.4, 1, and 3 μm pore sizes were first optimized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), and lock-in thermography (LIT), which were then applied to study the translocation of DEPs across human alveolar epithelial type II (A549) cells. A549 cells that grew on the membrane (pore size: 3 μm) in inserts were exposed to DEPs at different concentrations from 0 to 80 µg.mL- 1 ( 0 to 44 µg.cm- 2) for 24 h. After exposure, the basal fraction was collected and then analyzed by combining qualitative (TEM) and quantitative (UV-VIS and LIT) techniques to assess the translocated fraction of the DEPs across the alveolar epithelium in vitro. RESULTS We could detect the translocated fraction of DEPs across the PET membranes with 3 μm pore sizes and without cells by TEM analysis, and determine the percentage of translocation at approximatively 37% by UV-VIS (LOD: 1.92 µg.mL- 1) and 75% by LIT (LOD: 0.20 µg.cm- 2). In the presence of cells, the percentage of DEPs translocation across the alveolar tissue was determined around 1% at 20 and 40 µg.mL- 1 (11 and 22 µg.cm- 2), and no particles were detected at higher and lower concentrations. Interestingly, simultaneous exposure of A549 cells to DEPs and EDTA can increase the translocation of DEPs in the basal fraction. CONCLUSION We propose a combination of analytical techniques to assess the translocation of DEPs across lung tissues. Our results reveal a low percentage of translocation of DEPs across alveolar epithelial tissue in vitro and they correspond to in vivo findings. The combination approach can be applied to any traffic-generated particles, thus enabling us to understand their involvement in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowsinth Gunasingam
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Ruiwen He
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Taladriz-Blanco
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
- Chemistry Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 8, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
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2
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Benko A, Medina-Cruz D, Wilk S, Ziąbka M, Zagrajczuk B, Menaszek E, Barczyk-Woźnicka O, Guisbiers G, Webster TJ. Anticancer and antibacterial properties of carbon nanotubes are governed by their functional groups. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18265-18282. [PMID: 37795813 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high strength, low weight, and biologically-inspired dimensions, carbon nanotubes have found wide interest across all of medicine. In this study, four types of highly dispersible multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of similar dimensions, but slightly different chemical compositions, were compared with an unmodified material to verify the impact their surface chemistry has on cytocompatibility, anticancer, inflammation, and antibacterial properties. Minute changes in the chemical composition were found to greatly affect the biological performance of the CNTs. Specifically, the CNTs with a large number of carbon atoms with a +2 coordination number induced cytotoxicity in macrophages and melanoma cells, and had a moderate antibacterial effect against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria strains, all while being cytocompatible towards human dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, substituting some of the OH groups with ammonia diminished their cytotoxicity towards macrophages while still maintaining the aforementioned positive qualities. At the same time, CNTs with a large number of carbon atoms with a +3 coordination number had a high innate cytocompatibility towards normal healthy cells but were toxic towards cancer cells and bacteria. The latter was further boosted by reacting the CNTs' carboxyl groups with ammonia. Although requiring further analyses, the results of this study, thus, introduce new CNTs that without drugs can treat cancer, inflammation, and/or infection while still remaining cytocompatible with mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Benko
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, A. Mickiewicz 30 Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Medina-Cruz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian Wilk
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, A. Mickiewicz 30 Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Ziąbka
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, A. Mickiewicz 30 Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Zagrajczuk
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, A. Mickiewicz 30 Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
- Department of Cytobiology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-068 Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Menaszek
- Department of Cytobiology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-068 Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Barczyk-Woźnicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grégory Guisbiers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 South University Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- School of Engineering, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- UFPI - Universidade Federal do Piauí, Brazil
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3
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Kumah EA, Fopa RD, Harati S, Boadu P, Zohoori FV, Pak T. Human and environmental impacts of nanoparticles: a scoping review of the current literature. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1059. [PMID: 37268899 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of nanoparticles have established benefits in a wide range of applications, however, the effects of exposure to nanoparticles on health and the environmental risks associated with the production and use of nanoparticles are less well-established. The present study addresses this gap in knowledge by examining, through a scoping review of the current literature, the effects of nanoparticles on human health and the environment. We searched relevant databases including Medline, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, and SAGE journals, as well as Google, Google Scholar, and grey literature from June 2021 to July 2021. After removing duplicate articles, the title and abstracts of 1495 articles were first screened followed by the full-texts of 249 studies, and this resulted in the inclusion of 117 studies in the presented review.In this contribution we conclude that while nanoparticles offer distinct benefits in a range of applications, they pose significant threats to humans and the environment. Using several biological models and biomarkers, the included studies revealed the toxic effects of nanoparticles (mainly zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, silver, and carbon nanotubes) to include cell death, production of oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, and induction of inflammatory responses. Most of the included studies (65.81%) investigated inorganic-based nanoparticles. In terms of biomarkers, most studies (76.9%) used immortalised cell lines, whiles 18.8% used primary cells as the biomarker for assessing human health effect of nanoparticles. Biomarkers that were used for assessing environmental impact of nanoparticles included soil samples and soybean seeds, zebrafish larvae, fish, and Daphnia magna neonates.From the studies included in this work the United States recorded the highest number of publications (n = 30, 25.64%), followed by China, India, and Saudi Arabia recording the same number of publications (n = 8 each), with 95.75% of the studies published from the year 2009. The majority of the included studies (93.16%) assessed impact of nanoparticles on human health, and 95.7% used experimental study design. This shows a clear gap exists in examining the impact of nanoparticles on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Adjoa Kumah
- Depeartment of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Raoul Djou Fopa
- School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Saeed Harati
- School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Paul Boadu
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Tannaz Pak
- School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK.
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Luo Z, Xu D, Xu Y, Zhao J, Hu G, Yue T. Dual role of pulmonary surfactant corona in modulating carbon nanotube toxicity and benzo[a]pyrene bioaccessibility. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131753. [PMID: 37279644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can deposit in the deep lung, where they interact with pulmonary surfactant (PS) to form coronas, potentially altering the fate and toxicity profile of CNTs. However, the presence of other contaminants in combination with CNTs may affect these interactions. Here, we used passive dosing and fluorescence-based techniques confirm the partial solubilization of BaPs adsorbed on CNTs by PS in simulated alveolar fluid. MD simulations were performed to elucidate the competition of interactions between BaPs, CNTs, and PS. We found that PS play two opposing roles in altering the toxicity profile of the CNTs. First, the formation of PS coronas reduce CNTs' toxicity by decreasing the hydrophobicity of the CNTs and decreasing their aspect ratio. Second, the interaction with PS increases the bioaccessibility of BaP through interactions with PS, which may exacerbate the inhalation toxicity of CNTs. These findings suggest that the inhalation toxicity of PS-modified CNTs should consider the bioaccessibility of coexisting contaminants, with the CNT size and aggregation state playing an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Luo
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dongfang Xu
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Tongtao Yue
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Liao X, Liu Y, Zheng J, Zhao X, Cui L, Hu S, Xia T, Si S. Diverse Pathways of Engineered Nanoparticle-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3908. [PMID: 36364684 PMCID: PMC9656364 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in biomedical applications, their biocompatibility and cytotoxicity need to be evaluated properly. Recently, it has been demonstrated that inflammasome activation may be a vital contributing factor for the development of biological responses induced by ENMs. Among the inflammasome family, NLRP3 inflammasome has received the most attention because it directly interacts with ENMs to cause the inflammatory effects. However, the pathways that link ENMs to NLRP3 inflammasome have not been thoroughly summarized. Thus, we reviewed recent findings on the role of major ENMs properties in modulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation, both in vitro and in vivo, to provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. In addition, the interactions between ENMs and NLRP3 inflammasome activation are summarized, which may advance our understanding of safer designs of nanomaterials and ENM-induced adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liao
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiarong Zheng
- Department of Dentistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shen Hu
- School of Dentistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shanshan Si
- Department of Oral Emergency, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
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Wang Q, Wang Q, Zhao Z, Fan J, Qin L, Alexander DB, Tsuda H, Zhao D, Xu J. Surfactant Proteins A/D-CD14 on Alveolar Macrophages Is a Common Pathway Associated With Phagocytosis of Nanomaterials and Cytokine Production. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758941. [PMID: 34777371 PMCID: PMC8578846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages are responsible for clearance of airborne dust and pathogens. How they recognize and phagocytose a variety of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with different properties is an important issue for safety assessment of ENMs. Surfactant-associated proteins, specifically existing in the pulmonary surfactant, are important opsonins for phagocytosis of airborne microorganisms. The purposes of the current study are to understand whether opsonization of ENMs by surfactant-associated proteins promotes phagocytosis of ENMs and cytokine production, and to determine whether a common pathway for phagocytosis of ENMs with different properties exists. For these purposes, four ENMs, MWCNT-7, TiO2, SiO2, and fullerene C60, with different shapes, sizes, chemical compositions, and surface reactivities, were chosen for this study. Short-term pulmonary exposure to MWCNT-7, TiO2, SiO2, and C60 induced inflammation in the rat lung, and most of the administered ENMs were phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages. The ENMs were phagocytosed by isolated primary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in vitro, and phagocytosis was enhanced by rat bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), suggesting that proteins in the BALF were associated with phagocytosis. Analysis of proteins bound to the 4 ENMs by LC/MS indicated that surfactant-associated proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D) were common binding proteins for all the 4 ENMs. Both BALF and SP-A, but not SP-D, enhanced TNF-α production by MWCNT-7 treated PAMs; BALF, SP-A, and SP-D increased IL-1β production in TiO2 and SiO2 treated PAMs; and BALF, SP-A, and SP-D enhanced IL-6 production in C60 treated PAMs. Knockdown of CD14, a receptor for SP-A/D, significantly reduced phagocytosis of ENMs and SP-A-enhanced cytokine production by PAMs. These results indicate that SP-A/D can opsonize all the test ENMs and enhance phagocytosis of the ENMs by alveolar macrophages through CD14, suggesting that SP-A/D-CD14 is a common pathway mediating phagocytosis of ENMs. Cytokine production induced by ENMs, however, is dependent on the type of ENM that is phagocytosed. Our results demonstrate a dual role for surfactant proteins as opsonins for both microbes and for inhaled dusts and fibers, including ENMs, allowing macrophages to recognize and remove the vast majority of these particles, thereby, greatly lessening their toxicity in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anhui General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Hefei, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziyue Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingbo Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Linghan Qin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - David B Alexander
- Laboratory of Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuda
- Laboratory of Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dahai Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiegou Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Laboratory of Nanotoxicology Project, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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7
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Huck B, Hidalgo A, Waldow F, Schwudke D, Gaede KI, Feldmann C, Carius P, Autilio C, Pérez-Gil J, Schwarzkopf K, Murgia X, Loretz B, Lehr CM. Systematic Analysis of Composition, Interfacial Performance and Effects of Pulmonary Surfactant Preparations on Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Aerosolized Nanomaterials. SMALL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Huck
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrucken Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Alberto Hidalgo
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrucken Germany
| | - Franziska Waldow
- Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Parkallee 1-40 23845 Borstel Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis Site Research Center Borstel Parkallee 1-40 23845 Borstel Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Parkallee 1-40 23845 Borstel Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis Site Research Center Borstel Parkallee 1-40 23845 Borstel Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN) Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Site Research Center Borstel Parkallee 1-40 Borstel 23845 Germany
| | - Karoline I. Gaede
- BioMaterialBank Nord, Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Parkallee 35 23845 Borstel Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN) Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Site Research Center Borstel Parkallee 1-40 Borstel 23845 Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Patrick Carius
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrucken Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Chiara Autilio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute “Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)” Complutense University 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Jesus Pérez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute “Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)” Complutense University 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Konrad Schwarzkopf
- Klinikum Saarbrücken Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 66119 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Xabier Murgia
- Biotechnology Area GAIKER Technology Centre 48170 Zamudio Spain
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrucken Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Department of Drug Delivery Saarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrucken Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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8
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Mousseau F, Oikonomou EK, Vacher A, Airiau M, Mornet S, Berret JF. Revealing the pulmonary surfactant corona on silica nanoparticles by cryo-transmission electron microscopy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:642-647. [PMID: 36133230 PMCID: PMC9416877 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00779b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When inhaled, nanoparticles (NPs) deposit in alveoli and transit through the pulmonary surfactant (PS), a biofluid made of proteins and phospholipid vesicles. They form a corona reflecting the PS-nanomaterial interaction. Since the corona determines directly the NPs' biological fate, the question of its nature and structure is central. Here, we report on the corona architecture formed after incubation of positive or negative silica particles with Curosurf®, a biomimetic pulmonary surfactant of porcine origin. Using optical, electron and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), we determine the pulmonary surfactant corona structure at different scales of observation. Contrary to common belief, the PS corona is not only constituted by phospholipid bilayers surrounding NPs but also by multiple hybrid structures derived from NP-vesicle interaction. Statistical analysis of cryo-TEM images provides interesting highlights about the nature of the corona depending on the particle charge. The influence of Curosurf® pre- or post-treatment is also investigated and demonstrates the need for protocol standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mousseau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex France
| | - Evdokia K Oikonomou
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex France
| | - Annie Vacher
- Solvay Research & Innovation Center Paris 52 Rue de La Haie Coq 93306 Aubervilliers Cedex France
| | - Marc Airiau
- Solvay Research & Innovation Center Paris 52 Rue de La Haie Coq 93306 Aubervilliers Cedex France
| | - Stéphane Mornet
- Institut de Chimie de La Matière Condensée de Bordeaux, UPR CNRS 9048, Université Bordeaux 1 87 Avenue Du Docteur A. Schweitzer Pessac Cedex F-33608 France
| | - Jean-François Berret
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex France
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9
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The Impact of Lipid Corona on Rifampicin Intramacrophagic Transport Using Inhaled Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Surface-Decorated with a Mannosylated Surfactant. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11100508. [PMID: 31581554 PMCID: PMC6835947 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mimicking of physiological conditions is crucial for the success of accurate in vitro studies. For inhaled nanoparticles, which are designed for being deposited on alveolar epithelium and taken up by macrophages, it is relevant to investigate the interactions with pulmonary surfactant lining alveoli. As a matter of fact, the formation of a lipid corona layer around the nanoparticles could modulate the cell internalization and the fate of the transported drugs. Based on this concept, the present research focused on the interactions between pulmonary surfactant and Solid Lipid Nanoparticle assemblies (SLNas), loaded with rifampicin, an anti-tuberculosis drug. SLNas were functionalized with a synthesized mannosylated surfactant, both alone and in a blend with sodium taurocholate, to achieve an active targeting to mannose receptors present on alveolar macrophages (AM). Physico-chemical properties of the mannosylated SLNas satisfied the requirements relative to suitable respirability, drug payload, and AM active targeting. Our studies have shown that a lipid corona is formed around SLNas in the presence of Curosurf, a commercial substitute of the natural pulmonary surfactant. The lipid corona promoted an additional resistance to the drug diffusion for SLNas functionalized with the mannosylated surfactant and this improved drug retention within SLNas before AM phagocytosis takes place. Moreover, lipid corona formation did not modify the role of nanoparticle mannosylation towards the specific receptors on MH-S cell membrane.
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Garcia-Mouton C, Hidalgo A, Cruz A, Pérez-Gil J. The Lord of the Lungs: The essential role of pulmonary surfactant upon inhalation of nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:230-243. [PMID: 31560956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnology is opening a huge world of promising possibilities in healthcare, but this is also increasing the necessity to study the potential risk of nanoparticles on public health and the environment. Since the main route for airborne particles to enter into our organism is through the lungs, it has become essential to prove that the nanoparticles generated by human activities do not compromise the respiratory function. This review explains the key role of pulmonary surfactant to sustain the normal function of breathing, as well as the stability and immunity of lungs. Particular emphasis is made on the importance of analysing the features of nanoparticles, defining their interactions with surfactant and unravelling the mutual effects. The implication of the nanoparticle-surfactant interaction on the function and fate of both structures is described, as well as the main in vitro methodologies used to evaluate this interaction. Finally, the incorporation of pulmonary surfactant in appropriate in vitro models is used in order to obtain an extensive understanding of how nanoparticles may act in the context of the lung. The main goal of this review is to offer a general view on inhaled nanoparticles and their effects on the structure and function of lungs derived from their interaction with the pulmonary surfactant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Garcia-Mouton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Hidalgo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pérez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre", Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Jia J, Yuan X, Peng X, Yan B. Cr(VI)/Pb 2+ are responsible for PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity in A549 cells while pulmonary surfactant alleviates such toxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:152-158. [PMID: 30708226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The composition of PM2.5 is extremely complicated, making the causes of PM2.5-induced toxicity hard to understand. To identify the major toxic components of PM2.5 particles, we used reductionism approach, synthesized and investigated a model PM2.5 library containing 24 carbon nanoparticles with adsorbed pollutants including Cr(VI), Pb2+, As(III) and BaP either individually or in combinations. Our data showed that major physicochemical characteristics of model PM2.5 library members were similar to PM2.5 particles from Guangzhou city (PM2.5-GZ). Cytotoxicity of lung cells (A549) was increasing as the member of adsorbed pollutants at environment relevant concentrations. Using these model particles, we identified that co-existence of Cr(VI) and Pb2+ components contributed to the PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity in A549 cells. Besides, pulmonary surfactant reduced the PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity in A549 cells probably via enhancing cell autophagy. The findings from this study suggest that systematic investigation using model PM2.5 particle library helps identify key toxic pollutants in otherwise very complex PM2.5 particles and facilitate our understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Jia
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoru Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaowu Peng
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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12
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Bai X, Xu M, Liu S, Hu G. Computational Investigations of the Interaction between the Cell Membrane and Nanoparticles Coated with a Pulmonary Surfactant. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20368-20376. [PMID: 29808987 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) come into the deep lung, they develop a biomolecular corona by interacting with the pulmonary surfactant. The adsorption of the phospholipids and proteins gives a new biological identity to the NPs, which may alter their subsequent interactions with cells and other biological entities. Investigations of the interaction between the cell membrane and NPs coated with such a biomolecular corona are important in understanding the role of the biofluids on cellular uptake and estimating the dosing capacity and the nanotoxicology of NPs. In this paper, using dissipative particle dynamics, we investigate how the physicochemical properties of the coating pulmonary surfactant lipids and proteins affect the membrane response for inhaled NPs. We pinpoint several key factors in the endocytosis of lipid NPs, including the deformation of the coating lipids, coating lipid density, and ligand-receptor binding strength. Further studies reveal that the deformation of the coating lipids consumes energy but on the other hand promotes the coating ligands to bind with receptors more tightly. The coating lipid density controls the amount of the ligands as well as the hydrophobicity of the lipid NPs, thus affecting the endocytosis kinetics through the specific and nonspecific interactions. It is also found that the hydrophobic surfactant proteins associated with lipids can accelerate the endocytosis process of the NPs, but the endocytosis efficiency mainly depends on the density of the coating surfactant lipids. These findings can help understand how the pulmonary surfactant alters the biocompatibility of the inhaled NPs and provide some guidelines in designing an NP complex for efficient pulmonary drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM) , Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology , Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM) , Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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13
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Beyeler S, Chortarea S, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A, Wick P, Tschanz SA, von Garnier C, Blank F. Acute effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on primary bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:699-711. [PMID: 29804489 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1472310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The risks of occupational exposure during handling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have received limited attention to date, in particular for potentially susceptible individuals with highly prevalent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this in vitro study, we simulated acute inhalation of MWCNTs employing an air-liquid interface cell exposure (ALICE) system: primary human bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients and healthy donors (controls), cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI) were exposed to MWCNTs. To study acute health effects on the respiratory epithelium, two different concentrations (0.16; 0.34 µg/cm2) of MWCNTs were aerosolized onto cell cultures followed by analysis after 24 h. Following MWCNT exposure, epithelial integrity and differentiation remained intact. Electron microscopy analyses identified MWCNTs both extra- and intracellular within vesicles of mucus producing cells. In both COPD and healthy control cultures, MWCNTs neither caused increased release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), nor alterations in inflammatory responses, as measured by RNA expression and protein secretion of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10, IL-1β and TGF-β and oxidative stress markers HMOX-1 and SOD-2. No short-term alteration of epithelial cell function, as determined by ciliary beating frequency (CBF), occurred in any of the conditions tested. In conclusion, the present study provided a reliable and realistic in vitro acute-exposure model of the respiratory tract, responsive to positive controls such as Dörentruper Quartz (DQ12) and asbestos. Acute exposure to MWCNTs did not affect epithelial integrity, nor induce increased cell death, apoptosis or inflammatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina Beyeler
- a Department of BioMedical Research , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.,b Department of Pulmonary Medicine , University Hospital of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Savvina Chortarea
- c BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland.,d Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- c BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- d Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe von Garnier
- a Department of BioMedical Research , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.,b Department of Pulmonary Medicine , University Hospital of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Fabian Blank
- a Department of BioMedical Research , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.,b Department of Pulmonary Medicine , University Hospital of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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14
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Li Y, Cao J. The impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on macrophages: contribution of MWCNT characteristics. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1333-1351. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Müller L, Steiner SK, Rodriguez-Lorenzo L, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Latzin P. Exposure to silver nanoparticles affects viability and function of natural killer cells, mostly via the release of ions. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:167-176. [PMID: 28721573 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in linking innate and adaptive immune responses, especially during viral infections and tumor surveillance. They have two major effector functions: the killing of stressed/abnormal cells and the release of cytokines. Their activity is regulated via inhibitory and activating surface receptors. At the same time that the production and use of engineered nanoparticles is steadily increasing, the risk for exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from consumer products or biomedical applications is growing. Given this, we assessed the effects of 20-nm big AgNPs on NK cells, which represent an important part of the immune system. Our study involved overnight exposure of human blood NK cells to different concentrations of AgNPs, and silver (Ag) ion controls, and analyzing them for viability, surface receptor expression, intracellular markers, cytokine release, and killing potential. Exposure to AgNPs, but not to Ag ion controls, reduced the viability and the cytotoxic potential after polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid stimulation of NK cells and increased the expression of the inhibitory receptor CD159a. Exposure to AgNPs and Ag ion controls reduced the expression of the activating receptors CD335 and of CD16 and increased the expression of the activating receptor CD314. Overall, exposure to AgNPs changes NK cells' function and phenotype and may present a risk for modulating human immune responses, which should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Müller
- University Children's Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Selina K Steiner
- University Children's Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Philipp Latzin
- University Children's Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Pondman KM, Salvador-Morales C, Paudyal B, Sim RB, Kishore U. Interactions of the innate immune system with carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2017; 2:174-186. [PMID: 32260639 DOI: 10.1039/c6nh00227g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic application of nanomaterials requires that they are biocompatible and can reach the desired target. The innate immune system is likely to be the first defence machinery that would recognise the nanomaterials as 'non-self'. A number of studies have addressed the issue of how carbon nanotubes (CNTs) interact with phagocytic cells and their surface receptors that can impact on their intracellular processing and subsequent immune response. In addition, soluble innate immune factors also get involved in the recognition and clearance of CNTs. The interaction of CNTs with the complement system, the most potent and versatile innate immune mechanism, has shed interesting light on how complement activation on the surface of CNTs can modulate their phagocytosis and effector cytokine response. The charge or altered molecular pattern on the surface of CNTs due to functionalization and derivatization can also dictate the level of complement activation and subsequent inflammatory response. It is becoming evident that complement deposition may facilitate phagocytic uptake of CNTs through receptor routes that leads to dampening of pro-inflammatory response by complement-receptor bearing macrophages and B cells. Thus, recombinant complement regulators decorated on the CNT surface can constructively influence the therapeutic strategies involving CNTs and other nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Pondman
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Heinz Wolff Building, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
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17
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McKenzie Z, Kendall M, Mackay RM, Whitwell H, Elgy C, Ding P, Mahajan S, Morgan C, Griffiths M, Clark H, Madsen J. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) inhibits agglomeration and macrophage uptake of toxic amine modified nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2017; 9:952-62. [PMID: 25676620 PMCID: PMC4486002 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.992487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The lung provides the main route for nanomaterial exposure. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an important respiratory innate immune molecule with the ability to bind or opsonise pathogens to enhance phagocytic removal from the airways. We hypothesised that SP-A, like surfactant protein D, may interact with inhaled nanoparticulates, and that this interaction will be affected by nanoparticle (NP) surface characteristics. In this study, we characterise the interaction of SP-A with unmodified (U-PS) and amine-modified (A-PS) polystyrene particles of varying size and zeta potential using dynamic light scatter analysis. SP-A associated with both 100 nm U-PS and A-PS in a calcium-independent manner. SP-A induced significant calcium-dependent agglomeration of 100 nm U-PS NPs but resulted in calcium-independent inhibition of A-PS self agglomeration. SP-A enhanced uptake of 100 nm U-PS into macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner but in contrast inhibited A-PS uptake. Reduced association of A-PS particles in RAW264.7 cells following pre-incubation of SP-A was also observed with coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. Consistent with these findings, alveolar macrophages (AMs) from SP-A(-/-) mice were more efficient at uptake of 100 nm A-PS compared with wild type C57Bl/6 macrophages. No difference in uptake was observed with 500 nm U-PS or A-PS particles. Pre-incubation with SP-A resulted in a significant decrease in uptake of 100 nm A-PS in macrophages isolated from both groups of mice. In contrast, increased uptake by AMs of U-PS was observed after pre-incubation with SP-A. Thus we have demonstrated that SP-A promotes uptake of non-toxic U-PS particles but inhibits the clearance of potentially toxic A-PS particles by blocking uptake into macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofi McKenzie
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Michaela Kendall
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK .,b School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Rose-Marie Mackay
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Harry Whitwell
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Christine Elgy
- b School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Ping Ding
- c Facility for Environmental Nanoscience Analysis and Characterisation (FENAC), School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- d Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK .,e Department of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK
| | - Cliff Morgan
- f Leukocyte Biology, Royal Brompton Campus, Imperial College London , London , UK , and
| | - Mark Griffiths
- f Leukocyte Biology, Royal Brompton Campus, Imperial College London , London , UK , and
| | - Howard Clark
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK .,d Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK .,g National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK
| | - Jens Madsen
- a Department of Child Health, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK .,d Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton , Highfield , Southampton , UK .,g National Institute for Health Research, Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust , Southampton , UK
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18
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Hittinger M, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr CM. Cell and tissue-based in vitro models for improving the development of oral inhalation drug products. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 118:73-78. [PMID: 28254378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The interplay of costs and ethics has increased the need for adequate models mimicking the human in vivo situation drastically. An adequate model has the ability to generate data which are predictive for a certain aspect of the human response, for example for the bioavailability. This review highlights how in vitro models can enrich pulmonary drug delivery research with more detailed insights in cellular and non-cellular barriers, allowing for faster improvements and significant innovations of inhalation drug products. Risk assessment in inhalation toxicology and aerosol medicines and related important guidelines (e.g. OECD, EMA) are mentioned as a fundament for the described methods. Principle decisions to find a suitable in vitro tool for the question being asked are discussed to support the individual selection. Depending on the cellular and non-cellular barrier, exemplary in vitro tools are described with their ability to reflect a certain part of the in vivo lung situation. The review closes with a short summary of more complex systems as well as their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Hittinger
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Germany; Department Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Department Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Germany.
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Germany; Department Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Germany; Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Germany
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19
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Pondman KM, Paudyal B, Sim RB, Kaur A, Kouser L, Tsolaki AG, Jones LA, Salvador-Morales C, Khan HA, Ten Haken B, Stenbeck G, Kishore U. Pulmonary surfactant protein SP-D opsonises carbon nanotubes and augments their phagocytosis and subsequent pro-inflammatory immune response. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:1097-1109. [PMID: 27991644 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08807d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are increasingly being developed for use in biomedical applications, including drug delivery. One of the most promising applications under evaluation is in treating pulmonary diseases such as tuberculosis. Once inhaled or administered, the nanoparticles are likely to be recognised by innate immune molecules in the lungs such as hydrophilic pulmonary surfactant proteins. Here, we set out to examine the interaction between surfactant protein D (SP-D), a key lung pattern recognition molecule and CNTs, and possible downstream effects on the immune response via macrophages. We show here that a recombinant form of human SP-D (rhSP-D) bound to oxidised and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) coated CNTs via its C-type lectin domain and enhanced phagocytosis by U937 and THP-1 macrophages/monocytic cell lines, together with an increased pro-inflammatory response, suggesting that sequestration of SP-D by CNTs in the lungs can trigger an unwanted and damaging immune response. We also observed that functionalised CNTs, opsonised with rhSP-D, continued to activate complement via the classical pathway, suggesting that C1q, which is the recognition sub-component of the classical pathway, and SP-D have distinct pattern recognition sites on the CNTs. Consistent with our earlier reports, complement deposition on the rhSP-D opsonised CNTs led to dampening of the pro-inflammatory immune response by THP-1 macrophages, as evident from qPCR, cytokine array and NF-κB nuclear translocation analyses. This study highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between innate immune humoral factors including complement in devising nanoparticle based drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Pondman
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK. and Neuro Imaging, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Basudev Paudyal
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK. and Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Robert B Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Anuvinder Kaur
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Lubna Kouser
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Anthony G Tsolaki
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Lucy A Jones
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Carolina Salvador-Morales
- Bioengineering Department and Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, 22030 Virginia, USA
| | - Haseeb A Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bennie Ten Haken
- Neuro Imaging, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gudrun Stenbeck
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
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20
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Chen X, Fang J, Cheng Y, Zheng J, Zhang J, Chen T, Ruan BH. Biomolecular interaction analysis for carbon nanotubes and for biocompatibility prediction. Anal Biochem 2016; 505:1-7. [PMID: 27108187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and biologics have been commonly studied by various microscopy and spectroscopy methods. We tried biomolecular interaction analysis to measure the kinetic interactions between proteins and CNTs. The analysis demonstrated that wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and other proteins have high affinity toward carboxylated CNT (f-MWCNT) but essentially no binding to normal CNT (p-MWCNT). The binding of f-MWCNT-protein showed dose dependence, and the observed kinetic constants were in the range of 10(-9) to 10(-11) M with very small off-rates (10(-3) to 10(-7) s(-1)), indicating a relatively tight and stable f-MWCNT-protein complex formation. Interestingly in hemolysis assay, p-MWCNT showed good biocompatibility, f-MWCNT caused 30% hemolysis, but WGA-coated f-MWCNT did not show hemolysis. Furthermore, the f-MWCNT-WGA complex demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity toward cancer cells, perhaps through the glycoproteins expressed on the cells' surface. Taken together, biomolecular interaction analysis is a precise method that might be useful in evaluating the binding affinity of biologics to CNTs and in predicting biological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Jinzhang Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yun Cheng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jianhui Zheng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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21
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Harper BJ, Clendaniel A, Sinche F, Way D, Hughes M, Schardt J, Simonsen J, Stefaniak AB, Harper SL. Impacts of chemical modification on the toxicity of diverse nanocellulose materials to developing zebrafish. CELLULOSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 23:1763-1775. [PMID: 27468180 PMCID: PMC4959043 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-016-0947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an abundant and renewable resource currently being investigated for utility in nanomaterial form for various promising applications ranging from medical and pharmaceutical uses to mechanical reinforcement and biofuels. The utility of nanocellulose and wide implementation ensures increasing exposure to humans and the environment as nanocellulose-based technologies advance. Here, we investigate how differences in aspect ratio and changes to surface chemistry, as well as synthesis methods, influence the biocompatibility of nanocellulose materials using the embryonic zebrafish. Investigations into the toxicity of neutral, cationic and anionic surface functionalities revealed that surface chemistry had a minimal influence on the overall toxicity of nanocellulose materials. Higher aspect ratio cellulose nanofibers produced by mechanical homogenization were, in some cases, more toxic than other cellulose-based nanofibers or nanocrystals produced by chemical synthesis methods. Using fluorescently labeled nanocellulose we were able to show that nanocellulose uptake did occur in embryonic zebrafish during development. We conclude that the benign nature of nanocellulose materials makes them an ideal platform to systematically investigate the inherent surface features driving nanomaterial toxicity in order to create safer design principles for engineered nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J. Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Alicea Clendaniel
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Federico Sinche
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Daniel Way
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael Hughes
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jenna Schardt
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John Simonsen
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Stacey L. Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Oregon Nanoscience and Microtechnologies Institute (ONAMI), Corvallis, OR, USA
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22
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Luo M, Chen P, Wang J, Deng X, Dong L, Wu M, Shen X. The cytotoxicity of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes on macrophages. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-5595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Tsuda A, Venkata NK. The role of natural processes and surface energy of inhaled engineered nanoparticles on aggregation and corona formation. NANOIMPACT 2016; 2:38-44. [PMID: 29202111 PMCID: PMC5711474 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The surface chemistry of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) becomes more important as their size decreases and enters the nanometer-range. This review explains the fundamental properties of the surface chemistry of nanoparticles, and argues that their agglomeration and the formation of corona around them are natural processes that reduce surface energy. ENP agglomeration and surface corona formation are further discussed in the context of inhaled ENPs, as the lung is a major port of ENP entry to the body. The pulmonary surfactant layer, which the inhaled ENPs first encounter as they land on the lung surface, represents a unique environment with a variety of well-defined biomolecules. Many factors, such as hydrophobicity, surface charge of ENPs, protein/phospholipid concentrations of the alveolar lining fluid, etc. influence the complex processes of ENP agglomeration and corona formation in the alveolar lining fluid, and these events occur even before the ENPs reach the cells. We suggest that molecular dynamic simulations can represent a promising future direction for research of the behavior of inhaled ENPs, complementing the experimental approaches. Moreover, we want to remind biologists working on ENPs of the importance relationship between ENP surface energy and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Tsuda
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Dept. of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
| | - Nagarjun Konduru Venkata
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Dept. of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
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Shaw CA, Mortimer GM, Deng ZJ, Carter ES, Connell SP, Miller MR, Duffin R, Newby DE, Hadoke PWF, Minchin RF. Protein corona formation in bronchoalveolar fluid enhances diesel exhaust nanoparticle uptake and pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:981-91. [PMID: 27027807 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2016.1155672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In biological fluids nanoparticles bind a range of molecules, particularly proteins, on their surface. The resulting protein corona influences biological activity and fate of nanoparticle in vivo. Corona composition is often determined by the biological milieu encountered at the entry portal into the body, and, can therefore, depend on the route of exposure to the nanoparticle. For environmental nanoparticles where exposure is by inhalation, this will be lung lining fluid. This study examined plasma and bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) protein binding to engineered and environmental nanoparticles. We hypothesized that protein corona on nanoparticles would influence nanoparticle uptake and subsequent pro-inflammatory biological response in macrophages. All nanoparticles bound plasma and BALF proteins, but the profile of bound proteins varied between nanoparticles. Focusing on diesel exhaust nanoparticles (DENP), we identified proteins bound from plasma to include fibrinogen, and those bound from BALF to include albumin and surfactant proteins A and D. The presence on DENP of a plasma-derived corona or one of purified fibrinogen failed to evoke an inflammatory response in macrophages. However, coronae formed in BALF increased DENP uptake into macrophages two fold, and increased nanoparticulate carbon black (NanoCB) uptake fivefold. Furthermore, a BALF-derived corona increased IL-8 release from macrophages in response to DENP from 1720 ± 850 pg/mL to 5560 ± 1380 pg/mL (p = 0.014). These results demonstrate that the unique protein corona formed on nanoparticles plays an important role in determining biological reactivity and fate of nanoparticle in vivo. Importantly, these findings have implications for the mechanism of detrimental properties of environmental nanoparticles since the principle route of exposure to such particles is via the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Shaw
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Gysell M Mortimer
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Zhou J Deng
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Edwin S Carter
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Shea P Connell
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- c MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David E Newby
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- a BHF/University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- b Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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Wiemann M, Vennemann A, Sauer UG, Wiench K, Ma-Hock L, Landsiedel R. An in vitro alveolar macrophage assay for predicting the short-term inhalation toxicity of nanomaterials. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:16. [PMID: 26944705 PMCID: PMC4779246 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most in vitro studies investigating nanomaterial pulmonary toxicity poorly correlate to in vivo inhalation studies. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play an outstanding role during inhalation exposure since they effectively clear the alveoli from particles. This study addresses the applicability of an in vitro alveolar macrophage assay to distinguish biologically active from passive nanomaterials. METHODS Rat NR8383 alveolar macrophages were exposed to 18 inorganic nanomaterials, covering AlOOH, BaSO4, CeO2, Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, and ZnO NMs, amorphous SiO2 and graphite nanoplatelets, and two nanosized organic pigments. ZrO2 and amorphous SiO2 were tested without and with surface functionalization. Non-nanosized quartz DQ12 and corundum were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The test materials were incubated with the cells in protein-free culture medium. Lactate dehydrogenase, glucuronidase, and tumour necrosis factor alpha were assessed after 16 h. In parallel, H2O2 was assessed after 1.5 h. Using the no-observed-adverse-effect concentrations (NOAECs) from available rat short-term inhalation studies (STIS), the test materials were categorized as active (NOAEC < 10 mg/m(3)) or passive. RESULTS In vitro data reflected the STIS categorization if a particle surface area-based threshold of <6000 mm(2)/mL was used to determine the biological relevance of the lowest observed significant in vitro effects. Significant effects that were recorded above this threshold were assessed as resulting from test material-unspecific cellular 'overload'. Test materials were assessed as active if ≥2 of the 4 in vitro parameters undercut this threshold. They were assessed as passive if 0 or 1 parameter was altered. An overall assay accuracy of 95 % was achieved. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro NR8383 alveolar macrophage assay allows distinguishing active from passive nanomaterials. Thereby, it allows determining whether in vivo short-term inhalation testing is necessary for hazard assessment. Results may also be used to group nanomaterials by biological activity. Further work should aim at validating the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Antje Vennemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Hallstattfeld 16, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany.
| | - Karin Wiench
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GB/TB - Z470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GB/TB - Z470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GB/TB - Z470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Kumar A, Bicer EM, Morgan AB, Pfeffer PE, Monopoli M, Dawson KA, Eriksson J, Edwards K, Lynham S, Arno M, Behndig AF, Blomberg A, Somers G, Hassall D, Dailey LA, Forbes B, Mudway IS. Enrichment of immunoregulatory proteins in the biomolecular corona of nanoparticles within human respiratory tract lining fluid. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1033-1043. [PMID: 26767511 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.12.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED When inhaled nanoparticles deposit in the lungs, they transit through respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF) acquiring a biomolecular corona reflecting the interaction of the RTLF with the nanomaterial surface. Label-free snapshot proteomics was used to generate semi-quantitative profiles of corona proteins formed around silica (SiO2) and poly(vinyl) acetate (PVAc) nanoparticles in RTLF, the latter employed as an archetype drug delivery vehicle. The evolved PVAc corona was significantly enriched compared to that observed on SiO2 nanoparticles (698 vs. 429 proteins identified); however both coronas contained a substantial contribution from innate immunity proteins, including surfactant protein A, napsin A and complement (C1q and C3) proteins. Functional protein classification supports the hypothesis that corona formation in RTLF constitutes opsonisation, preparing particles for phagocytosis and clearance from the lungs. These data highlight how an understanding of the evolved corona is necessary for the design of inhaled nanomedicines with acceptable safety and tailored clearance profiles. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Inhaled nanoparticles often acquire a layer of protein corona while they go through the respiratory tract. Here, the authors investigated the identity of these proteins. The proper identification would improve the understanding of the use of inhaled nanoparticles in future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, LondonUK.
| | - Elif Melis Bicer
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health and NIHR-HPRU in the Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Environmental and Analytical Research, Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Anna Babin Morgan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, LondonUK
| | - Paul E Pfeffer
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Marco Monopoli
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kenneth A Dawson
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jonny Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Steven Lynham
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Matthew Arno
- Genomics Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Annelie F Behndig
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Graham Somers
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Dave Hassall
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Lea Ann Dailey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, LondonUK
| | - Ben Forbes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, LondonUK
| | - Ian S Mudway
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health and NIHR-HPRU in the Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Environmental and Analytical Research, Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
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Marchetti M, Shaffer MSP, Zambianchi M, Chen S, Superti F, Schwander S, Gow A, Zhang JJ, Chung KF, Ryan MP, Porter AE, Tetley TD. Adsorption of surfactant protein D from human respiratory secretions by carbon nanotubes and polystyrene nanoparticles depends on nanomaterial surface modification and size. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140038. [PMID: 25533095 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The alveolar respiratory unit constitutes one of the main targets of inhaled nanoparticles; the effect of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) on human health is largely unknown. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is synthesized by alveolar type II epithelial cells and released into respiratory secretions; its main function is in immune defence, notably against inhaled microbes. SP-D also plays an important role in modulating an appropriate inflammatory response in the lung, and reduced SP-D is associated with a number of inflammatory lung diseases. Adsorption of SP-D to inhaled NMs may facilitate their removal via macrophage phagocytosis. This study addresses the hypothesis that the chemistry, size and surface modification of engineered NMs will impact on their interaction with, and adsorption of, SP-D. To this purpose, we have examined the interactions between SP-D in human lung lavage and two NMs, carbon nanotubes and polystyrene nanoparticles, with different surface functionalization. We have demonstrated that particle size, functionalization and concentration affect the adsorption of SP-D from human lung lavage. Functionalization with negatively charged groups enhanced the amount of SP-D binding. While SP-D binding would be expected to enhance macrophage phagocytosis, these results suggest that the degree of binding is markedly affected by the physicochemistry of the NM and that deposition of high levels of some nanoparticles within the alveolar unit might deplete SP-D levels and affect alveolar immune defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Marchetti
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse St., London SW3 6LY, UK Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martina Zambianchi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse St., London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Fabiana Superti
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Andrew Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse St., London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Mary P Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse St., London SW3 6LY, UK
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Schlagenhauf L, Kianfar B, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Kuo YY, Wichser A, Nüesch F, Wick P, Wang J. Weathering of a carbon nanotube/epoxy nanocomposite under UV light and in water bath: impact on abraded particles. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:18524-18536. [PMID: 26490158 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Weathering processes can influence the surface properties of composites with incorporated nanoparticles. These changes may affect the release behavior of nanoparticles when an abrasion process is applied. Therefore, the influence of two different weathering processes, immersion in water and exposure to UV light, on the properties of abraded particles from a carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy nanocomposite was investigated. The investigation included the measurement of the weathering impact on the surface chemistry of the exposed samples, the particle size of abraded particles, the quantity of exposed CNTs in the respirable part of the abraded particles, and the toxicity of abraded particles, measured by in vitro toxicity tests using the THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages. The results showed that weathering by immersion in water had no influence on the properties of abraded particles. The exposure to UV light caused a degradation of the epoxy on the surface, followed by delamination of an approx. 2.5 μm thick layer. An increased quantity of exposed CNTs in abraded particles was not found; on the contrary, longer UV exposure times decreased the released fraction of CNTs from 0.6% to 0.4%. The toxicity tests revealed that abraded particles from the nanocomposites did not induce additional acute cytotoxic effects compared to particles from the neat epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schlagenhauf
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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29
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Thompson LC, Holland NA, Snyder RJ, Luo B, Becak DP, Odom JT, Harrison BS, Brown JM, Gowdy KM, Wingard CJ. Pulmonary instillation of MWCNT increases lung permeability, decreases gp130 expression in the lungs, and initiates cardiovascular IL-6 transsignaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L142-54. [PMID: 26589480 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00384.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary instillation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has the potential to promote cardiovascular derangements, but the mechanisms responsible are currently unclear. We hypothesized that exposure to MWCNT would result in increased epithelial barrier permeability by 24 h postexposure and initiate a signaling process involving IL-6/gp130 transsignaling in peripheral vascular tissue. To test this hypothesis we assessed the impact of 1 and 10 μg/cm(2) MWCNT on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and expression of barrier proteins and cell activation in vitro using normal human bronchial epithelial primary cells. Parallel studies using male Sprague-Dawley rats instilled with 100 μg MWCNT measured bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) differential cell counts, BAL fluid total protein, and lung water-to-tissue weight ratios 24 h postexposure and quantified serum concentrations of IL-6, soluble IL-6r, and soluble gp130. Aortic sections were examined immunohistochemically for gp130 expression, and gp130 mRNA/protein expression was evaluated in rat lung, heart, and aortic tissue homogenates. Our in vitro findings indicate that 10 μg/cm(2) MWCNT decreased the development of TEER and zonula occludens-1 expression relative to the vehicle. In rats MWCNT instillation increased BAL protein, lung water, and induced pulmonary eosinophilia. Serum concentrations of soluble gp130 decreased, aortic endothelial expression of gp130 increased, and expression of gp130 in the lung was downregulated in the MWCNT-exposed group. We propose that pulmonary exposure to MWCNT can manifest as a reduced epithelial barrier and activator of vascular gp130-associated transsignaling that may promote susceptibility to cardiovascular derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Nathan A Holland
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Ryan J Snyder
- NanoHealth Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Daniel P Becak
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jillian T Odom
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin S Harrison
- Wake Forest University Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jared M Brown
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Christopher J Wingard
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina;
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Theodorou IG, Botelho D, Schwander S, Zhang J(J, Chung KF, Tetley TD, Shaffer MSP, Gow A, Ryan MP, Porter AE. Static and Dynamic Microscopy of the Chemical Stability and Aggregation State of Silver Nanowires in Components of Murine Pulmonary Surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8048-56. [PMID: 26061974 PMCID: PMC4780758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The increase of production volumes of silver nanowires (AgNWs) and of consumer products incorporating them may lead to increased health risks from occupational and public exposures. There is currently limited information about the putative toxicity of AgNWs upon inhalation and incomplete understanding of the properties that control their bioreactivity. The lung lining fluid (LLF), which contains phospholipids and surfactant proteins, represents a first contact site with the respiratory system. In this work, the impact of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), Curosurf, and murine LLF on the stability of AgNWs was examined. Both the phospholipid and protein components of the LLF modified the dissolution kinetics of AgNWs, due to the formation of a lipid corona or aggregation of the AgNWs. Moreover, the hydrophilic proteins, but neither the hydrophobic surfactant proteins nor the phospholipids, induced agglomeration of the AgNWs. Finally, the generation of a secondary population of nanosilver was observed and attributed to the reduction of Ag(+) ions by the surface capping of the AgNWs. Our findings highlight that combinations of spatially resolved dynamic and static techniques are required to develop a holistic understanding of which parameters govern AgNW behavior at the point of exposure and to accurately predict their risks on human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G. Theodorou
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Botelho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Junfeng (Jim) Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa D. Tetley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E. Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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31
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Mousseau F, Le Borgne R, Seyrek E, Berret JF. Biophysicochemical Interaction of a Clinical Pulmonary Surfactant with Nanoalumina. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7346-7354. [PMID: 26075579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the interaction of pulmonary surfactant composed of phospholipids and proteins with nanometric alumina (Al2O3) in the context of lung exposure and nanotoxicity. We study the bulk properties of phospholipid/nanoparticle dispersions and determine the nature of their interactions. The clinical surfactant Curosurf, both native and extruded, and a protein-free surfactant are investigated. The phase behavior of mixed surfactant/particle dispersions was determined by optical and electron microscopy, light scattering, and zeta potential measurements. It exhibits broad similarities with that of strongly interacting nanosystems such as polymers, proteins or particles, and supports the hypothesis of electrostatic complexation. At a critical stoichiometry, micron-sized aggregates arising from the association between oppositely charged vesicles and nanoparticles are formed. Contrary to the models of lipoprotein corona or of particle wrapping, our work shows that vesicles maintain their structural integrity and trap the particles at their surfaces. The agglomeration of particles in surfactant phase is a phenomenon of importance that could change the interactions of the particles with lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mousseau
- †Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France
| | - R Le Borgne
- ‡ImagoSeine Electron Microscopy Facility, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, CNRS - Université Paris Diderot Paris-VII, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E Seyrek
- †Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France
| | - J-F Berret
- †Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France
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32
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Sweeney S, Theodorou IG, Zambianchi M, Chen S, Gow A, Schwander S, Zhang JJ, Chung KF, Shaffer MSP, Ryan MP, Porter AE, Tetley TD. Silver nanowire interactions with primary human alveolar type-II epithelial cell secretions: contrasting bioreactivity with human alveolar type-I and type-II epithelial cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:10398-409. [PMID: 25996248 PMCID: PMC4765325 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01496d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled nanoparticles have a high deposition rate in the alveolar units of the deep lung. The alveolar epithelium is composed of type-I and type-II epithelial cells (ATI and ATII respectively) and is bathed in pulmonary surfactant. The effect of native human ATII cell secretions on nanoparticle toxicity is not known. We investigated the cellular uptake and toxicity of silver nanowires (AgNWs; 70 nm diameter, 1.5 μm length) with human ATI-like cells (TT1), in the absence or presence of Curosurf® (a natural porcine pulmonary surfactant with a low amount of protein) or harvested primary human ATII cell secretions (HAS; containing both the complete lipid as well as the full protein complement of human pulmonary surfactant i.e. SP-A, SP-B, SP-C and SP-D). We hypothesised that Curosurf® or HAS would confer improved protection for TT1 cells, limiting the toxicity of AgNWs. In agreement with our hypothesis, HAS reduced the inflammatory and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating potential of AgNWs with exposed TT1 cells. For example, IL-8 release and ROS generation was reduced by 38% and 29%, respectively, resulting in similar levels to that of the non-treated controls. However in contrast to our hypothesis, Curosurf® had no effect. We found a significant reduction in AgNW uptake by TT1 cells in the presence of HAS but not Curosurf. Furthermore, we show that the SP-A and SP-D are likely to be involved in this process as they were found to be specifically bound to the AgNWs. While ATI cells appear to be protected by HAS, evidence suggested that ATII cells, despite no uptake, were vulnerable to AgNW exposure (indicated by increased IL-8 release and ROS generation and decreased intracellular SP-A levels one day post-exposure). This study provides unique findings that may be important for the study of lung epithelial-endothelial translocation of nanoparticles in general and associated toxicity within the alveolar unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinbad Sweeney
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Airways Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Cao Y, Roursgaard M, Jacobsen NR, Møller P, Loft S. Monocyte adhesion induced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes and palmitic acid in endothelial cells and alveolar-endothelial co-cultures. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:235-44. [PMID: 26067756 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1048325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Free palmitic acid (PA) is a potential pro-atherogenic stimulus that may aggravate particle-mediated cardiovascular health effects. We hypothesized that the presence of PA can aggravate oxidative stress and endothelial activation induced by multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) exposure in vitro. We investigated the interaction between direct exposure to MWCNTs and PA on THP-1 monocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as well as on indirect exposure in an alveolar-endothelial co-culture model with A549 cells and THP-1-derived macrophages exposed in inserts and the effect measured in the lower chamber on HUVECs and THP-1 cells. The exposure to MWCNTs, including a short (NM400) and long (NM402) type of entangled fibers, was associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species as well as a decrease in the intracellular glutathione concentration in HUVEC and A549 monocultures. Both effects were found to be independent of the presence of PA. MWCNT exposure significantly increased THP-1 monocyte adhesion to HUVECs, and co-exposure to PA aggravated the NM400-mediated adhesion but decreased the NM402-mediated adhesion. For the co-cultures, the exposure of A549 cells did not promote THP-1 adhesion to HUVECs in the lower chamber. When THP-1 macrophages were present on the cell culture inserts, there was a modest increase in the adhesion and an increase in interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in the lower chamber whereas no tumor necrosis factor was detected. Overall, this study showed that direct exposure of HUVECs to MWCNTs was associated with oxidative stress and monocyte adhesion and the presence of PA increased the adhesion when exposed to NM400.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- a Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark and
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- a Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark and
| | | | - Peter Møller
- a Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark and
| | - Steffen Loft
- a Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark and
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Involvement of IL-1 genes in the cellular responses to carbon nanotube exposure. Cytokine 2015; 73:128-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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FANIZZA C, CASCIARDI S, INCORONATO F, CAVALLO D, URSINI C, CIERVO A, MAIELLO R, FRESEGNA A, MARCELLONI A, LEGA D, ALVINO A, BAIGUERA S. Human epithelial cells exposed to functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes: interactions and cell surface modifications. J Microsc 2015; 259:173-84. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - D. CAVALLO
- INAIL; DMEILA; Monteporzio Catone Rome Italy
| | - C.L. URSINI
- INAIL; DMEILA; Monteporzio Catone Rome Italy
| | - A. CIERVO
- INAIL; DMEILA; Monteporzio Catone Rome Italy
| | - R. MAIELLO
- INAIL; DMEILA; Monteporzio Catone Rome Italy
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Sauer UG, Aumann A, Ma-Hock L, Landsiedel R, Wohlleben W. Influence of dispersive agent on nanomaterial agglomeration and implications for biological effects in vivo or in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:182-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Oberdörster G, Castranova V, Asgharian B, Sayre P. Inhalation Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Carbon Nanofibers (CNF): Methodology and Dosimetry. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2015; 18:121-212. [PMID: 26361791 PMCID: PMC4706753 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2015.1051611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanofibers (CNF) are used increasingly in a broad array of commercial products. Given current understandings, the most significant life-cycle exposures to CNT/CNF occur from inhalation when they become airborne at different stages of their life cycle, including workplace, use, and disposal. Increasing awareness of the importance of physicochemical properties as determinants of toxicity of CNT/CNF and existing difficulties in interpreting results of mostly acute rodent inhalation studies to date necessitate a reexamination of standardized inhalation testing guidelines. The current literature on pulmonary exposure to CNT/CNF and associated effects is summarized; recommendations and conclusions are provided that address test guideline modifications for rodent inhalation studies that will improve dosimetric extrapolation modeling for hazard and risk characterization based on the analysis of exposure-dose-response relationships. Several physicochemical parameters for CNT/CNF, including shape, state of agglomeration/aggregation, surface properties, impurities, and density, influence toxicity. This requires an evaluation of the correlation between structure and pulmonary responses. Inhalation, using whole-body exposures of rodents, is recommended for acute to chronic pulmonary exposure studies. Dry powder generator methods for producing CNT/CNF aerosols are preferred, and specific instrumentation to measure mass, particle size and number distribution, and morphology in the exposure chambers are identified. Methods are discussed for establishing experimental exposure concentrations that correlate with realistic human exposures, such that unrealistically high experimental concentrations need to be identified that induce effects under mechanisms that are not relevant for workplace exposures. Recommendations for anchoring data to results seen for positive and negative benchmark materials are included, as well as periods for postexposure observation. A minimum data set of specific bronchoalveolar lavage parameters is recommended. Retained lung burden data need to be gathered such that exposure-dose-response correlations may be analyzed and potency comparisons between materials and mammalian species are obtained considering dose metric parameters for interpretation of results. Finally, a list of research needs is presented to fill data gaps for further improving design, analysis, and interpretation and extrapolation of results of rodent inhalation studies to refine meaningful risk assessments for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Formerly with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Phil Sayre
- Formerly with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
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Kasper JY, Feiden L, Hermanns MI, Bantz C, Maskos M, Unger RE, Kirkpatrick CJ. Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air-blood barrier model. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:517-28. [PMID: 25821694 PMCID: PMC4362310 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The air-blood barrier is a very thin membrane of about 2.2 µm thickness and therefore represents an ideal portal of entry for nanoparticles to be used therapeutically in a regenerative medicine strategy. Until now, numerous studies using cellular airway models have been conducted in vitro in order to investigate the potential hazard of NPs. However, in most in vitro studies a crucial alveolar component has been neglected. Before aspirated NPs encounter the cellular air-blood barrier, they impinge on the alveolar surfactant layer (10-20 nm in thickness) that lines the entire alveolar surface. Thus, a prior interaction of NPs with pulmonary surfactant components will occur. In the present study we explored the impact of pulmonary surfactant on the cytotoxic potential of amorphous silica nanoparticles (aSNPs) using in vitro mono- and complex coculture models of the air-blood barrier. Furthermore, different surface functionalisations (plain-unmodified, amino, carboxylate) of the aSNPs were compared in order to study the impact of chemical surface properties on aSNP cytotoxicity in combination with lung surfactant. The alveolar epithelial cell line A549 was used in mono- and in coculture with the microvascular cell line ISO-HAS-1 in the form of different cytotoxicity assays (viability, membrane integrity, inflammatory responses such as IL-8 release). At a distinct concentration (100 µg/mL) aSNP-plain displayed the highest cytotoxicity and IL-8 release in monocultures of A549. aSNP-NH2 caused a slight toxic effect, whereas aSNP-COOH did not exhibit any cytotoxicity. In combination with lung surfactant, aSNP-plain revealed an increased cytotoxicity in monocultures of A549, aSNP-NH2 caused a slightly augmented toxic effect, whereas aSNP-COOH did not show any toxic alterations. A549 in coculture did not show any decreased toxicity (membrane integrity) for aSNP-plain in combination with lung surfactant. However, a significant augmented IL-8 release was observed, but no alterations in combination with lung surfactant. The augmented aSNP toxicity with surfactant in monocultures appears to depend on the chemical surface properties of the aSNPs. Reactive silanol groups seem to play a crucial role for an augmented toxicity of aSNPs. The A549 cells in the coculture seem to be more robust towards aSNPs, which might be a result of a higher differentiation and polarization state due the longer culture period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Kasper
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Feiden
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria I Hermanns
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Bantz
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 18–20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Maskos
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 18–20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ronald E Unger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - C James Kirkpatrick
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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Theodorou IG, Ryan MP, Tetley TD, Porter AE. Inhalation of silver nanomaterials--seeing the risks. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23936-74. [PMID: 25535082 PMCID: PMC4284799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Demand for silver engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is increasing rapidly in optoelectronic and in health and medical applications due to their antibacterial, thermal, electrical conductive, and other properties. The continued commercial up-scaling of ENM production and application needs to be accompanied by an understanding of the occupational health, public safety and environmental implications of these materials. There have been numerous in vitro studies and some in vivo studies of ENM toxicity but their results are frequently inconclusive. Some of the variability between studies has arisen due to a lack of consistency between experimental models, since small differences between test materials can markedly alter their behaviour. In addition, the propensity for the physicochemistry of silver ENMs to alter, sometimes quite radically, depending on the environment they encounter, can profoundly alter their bioreactivity. Consequently, it is important to accurately characterise the materials before use, at the point of exposure and at the nanomaterial-tissue, or "nanobio", interface, to be able to appreciate their environmental impact. This paper reviews current literature on the pulmonary effects of silver nanomaterials. We focus our review on describing whether, and by which mechanisms, the chemistry and structure of these materials can be linked to their bioreactivity in the respiratory system. In particular, the mechanisms by which the physicochemical properties (e.g., aggregation state, morphology and chemistry) of silver nanomaterials change in various biological milieu (i.e., relevant proteins, lipids and other molecules, and biofluids, such as lung surfactant) and affect subsequent interactions with and within cells will be discussed, in the context not only of what is measured but also of what can be visualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G Theodorou
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Mary P Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Cale Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Thorley AJ, Ruenraroengsak P, Potter TE, Tetley TD. Critical determinants of uptake and translocation of nanoparticles by the human pulmonary alveolar epithelium. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11778-89. [PMID: 25360809 PMCID: PMC4246006 DOI: 10.1021/nn505399e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate the size and surface properties of nanomaterials makes them a promising vector for improving drug delivery and efficacy. Inhalation is a desirable route of administration as nanomaterials preferentially deposit in the alveolar region, a large surface area for drug absorption. However, as yet, the mechanisms by which particles translocate across the alveolar epithelial layer are poorly understood. Here we show that human alveolar type I epithelial cells internalize nanoparticles, whereas alveolar type II epithelial cells do not, and that nanoparticles translocate across the epithelial monolayer but are unable to penetrate the tight junctions between cells, ruling out paracellular translocation. Furthermore, using siRNA, we demonstrate that 50 nm nanoparticles enter largely by passive diffusion and are found in the cytoplasm, whereas 100 nm nanoparticles enter primarily via clathrin- and also caveolin-mediated endocytosis and are found in endosomes. Functionalization of nanoparticles increases their uptake and enhances binding of surfactant which further promotes uptake. Thus, we demonstrate that uptake and translocation across the pulmonary epithelium is controlled by alveolar type I epithelial cells, and furthermore, we highlight a number of factors that should be considered when designing new nanomedicines in order to improve drug delivery to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Thorley
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, U.K.
| | - Pakatip Ruenraroengsak
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, U.K.
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Thomas E. Potter
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, U.K.
| | - Teresa D. Tetley
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, U.K.
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Rittinghausen S, Hackbarth A, Creutzenberg O, Ernst H, Heinrich U, Leonhardt A, Schaudien D. The carcinogenic effect of various multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) after intraperitoneal injection in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:59. [PMID: 25410479 PMCID: PMC4243371 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological effects of tailor-made multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) without functionalization were investigated in vivo in a two-year carcinogenicity study. In the past, intraperitoneal carcinogenicity studies in rats using biopersistent granular dusts had always been negative, whereas a number of such studies with different asbestos fibers had shown tumor induction. The aim of this study was to identify possible carcinogenic effects of MWCNTs. We compared induced tumors with asbestos-induced mesotheliomas and evaluated their relevance for humans by immunohistochemical methods. METHODS A total of 500 male Wistar rats (50 per group) were treated once by intraperitoneal injection with 10⁹ or 5 × 10⁹ WHO carbon nanotubes of one of four different MWCNTs suspended in artificial lung medium, which was also used as negative control. Amosite asbestos (10⁸ WHO fibers) served as positive control. Morbid rats were sacrificed and necropsy comprising all organs was performed. Histopathological classification of tumors and, additionally, immunohistochemistry were conducted for podoplanin, pan-cytokeratin, and vimentin to compare induced tumors with malignant mesotheliomas occurring in humans. RESULTS Treatments induced tumors in all dose groups, but incidences and times to tumor differed between groups. Most tumors were histologically and immunohistochemically classified as malignant mesotheliomas, revealing a predominantly superficial spread on the serosal surface of the abdominal cavity. Furthermore, most tumors showed invasion of peritoneal organs, especially the diaphragm. All tested MWCNT types caused mesotheliomas. We observed highest frequencies and earliest appearances after treatment with the rather straight MWCNT types A and B. In the MWCNT C groups, first appearances of morbid mesothelioma-bearing rats were only slightly later. Later during the two-year study, we found mesotheliomas also in rats treated with MWCNT D - the most curved type of nanotubes. Malignant mesotheliomas induced by intraperitoneal injection of different MWCNTs and of asbestos were histopathologically and immunohistochemically similar, also compared with mesotheliomas in man, suggesting similar pathogenesis. CONCLUSION We showed a carcinogenic effect for all tested MWCNTs. Besides aspect ratio, curvature seems to be an important parameter influencing the carcinogenicity of MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rittinghausen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Anja Hackbarth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Ernst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Uwe Heinrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Albrecht Leonhardt
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, PF 270116, 01171, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Liu WT, Bien MY, Chuang KJ, Chang TY, Jones T, BéruBé K, Lalev G, Tsai DH, Chuang HC, Cheng TJ. Physicochemical and biological characterization of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes in biological media. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 280:216-225. [PMID: 25164386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To study the toxicity of nanoparticles under relevant conditions, it is important to reproducibly disperse nanoparticles in biological media in in vitro and in vivo studies. Here, single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and double-walled nanotubes (DWNTs) were physicochemically and biologically characterized when dispersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA-SWNT/DWNT interaction resulted in a reduction of aggregation and an increase in particle stabilization. Based on the protein sequence coverage and protein binding results, DWNTs exhibited higher protein binding than SWNTs. SWNT and DWNT suspensions in the presence of BSA increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in A549 cells as compared to corresponding samples in the absence of BSA. We next determined the effects of SWNTs and DWNTs on pulmonary protein modification using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as a surrogate collected form BALB/c mice. The BALF proteins bound to SWNTs (13 proteins) and DWNTs (11 proteins), suggesting that these proteins were associated with blood coagulation pathways. Lastly, we demonstrated the importance of physicochemical and biological alterations of SWNTs and DWNTs when dispersed in biological media, since protein binding may result in the misinterpretation of in vitro results and the activation of protein-regulated biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Te Liu
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Mauo-Ying Bien
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Tim Jones
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Kelly BéruBé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Georgi Lalev
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Dai-Hua Tsai
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Møller P, Christophersen DV, Jensen DM, Kermanizadeh A, Roursgaard M, Jacobsen NR, Hemmingsen JG, Danielsen PH, Cao Y, Jantzen K, Klingberg H, Hersoug LG, Loft S. Role of oxidative stress in carbon nanotube-generated health effects. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1939-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kotagiri N, Kim JW. Stealth nanotubes: strategies of shielding carbon nanotubes to evade opsonization and improve biodistribution. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 1:85-105. [PMID: 24872705 PMCID: PMC4024978 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s51854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently been in the limelight for their potential role in disease diagnostics and therapeutics, as well as in tissue engineering. Before these medical applications can be realized, there is a need to address issues like opsonization, phagocytosis by macrophages, and sequestration to the liver and spleen for eventual elimination from the body; along with equally important issues such as aqueous solubility, dispersion, biocompatibility, and biofunctionalization. CNTs have not been shown to be able to evade such biological obstacles, which include their nonspecific attachments to cells and other biological components in the bloodstream, before reaching target tissues and cells in vivo. This will eventually determine their longevity in circulation and clearance rate from the body. This review article discusses the current status, challenges, practical strategies, and implementations of coating CNTs with biocompatible and opsonin-resistant moieties, rendering CNTs transparent to opsonins and deceiving the innate immune response to make believe that the CNTs are not foreign. A holistic approach to the development of such "stealth" CNTs is presented, which encompasses not only several biophysicochemical factors that are not limited to surface treatment of CNTs, but also extraneous biological factors such as the protein corona formation that inevitably controls the in vivo fate of the particles. This review also discusses the present and potential applications, along with the future directions, of CNTs and their hybrid-based nanotheranostic agents for multiplex, multimodal molecular imaging and therapy, as well as in other applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Optical Radiology Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Sachan AK, Galla HJ. Understanding the mutual impact of interaction between hydrophobic nanoparticles and pulmonary surfactant monolayer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1069-1075. [PMID: 24339125 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between hydrophobic nanoparticles (NPs) and a pulmonary surfactant (PS) film leads to a shift in molecular packing of surfactant molecules in the PS film around the interacting NPs. The resultant structural arrangement of surfactants around the NPs may be a potential structural factor responsible for their high retention ability within the film. Moreover, during this interaction, surfactant molecules coat the NPs and change their surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Sachan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str.2, Münster, 48149, Germany; Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, Münster, 48149, Germany
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Apoptotic, inflammatory, and fibrogenic effects of two different types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in mouse lung. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1725-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chen TT, Chuang KJ, Chiang LL, Chen CC, Yeh CT, Wang LS, Gregory C, Jones T, BéruBé K, Lee CN, Chuang HC, Cheng TJ. Characterization of the interactions between protein and carbon black. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 264:127-135. [PMID: 24291665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A considerable amount of studies have been conducted to investigate the interactions of biological fluids with nanoparticle surfaces, which exhibit a high affinity for proteins and particles. However, the mechanisms underlying these interactions have not been elucidated, particularly as they relate to human health. Using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and mice bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as models for protein-particle conjugates, we characterized the physicochemical modifications of carbon blacks (CB) with 23nm or 65nm in diameter after protein treatment. Adsorbed BALF-containing proteins were quantified and identified by pathways, biological analyses and protein classification. Significant modifications of the physicochemistry of CB were induced by the addition of BSA. Enzyme modulators and hydrolase predominately interacted with CB, with protein-to-CB interactions that were associated with the coagulation pathways. Additionally, our results revealed that an acute-phase response could be activated by these proteins. With regard to human health, the present study revealed that the CB can react with proteins (∼55kDa and 70kDa) after inhalation and may modify the functional structures of lung proteins, leading to the activation of acute-inflammatory responses in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Tao Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ling-Ling Chiang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chao Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Tai Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Shun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Clive Gregory
- Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Tim Jones
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Kelly BéruBé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
| | - Chun-Nin Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hedmer M, Isaxon C, Nilsson PT, Ludvigsson L, Messing ME, Genberg J, Skaug V, Bohgard M, Tinnerberg H, Pagels JH. Exposure and emission measurements during production, purification, and functionalization of arc-discharge-produced multi-walled carbon nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 58:355-79. [PMID: 24389082 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/met072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production and use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is rapidly growing. With increased production, there is potential that the number of occupational exposed workers will rapidly increase. Toxicological studies on rats have shown effects in the lungs, e.g., inflammation, granuloma formation, and fibrosis after repeated inhalation exposure to some forms of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs). Still, when it comes to health effects, it is unknown which dose metric is most relevant. Limited exposure data for CNTs exist today and no legally enforced occupational exposure limits are yet established. The aim of this work was to quantify the occupational exposures and emissions during arc discharge production, purification, and functionalization of MWCNTs. The CNT material handled typically had a mean length <5 μm. Since most of the collected airborne CNTs did not fulfil the World Health Organization fibre dimensions (79% of the counted CNT-containing particles) and since no microscopy-based method for counting of CNTs exists, we decided to count all particle that contained CNTs. To investigate correlations between the used exposure metrics, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. METHODS Exposure measurements were performed at a small-scale producer of MWCNTs and respirable fractions of dust concentrations, elemental carbon (EC) concentrations, and number concentrations of CNT-containing particles were measured in the workers' breathing zones with filter-based methods during work. Additionally, emission measurements near the source were carried out during different work tasks. Respirable dust was gravimetrically determined; EC was analysed with thermal-optical analysis and the number of CNT-containing particles was analysed with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS For the personal exposure measurements, respirable dust ranged between <73 and 93 μg m(-3), EC ranged between <0.08 and 7.4 μg C m(-3), and number concentration of CNT-containing particles ranged between 0.04 and 2.0 cm(-3). For the emission measurements, respirable dust ranged between <2800 and 6800 μg m(-3), EC ranged between 0.05 and 550 μg C m(-3), and number concentration of CNT-containing particles ranged between <0.20 and 11cm(-3). CONCLUSIONS The highest exposure to CNTs occurred during production of CNTs. The highest emitted number concentration of CNT-containing particles occurred in the sieving, mechanical work-up, pouring, weighing, and packaging of CNT powder during the production stage. To be able to quantify exposures and emissions of CNTs, a selective and sensitive method is needed. Limitations with measuring EC and respirable dust are that these exposure metrics do not measure CNTs specifically. Only filter-based methods with electron microscopy analysis are, to date, selective and sensitive enough. This study showed that counting of CNT-containing particles is the method that fulfils those criteria and is therefore the method recommended for future quantification of CNT exposures. However, CNTs could be highly toxic not only because of their length but also because they could contain, for example transition metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or have surface defects. Lack of standardized counting criteria for CNTs to be applied at the electron microscopy analysis is a limiting factor, which makes it difficult to compare exposure data from different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hedmer
- 1. Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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50
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Sauer UG, Vogel S, Aumann A, Hess A, Kolle SN, Ma-Hock L, Wohlleben W, Dammann M, Strauss V, Treumann S, Gröters S, Wiench K, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Applicability of rat precision-cut lung slices in evaluating nanomaterial cytotoxicity, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 276:1-20. [PMID: 24382512 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of rat precision-cut lung slices (PCLuS) in detecting nanomaterial (NM) toxicity to the respiratory tract was investigated evaluating sixteen OECD reference NMs (TiO₂, ZnO, CeO₂, SiO₂, Ag, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)). Upon 24-hour test substance exposure, the PCLuS system was able to detect early events of NM toxicity: total protein, reduction in mitochondrial activity, caspase-3/-7 activation, glutathione depletion/increase, cytokine induction, and histopathological evaluation. Ion shedding NMS (ZnO and Ag) induced severe tissue destruction detected by the loss of total protein. Two anatase TiO₂ NMs, CeO₂ NMs, and two MWCNT caused significant (determined by trend analysis) cytotoxicity in the WST-1 assay. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, different TiO₂ NMs and one MWCNT increased GSH levels, presumably a defense response to reactive oxygen species, and these substances further induced a variety of cytokines. One of the SiO₂ NMs increased caspase-3/-7 activities at non-cytotoxic levels, and one rutile TiO₂ only induced cytokines. Investigating these effects is, however, not sufficient to predict apical effects found in vivo. Reproducibility of test substance measurements was not fully satisfactory, especially in the GSH and cytokine assays. Effects were frequently observed in negative controls pointing to tissue slice vulnerability even though prepared and handled with utmost care. Comparisons of the effects observed in the PCLuS to in vivo effects reveal some concordances for the metal oxide NMs, but less so for the MWCNT. The highest effective dosages, however, exceeded those reported for rat short-term inhalation studies. To become applicable for NM testing, the PCLuS system requires test protocol optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Vogel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; Product Stewardship Water Solutions, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Aumann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Hess
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Susanne N Kolle
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; Material Physics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martina Dammann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Silke Treumann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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