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Xu B, Fan B, Chen Z. A critical role of a plant-specific TFIIB-related protein, BRP1, in salicylic acid-mediated immune response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1427916. [PMID: 39139725 PMCID: PMC11319285 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1427916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
An integral part of plant immunity is transcription reprogramming by concerted action of specific transcription factors that activate or repress genes through recruitment or release of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Pol II is assembled into Pol II holoenzyme at the promoters through association with a group of general transcription factors including transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) to activate transcription. Unlike other eukaryotic organisms, plants have a large family of TFIIB-related proteins with 15 members in Arabidopsis including several plant-specific TFIIB-related proteins (BRPs). Molecular genetic analysis has revealed important roles of some BRPs in plant reproductive processes. In this study, we report that Arabidopsis knockout mutants for BRP1, the founding member of the BRP protein family, were normal in growth and development, but were hypersusceptible to the bacterial pathogen Psuedomonas syringae. The enhanced susceptibility of the brp1 mutants was associated with reduced expression of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 (ICS1) and SA-responsive PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) genes. Pathogen-induced SA accumulation was reduced in the brp1 mutants and exogenous SA rescued the brp1 mutants for resistance to the bacterial pathogen. In uninfected plants, BRP1 was primarily associated with the plastids but pathogen infection induced its accumulation in the nucleus. BRP1 acted as a transcription activator in plant cells and binded to the promoter of ICS1. These results collectively indicate that BRP1 is a functionally specialized transcription factor that increasingly accumulates in the nucleus in response to pathogen infection to promote defense gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources and Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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2
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Xiao WN, Nunn GM, Fufeng AB, Belu N, Brookman RK, Halim A, Krysmanski EC, Cameron RK. Exploring Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato biofilm-like aggregate formation in susceptible and PTI-responding Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13403. [PMID: 37988240 PMCID: PMC10799205 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm-like aggregates have been observed in plants, but their role in pathogenicity is underinvestigated. In the present study, we observed that extracellular DNA and polysaccharides colocalized with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) aggregates in Arabidopsis leaves, suggesting that Pst aggregates are biofilms. GFP-expressing Pst, Pst ΔalgU ΔmucAB (Pst algU mutant), and Pst ΔalgD ΔalgU ΔmucAB (Pst algU algD mutant) were examined to explore the roles of (1) alginate, a potential biofilm component; (2) Pst AlgU, thought to regulate alginate biosynthesis and some type III secretion system effector genes; and (3) intercellular salicylic acid (SA) accumulation during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Pst formed extensive aggregates in susceptible plants, whereas aggregate numbers and size were reduced in Pst algU and Pst algD algU mutants, and both multiplied poorly in planta, suggesting that aggregate formation contributes to Pst success in planta. However, in SA-deficient sid2-2 plants, Pst algD algU mutant multiplication and aggregate formation were partially restored, suggesting plant-produced SA contributes to suppression of Pst aggregate formation. Pst algD algU mutants formed fewer and smaller aggregates than Pst algU mutants, suggesting both AlgU and AlgD contribute to Pst aggregate formation. Col-0 plants accumulated low levels of SA in response to Pst and both mutants (Pst algU and Pst algD algU), suggesting the regulatory functions of AlgU are not involved in suppressing SA-mediated plant defence. Plant PTI was associated with highly reduced Pst aggregate formation and accumulation of intercellular SA in flg22-induced PTI-responding wild-type Col-0, but not in PTI-incompetent fls2, suggesting intercellular SA accumulation by Arabidopsis contributes to suppression of Pst biofilm-like aggregate formation during PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantao N. Xiao
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Garrett M. Nunn
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Natalie Belu
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Abdul Halim
- Department of BiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
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3
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Devendrakumar KT, Copeland C, Adamchek C, Zhong X, Huang X, Gendron JM, Li X. Arabidopsis Tubby domain-containing F-box proteins positively regulate immunity by modulating PI4Kβ protein levels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:354-371. [PMID: 37571862 PMCID: PMC11114105 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The Tubby domain, named after the TUBBY protein in mice, binds to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Arabidopsis has 11 Tubby domain-containing proteins referred to as Tubby-Like Proteins (TLPs). Of the 11 TLPs, 10 possess the N-terminal F-box domain, which can interact with SKP-like proteins and form SKP1-Cullin-F-box E3 ligase complexes. Although mice TUBBY has been extensively studied, plant TLPs' functions are scarcely detailed. In this study, we show that the Arabidopsis Tubby-like protein 6 (TLP6) and its redundant homologs, TLP1, TLP2, TLP5, and TLP10, positively regulate Arabidopsis immune responses. Furthermore, in an immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry analysis to search for ubiquitination substrates of the TLPs, we identified two redundant phosphoinositide biosynthesis enzymes, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase β proteins (PI4Kβs), PI4Kβ1 and PI4Kβ2, as TLP interactors. Importantly, TLP6 overexpression lines fully phenocopy the phenotypes of the pi4kβ1,2 mutant, while TLP6 overexpression also leads to increased PI4Kβ2 ubiquitination and reduction in its protein level in a proteasome-dependent manner. Most significantly, TLP6 overexpression does not further enhance the autoimmunity of the pi4kβ1,2 double mutant, supporting the hypothesis that TLP6 targets the PI4Kβs for ubiquitination and degradation. Thus, our study reveals a novel mechanism where TLPs promote plant immune responses by modulating the PI4Kβs protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Thulasi Devendrakumar
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Charles Copeland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher Adamchek
- Yale Science Building, Yale University, 260 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Xionghui Zhong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xingchuan Huang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joshua M. Gendron
- Yale Science Building, Yale University, 260 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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4
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Patil V, Nandi AK. POWERDRESS positively regulates systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:2351-2362. [PMID: 36152035 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PWR, an epigenetic regulator, and PIF4, a transcription factor coordinately regulate both local resistance and systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis. A plant that gets infected once becomes resistant to subsequent infections through the development of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Primary-infected tissues generate mobile signals that travel to systemic tissues and cause epigenetic changes associated with the SAR activation. Epigenetic regulators and the process of infection memory development are largely obscure for plants. POWERDRESS (PWR), a SANT domain-containing histone deacetylation (HDAC) promoting gene, is essential for thermomorphogenesis. Here we show that PWR is required for the SAR activation in Arabidopsis. The pwr mutants in Ler and Col-0 background possess normal local resistance but are defective in SAR. PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) genetically interacts with PWR for flowering and thermomorphogenesis and is a negative regulator of basal immunity. We found a cooperative function for suppressing basal immunity and SAR activation by PIF4 and PWR, respectively. PWR promotes the expression of SA biosynthesis genes and the accumulation of SA in the systemic tissues. RSI1/FLD, which influences histone methylation and acetylation, is essential to infection memory development in Arabidopsis. Our results show that PWR and RSI1 positively regulate each other's expression. Exogenous application of HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate abolishes SAR-mediated SA accumulation, expression of PR1 gene, and protection against pathogens after challenge inoculation. The results indicate the possibility of the involvement of HDAC activity of PWR in the formation of infection memory development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Patil
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 415, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 415, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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5
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Wibowo AT, Antunez-Sanchez J, Dawson A, Price J, Meehan C, Wrightsman T, Collenberg M, Bezrukov I, Becker C, Benhamed M, Weigel D, Gutierrez-Marcos J. Predictable and stable epimutations induced during clonal plant propagation with embryonic transcription factor. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010479. [PMID: 36383565 PMCID: PMC9731469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal propagation is frequently used in commercial plant breeding and biotechnology programs because it minimizes genetic variation, yet it is not uncommon to observe clonal plants with stable phenotypic changes, a phenomenon known as somaclonal variation. Several studies have linked epigenetic modifications induced during regeneration with this newly acquired phenotypic variation. However, the factors that determine the extent of somaclonal variation and the molecular changes underpinning this process remain poorly understood. To address this gap in our knowledge, we compared clonally propagated Arabidopsis thaliana plants derived from somatic embryogenesis using two different embryonic transcription factors- RWP-RK DOMAIN-CONTAINING 4 (RKD4) or LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) and from two epigenetically distinct founder tissues. We found that both the epi(genetic) status of the explant and the regeneration protocol employed play critical roles in shaping the molecular and phenotypic landscape of clonal plants. Phenotypic variation in regenerated plants can be largely explained by the inheritance of tissue-specific DNA methylation imprints, which are associated with specific transcriptional and metabolic changes in sexual progeny of clonal plants. For instance, regenerants were particularly affected by the inheritance of root-specific epigenetic imprints, which were associated with an increased accumulation of salicylic acid in leaves and accelerated plant senescence. Collectively, our data reveal specific pathways underpinning the phenotypic and molecular variation that arise and accumulate in clonal plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjar Tri Wibowo
- School of Life Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tubingen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya City, East Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Alexander Dawson
- School of Life Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Price
- School of Life Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Cathal Meehan
- School of Life Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Travis Wrightsman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Maximillian Collenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Ilja Bezrukov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Claude Becker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tubingen, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique, University of Évry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tubingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (DW); (JGM)
| | - Jose Gutierrez-Marcos
- School of Life Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DW); (JGM)
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6
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Atanasov KE, Díaz-Narváez LC, Alcázar R. Ammonium and nitric oxide condition the establishment of Arabidopsis Ler/Kas-2 immune-related hybrid incompatibility. PLANTA 2022; 256:76. [PMID: 36087170 PMCID: PMC9464153 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High ammonium suppresses hybrid incompatibility between Ler and Kas-2 accessions through lowering nitric oxide levels and nitrate reductase activity required for autoimmunity. The immune-related hybrid incompatibility (HI) between Landsberg erecta (Ler) and Kashmir-2 (Kas-2) accessions is due to a deleterious genetic interaction between the RPP1 (RECOGNITION OF PERONOSPORA PARASITICA1)-like Ler locus and Kas-2 alleles of the receptor-like kinase SRF3 (STRUBBELIG RECEPTOR FAMILY 3). The genetic incompatibility is temperature-dependent and leads to constitutive activation of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, dwarfism and cell death at 14-16 °C. Here we investigated the effect of nutrition on the occurrence of Ler/Kas-2 HI and found that high ammonium suppresses Ler/Kas-2 incompatible phenotypes independently of the ammonium/nitrate ratio. Ammonium feeding leads to compromised disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, lower total SA, nitric oxide and nitrate reductase activity in Ler/Kas-2 incompatible hybrids. In addition, we find that Ler/Kas-2 incompatibility is dependent on NPR1 (NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES 1) and nitric oxide production. Overall, this work highlights the effect of nutrition on the expression of incompatible phenotypes independently of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostadin Evgeniev Atanasov
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía C Díaz-Narváez
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Alcázar
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Groux R, Fouillen L, Mongrand S, Reymond P. Sphingolipids are involved in insect egg-induced cell death in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2535-2553. [PMID: 35608326 PMCID: PMC9342989 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In Brassicaceae, hypersensitive-like programmed cell death (HR-like) is a central component of direct defenses triggered against eggs of the large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae). The signaling pathway leading to HR-like in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is mainly dependent on salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, but downstream components are unclear. Here, we found that treatment with P. brassicae egg extract (EE) triggered changes in expression of sphingolipid metabolism genes in Arabidopsis and black mustard (Brassica nigra). Disruption of ceramide (Cer) synthase activity led to a significant decrease of EE-induced HR-like whereas SA signaling and reactive oxygen species levels were unchanged, suggesting that Cer are downstream activators of HR-like. Sphingolipid quantifications showed that Cer with C16:0 side chains accumulated in both plant species and this response was largely unchanged in the SA-induction deficient2 (sid2-1) mutant. Finally, we provide genetic evidence that the modification of fatty acyl chains of sphingolipids modulates HR-like. Altogether, these results show that sphingolipids play a key and specific role during insect egg-triggered HR-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Groux
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, CNRS, UMR 5200, University of Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, CNRS, UMR 5200, University of Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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8
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Song X, Wang T, Zhang Y, Yu JQ, Xia XJ. S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Contributes to Thermotolerance by Modulating High Temperature-Induced Apoplastic H 2O 2 in Solanum lycopersicum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:862649. [PMID: 35498691 PMCID: PMC9042256 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is considered as a critical regulator of plant stress tolerance for its impacts on protein S-nitrosylation through regulation of the S-nitrosothiol (SNO) level. However, the mechanism of GSNOR-mediated stress tolerance is still obscure. Here, we found that GSNOR activity was induced by high temperature in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants, whereas mRNA level of SlGSNOR1 exhibited little response. Suppressing SlGSNOR1 expression by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) increased accumulation of SNO and nitrites under high temperature and reduced thermotolerance. The compromised thermotolerance was associated with less accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA), attenuated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and reduced expression of heat shock protein. Intriguingly, SlGSNOR1 silencing impaired upregulation of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG1 (SlRBOH1) and apoplastic H2O2 accumulation in response to high temperature, whereas SlRBOH1 silencing abolished activation of GSNOR and led to a similar decline in thermotolerance as in SlGSNOR1-silenced plants. Importantly, H2O2 treatment recovered the thermotolerance and improved antioxidant capacity in SlGSNOR1-silenced plants. Our results suggest that GSNOR plays a role in regulating the SlRBOH1-dependent apoplastic H2O2 production in response to high temperature, while a balanced interaction between SNO and H2O2 is critical for maintaining the cellular redox homeostasis and thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Song
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Gulabani H, Goswami K, Walia Y, Roy A, Noor JJ, Ingole KD, Kasera M, Laha D, Giehl RFH, Schaaf G, Bhattacharjee S. Arabidopsis inositol polyphosphate kinases IPK1 and ITPK1 modulate crosstalk between SA-dependent immunity and phosphate-starvation responses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:347-363. [PMID: 34797387 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Selective Arabidopsis thaliana inositol phosphate kinase functions modulate response amplitudes in innate immunity by balancing signalling adjustments with phosphate homeostasis networks. Pyrophosphorylation of InsP6 generates InsP7 and/or InsP8 containing high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds that are harnessed during energy requirements of a cell. As bona fide co-factors for several phytohormone networks, InsP7/InsP8 modulate key developmental processes. With requirements in transducing jasmonic acid (JA) and phosphate-starvation responses (PSR), InsP8 exemplifies a versatile metabolite for crosstalks between different cellular pathways during diverse stress exposures. Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana INOSITOL PENTAKISPHOSPHATE 2-KINASE 1 (IPK1), INOSITOL 1,3,4-TRISPHOSPHATE 5/6-KINASE 1 (ITPK1), and DIPHOSPHOINOSITOL PENTAKISPHOSPHATE KINASE 2 (VIH2) implicated in InsP8 biosynthesis, suppress salicylic acid (SA)-dependent immunity. In ipk1, itpk1 or vih2 mutants, constitutive activation of defenses lead to enhanced resistance against the Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (PstDC3000) strain. Our data reveal that upregulated SA-signaling sectors potentiate increased expression of several phosphate-starvation inducible (PSI)-genes, previously known in these mutants. In reciprocation, upregulated PSI-genes moderate expression amplitudes of defense-associated markers. We demonstrate that SA is induced in phosphate-deprived plants, however its defense-promoting functions are likely diverted to PSR-supportive roles. Overall, our investigations reveal selective InsPs as crosstalk mediators in defense-phosphate homeostasis and in reprogramming stress-appropriate response intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitika Gulabani
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Krishnendu Goswami
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Yashika Walia
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Abhisha Roy
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Jewel Jameeta Noor
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Kishor D Ingole
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Mritunjay Kasera
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Debabrata Laha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 012, India
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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10
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Miller CA, Ho JML, Bennett MR. Strategies for Improving Small-Molecule Biosensors in Bacteria. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020064. [PMID: 35200325 PMCID: PMC8869690 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, small-molecule biosensors have become increasingly important in synthetic biology and biochemistry, with numerous new applications continuing to be developed throughout the field. For many biosensors, however, their utility is hindered by poor functionality. Here, we review the known types of mechanisms of biosensors within bacterial cells, and the types of approaches for optimizing different biosensor functional parameters. Discussed approaches for improving biosensor functionality include methods of directly engineering biosensor genes, considerations for choosing genetic reporters, approaches for tuning gene expression, and strategies for incorporating additional genetic modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corwin A. Miller
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University MS-140, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA; (C.A.M.); (J.M.L.H.)
| | - Joanne M. L. Ho
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University MS-140, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA; (C.A.M.); (J.M.L.H.)
| | - Matthew R. Bennett
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University MS-140, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA; (C.A.M.); (J.M.L.H.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University MS-140, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Cheng F, Gao M, Lu J, Huang Y, Bie Z. Spatial-Temporal Response of Reactive Oxygen Species and Salicylic Acid Suggest Their Interaction in Pumpkin Rootstock-Induced Chilling Tolerance in Watermelon Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:2024. [PMID: 34943126 PMCID: PMC8698449 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting with pumpkin rootstock could improve chilling tolerance in watermelon, and salicylic acid (SA) as a signal molecule is involved in regulating plant tolerance to chilling and other abiotic stresses. To clarify the mechanism in pumpkin rootstock-induced systemic acquired acclimation in grafted watermelon under chilling stress, we used self-grafted (Cl/Cl) and pumpkin rootstock-grafted (Cl/Cm) watermelon seedlings to study the changes in lipid peroxidation, photosystem II (PSII) activity and antioxidant metabolism, the spatio-temporal response of SA biosynthesis and H2O2 accumulation to chilling, and the role of H2O2 signal in SA-induced chilling tolerance in grafted watermelon. The results showed that pumpkin rootstock grafting promoted SA biosynthesis in the watermelon scions. Chilling induced hydrolysis of conjugated SA into free SA in the roots and accumulation of free SA in the leaves in Cl/Cm plants. Further, pumpkin rootstock grafting induced early response of antioxidant enzyme system in the roots and increased activities of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the leaves, thus maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Exogenous SA improved while the inhibition of SA biosynthesis reduced chilling tolerance in Cl/Cl seedlings. The application of diphenyleneiodonium (DPI, inhibitor of NADPH oxidase) and dimethylthiourea (DMTU, H2O2 scavenger) decreased, while exogenous H2O2 improved the PSII activity in Cl/Cl plants under chilling stress. Additionally, the decrease of the net photosynthetic rate in DMTU- and DPI-pretreated Cl/Cl plants under chilling conditions could be alleviated by subsequent application of H2O2 but not SA. In conclusion, pumpkin rootstock grafting induces SA biosynthesis and redistribution in the leaves and roots and participates in the regulation of antioxidant metabolism probably through interaction with the H2O2 signal, thus improving chilling tolerance in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhilong Bie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (F.C.); (M.G.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
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12
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Chakraborty S, Toyota M, Moeder W, Chin K, Fortuna A, Champigny M, Vanneste S, Gilroy S, Beeckman T, Nambara E, Yoshioka K. CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED ION CHANNEL 2 modulates auxin homeostasis and signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1690-1703. [PMID: 34618044 PMCID: PMC8566268 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) have been firmly established as Ca2+-conducting ion channels that regulate a wide variety of physiological responses in plants. CNGC2 has been implicated in plant immunity and Ca2+ signaling due to the autoimmune phenotypes exhibited by null mutants of CNGC2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, cngc2 mutants display additional phenotypes that are unique among autoimmune mutants, suggesting that CNGC2 has functions beyond defense and generates distinct Ca2+ signals in response to different triggers. In this study, we found that cngc2 mutants showed reduced gravitropism, consistent with a defect in auxin signaling. This was mirrored in the diminished auxin response detected by the auxin reporters DR5::GUS and DII-VENUS and in a strongly impaired auxin-induced Ca2+ response. Moreover, the cngc2 mutant exhibits higher levels of the endogenous auxin indole-3-acetic acid, indicating that excess auxin in the cngc2 mutant causes its pleiotropic phenotypes. These auxin signaling defects and the autoimmunity syndrome of the cngc2 mutant could be suppressed by loss-of-function mutations in the auxin biosynthesis gene YUCCA6 (YUC6), as determined by identification of the cngc2 suppressor mutant repressor of cngc2 (rdd1) as an allele of YUC6. A loss-of-function mutation in the upstream auxin biosynthesis gene TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS (TAA1, WEAK ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE8) also suppressed the cngc2 phenotypes, further supporting the tight relationship between CNGC2 and the TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS-YUCCA -dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway. Taking these results together, we propose that the Ca2+ signal generated by CNGC2 is a part of the negative feedback regulation of auxin homeostasis in which CNGC2 balances cellular auxin perception by influencing auxin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonhita Chakraborty
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, , Canada, ON M5S 3B2
| | - Masatsugu Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, , Canada, ON M5S 3B2
| | - Kimberley Chin
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, , Canada, ON M5S 3B2
| | - Alex Fortuna
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, , Canada, ON M5S 3B2
| | | | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Unit HortiCell, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Unit HortiCell, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eiji Nambara
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, , Canada, ON M5S 3B2
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, , Canada, ON M5S 3B2
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, ON M5S 3B2
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13
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Kasera M, Ingole KD, Rampuria S, Walia Y, Gassmann W, Bhattacharjee S. Global SUMOylome Adjustments in Basal Defenses of Arabidopsis thaliana Involve Complex Interplay Between SMALL-UBIQUITIN LIKE MODIFIERs and the Negative Immune Regulator SUPPRESSOR OF rps4-RLD1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:680760. [PMID: 34660568 PMCID: PMC8514785 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.680760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Steady-state SUMOylome of a plant is adjusted locally during developmental transitions and more globally during stress exposures. We recently reported that basal immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (PstDC3000) is associated with strong enhancements in the net SUMOylome. Transcriptional upregulations of SUMO conjugases, suppression of protease, and increased SUMO translations accounted for this enhanced SUMOylation. Antagonistic roles of SUMO1/2 and SUMO3 isoforms further fine-tuned the SUMOylome adjustments, thus impacting defense amplitudes and immune outcomes. Loss of function of SUPPRESSOR OF rps4-RLD1 (SRFR1), a previously reported negative regulator of basal defenses, also caused constitutive increments in global SUMO-conjugates through similar modes. These suggest that SRFR1 plays a pivotal role in maintenance of SUMOylation homeostasis and its dynamic changes during immune elicitations. Here, we demonstrate that SRFR1 degradation kinetically precedes and likely provides the salicylic acid (SA) elevations necessary for the SUMOylome increments in basal defenses. We show that SRFR1 not only is a SUMOylation substrate but also interacts in planta with both SUMO1 and SUMO3. In sum1 or sum3 mutants, SRFR1 stabilities are reduced albeit by different modes. Whereas a srfr1 sum1 combination is lethal, the srfr1 sum3 plants retain developmental defects and enhanced immunity of the srfr1 parent. Together with increasing evidence of SUMOs self-regulating biochemical efficiencies of SUMOylation-machinery, we present their impositions on SRFR1 expression that in turn counter-modulates the SUMOylome. Overall, our investigations reveal multifaceted dynamics of regulated SUMOylome changes via SRFR1 in defense-developmental balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mritunjay Kasera
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Kishor D Ingole
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sakshi Rampuria
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Division of Plant Sciences, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Yashika Walia
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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14
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Ingole KD, Kasera M, van den Burg HA, Bhattacharjee S. Antagonism between SUMO1/2 and SUMO3 regulates SUMO conjugate levels and fine-tunes immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6640-6658. [PMID: 34145454 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of SMALL UBIQUITIN-LIKE MODIFIER (SUMO) to target proteins regulates a plethora of cellular processes across eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, mutants with abnormal SUMO1/2 conjugate levels display a dwarf stature, autoimmunity, and altered stress responses to adverse environmental conditions. Since the SUMO pathway is known to autoregulate its biochemical activity (via allosteric interactions), we assessed whether the emergence of additional SUMO paralogs in Arabidopsis has introduced the capacity of self-regulation by means of isoform diversification in this model plant. By studying the plant defense responses elicited by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, we provide genetic evidence that SUM3, a divergent paralog, acts downstream of the two main SUMO paralogues, SUM1/2. The expression of SUM3 apparently buffers or suppresses the function of SUM1/2 by controlling the timing and amplitude of the immune response. Moreover, SUM1 and SUM2 work additively to suppress both basal and TNL-specific immunity, a specific branch of the immune network. Finally, our data reveal that SUM3 is required for the global increase in SUMO1/2 conjugates upon exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses, namely heat and pathogen exposure. We cannot exclude that this latter effect is independent of the role of SUM3 in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor D Ingole
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121 001, Haryana, India
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar-751 024, Odisha, India
| | - Mritunjay Kasera
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, UNESCO Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad-121 001, Haryana, India
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15
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Bakade R, Ingole KD, Deshpande S, Pal G, Patil SS, Bhattacharjee S, Prasannakumar MK, Ramu VS. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Rice Resistant and Susceptible Genotypes to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Identifies Novel Genes to Control Bacterial Leaf Blight. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:719-731. [PMID: 33993401 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial leaf blight in rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) affects crop losses worldwide. In spite of developing resistant varieties by introgressing different Xa genes, the occurrence of diseases is evident. Here we report identification of several genes that are associated with improved plant immunity against Xoo in a resistant genotype BPT-5204 in comparison with susceptible genotype TN-1. The RNA sequencing information was developed to identify the genes that could provide durable resistance in rice. Xoo-resistant rice genotype BPT-5204 with Xa 5, 13 and 21 genes is compared with sensitive Taichung Native 1 (TN-1) to identify the genetic pathways and gene networks involved in resistance mechanisms. The higher levels of salicylic acid resulted in upregulation of many pathogenesis-related (PR) and redox protein encoding transcripts which resulted in higher hypersensitive response in BPT-5204. Many Serine/threonine protein kinase, leucine-rich repeat (LRR) transmembrane protein kinase, protein kinase family genes, Wall-associated kinase (WAK) were upregulated that resulted in activation of bZIP, WRKY, MYB, DOF and HSFs transcription factors that are associated with improved plant immunity. The study provided roles of many genes and their associated plant immunity pathways that can be used for developing resistant rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bakade
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Kishor D Ingole
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121 001, India
| | - Sanjay Deshpande
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121 001, India
| | - Garima Pal
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121 001, India
| | - Swathi S Patil
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121 001, India
| | - M K Prasannakumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, 560065, India
| | - Vemanna S Ramu
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121 001, India.
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16
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Groux R, Stahl E, Gouhier-Darimont C, Kerdaffrec E, Jimenez-Sandoval P, Santiago J, Reymond P. Arabidopsis natural variation in insect egg-induced cell death reveals a role for LECTIN RECEPTOR KINASE-I.1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:240-255. [PMID: 33631806 PMCID: PMC8133593 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), a hypersensitive-like response (HR-like response) is triggered underneath the eggs of the large white butterfly Pieris brassicae (P. brassicae), and this response is dependent on salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and signaling. Previous reports indicate that the clade I L-type LECTIN RECEPTOR KINASE-I.8 (LecRK-I.8) is involved in early steps of egg recognition. A genome-wide association study was used to better characterize the genetic structure of the HR-like response and discover loci that contribute to this response. We report here the identification of LecRK-I.1, a close homolog of LecRK-I.8, and show that two main haplotypes that explain part of the variation in HR-like response segregate among natural Arabidopsis accessions. Besides, signatures of balancing selection at this locus suggest that it may be ecologically important. Disruption of LecRK-I.1 results in decreased HR-like response and SA signaling, indicating that this protein is important for the observed responses. Furthermore, we provide evidence that LecRK-I.1 functions in the same signaling pathway as LecRK-I.8. Altogether, our results show that the response to eggs of P. brassicae is controlled by multiple LecRKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Groux
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Envel Kerdaffrec
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Jimenez-Sandoval
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Author for communication:
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17
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Symeonidi E, Regalado J, Schwab R, Weigel D. CRISPR-finder: A high throughput and cost-effective method to identify successfully edited Arabidopsis thaliana individuals. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e1. [PMID: 37077216 PMCID: PMC10095899 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2020.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing with the CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein) system allows mutagenesis of a targeted region of the genome using a Cas endonuclease and an artificial guide RNA. Both because of variable efficiency with which such mutations arise and because the repair process produces a spectrum of mutations, one needs to ascertain the genome sequence at the targeted locus for many individuals that have been subjected to mutagenesis. We provide a complete protocol for the generation of amplicons up until the identification of the exact mutations in the targeted region. CRISPR-finder can be used to process thousands of individuals in a single sequencing run. We successfully identified an ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 mutant line in which the production of salicylic acid was impaired compared to the wild type, as expected. These features establish CRISPR-finder as a high-throughput, cost-effective and efficient genotyping method of individuals whose genomes have been targeted using the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Symeonidi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julian Regalado
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schwab
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- Author for correspondence: Detlef Weigel, E-mail: Current address: Efthymia Symeonidi, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah84112, USA; Julian Regalado, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Stahl E, Brillatz T, Ferreira Queiroz E, Marcourt L, Schmiesing A, Hilfiker O, Riezman I, Riezman H, Wolfender JL, Reymond P. Phosphatidylcholines from Pieris brassicae eggs activate an immune response in Arabidopsis. eLife 2020; 9:60293. [PMID: 32985977 PMCID: PMC7521926 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of conserved microbial molecules activates immune responses in plants, a process termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Similarly, insect eggs trigger defenses that impede egg development or attract predators, but information on the nature of egg-associated elicitors is scarce. We performed an unbiased bioactivity-guided fractionation of eggs of the butterfly Pieris brassicae. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry of active fractions led to the identification of phosphatidylcholines (PCs). PCs are released from insect eggs, and they induce salicylic acid and H2O2 accumulation, defense gene expression and cell death in Arabidopsis, all of which constitute a hallmark of PTI. Active PCs contain primarily C16 to C18-fatty acyl chains with various levels of desaturation, suggesting a relatively broad ligand specificity of cell-surface receptor(s). The finding of PCs as egg-associated molecular patterns (EAMPs) illustrates the acute ability of plants to detect conserved immunogenic patterns from their enemies, even from seemingly passive structures such as eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Théo Brillatz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emerson Ferreira Queiroz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - André Schmiesing
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hilfiker
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Riezman
- NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Howard Riezman
- NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Kalliola M, Jakobson L, Davidsson P, Pennanen V, Waszczak C, Yarmolinsky D, Zamora O, Palva ET, Kariola T, Kollist H, Brosché M. Differential role of MAX2 and strigolactones in pathogen, ozone, and stomatal responses. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00206. [PMID: 32128474 PMCID: PMC7047155 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are a group of phytohormones that control developmental processes including shoot branching and various plant-environment interactions in plants. We previously showed that the strigolactone perception mutant more axillary branches 2 (max2) has increased susceptibility to plant pathogenic bacteria. Here we show that both strigolactone biosynthesis (max3 and max4) and perception mutants (max2 and dwarf14) are significantly more sensitive to Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Moreover, in response to P. syringae infection, high levels of SA accumulated in max2 and this mutant was ozone sensitive. Further analysis of gene expression revealed no major role for strigolactone in regulation of defense gene expression. In contrast, guard cell function was clearly impaired in max2 and depending on the assay used, also in max3, max4, and d14 mutants. We analyzed stomatal responses to stimuli that cause stomatal closure. While the response to abscisic acid (ABA) was not impaired in any of the mutants, the response to darkness and high CO2 was impaired in max2 and d14-1 mutants, and to CO2 also in strigolactone synthesis (max3, max4) mutants. To position the role of MAX2 in the guard cell signaling network, max2 was crossed with mutants defective in ABA biosynthesis or signaling. This revealed that MAX2 acts in a signaling pathway that functions in parallel to the guard cell ABA signaling pathway. We propose that the impaired defense responses of max2 are related to higher stomatal conductance that allows increased entry of bacteria or air pollutants like ozone. Furthermore, as MAX2 appears to act in a specific branch of guard cell signaling (related to CO2 signaling), this protein could be one of the components that allow guard cells to distinguish between different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalliola
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Pär Davidsson
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ville Pennanen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Cezary Waszczak
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Olena Zamora
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - E. Tapio Palva
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tarja Kariola
- LUMA Centre Päijät‐HämeUniversity of HelsinkiLahtiFinland
| | | | - Mikael Brosché
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeFaculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesViikki Plant Science CentreUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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20
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Chen C, Feng S, Zhou M, Ji C, Que L, Wang W. Development of a structure-switching aptamer-based nanosensor for salicylic acid detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 140:111342. [PMID: 31153018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone regulating immune responses against pathogens. SA and its derivatives can be found in diverse food products, medicines, cosmetics and preservatives. While salicylates have potential disease-preventative activity, they can also cause health problems to people who are hypersensitive. The current SA detection methods are costly, labor-intensive and require bulky instruments. In this study, a structure-switching aptamer-based nanopore thin film sensor was developed for cost-effective, rapid, sensitive and simple detection of SA in both buffer and plant extracts. SA is a challenging target for aptamer selection using conventional systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) due to its small size and scarcity of reactive groups for immobilization. By immobilizing the SELEX library instead of SA and screening the library using a structure-switching SELEX approach, a high affinity SA aptamer was identified. The nanopore thin film sensor platform can detect as low as 0.1 μM SA. This is much better than the sensitivity of antibody-based detection method. This nanosensor also exhibited good selectivity among SA and its common metabolites and can detect SA in Arabidopsis and rice using only about 1 μl plant extracts within less than 30 min. The integration of SA aptamer and nanopore thin film sensor provides a promising solution for low-cost, rapid, sensitive on-site detection of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtian Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Silu Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mian Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chonghui Ji
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Long Que
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking University - Tsinghua University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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21
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Kang SH, Sun YD, Atallah OO, Huguet-Tapia JC, Noble JD, Folimonova SY. A Long Non-Coding RNA of Citrus tristeza virus: Role in the Virus Interplay with the Host Immunity. Viruses 2019; 11:E436. [PMID: 31091710 PMCID: PMC6563247 DOI: 10.3390/v11050436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection, Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) produces a non-coding subgenomic RNA referred to as low-molecular-weight tristeza 1 (LMT1), which for a long time has been considered as a by-product of the complex CTV replication machinery. In this study, we investigated the role of LMT1 in the virus infection cycle using a CTV variant that does not produce LMT1 (CTV-LMT1d). We showed that lack of LMT1 did not halt virus ability to replicate or form proper virions. However, the mutant virus demonstrated significantly reduced invasiveness and systemic spread in Nicotiana benthamiana as well as an inability to establish infection in citrus. Introduction of CTV-LMT1d into the herbaceous host resulted in elevation of the levels of salicylic acid (SA) and SA-responsive pathogenesis-related genes beyond those upon inoculation with wild-type (WT) virus (CTV-WT). Further analysis showed that the LMT1 RNA produced by CTV-WT or via ectopic expression in the N. benthamiana leaves suppressed SA accumulation and up-regulated an alternative oxidase gene, which appeared to mitigate the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a plant viral long non-coding RNA being involved in counter-acting host response by subverting the SA-mediated plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Yong-Duo Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Osama O Atallah
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | | | - Jerald D Noble
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Svetlana Y Folimonova
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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22
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Ramírez V, González B, López A, Castelló MJ, Gil MJ, Zheng B, Chen P, Vera P. A 2'-O-Methyltransferase Responsible for Transfer RNA Anticodon Modification Is Pivotal for Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1323-1336. [PMID: 29975160 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-18-0148-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the most highly modified class of RNA species in all living organisms. Recent discoveries have revealed unprecedented complexity in the tRNA chemical structures, modification patterns, regulation, and function, suggesting that each modified nucleoside in tRNA may have its own specific function. However, in plants, our knowledge of the role of individual tRNA modifications and how they are regulated is very limited. In a genetic screen designed to identify factors regulating disease resistance in Arabidopsis, we identified SUPPRESSOR OF CSB3 9 (SCS9). Our results reveal SCS9 encodes a tRNA methyltransferase that mediates the 2'-O-ribose methylation of selected tRNA species in the anticodon loop. These SCS9-mediated tRNA modifications enhance susceptibility during infection with the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Lack of such tRNA modification, as observed in scs9 mutants, specifically dampens plant resistance against DC3000 without compromising the activation of the salicylic acid signaling pathway or the resistance to other biotrophic pathogens. Our results support a model that gives importance to the control of certain tRNA modifications for mounting an effective disease resistance in Arabidopsis toward DC3000 and, therefore, expands the repertoire of molecular components essential for an efficient disease resistance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Ramírez
- 1 Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz González
- 1 Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana López
- 1 Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Valencia, Spain
- 2 Institute for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K
| | - Maria Jose Castelló
- 1 Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria José Gil
- 1 Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bo Zheng
- 3 College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Peng Chen
- 4 National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, HuaZhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pablo Vera
- 1 Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Valencia, Spain
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23
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Zhou Y, Memelink J, Linthorst HJM. An E. coli biosensor for screening of cDNA libraries for isochorismate pyruvate lyase-encoding cDNAs. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1181-1190. [PMID: 29796759 PMCID: PMC6153503 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential hormone for development and induced defense against biotrophic pathogens in plants. The formation of SA mainly derives from chorismate via demonstrated isochorismate synthase (ICS) and presumed isochorismate pyruvate lyase (IPL)-mediated steps in Arabidopsis thaliana, but so far no plant enzyme displaying IPL activity has been identified. Here, we developed an E. coli SA biosensor to screen for IPL activity based on the SalR regulator/salA promoter combination from Acinetobacter sp ADP1, to control the expression of the reporter luxCDABE. The biosensor was responsive to micromolar concentrations of exogenous SA, and to endogenous SA produced after transformation with a plasmid permitting IPTG-inducible expression of bacterial IPL in this biosensor strain. After screening a cDNA library constructed from turnip crinkle virus (TCV)-infected Arabidopsis ecotype Di-17, we identified an enzyme, PRXR1, as a putative IPL that converts isochorismate into SA. Our results provide a new experimental approach to identify IPL and new insights into the SA biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhou
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Memelink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J M Linthorst
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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24
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Lv H, Cao H, Nawaz MA, Sohail H, Huang Y, Cheng F, Kong Q, Bie Z. Wheat Intercropping Enhances the Resistance of Watermelon to Fusarium Wilt. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:696. [PMID: 29887873 PMCID: PMC5980984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A fungus Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. niveum (FON) is the causal organism of Fusarium wilt in watermelon. In this study, we evaluated the effect of wheat intercropping on the Fusarium wilt of watermelon. Our results showed that wheat intercropping decreases the incidence of Fusarium wilt of watermelon, likely due to the secretion of coumaric acid from the roots of wheat that dramatically inhibits FON spore germination, sporulation, and growth. The secretion of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid from the roots of watermelon stimulates FON spore germination, sporulation, and growth. The secretion of phenolic acids and organic acids from the roots of watermelon is also promoted by FON infection. However, secretion of phenolic acids and organic acids from the roots of watermelon is substantially reduced under wheat intercropping systems. FON infection increases the accumulation of free and conjugated salicylic acid (SA) in watermelon grown under wheat intercropping systems through isochorismate (ICS) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) pathways. Furthermore, wheat intercropping up-regulates the expression of disease-and defense-responsive genes and improves the activities of corresponding pathogenesis-related (PR) enzymes in the roots of watermelon. In conclusion, the secretion of coumaric acid from the roots of wheat and changes in the composition of phenolic acid and organic acid secretion from the roots of watermelon suppress Fusarium wilt of watermelon under wheat intercropping system. Meanwhile, wheat intercropping also enhanced the resistance of watermelon to FON by up-regulating the expression of disease-and defense-responsive genes in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- School of Fine Arts and Design, Chizhou University, Chizhou, China
| | - Haishun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad A. Nawaz
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hamza Sohail
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiusheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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25
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Ahammed GJ, Li X, Zhang G, Zhang H, Shi J, Pan C, Yu J, Shi K. Tomato photorespiratory glycolate-oxidase-derived H 2 O 2 production contributes to basal defence against Pseudomonas syringae. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1126-1138. [PMID: 28164315 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite being essential for C3 plants, photorespiration is believed to cause a significant crop yield loss even under future climates. However, how photorespiration affects plant basal defence still remains largely unknown. Here, we studied the involvement of photorespiration in tomato-Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 interaction focusing on three photorespiratory genes. Inoculation with P. syringae increased photorespiration rate (Pr) and expression of glycolate oxidase (GOX2), serine glyoxylate aminotransferase (SGT) and serine hydroxyl methyltransferase (SHMT1); however, inhibition of photorespiration by isonicotinic acid hydrazide decreased tomato basal defence against P. syringae. Furthermore, silencing of GOX2, SGT or SHMT1 genes in tomato decreased Pr but increased susceptibility to P. syringae, whereas transient overexpression of GOX2, SGT or SHMT1 in tobacco increased basal defence. Further study revealed that salicylic acid (SA) signalling is involved in GOX2-mediated, SGT-mediated and SHMT1-mediated defence. Moreover, H2 O2 pretreatment remarkably alleviated the GOX2 silencing-induced depression in basal defence and SA signalling, whereas it had no effect on that of SGT-silenced and SHMT1-silenced plants. Taken together, these results suggest that H2 O2 is critical for GOX2-modulated but not SGT-modulated or SHMT1-modulated SA signalling and subsequent basal defence against P. syringae. This work deepens the understanding of photorespiration-involved defence responses to bacterial attack in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Guanqun Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Junying Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Caizhe Pan
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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26
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Lu Y, Truman W, Liu X, Bethke G, Zhou M, Myers CL, Katagiri F, Glazebrook J. Different Modes of Negative Regulation of Plant Immunity by Calmodulin-Related Genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:3046-3061. [PMID: 29449432 PMCID: PMC5884591 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune responses activated through the perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns, leading to pattern-triggered immunity, are tightly regulated. This results in low immune responses in the absence of pathogens and a rapid return to the resting state following an activation event. Here, we show that two CALMODULIN-LIKE genes, CML46 and CML47, negatively regulate salicylic acid accumulation and immunity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The double mutant cml46 cml47 is highly resistant to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola (Pma). The effects of cml46 cml47 on Pma growth are genetically additive to that of cbp60a, a known negative regulator in the CALMODULIN-BINDING PROTEIN60 (CBP60) family. Transcriptome profiling revealed the effects of cbp60a and cml46 cml47 on both common and separate sets of genes, with the majorities of these differentially expressed genes being Pma responsive. CBP60g, a positive regulator of immunity in the CBP60 family, was found to be transcriptionally regulated by CBP60a, CML46, and CML47 Analysis of the flg22-induced mRNA levels of CBP60g in cbp60a and cml46 cml47 revealed that cml46 cml47 plants have higher induced expression while cbp60a plants retain elevated levels longer than wild-type plants. Assays for the effect of flg22 treatment on Pma growth showed that the effect is stronger in cml46 cml47 plants and lasts longer in cbp60a plants. Thus, the expression pattern of CBP60g is reflected in flg22-induced resistance to Pma.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Lu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - William Truman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Gerit Bethke
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Man Zhou
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Chad L Myers
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Fumiaki Katagiri
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Jane Glazebrook
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108
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27
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Wilson DC, Kempthorne CJ, Carella P, Liscombe DK, Cameron RK. Age-Related Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana Involves the MADS-Domain Transcription Factor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and Direct Action of Salicylic Acid on Pseudomonas syringae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:919-929. [PMID: 28812948 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0172-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a developmentally regulated disease-resistance response known as age-related resistance (ARR), a process that requires intercellular accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), which is thought to act as an antimicrobial agent. ARR is characterized by enhanced resistance to some pathogens at the late adult-vegetative and reproductive stages. While the transition to flowering does not cause the onset of ARR, both processes involve the MADS-domain transcription factor SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP). In this study, ARR-defective svp mutants were found to accumulate reduced levels of intercellular SA compared with wild type in response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Double mutant and overexpression analyses suggest that SVP and SOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1) act antagonistically, such that SVP is required for ARR to alleviate the negative effects of SOC1 on SA accumulation. In vitro, SA exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity at concentrations similar to those measured in the intercellular space during ARR. In vivo, P. syringae pv. tomato formed biofilm-like aggregates in young susceptible plants, while this was drastically reduced in mature ARR-competent plants, which accumulate intercellular SA. Collectively, these results reveal a novel role for the floral regulators SVP and SOC1 in disease resistance and provide evidence that SA acts directly on pathogens as an antimicrobial agent. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Wilson
- 1 McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada; and
| | | | - Philip Carella
- 1 McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada; and
| | - David K Liscombe
- 2 Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, 4890 Victoria Avenue N., Vineland Station, Ontario, L0R 2E0, Canada
| | - Robin K Cameron
- 1 McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada; and
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28
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β-carbonic anhydrases play a role in salicylic acid perception in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181820. [PMID: 28753666 PMCID: PMC5533460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) is required for defense responses. NON EXPRESSER OFPATHOGENESISRELATED1 (NPR1) and NONRECOGNITION OFBTH-4 (NRB4) are required for the response to SA in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we isolated several interactors of NRB4 using yeast two-hybrid assays. Two of these interactors, βCA1 and βCA2, are β-carbonic anhydrase family proteins. Since double mutant βca1 βca2 plants did not show any obvious phenotype, we investigated other βCAs and found that NRB4 also interacts with βCA3 and βCA4. Moreover, several βCAs interacted with NPR1 in yeast, including one that interacted in a SA-dependent manner. This interaction was abolished in loss-of-function alleles of NPR1. Interactions between βCAs and both NRB4 and NPR1 were also detected in planta, with evidence for a triple interaction, NRB4-βCA1-NPR1. The quintuple mutant βca1 βca2 βca3 βca4 βca6 showed partial insensitivity to SA. These findings suggest that one of the functions of carbonic anhydrases is to modulate the perception of SA in plants.
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29
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Sardar A, Nandi AK, Chattopadhyay D. CBL-interacting protein kinase 6 negatively regulates immune response to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3573-3584. [PMID: 28541442 PMCID: PMC5853215 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) is an essential mediator of the plant innate immune response. Here, we report that a calcium-regulated protein kinase Calcineurin B-like protein (CBL)-interacting protein kinase 6 (CIPK6) functions as a negative regulator of immunity against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis lines with compromised expression of CIPK6 exhibited enhanced disease resistance to the bacterial pathogen and to P. syringae harboring certain but not all avirulent effectors, while restoration of CIPK6 expression resulted in abolition of resistance. Plants overexpressing CIPK6 were more susceptible to P. syringae. Enhanced resistance in the absence of CIPK6 was accompanied by increased accumulation of salicylic acid and elevated expression of defense marker genes. Salicylic acid accumulation was essential for improved immunity in the absence of CIPK6. CIPK6 negatively regulated the oxidative burst associated with perception of pathogen-associated microbial patterns (PAMPs) and bacterial effectors. Accelerated and enhanced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in response to bacterial and fungal elicitors was observed in the absence of CIPK6. The results of this study suggested that CIPK6 negatively regulates effector-triggered and PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atish Sardar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Debasis Chattopadhyay
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- Correspondence:
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30
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Chang YH, Huang CW, Fu SF, Wu MY, Wu T, Lin YW. Determination of salicylic acid using a magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-based solid-phase extraction procedure followed by an online concentration technique through micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1479:62-70. [PMID: 27988078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-based solid-phase extraction procedure combined with the online concentration and separation of salicylic acid (SA) through micellar electrokinetic chromatography-UV detection (MEKC-UV) was developed. Under optimal experimental conditions, a good linearity in the range of 0.01-100μmolL-1 was obtained with a coefficient of correlation of 0.9999. The detection sensitivity of the proposed method exhibited an approximately 1026-fold improvement compared with a single MEKC method without online concentration, and the detection limit (S/N=3) was 3.80nmolL-1. The repeatability of the method was evaluated using intraday and interday RSDs (11.5% and 17.0%, respectively). The method was used to determine SA concentrations in tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun) from the NN genotype, nn genotype, and Nt-NahG mutant strains, as well as in shampoo and ointment samples. Rapid extraction and separation (<50min), acceptable repeatability (RSD<17.0%), and high spiked recoveries (95.8%-102.4%) were observed for plants, detergents, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Fu
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yao Wu
- Research Centre for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Tsunghsueh Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, USA
| | - Yang-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua City, Taiwan.
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31
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López-Orenes A, Bueso MC, Conesa HM, Calderón AA, Ferrer MA. Seasonal changes in antioxidative/oxidative profile of mining and non-mining populations of Syrian beancaper as determined by soil conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:437-447. [PMID: 27750140 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution by heavy metals/metalloids (HMMs) is a problem worldwide. To prevent dispersion of contaminated particles by erosion, the maintenance of a vegetative cover is needed. Successful plant establishment in multi-polluted soils can be hampered not only by HMM toxicities, but also by soil nutrient deficiencies and the co-occurrence of abiotic stresses. Some plant species are able to thrive under these multi-stress scenarios often linked to marked fluctuations in environmental factors. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic adjustments involved in Zygophyllum fabago acclimative responses to conditions prevailing in HMM-enriched mine-tailings piles, during Mediterranean spring and summer. To this end, fully expanded leaves, and rhizosphere soil, of three contrasting mining and non-mining populations of Z. fabago grown spontaneously in south-eastern Spain were sampled in two consecutive years. Approximately 50 biochemical, physiological and edaphic parameters were examined, including leaf redox components, primary and secondary metabolites, endogenous levels of salicylic acid, and physicochemical properties of soil (fertility parameters and total concentration of HMMs). Multivariate data analysis showed a clear distinction in antioxidative/oxidative profiles between and within the populations studied. Levels of chlorophylls, proteins and proline characterized control plants whereas antioxidant capacity and C- and S-based antioxidant compounds were biomarkers of mining plants. Seasonal variations were characterized by higher levels of alkaloids and PAL and soluble peroxidase activities in summer, and by soluble sugars and hydroxycinnamic acids in spring irrespective of the population considered. Although the antioxidant systems are subjected to seasonal variations, the way and the intensity with which every population changes its antioxidative/oxidative profile seem to be determined by soil conditions. In short, Z. fabago displays a high physiological plasticity that allow it to successfully shift its metabolism to withstand the multiple stresses that plants must cope with in mine tailings piles under Mediterranean climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio López-Orenes
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - María C Bueso
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, Doctor Fleming s/n, ETSII, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Héctor M Conesa
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio A Calderón
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - María A Ferrer
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
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Cheng F, Lu J, Gao M, Shi K, Kong Q, Huang Y, Bie Z. Redox Signaling and CBF-Responsive Pathway Are Involved in Salicylic Acid-Improved Photosynthesis and Growth under Chilling Stress in Watermelon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1519. [PMID: 27777580 PMCID: PMC5056192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in plant response to abiotic stresses. This study investigated the potential role of SA in alleviating the adverse effects of chilling stress on photosynthesis and growth in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Chilling stress induced the simultaneous accumulation of free and conjugated SA in watermelon plants, and the chilling-induced SA production was attributed to the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway. Applying SA at moderate concentrations induced chilling tolerance, whereas inhibition of SA biosynthesis by L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP) increased the photooxidation of PS II under chilling stress in watermelon, resulting in reduced photosynthesis and growth. Chilling induced a transient increase in the ratios of reduced to oxidized glutathione and reduced ascorbate to dehydroascorbate. Then, the expression of antioxidant genes was upregulated, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were enhanced. Furthermore, SA-induced chilling tolerance was associated with cellular glutathione and ascorbate homeostasis, which served as redox signals to regulate antioxidant metabolism under chilling stress. AOPP treatment stimulated the chilling-induced expression of cold-responsive genes, particularly via C-repeat binding factors CBF3 and CBF4. These results confirm the synergistic role of SA signaling and the CBF-dependent responsive pathway during chilling stress in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Junyang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Qiusheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhilong Bie,
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Cheng F, Lu J, Gao M, Shi K, Kong Q, Huang Y, Bie Z. Redox Signaling and CBF-Responsive Pathway Are Involved in Salicylic Acid-Improved Photosynthesis and Growth under Chilling Stress in Watermelon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27777580 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in plant response to abiotic stresses. This study investigated the potential role of SA in alleviating the adverse effects of chilling stress on photosynthesis and growth in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Chilling stress induced the simultaneous accumulation of free and conjugated SA in watermelon plants, and the chilling-induced SA production was attributed to the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway. Applying SA at moderate concentrations induced chilling tolerance, whereas inhibition of SA biosynthesis by L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP) increased the photooxidation of PS II under chilling stress in watermelon, resulting in reduced photosynthesis and growth. Chilling induced a transient increase in the ratios of reduced to oxidized glutathione and reduced ascorbate to dehydroascorbate. Then, the expression of antioxidant genes was upregulated, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were enhanced. Furthermore, SA-induced chilling tolerance was associated with cellular glutathione and ascorbate homeostasis, which served as redox signals to regulate antioxidant metabolism under chilling stress. AOPP treatment stimulated the chilling-induced expression of cold-responsive genes, particularly via C-repeat binding factors CBF3 and CBF4. These results confirm the synergistic role of SA signaling and the CBF-dependent responsive pathway during chilling stress in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Junyang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiusheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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Ramírez V, Gonzalez B, López A, Castelló MJ, Gil MJ, Zheng B, Chen P, Vera P. Loss of a Conserved tRNA Anticodon Modification Perturbs Plant Immunity. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005586. [PMID: 26492405 PMCID: PMC4619653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
tRNA is the most highly modified class of RNA species, and modifications are found in tRNAs from all organisms that have been examined. Despite their vastly different chemical structures and their presence in different tRNAs, occurring in different locations in tRNA, the biosynthetic pathways of the majority of tRNA modifications include a methylation step(s). Recent discoveries have revealed unprecedented complexity in the modification patterns of tRNA, their regulation and function, suggesting that each modified nucleoside in tRNA may have its own specific function. However, in plants, our knowledge on the role of individual tRNA modifications and how they are regulated is very limited. In a genetic screen designed to identify factors regulating disease resistance and activation of defenses in Arabidopsis, we identified SUPPRESSOR OF CSB3 9 (SCS9). Our results reveal SCS9 encodes a tRNA methyltransferase that mediates the 2´-O-ribose methylation of selected tRNA species in the anticodon loop. These SCS9-mediated tRNA modifications enhance during the course of infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000, and lack of such tRNA modification, as observed in scs9 mutants, severely compromise plant immunity against the same pathogen without affecting the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway which regulates plant immune responses. Our results support a model that gives importance to the control of certain tRNA modifications for mounting an effective immune response in Arabidopsis, and therefore expands the repertoire of molecular components essential for an efficient disease resistance response. Numerous studies revealed the existence of nearly 110 ribonucleoside structures incorporated as post-transcriptional modifications in tRNA, with 25–30 modifications present in any one organism. Emerging evidence points to the critical role of tRNA modifications in various cellular responses to stimuli, including transcription of stress response genes and control of cell viability and growth. The primary function of tRNA modifications, and in particular tRNA methylations, are linked to different steps in protein synthesis including stabilization of tRNA structures, reinforcement of the codon-anticodon interaction, regulation of wobble base pairing, and prevention of frameshift errors. Furthermore, tRNA methylations are involved in the RNA quality control system and regulation of tRNA localization in the cell, all of which affect translation rate, but modifications in the anti-codon, which exhibit important roles in decoding mRNA are particularly important. We identified that the SCS9 gene from Arabidopsis encodes a tRNA 2´-O-ribose methyltransferase homologous to the TRM7 methyltransferase from yeast. We identify that SCS9 is crucial for the 2´-O-ribose methylation of nucleotides 32 and 34 of the tRNAs anticodon loop of certain tRNA molecules. We show that SCS9 is required for effectiveness of plant immunity and suggest the importance of precise tRNA modifications in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Ramírez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gonzalez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana López
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Castelló
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José Gil
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bo Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, HuaZhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pablo Vera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Zhao H, Xu L, Su T, Jiang Y, Hu L, Ma F. Melatonin regulates carbohydrate metabolism and defenses against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Pineal Res 2015; 59:109-19. [PMID: 25958775 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has been reported to promote plant growth and development. Our experiments with Arabidopsis thaliana showed that exogenous applications of this molecule mediated invertase inhibitor (C/VIF)-regulated invertase activity and enhanced sucrose metabolism. Hexoses were accumulated in response to elevated activities by cell wall invertase (CWI) and vacuolar invertase (VI). Analyses of sugar metabolism-related genes revealed differential expression during plant development that was modulated by melatonin. In particular, C/VIF1 and C/VIF2 were strongly down-regulated by exogenous feeding. We also found the elevated CWI activity in melatonin-treated Arabidopsis improved the factors (cellulose, xylose, and galactose) for cell wall reinforcement and callose deposition during Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection, therefore, partially induced the pathogen resistance. However, CWI did not involve in salicylic acid (SA)-regulated defense pathway. Taken together, this study reveals that melatonin plays an important role in invertase-related carbohydrate metabolism, plant growth, and pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yang Jiang
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg university, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Lebeis SL, Paredes SH, Lundberg DS, Breakfield N, Gehring J, McDonald M, Malfatti S, Glavina del Rio T, Jones CD, Tringe SG, Dangl JL. PLANT MICROBIOME. Salicylic acid modulates colonization of the root microbiome by specific bacterial taxa. Science 2015; 349:860-4. [PMID: 26184915 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immune systems distinguish "self" from "nonself" to maintain homeostasis and must differentially gate access to allow colonization by potentially beneficial, nonpathogenic microbes. Plant roots grow within extremely diverse soil microbial communities but assemble a taxonomically limited root-associated microbiome. We grew isogenic Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with altered immune systems in a wild soil and also in recolonization experiments with a synthetic bacterial community. We established that biosynthesis of, and signaling dependent on, the foliar defense phytohormone salicylic acid is required to assemble a normal root microbiome. Salicylic acid modulates colonization of the root by specific bacterial families. Thus, plant immune signaling drives selection from the available microbial communities to sculpt the root microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Lebeis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA. Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA.
| | - Sur Herrera Paredes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Derek S Lundberg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Natalie Breakfield
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Jase Gehring
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Meredith McDonald
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Stephanie Malfatti
- Joint Genome Institute, U.S. Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | | | - Corbin D Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Susannah G Tringe
- Joint Genome Institute, U.S. Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA.
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Jiménez-Guerrero I, Pérez-Montaño F, Monreal JA, Preston GM, Fones H, Vioque B, Ollero FJ, López-Baena FJ. The Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii HH103 Type 3 Secretion System Suppresses Early Defense Responses to Effectively Nodulate Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:790-9. [PMID: 25775271 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-15-0020-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants that interact with pathogenic bacteria in their natural environments have developed barriers to block or contain the infection. Phytopathogenic bacteria have evolved mechanisms to subvert these defenses and promote infection. Thus, the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) delivers bacterial effectors directly into the plant cells to alter host signaling and suppress defenses, providing an appropriate environment for bacterial multiplication. Some rhizobial strains possess a symbiotic T3SS that seems to be involved in the suppression of host defenses to promote nodulation and determine the host range. In this work, we show that the inactivation of the Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii HH103 T3SS negatively affects soybean nodulation in the early stages of the symbiotic process, which is associated with a reduction of the expression of early nodulation genes. This symbiotic phenotype could be the consequence of the bacterial triggering of soybean defense responses associated with the production of salicylic acid (SA) and the impairment of the T3SS mutant to suppress these responses. Interestingly, the early induction of the transcription of GmMPK4, which negatively regulates SA accumulation and defense responses in soybean via WRKY33, could be associated with the differential defense responses induced by the parental and the T3SS mutant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Antonio Monreal
- 2 Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gail M Preston
- 3 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Helen Fones
- 3 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Blanca Vioque
- 4 Departamento de Fitoquímica de Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Avda. Padre García Tejero, 4, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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Matern S, Peskan-Berghoefer T, Gromes R, Kiesel RV, Rausch T. Imposed glutathione-mediated redox switch modulates the tobacco wound-induced protein kinase and salicylic acid-induced protein kinase activation state and impacts on defence against Pseudomonas syringae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1935-50. [PMID: 25628332 PMCID: PMC4378631 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the redox-active tripeptide glutathione in plant defence against pathogens has been studied extensively; however, the impact of changes in cellular glutathione redox potential on signalling processes during defence reactions has remained elusive. This study explored the impact of elevated glutathione content on the cytosolic redox potential and on early defence signalling at the level of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), as well as on subsequent defence reactions, including changes in salicylic acid (SA) content, pathogenesis-related gene expression, callose depositions, and the hypersensitive response. Wild-type (WT) Nicotiana tabacum L. and transgenic high-glutathione lines (HGL) were transformed with the cytosol-targeted sensor GRX1-roGFP2 to monitor the cytosolic redox state. Surprisingly, HGLs displayed an oxidative shift in their cytosolic redox potential and an activation of the tobacco MAPKs wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) and SA-induced protein kinase (SIPK). This activation occurred in the absence of any change in free SA content, but was accompanied by constitutively increased expression of several defence genes. Similarly, rapid activation of MAPKs could be induced in WT tobacco by exposure to either reduced or oxidized glutathione. When HGL plants were challenged with adapted or non-adapted Pseudomonas syringae pathovars, the cytosolic redox shift was further amplified and the defence response was markedly increased, showing a priming effect for SA and callose; however, the initial and transient hyperactivation of MAPK signalling was attenuated in HGLs. The results suggest that, in tobacco, MAPK and SA signalling may operate independently, both possibly being modulated by the glutathione redox potential. Possible mechanisms for redox-mediated MAPK activation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Matern
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany The Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Peskan-Berghoefer
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Gromes
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Vazquez Kiesel
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rausch
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Liao Y, Tian M, Zhang H, Li X, Wang Y, Xia X, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Yu J, Shi K, Klessig DF. Salicylic acid binding of mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase E2 affects mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain components and plays a role in basal defense against tobacco mosaic virus in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1296-1307. [PMID: 25365924 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in plant defense against pathogen invasion. SA-induced viral defense in plants is distinct from the pathways mediating bacterial and fungal defense and involves a specific pathway mediated by mitochondria; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The SA-binding activity of the recombinant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (Slα-kGDH) E2 subunit of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was characterized. The biological role of this binding in plant defenses against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was further investigated via Slα-kGDH E2 silencing and transient overexpression in plants. Slα-kGDH E2 was found to bind SA in two independent assays. SA treatment, as well as Slα-kGDH E2 silencing, increased resistance to TMV. SA did not further enhance TMV defense in Slα-kGDH E2-silenced tomato plants but did reduce TMV susceptibility in Nicotiana benthamiana plants transiently overexpressing Slα-kGDH E2. Furthermore, Slα-kGDH E2-silencing-induced TMV resistance was fully blocked by bongkrekic acid application and alternative oxidase 1a silencing. These results indicated that binding by Slα-kGDH E2 of SA acts upstream of and affects the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which plays an important role in basal defense against TMV. The findings of this study help to elucidate the mechanisms of SA-induced viral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwenke Liao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Miaoying Tian
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Daniel F Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Stork W, Kim JG, Mudgett MB. Functional Analysis of Plant Defense Suppression and Activation by the Xanthomonas Core Type III Effector XopX. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:180-94. [PMID: 25338145 PMCID: PMC4293322 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0263-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many phytopathogenic type III secretion effector proteins (T3Es) have been shown to target and suppress plant immune signaling but perturbation of the plant immune system by T3Es can also elicit a plant response. XopX is a "core" Xanthomonas T3E that contributes to growth and symptom development during Xanthomonas euvesicatoria infection of tomato but its functional role is undefined. We tested the effect of XopX on several aspects of plant immune signaling. XopX promoted ethylene production and plant cell death (PCD) during X. euvesicatoria infection of susceptible tomato and in transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana, which is consistent with its requirement for the development of X. euvesicatoria-induced disease symptoms. Additionally, although XopX suppressed flagellin-induced reactive oxygen species, it promoted the accumulation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) gene transcripts. Surprisingly, XopX coexpression with other PCD elicitors resulted in delayed PCD, suggesting antagonism between XopX-dependent PCD and other PCD pathways. However, we found no evidence that XopX contributed to the suppression of effector-triggered immunity during X. euvesicatoria-tomato interactions, suggesting that XopX's primary virulence role is to modulate PTI. These results highlight the dual role of a core Xanthomonas T3E in simultaneously suppressing and activating plant defense responses.
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41
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González-Sánchez MI, Lee PT, Guy RH, Compton RG. In situ detection of salicylate in Ocimum basilicum plant leaves via reverse iontophoresis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16534-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06909b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report an in situ quantitative method to measure the concentration of salicylates, from intact, living Ocimum basilicum plant leaves. This simple, non-invasive method utilises iontophoresis in combination with cyclic voltammetry at disposable screen-printed electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. I. González-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford University
- Oxford
- UK
| | - P. T. Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford University
- Oxford
- UK
| | - R. H. Guy
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford University
- Oxford
- UK
| | - R. G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford University
- Oxford
- UK
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42
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Wang Q, Liu Y, He J, Zheng X, Hu J, Liu Y, Dai H, Zhang Y, Wang B, Wu W, Gao H, Zhang Y, Tao X, Deng H, Yuan D, Jiang L, Zhang X, Guo X, Cheng X, Wu C, Wang H, Yuan L, Wan J. STV11 encodes a sulphotransferase and confers durable resistance to rice stripe virus. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4768. [PMID: 25203424 PMCID: PMC4164775 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) causes one of the most serious viral diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.), but the molecular basis of RSV resistance has remained elusive. Here we show that the resistant allele of rice STV11 (STV11-R) encodes a sulfotransferase (OsSOT1) catalysing the conversion of salicylic acid (SA) into sulphonated SA (SSA), whereas the gene product encoded by the susceptible allele STV11-S loses this activity. Sequence analyses suggest that the STV11-R and STV11-S alleles were predifferentiated in different geographic populations of wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, and remained prevalent in cultivated indica and japonica rice varieties, respectively. Introgression of the STV11-R allele into susceptible cultivars or heterologous transfer of STV11-R into tobacco plants confers effective resistance against RSV. Our results shed new insights into plant viral defense mechanisms and suggest effective means of breeding RSV-resistant crops using molecular marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jun He
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoming Zheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinlong Hu
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huimin Dai
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Baoxiang Wang
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weixun Wu
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - He Gao
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huafeng Deng
- National Hybrid Rice R&D Center, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Dingyang Yuan
- National Hybrid Rice R&D Center, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xianian Cheng
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chuanyin Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Longping Yuan
- National Hybrid Rice R&D Center, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Tarkowská D, Novák O, Floková K, Tarkowski P, Turečková V, Grúz J, Rolčík J, Strnad M. Quo vadis plant hormone analysis? PLANTA 2014; 240:55-76. [PMID: 24677098 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones act as chemical messengers in the regulation of myriads of physiological processes that occur in plants. To date, nine groups of plant hormones have been identified and more will probably be discovered. Furthermore, members of each group may participate in the regulation of physiological responses in planta both alone and in concert with members of either the same group or other groups. The ideal way to study biochemical processes involving these signalling molecules is 'hormone profiling', i.e. quantification of not only the hormones themselves, but also their biosynthetic precursors and metabolites in plant tissues. However, this is highly challenging since trace amounts of all of these substances are present in highly complex plant matrices. Here, we review advances, current trends and future perspectives in the analysis of all currently known plant hormones and the associated problems of extracting them from plant tissues and separating them from the numerous potentially interfering compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic,
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44
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Carviel JL, Wilson DC, Isaacs M, Carella P, Catana V, Golding B, Weretilnyk EA, Cameron RK. Investigation of intercellular salicylic acid accumulation during compatible and incompatible Arabidopsis-pseudomonas syringae interactions using a fast neutron-generated mutant allele of EDS5 identified by genetic mapping and whole-genome sequencing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88608. [PMID: 24594657 PMCID: PMC3942312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A whole-genome sequencing technique developed to identify fast neutron-induced deletion mutations revealed that iap1-1 is a new allele of EDS5 (eds5-5). RPS2-AvrRpt2-initiated effector-triggered immunity (ETI) was compromised in iap1-1/eds5-5 with respect to in planta bacterial levels and the hypersensitive response, while intra- and intercellular free salicylic acid (SA) accumulation was greatly reduced, suggesting that SA contributes as both an intracellular signaling molecule and an antimicrobial agent in the intercellular space during ETI. During the compatible interaction between wild-type Col-0 and virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), little intercellular free SA accumulated, which led to the hypothesis that Pst suppresses intercellular SA accumulation. When Col-0 was inoculated with a coronatine-deficient strain of Pst, high levels of intercellular SA accumulation were observed, suggesting that Pst suppresses intercellular SA accumulation using its phytotoxin coronatine. This work suggests that accumulation of SA in the intercellular space is an important component of basal/PAMP-triggered immunity as well as ETI to pathogens that colonize the intercellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie L. Carviel
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel C. Wilson
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marisa Isaacs
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Carella
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vasile Catana
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Golding
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Robin K. Cameron
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Ding Y, Shaholli D, Mou Z. A large-scale genetic screen for mutants with altered salicylic acid accumulation in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:763. [PMID: 25610446 PMCID: PMC4285869 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a key defense signal molecule against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens in plants, but how SA is synthesized in plant cells still remains elusive. Identification of new components involved in pathogen-induced SA accumulation would help address this question. To this end, we performed a large-scale genetic screen for mutants with altered SA accumulation during pathogen infection in Arabidopsis using a bacterial biosensor Acinetobacter sp. ADPWH_lux-based SA quantification method. A total of 35,000 M2 plants in the npr1-3 mutant background have been individually analyzed for the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) ES4326-induced SA accumulation. Among the mutants isolated, 19 had SA levels lower than npr1 (sln) and two exhibited increased SA accumulation in npr1 (isn). Complementation tests revealed that seven of the sln mutants are new alleles of eds5/sid1, two are sid2/eds16 alleles, one is allelic to pad4, and the remaining seven sln and two isn mutants are new non-allelic SA accumulation mutants. Interestingly, a large group of mutants (in the npr1-3 background), in which Psm ES4326-induced SA levels were similar to those in the wild-type Columbia plants, were identified, suggesting that the signaling network fine-tuning pathogen-induced SA accumulation is complex. We further characterized the sln1 single mutant and found that Psm ES4326-induced defense responses were compromised in this mutant. These defense response defects could be rescued by exogenous SA, suggesting that SLN1 functions upstream of SA. The sln1 mutation was mapped to a region on the north arm of chromosome I, which contains no known genes regulating pathogen-induced SA accumulation, indicating that SLN1 likely encodes a new regulator of SA biosynthesis. Thus, the new sln and isn mutants identified in this genetic screen are valuable for dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogen-induced SA accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhonglin Mou
- *Correspondence: Zhonglin Mou, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Museum Road, Building 981, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA e-mail:
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46
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Wang Y, Zhang D, Davison PA, Huang WE. Bacterial whole-cell biosensors for the detection of contaminants in water and soils. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1096:155-168. [PMID: 24515368 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-712-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial whole-cell biosensors (BWBs) have unique advantages over conventional environmental monitoring techniques on the detection of toxicity and bioavailability of contaminants in water and soils. BWBs can also be rapid, sensitive, semiquantitative, cost-effective, and easy to use. In this study, a standard method is described for the detection of contaminants and toxicity in real water and soil samples using Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Kroto Research Institute, Sheffield University, Sheffield, UK
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47
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Singh V, Roy S, Giri MK, Chaturvedi R, Chowdhury Z, Shah J, Nandi AK. Arabidopsis thaliana FLOWERING LOCUS D is required for systemic acquired resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1079-88. [PMID: 23745676 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-13-0096-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Localized infection in plants often induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which provides long-term protection against subsequent infections. A signal originating in the SAR-inducing organ is transported to the distal organs, where it stimulates salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and priming, a mechanism that results in more robust activation of defenses in response to subsequent pathogen infection. In recent years, several metabolites that promote long-distance SAR signaling have been identified. However, the mechanism or mechanisms by which plants perceive and respond to the SAR signals are largely obscure. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis thaliana, the FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD) is required for responding to the SAR signals leading to the systemic accumulation of SA and enhancement of disease resistance. Although the fld mutant was competent in accumulating the SAR-inducing signal, it was unable to respond to the SAR signal that accumulates in petiole exudates of wild-type leaves inoculated with a SAR-inducing pathogen. Supporting FLD's role in systemic SAR signaling, we observed that dehydroabietinal and azelaic acid, two metabolites that, in wild-type plants, promote SAR-associated systemic accumulation of SA and priming, respectively, were unable to promote SAR in the fld mutant. FLD also participates in flowering, where it functions to repress expression of the flowering repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). However, epistasis analysis indicates that FLD's function in SAR is independent of FLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayata Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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48
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Roberts M, Tang S, Stallmann A, Dangl JL, Bonardi V. Genetic requirements for signaling from an autoactive plant NB-LRR intracellular innate immune receptor. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003465. [PMID: 23633962 PMCID: PMC3636237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants react to pathogen attack via recognition of, and response to, pathogen-specific molecules at the cell surface and inside the cell. Pathogen effectors (virulence factors) are monitored by intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) sensor proteins in plants and mammals. Here, we study the genetic requirements for defense responses of an autoactive mutant of ADR1-L2, an Arabidopsis coiled-coil (CC)-NB-LRR protein. ADR1-L2 functions upstream of salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in several defense contexts, and it can act in this context as a “helper” to transduce specific microbial activation signals from “sensor” NB-LRRs. This helper activity does not require an intact P-loop. ADR1-L2 and another of two closely related members of this small NB-LRR family are also required for propagation of unregulated runaway cell death (rcd) in an lsd1 mutant. We demonstrate here that, in this particular context, ADR1-L2 function is P-loop dependent. We generated an autoactive missense mutation, ADR1-L2D484V, in a small homology motif termed MHD. Expression of ADR1-L2D848V leads to dwarfed plants that exhibit increased disease resistance and constitutively high SA levels. The morphological phenotype also requires an intact P-loop, suggesting that these ADR1-L2D484V phenotypes reflect canonical activation of this NB-LRR protein. We used ADR1-L2D484V to define genetic requirements for signaling. Signaling from ADR1-L2D484V does not require NADPH oxidase and is negatively regulated by EDS1 and AtMC1. Transcriptional regulation of ADR1-L2D484V is correlated with its phenotypic outputs; these outputs are both SA–dependent and –independent. The genetic requirements for ADR1-L2D484V activity resemble those that regulate an SA–gradient-dependent signal amplification of defense and cell death signaling initially observed in the absence of LSD1. Importantly, ADR1-L2D484V autoactivation signaling is controlled by both EDS1 and SA in separable, but linked pathways. These data allows us to propose a genetic model that provides insight into an SA–dependent feedback regulation loop, which, surprisingly, includes ADR1-L2. Plants possess an active, inducible disease resistance system, and induction of these responses depends in part on plant resistance proteins. Present understanding of these resistance proteins likens them to molecular switches that bind nucleotides to activate disease resistance responses. Previously it was shown that Activated Disease Resistance 1-like 2 (ADR1-L2), a plant disease resistance protein, is important in the immune response, but can function in the contexts analysed independently of what is currently considered the canonical nucleotide switch activation. Here, we show that, in addition to these previously reported functions, ADR1-L2 also works as a typical, activated disease resistance protein. We use an autoactive mutant form of the protein and show that it promotes disease resistance. We find that ADR1-L2 works in an EDS1-dependent feedback loop with salicylic acid, a hormone known to be essential for plant disease resistance. This work allows us to broaden the understanding of how plant disease resistance proteins function to generate defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Roberts
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Saijun Tang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Anna Stallmann
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Vera Bonardi
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Dobón A, Wulff BBH, Canet JV, Fort P, Tornero P. An allele of Arabidopsis COI1 with hypo- and hypermorphic phenotypes in plant growth, defence and fertility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55115. [PMID: 23383073 PMCID: PMC3559596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to biotrophic pathogens is largely dependent on the hormone salicylic acid (SA) while jasmonic acid (JA) regulates resistance against necrotrophs. JA negatively regulates SA and is, in itself, negatively regulated by SA. A key component of the JA signal transduction pathway is its receptor, the COI1 gene. Mutations in this gene can affect all the JA phenotypes, whereas mutations in other genes, either in JA signal transduction or in JA biosynthesis, lack this general effect. To identify components of the part of the resistance against biotrophs independent of SA, a mutagenised population of NahG plants (severely depleted of SA) was screened for suppression of susceptibility. The screen resulted in the identification of intragenic and extragenic suppressors, and the results presented here correspond to the characterization of one extragenic suppressor, coi1-40. coi1-40 is quite different from previously described coi1 alleles, and it represents a strategy for enhancing resistance to biotrophs with low levels of SA, likely suppressing NahG by increasing the perception to the remaining SA. The phenotypes of coi1-40 lead us to speculate about a modular function for COI1, since we have recovered a mutation in COI1 which has a number of JA-related phenotypes reduced while others are equal to or above wild type levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albor Dobón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia, Spain
| | - Brande B. H. Wulff
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Vicente Canet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Fort
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Tornero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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50
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Canet JV, Dobón A, Tornero P. Non-recognition-of-BTH4, an Arabidopsis mediator subunit homolog, is necessary for development and response to salicylic acid. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:4220-35. [PMID: 23064321 PMCID: PMC3517246 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.103028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) signaling acts in defense and plant development. The only gene demonstrated to be required for the response to SA is Arabidopsis thaliana non-expresser of pathogenesis-related gene 1 (NPR1), and npr1 mutants are insensitive to SA. By focusing on the effect of analogs of SA on plant development, we identified mutants in additional genes acting in the SA response. In this work, we describe a gene necessary for the SA Non-Recognition-of-BTH4 (NRB4). Three nrb4 alleles recovered from the screen cause phenotypes similar to the wild type in the tested conditions, except for SA-related phenotypes. Plants with NRB4 null alleles express profound insensitivity to SA, even more than npr1. NRB4 null mutants are also sterile and their growth is compromised. Plants carrying weaker nrb4 alleles are also insensitive to SA, with some quantitative differences in some phenotypes, like systemic acquired resistance or pathogen growth restriction. When weak alleles are used, NPR1 and NRB4 mutations produce an additive phenotype, but we did not find evidence of a genetic interaction in F1 nor biochemical interaction in yeast or in planta. NRB4 is predicted to be a subunit of Mediator, the ortholog of MED15 in Arabidopsis. Mechanistically, NRB4 functions downstream of NPR1 to regulate the SA response.
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