1
|
Mahesaniya A, Williamson CR, Keyvani Chahi A, Martin CE, Mitro AE, Lu P, New LA, Watson KL, Moorehead RA, Jones N. Sex Differences in Glomerular Protein Expression and Effects of Soy-Based Diet on Podocyte Signaling. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2022; 9:20543581221121636. [PMID: 36199279 PMCID: PMC9528100 DOI: 10.1177/20543581221121636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Kidney disease is a major public health issue arising from loss of glomerular podocyte function, and there are considerable sex differences in its prognosis. Evidence suggests a renoprotective effect of estrogen and soy diet-derived phytoestrogens, although the molecular basis for this is poorly understood. Objective: Here, we aim to assess sex differences in expression of key proteins associated with podocyte survival and determine the effects of dietary soy on glomerular and podocyte signaling. Methods: Male and female FVB mice were fed control, low (1%), and high (20%) doses of isolated soy protein (ISP) in utero and until 100 days of age. Spot urine was collected to measure proteinuria and isolated glomeruli were used to quantify activated and total levels of nephrin, Akt, and ERK1/2. To investigate protective effects of specific soy phytoestrogens, cultured podocytes were treated with or without daidzein and subject to control or high glucose as a model of podocyte injury. Results: Nephrin and Akt were elevated at baseline in glomeruli from females compared to males. Both sexes that were fed 1% and 20% ISP displayed robust increases in total glomerular Akt compared to controls, and these effects were more prominent in females. A similar trend at both doses in both sexes was observed with activated Akt and total nephrin. Notably, males exclusively showed increased phosphorylation of nephrin and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) at the 1% ISP dose; however, no overt changes in urinary albumin excretion or podocin levels were observed, suggesting that the soy diets did not impair podocyte function. Finally, in cultured male and female podocytes, daidzein treatment suppressed high glucose-induced ERK activation. Conclusions: Together, our findings reveal a putative mechanism to explain the protective influence of sex on kidney disease progression, and they provide further evidence to support a beneficial role for dietary soy in preserving glomerular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afreeda Mahesaniya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Casey R. Williamson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ava Keyvani Chahi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Claire E. Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
- Present address: Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander E. Mitro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Peihua Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Laura A. New
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Nina Jones
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Brennan JC, Gale RW, Alvarez DA, Berninger JP, Leet JK, Li Y, Wagner T, Tillitt DE. Factors Affecting Sampling Strategies for Design of an Effects-Directed Analysis for Endocrine-Active Chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1309-1324. [PMID: 32362034 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Effects-directed analysis (EDA) is an important tool for identifying unknown bioactive components in a complex mixture. Such an analysis of endocrine-active chemicals (EACs) from water sources has promising regulatory implications but also unique logistical challenges. We propose a conceptual EDA (framework) based on a critical review of EDA literature and concentrations of common EACs in waste and surface waters. Required water volumes for identification of EACs under this EDA framework were estimated based on bioassay performance (in vitro and in vivo bioassays), limits of quantification by mass spectrometry (MS), and EAC water concentrations. Sample volumes for EDA across the EACs showed high variation in the bioassay detectors, with genistein, bisphenol A, and androstenedione requiring very high sample volumes and ethinylestradiol and 17β-trenbolone requiring low sample volumes. Sample volume based on the MS detector was far less variable across the EACs. The EDA framework equation was rearranged to calculate detector "thresholds," and these thresholds were compared with the literature EAC water concentrations to evaluate the feasibility of the EDA framework. In the majority of instances, feasibility of the EDA was limited by the bioassay, not MS detection. Mixed model analysis showed that the volumes required for a successful EDA were affected by the potentially responsible EAC, detection methods, and the water source type, with detection method having the greatest effect on the EDA of estrogens and androgens. The EDA framework, equation, and model we present provide a valuable tool for designing a successful EDA. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1309-1324. © 2020 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Brennan
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert W Gale
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David A Alvarez
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jason P Berninger
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jessica K Leet
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Yan Li
- North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tyler Wagner
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, US Geological Survey, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Donald E Tillitt
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Watson CS, Koong L, Jeng YJ, Vinas R. Xenoestrogen interference with nongenomic signaling actions of physiological estrogens in endocrine cancer cells. Steroids 2019; 142:84-93. [PMID: 30012504 PMCID: PMC6339598 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid nongenomic signaling by estrogens (Es), initiated near the cell membrane, provides new explanations for the potent actions of environmental chemicals that imperfectly mimic physiological Es. These pathways can affect tumor growth, stabilization, or shrinkage via a number of signaling streams such as activation/inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and caspases, generation of second messengers, and phospho-triggering of cyclin instability. Though prostate cancers are better known for their responsiveness to androgen deprivation, ∼17% of late stage tumors regress in response to high dose natural or pharmaceutical Es; however, the mechanisms at the cellular level are not understood. More accurate recent measurements show that estradiol (E2) levels decline in aging men, leading to the hypothesis that maintaining young male levels of E2 may prevent the growth of prostate cancers. Major contributions to reducing prostate cancer cell numbers included low E2 concentrations producing sustained ERK phospho-activation correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species causing cancer cell death, and phospho-activation of cyclin D1 triggering its rapid degradation by interrupting cell cycle progression. These therapeutic actions were stronger in early stage tumor cells (with higher membrane estrogen receptor levels), and E2 was far more effective compared to diethylstilbestrol (the most frequently prescribed E treatment). Xenoestrogens (XEs) exacerbated the growth of prostate cancer cells, and as we know from previous studies in pituitary cancer cells, can interfere with the nongenomic signaling actions of endogenous Es. Therefore, nongenomic actions of physiological levels of E2 may be important deterrents to the growth of prostate cancers, which could be undermined by the actions of XEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Luke Koong
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Yow-Jiun Jeng
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Rene Vinas
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Dept., University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sosa LDV, Petiti JP, Picech F, Chumpen S, Nicola JP, Perez P, De Paul A, Valdez-Taubas J, Gutierrez S, Torres AI. The ERα membrane pool modulates the proliferation of pituitary tumours. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:229-241. [PMID: 30400032 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the ERα nuclear/cytoplasmic pool that modulates pituitary cell proliferation have been widely described, but it is still not clear how ERα is targeted to the plasma membrane. The aim of this study was to analyse ERα palmitoylation and the plasma membrane ERα (mERα) pool, and their participation in E2-triggered membrane-initiated signalling in normal and pituitary tumour cell growth. Cell cultures were prepared from anterior pituitaries of female Wistar rats and tumour GH3 cells, and treated with 10 nM of oestradiol (E2). The basal expression of ERα was higher in tumour GH3 than in normal pituitary cells. Full-length palmitoylated ERα was observed in normal and pituitary tumour cells, demonstrating that E2 stimulation increased both, ERα in plasma membrane and ERα and caveolin-1 interaction after short-term treatment. In addition, the Dhhc7 and Dhhc21 palmitoylases were negatively regulated after sustained stimulation of E2 for 3 h. Although the uptake of BrdU into the nucleus in normal pituitary cells was not modified by E2, a significant increase in the GH3 tumoural cell, as well as ERK1/2 activation, with this effect being mimicked by PPT, a selective antagonist of ERα. These proliferative effects were blocked by ICI 182780 and the global inhibitor of palmitoylation. These findings indicate that ERα palmitoylation modulated the mERα pool and consequently the ERK1/2 pathway, thereby contributing to pituitary tumour cell proliferation. These results suggest that the plasma membrane ERα pool might be related to the proliferative behaviour of prolactinoma and may be a marker of pituitary tumour growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Del V Sosa
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET) Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan P Petiti
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET) Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Florencia Picech
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET) Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Chumpen
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Juan P Nicola
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CIBICI-CONICET, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Perez
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET) Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana De Paul
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET) Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier Valdez-Taubas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gutierrez
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET) Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia I Torres
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (CONICET) Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu S, Yu S, Dong D, Lee LTO. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:725. [PMID: 31708873 PMCID: PMC6823181 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a seven-transmembrane-domain receptor that mediates non-genomic estrogen related signaling. After ligand activation, GPER triggers multiple downstream pathways that exert diverse biological effects on the regulation of cell growth, migration and programmed cell death in a variety of tissues. A significant correlation between GPER and the progression of multiple cancers has likewise been reported. Therefore, a better understanding of the role GPER plays in cancer biology may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets, especially among estrogen-related cancers. Here, we review cell signaling and detail the functions of GPER in malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Reproduction Development and Aging, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Daming Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Daming Dong
| | - Leo Tsz On Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Reproduction Development and Aging, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Leo Tsz On Lee
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Binding Constants of Maackia Amurensis Whole Extract and its Separate Flavanoids to Estradiol Receptors. Pharm Chem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-1914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
7
|
Voellger B, Waldt N, Rupa R, Kirches E, Melhem O, Ochel HJ, Mawrin C, Firsching R. Combined effects of resveratrol and radiation in GH3 and TtT/GF pituitary adenoma cells. J Neurooncol 2018; 139:573-582. [PMID: 29872948 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resveratrol and radiation decrease viability in various tumor cells. This study aims to investigate combined effects of resveratrol and radiation on viability, induction of apoptosis and necrosis, and expression of apoptosis modulators in rodent GH3 and TtT/GF pituitary adenoma cells in vitro. METHODS Cells were incubated with 10-100 µM resveratrol. Medium and medium with ethanol served as controls. After 2 h, cells were irradiated with 0-5 Gray (Gy) and further incubated for 48-72 h. Cell viability was quantified using a hemocytometer. Cell death was assessed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects free nucleosomes in cell lysates and free nucleosomes released to the culture medium. Expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 protein (BCL-2) and BCL-2 associated Xprotein (BAX) was measured using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to analyze changes in BAX/BCL-2 ratio. RESULTS Resveratrol and irradiation with 4 Gy alone and in combination significantly decreased cell viability (p = 0.017 and less). In the ELISA, 10 μM resveratrol significantly induced apoptosis in TtT/GF cells at 0 Gy (p < 0.001), but not at 3 or 5 Gy. In the ELISA, 10 μM resveratrol significantly induced necrosis in GH3 cells at 0, 3 and 5 Gy (p < 0.001). While qRT-PCR did not demonstrate a significant effect of 10 µM resveratrol or radiation on expression of BAX or BCL-2, a significant increase in the BAX/BCL-2 ratio was found after irradiation with 5 Gy in GH3 cells (p = 0.0027). CONCLUSION While moderate irradiation solely led to inhibited proliferation, resveratrol induced cell death in rodent pituitary adenoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Voellger
- Universitaetsklinik fuer Neurochirurgie, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033, Marburg, Germany.
| | - N Waldt
- Department of Neuropathology, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rosita Rupa
- Universitaetsklinik fuer Neurochirurgie, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - E Kirches
- Department of Neuropathology, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - O Melhem
- Universitaetsklinik fuer Neurochirurgie, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - H-J Ochel
- Department of Radiation Therapy, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - R Firsching
- Universitaetsklinik fuer Neurochirurgie, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hao L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Hu H, Shao W, Zhang X, Geng C, Wang Y, Jiang L. Effect of bisphenol a on occurrence and progression of prolactinoma and its underlying mechanisms. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:4195-4204. [PMID: 27830003 PMCID: PMC5095312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) on prolactin (PRL) release, pituitary cell proliferation, prolactinoma formation in estrogen-sensitive Fischer 344 (F344) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four-week-old female F344 rats were orally administered with different concentrations of BPA or intraperitoneal injection of estradiol benzoate (estradiolbenzoate, E2) for 12 weeks. Bodyweight, blood RPL level and pituitary weights were observed and recorded. Real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of the proliferation markers, including proliferating cell neclear antigen (PCNA), pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) and its relevant marker ERα. Plasma and urine BPA concentration in patients with prolactinoma and healthy participants were measured as well. RESULTS Body weights of the rats treated with BPA were significantly decreased compared with those in the control group. The plasma PRL level and the pituitary weights of the rats were higher than those in the control group after BPA treatment. Compared with the control group, the pituitary mRNA and protein expression levels of PCNA and PTTG were significantly increased after BPA treatment. Moreover, ERα expression level was enhanced by the treatment of BPA in comparison with that of the control group. Finally, the plasma BPA concentration in the prolactin tumor patients was significantly higher than that in the healthy participants. CONCLUSION BPA can significantly promote pituitary cell proliferation and prolactin secretion in F344 rats, which may have impact on the proliferation and secretion of pituitary cell function through the ERα pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiang Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
- Yancheng City No. 1 People’s HospitalYancheng 224001, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Baotou Medical CollegeBaotou 014010, China
| | - Haitao Hu
- Yancheng City No. 1 People’s HospitalYancheng 224001, China
| | - Weiwei Shao
- Yancheng City No. 1 People’s HospitalYancheng 224001, China
| | | | - Chunmei Geng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saraf MK, Jeng YJ, Watson CS. R-equol, a synthetic metabolite of the dietary estrogen daidzein, modulates the nongenomic estrogenic effects of 17β-estradiol in pituitary tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23273747.2016.1226697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
10
|
Lim W, Song G. Stimulatory Effects of Coumestrol on Embryonic and Fetal Development Through AKT and ERK1/2 MAPK Signal Transduction. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2733-40. [PMID: 26991852 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Successful establishment of pregnancy is required for fetal-maternal interactions regulating implantation, embryonic development and placentation. A uterine environment with insufficient growth factors and nutrients increases the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leading to an impaired uterine environment. In the present study, we demonstrated the effects of the phytoestrogen coumestrol on conceptus development in the pig that is regarded as an excellent biomedical animal model for research on IUGR. Results of this study indicated that coumestrol induced migration of porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In response to coumestrol, the phosphorylation of AKT, P70S6K, S6, ERK1/2 MAPK, and P90RSK proteins were activated in pTr cells and ERK1/2 MAPK and P90RSK phosphorylation was prolonged for a longer period than for the other proteins. To identify the signal transduction pathway induced by coumestrol, pharmacological inhibitors U0126 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor) and LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) were used to pretreat pTr cells. The results showed that coumestrol-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAPK and P90RSK was blocked by U0126. In addition, the increased phosphorylation in response to coumestrol was completely inhibited following pre-treatment incubation of pTr cells in the presence of LY294002 and U0126. Furthermore, these two inhibitors suppressed the ability of coumestrol to induce migration of pTr cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that coumestrol affects embryonic development through activation of the PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 MAPK cell signal transduction pathways and improvement in the uterine environment through coumestrol supplementation may provide beneficial effects of enhancing embryonic and fetal survival and development. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2733-2740, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whasun Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Koong LY, Watson CS. Rapid, nongenomic signaling effects of several xenoestrogens involved in early- vs. late-stage prostate cancer cell proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4161/23273747.2014.995003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Y Koong
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department; University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lagarde F, Beausoleil C, Belcher SM, Belzunces LP, Emond C, Guerbet M, Rousselle C. Non-monotonic dose-response relationships and endocrine disruptors: a qualitative method of assessment. Environ Health 2015; 14:13. [PMID: 25971433 PMCID: PMC4429934 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies investigating the effects of endocrine disruptors frequently identify potential unconventional dose-response relationships called non-monotonic dose-response (NMDR) relationships. Standardized approaches for investigating NMDR relationships in a risk assessment context are missing. The aim of this work was to develop criteria for assessing the strength of NMDR relationships. A literature search was conducted to identify published studies that report NMDR relationships with endocrine disruptors. Fifty-one experimental studies that investigated various effects associated with endocrine disruption elicited by many substances were selected. Scoring criteria were applied by adaptation of an approach previously used for identification of hormesis-type dose-response relationships. Out of the 148 NMDR relationships analyzed, 82 were categorized with this method as having a "moderate" to "high" level of plausibility for various effects. Numerous modes of action described in the literature can explain such phenomena. NMDR can arise from numerous molecular mechanisms such as opposing effects induced by multiple receptors differing by their affinity, receptor desensitization, negative feedback with increasing dose, or dose-dependent metabolism modulation. A stepwise decision tree was developed as a tool to standardize the analysis of NMDR relationships observed in the literature with the final aim to use these results in a Risk Assessment purpose. This decision tree was finally applied to studies focused on the effects of bisphenol A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lagarde
- />Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Claire Beausoleil
- />Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Scott M Belcher
- />Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Luc P Belzunces
- />INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Michel Guerbet
- />Université de Rouen, UFR Médecine Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, UR 4651 ABTE, 76183 Rouen Cedex 1, France
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- />Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koong LY, Watson CS. Direct estradiol and diethylstilbestrol actions on early- versus late-stage prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2014; 74:1589-603. [PMID: 25213831 PMCID: PMC4205220 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and other pharmaceutical estrogens have been used at ≥ µM concentrations to treat advanced prostate tumors, with successes primarily attributed to indirect hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis control mechanisms. However, estrogens also directly affect tumor cells, though the mechanisms involved are not well understood. METHODS LAPC-4 (androgen-dependent) and PC-3 (androgen-independent) cell viability was measured after estradiol (E2) or DES treatment across wide concentration ranges. We then examined multiple rapid signaling mechanisms at 0.1 nM E2 and 1 µM DES optima including levels of: activation (phosphorylation) for mitogen-activated protein kinases, cell-cycle proteins, and caspase 3, necroptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS LAPC-4 cells were more responsive than PC-3 cells. Robust and sustained extracellular-regulated kinase activation with E2 , but not DES, correlated with ROS generation and cell death. c-Jun N-terminal kinase was only activated in E2-treated PC-3 cells and was not correlated with caspase 3-mediated apoptosis; necroptosis was not involved. The cell-cycle inhibitor protein p16(INK4A) was phosphorylated in both cell lines by both E2 and DES, but to differing extents. In both cell types, both estrogens activated p38 kinase, which subsequently phosphorylated cyclin D1, tagging it for degradation, except in DES-treated PC-3 cells. CONCLUSIONS Cyclin D1 status correlated most closely with disrupted cell cycling as a cause of reduced cell numbers, though other mechanisms also contributed. As low as 0.1 nM E2 effectively elicited these mechanisms, and its use could dramatically improve outcomes for both early- and late-stage prostate cancer patients, while avoiding the side effects of high-dose DES treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Y Koong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Viñas R, Goldblum RM, Watson CS. Rapid estrogenic signaling activities of the modified (chlorinated, sulfonated, and glucuronidated) endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/endo.25411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
15
|
Xiao HH, Gao QG, Zhang Y, Wong KC, Dai Y, Yao XS, Wong MS. Vanillic acid exerts oestrogen-like activities in osteoblast-like UMR 106 cells through MAP kinase (MEK/ERK)-mediated ER signaling pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:382-91. [PMID: 25106917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sambucus williamsii Hance (SWH) has been used for treatment of bone and joint disease in China for thousands of years. Our previous study showed that SWH extract and its bioactive fraction could effectively prevent oestrogen-deficiency induced bone loss in ovariectomized mice. The present study aimed to study the bone protective effects of vanillic acid (VA), a phenolic acid isolated from the bioactive fraction of SWH, and to characterize the signaling pathways that mediated its actions in rat osteoblast-like UMR 106 cells. VA significantly stimulated proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities as well as significantly altered the mRNA expression of genes involved in osteoblast functions and osteoclastogenesis in UMR 106 cells. Co-treatment of UMR 106 cells with 10(-6)M ICI182,780 (a specific oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist) abolished the stimulatory effects of VA on osteoblast proliferation and ALP activities, suggesting the role of ER in mediating its actions. However, VA (10(-12) to 10(-6)M) failed to bind to ERα or ERβ and did not activate oestrogen response element (ERE)-luciferase activities via ERα or ERβ in UMR 106 cells. In contrast, 10(-10) and 10(-8)M of VA induced the phosphorylation of MEK 1/2, ERK1/2 and ERα at Ser118 residue in UMR 106 cells, suggesting that MAP kinase-mediated pathway is involved in mediating its actions. Taken together, our results indicated that VA is a bioactive compound in SWH that exerts stimulatory effects in osteoblast-like cells via non-genomic, but not classical, ER signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Quan-Gui Gao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ka-Chung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yi Dai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Moreira AC, Silva AM, Santos MS, Sardão VA. Phytoestrogens as alternative hormone replacement therapy in menopause: What is real, what is unknown. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:61-71. [PMID: 24583026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Menopause is characterized by an altered hormonal status and by a decrease in life quality due to the appearance of uncomfortable symptoms. Nowadays, with increasing life span, women spend one-third of their lifetime under menopause. Understanding menopause-associated pathophysiology and developing new strategies to improve the treatment of menopausal-associated symptoms is an important topic in the clinic. This review describes physiological and hormone alterations observed during menopause and therapeutic strategies used during this period. We critically address the benefits and doubts associated with estrogen/progesterone-based hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and discuss the use of phytoestrogens (PEs) as a possible alternative. These relevant plant-derived compounds have structural similarities to estradiol, interacting with cell proteins and organelles, presenting several advantages and disadvantages versus traditional HRT in the context of menopause. However, a better assessment of PEs safety/efficacy would warrant a possible widespread clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Moreira
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Silva
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria S Santos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Some chemicals used in consumer products or manufacturing (e.g. plastics, surfactants, pesticides, resins) have estrogenic activities; these xenoestrogens (XEs) chemically resemble physiological estrogens and are one of the major categories of synthesized compounds that disrupt endocrine actions. Potent rapid actions of XEs via nongenomic mechanisms contribute significantly to their disruptive effects on functional endpoints (e.g. cell proliferation/death, transport, peptide release). Membrane-initiated hormonal signaling in our pituitary cell model is predominantly driven by mERα with mERβ and GPR30 participation. We visualized ERα on plasma membranes using many techniques in the past (impeded ligands, antibodies to ERα) and now add observations of epitope proximity with other membrane signaling proteins. We have demonstrated a range of rapid signals/protein activations by XEs including: calcium channels, cAMP/PKA, MAPKs, G proteins, caspases, and transcription factors. XEs can cause disruptions of the oscillating temporal patterns of nongenomic signaling elicited by endogenous estrogens. Concentration effects of XEs are nonmonotonic (a trait shared with natural hormones), making it difficult to design efficient (single concentration) toxicology tests to monitor their harmful effects. A plastics monomer, bisphenol A, modified by waste treatment (chlorination) and other processes causes dephosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases, in contrast to having no effects as it does in genomic signaling. Mixtures of XEs, commonly found in contaminated environments, disrupt the signaling actions of physiological estrogens even more severely than do single XEs. Understanding the features of XEs that drive these disruptive mechanisms will allow us to redesign useful chemicals that exclude estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Guangzhen Hu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Adriana A Paulucci-Holthauzen
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Watson CS, Jeng YJ, Bulayeva NN, Finnerty CC, Koong LY, Zivadinovic D, Alyea RA, Midoro-Horiuti T, Goldblum RM, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Seitz PK, Smith TD. Multi-well plate immunoassays for measuring signaling protein activations/deactivations and membrane vs. intracellular receptor levels. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1204:123-133. [PMID: 25182766 PMCID: PMC9159966 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1346-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed fixed-cell multi-well plate immunoassays that increase the throughput and ease of quantification for questions formerly assessed by immunoblot scanning. The assays make use of the now abundant antibodies designed to recognize receptor subtypes and posttranslationally modified signaling proteins. By optimizing permeabilization and fixation conditions, mainly based on specific cell types, the assay can be adapted to the study of many different antigens of importance to hormonal and neurotransmitter signaling scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 0645 312 Basic Science Building, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wong RLY, Walker CL. Molecular pathways: environmental estrogens activate nongenomic signaling to developmentally reprogram the epigenome. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3732-7. [PMID: 23549878 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental xenoestrogens is a major health concern because of the ability of these compounds to perturb estrogen receptor (ER) signaling and act as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC). Inappropriate exposure to EDCs during development, even at low doses, can predispose individuals to an increased lifetime risk of disease, including cancer. Recent data indicate that perinatal exposure to EDCs increases cancer risk by (re)programming the epigenome via alterations in DNA and histone methylation. We and others have begun to dissect the mechanisms by which xenoestrogens disrupt the epigenetic machinery to reprogram the epigenome and induce developmental reprogramming. Our studies revealed that xenoestrogens induce nongenomic ER signaling to activate PI3K/AKT, resulting in AKT phosphorylation and inactivation of the histone methyltransferase EZH2, thus providing a direct link to disruption of the epigenome. Other epigenetic "readers, writers, and erasers" may also be targeted by nongenomic signaling, suggesting this is a central mechanism by which xenoestrogens and other EDCs disrupt the epigenome to induce developmental reprogramming. Elucidating mechanisms of developmental reprogramming of the epigenome is important for understanding how environmental exposures increase cancer risk, and provides a rationale for developing epigenetic interventions that can reverse the effects of environmental exposures to reduce cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lee Yean Wong
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gao Q, Zhu T, Guo F, Huang S, Hu H, Feng R, Hao L. Nonylphenol, an environmental estrogen, affects voltage-gated K+ currents and L-type Ca2+ currents in a non-monotonic manner in GH3 pituitary cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218:137-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Viñas R, Watson CS. Mixtures of xenoestrogens disrupt estradiol-induced non-genomic signaling and downstream functions in pituitary cells. Environ Health 2013; 12:26. [PMID: 23530988 PMCID: PMC3643824 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study examines the effects of xenoestrogen mixtures on estradiol-induced non-genomic signaling and associated functional responses. Bisphenol-A, used to manufacture plastic consumer products, and nonylphenol, a surfactant, are estrogenic by a variety of assays, including altering many intracellular signaling pathways; bisphenol-S is now used as a bisphenol-A substitute. All three compounds contaminate the environment globally. We previously showed that bisphenol-S, bisphenol-A, and nonylphenol alone rapidly activated several kinases at very low concentrations in the GH3/B6/F10 rat pituitary cell line. METHODS For each assay we compared the response of individual xenoestrogens at environmentally relevant concentrations (10-15 -10-7 M), to their mixture effects on 10-9 M estradiol-induced responses. We used a medium-throughput plate immunoassay to quantify phosphorylations of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNKs). Cell numbers were assessed by crystal violet assay to compare the proliferative effects. Apoptosis was assessed by measuring caspase 8 and 9 activities via the release of the fluorescent product 7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin. Prolactin release was measured by radio-immunoassay after a 1 min exposure to all individual and combinations of estrogens. RESULTS Individual xenoestrogens elicited phospho-activation of ERK in a non-monotonic dose- (fM-nM) and mostly oscillating time-dependent (2.5-60 min) manner. When multiple xenoestrogens were combined with nM estradiol, the physiologic estrogen's response was attenuated. Individual bisphenol compounds did not activate JNK, while nonylphenol did; however, the combination of two or three xenoestrogens with estradiol generated an enhanced non-monotonic JNK dose-response. Estradiol and all xenoestrogen compounds induced cell proliferation individually, while the mixtures of these compounds with estradiol suppressed proliferation below that of the vehicle control, suggesting a possible apoptotic response. Extrinsic caspase 8 activity was suppressed by estradiol, elevated by bisphenol S, and unaffected by mixtures. Intrinsic caspase 9 activity was inhibited by estradiol, and by xenoestrogen combinations (at 10-14 and 10-8 M). Mixtures of xenoestrogens impeded the estradiol-induced release of prolactin. CONCLUSIONS In mixtures expected to be found in contaminated environments, xenoestrogens can have dramatic disrupting effects on hormonal mechanisms of cell regulation and their downstream functional responses, altering cellular responses to physiologic estrogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Viñas
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0645, USA
| | - Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-0645, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Viñas R, Watson CS. Bisphenol S disrupts estradiol-induced nongenomic signaling in a rat pituitary cell line: effects on cell functions. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:352-8. [PMID: 23458715 PMCID: PMC3621186 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disruptor that imperfectly mimics the effects of physiologic estrogens via membrane-bound estrogen receptors (mERα, mERβ, and GPER/GPR30), thereby initiating nongenomic signaling. Bisphenol S (BPS) is an alternative to BPA in plastic consumer products and thermal paper. OBJECTIVE To characterize the nongenomic activities of BPS, we examined signaling pathways it evoked in GH3/B6/F10 rat pituitary cells alone and together with the physiologic estrogen estradiol (E2). Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)- and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)-specific phosphorylations were examined for their correlation to three functional responses: proliferation, caspase activation, and prolactin (PRL) release. METHODS We detected ERK and JNK phosphorylations by fixed-cell immunoassays, identified the predominant mER initiating the signaling with selective inhibitors, estimated cell numbers by crystal violet assays, measured caspase activity by cleavage of fluorescent caspase substrates, and measured PRL release by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS BPS phosphoactivated ERK within 2.5 min in a nonmonotonic dose-dependent manner (10-15 to 10-7 M). When combined with 10-9 M E2, the physiologic estrogen's ERK response was attenuated. BPS could not activate JNK, but it greatly enhanced E2-induced JNK activity. BPS induced cell proliferation at low concentrations (femtomolar to nanomolar), similar to E2. Combinations of both estrogens reduced cell numbers below those of the vehicle control and also activated caspases. Earlier activation of caspase 8 versus caspase 9 demonstrated that BPS initiates apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway, consistent with activation via a membrane receptor. BPS also inhibited rapid (≤ 1 min) E2-induced PRL release. CONCLUSION BPS, once considered a safe substitute for BPA, disrupts membrane-initiated E2-induced cell signaling, leading to altered cell proliferation, cell death, and PRL release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Viñas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas 77555-0645, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jala VR, Radde BN, Haribabu B, Klinge CM. Enhanced expression of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) in lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:624. [PMID: 23273253 PMCID: PMC3557142 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) was reported to bind 17β-estradiol (E2), tamoxifen, and ICI 182,780 (fulvestrant) and promotes activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated signaling in breast, endometrial and thyroid cancer cells. Although lung adenocarcinomas express estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ), the expression of GPER in lung cancer has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of GPER in lung cancer. Methods The expression patterns of GPER in various lung cancer lines and lung tumors were investigated using standard quantitative real time PCR (at mRNA levels), Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods (at protein levels). The expression of GPER was scored and the pairwise comparisons (cancer vs adjacent tissues as well as cancer vs normal lung tissues) were performed. Results Analysis by real-time PCR and Western blotting revealed a significantly higher expression of GPER at both mRNA and protein levels in human non small cell lung cancer cell (NSCLC) lines relative to immortalized normal lung bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). The virally immortalized human small airway epithelial cell line HPL1D showed higher expression than HBECs and similar expression to NSCLC cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections of murine lung adenomas as well as human lung adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas and non-small cell lung carcinomas showed consistently higher expression of GPER in the tumor relative to the surrounding non-tumor tissue. Conclusion The results from this study demonstrate increased GPER expression in lung cancer cells and tumors compared to normal lung. Further evaluation of the function and regulation of GPER will be necessary to determine if GPER is a marker of lung cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatakrishna Rao Jala
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 505 South Hancock Street, Room 323, CTR Building, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Viñas R, Jeng YJ, Watson CS. Non-genomic effects of xenoestrogen mixtures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:2694-714. [PMID: 23066391 PMCID: PMC3447581 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9082694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenoestrogens (XEs) are chemicals derived from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources that can interfere with endogenous estrogens by either mimicking or blocking their responses via non-genomic and/or genomic signaling mechanisms. Disruption of estrogens' actions through the less-studied non-genomic pathway can alter such functional end points as cell proliferation, peptide hormone release, catecholamine transport, and apoptosis, among others. Studies of potentially adverse effects due to mixtures and to low doses of endocrine-disrupting chemicals have recently become more feasible, though few so far have included actions via the non-genomic pathway. Physiologic estrogens and XEs evoke non-monotonic dose responses, with different compounds having different patterns of actions dependent on concentration and time, making mixture assessments all the more challenging. In order to understand the spectrum of toxicities and their mechanisms, future work should focus on carefully studying individual and mixture components across a range of concentrations and cellular pathways in a variety of tissue types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Viñas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vandenberg LN, Colborn T, Hayes TB, Heindel JJ, Jacobs DR, Lee DH, Shioda T, Soto AM, vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Zoeller RT, Myers JP. Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:378-455. [PMID: 22419778 PMCID: PMC3365860 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1980] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For decades, studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have challenged traditional concepts in toxicology, in particular the dogma of "the dose makes the poison," because EDCs can have effects at low doses that are not predicted by effects at higher doses. Here, we review two major concepts in EDC studies: low dose and nonmonotonicity. Low-dose effects were defined by the National Toxicology Program as those that occur in the range of human exposures or effects observed at doses below those used for traditional toxicological studies. We review the mechanistic data for low-dose effects and use a weight-of-evidence approach to analyze five examples from the EDC literature. Additionally, we explore nonmonotonic dose-response curves, defined as a nonlinear relationship between dose and effect where the slope of the curve changes sign somewhere within the range of doses examined. We provide a detailed discussion of the mechanisms responsible for generating these phenomena, plus hundreds of examples from the cell culture, animal, and epidemiology literature. We illustrate that nonmonotonic responses and low-dose effects are remarkably common in studies of natural hormones and EDCs. Whether low doses of EDCs influence certain human disorders is no longer conjecture, because epidemiological studies show that environmental exposures to EDCs are associated with human diseases and disabilities. We conclude that when nonmonotonic dose-response curves occur, the effects of low doses cannot be predicted by the effects observed at high doses. Thus, fundamental changes in chemical testing and safety determination are needed to protect human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Tufts University, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Seitz PK, Bremer NM, McGinnis AG, Cunningham KA, Watson CS. Quantitative changes in intracellular calcium and extracellular-regulated kinase activation measured in parallel in CHO cells stably expressing serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:25. [PMID: 22397586 PMCID: PMC3380724 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The serotonin (5-HT) 2A and 2C receptors (5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR) are involved in a wide range of physiological and behavioral processes in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. These receptors share a high degree of homology, have overlapping pharmacological profiles, and utilize many of the same and richly diverse second messenger signaling systems. We have developed quantitative assays for cells stably expressing these two receptors involving minimal cell sample manipulations that dramatically improve parallel assessments of two signaling responses: intracellular calcium (Cai++) changes and activation (phosphorylation) of downstream kinases. Such profiles are needed to begin to understand the simultaneous contributions from the multiplicity of signaling cascades likely to be initiated by serotonergic ligands. Results We optimized the Cai++ assay for stable cell lines expressing either 5-HT2AR or 5-HT2CR (including dye use and measurement parameters; cell density and serum requirements). We adapted a quantitative 96-well plate immunoassay for pERK in the same cell lines. Similar cell density optima and time courses were observed for 5-HT2AR- and 5-HT2CR-expressing cells in generating both types of signaling. Both cell lines also require serum-free preincubation for maximal agonist responses in the pERK assay. However, 5-HT2AR-expressing cells showed significant release of Cai++ in response to 5-HT stimulation even when preincubated in serum-replete medium, while the response was completely eliminated by serum in 5-HT2CR-expressing cells. Response to another serotonergic ligand (DOI) was eliminated by serum-replete preincubation in both cells lines. Conclusions These data expand our knowledge of differences in ligand-stimulated signaling cascades between 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR. Our parallel assays can be applied to other cell and receptor systems for monitoring and dissecting concurrent signaling responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Seitz
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Di Liberto V, Mäkelä J, Korhonen L, Olivieri M, Tselykh T, Mälkiä A, Do Thi H, Belluardo N, Lindholm D, Mudò G. Involvement of estrogen receptors in the resveratrol-mediated increase in dopamine transporter in human dopaminergic neurons and in striatum of female mice. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1011-8. [PMID: 22041555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with resveratrol (RSV) has been shown to protect vulnerable neurons after various brain injuries and in neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanisms for the effects of RSV in brain are not fully understood, but RSV may affect the expression of various gene products. RSV is structurally related to the synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol so the effects of RSV may be gender-specific. Here we studied the role of RSV in the regulation of dopamine transporter (DAT) in the striatum using male and female mice. The basic levels of DAT in the striatum showed no sex difference, but the levels increased significantly by RSV (20 mg/kg i.p.) in female but not in male mice. Pretreatment of mice with the selective estrogen receptor (ER), ERα- and ERβ antagonist ICI 182,780, led to a complete block of RSV effect on DAT protein levels, suggesting that ERs are involved in the up-regulation of DAT by RSV. Similar data was also obtained in culture using human MESC2.10 and mouse SN4741 dopaminergic cells after treatment with RSV. Data further showed that RSV specifically induced gene transcription of DAT in the dopaminergic cells. These results show that estrogen receptors are involved in the up-regulation of DAT by RSV in the dopaminergic neurons, demonstrating a sex-dependent effect of RSV in the brain that may be of clinical importance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Human Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Palermo, corso Tukory 129, IT-90134 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Taylor JA, Richter CA, Ruhlen RL, vom Saal FS. Estrogenic environmental chemicals and drugs: mechanisms for effects on the developing male urogenital system. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:83-95. [PMID: 21827855 PMCID: PMC3191287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Development and differentiation of the prostate from the fetal urogenital sinus (UGS) is dependent on androgen action via androgen receptors (AR) in the UGS mesenchyme. Estrogens are not required for prostate differentiation but do act to modulate androgen action. In mice exposure to exogenous estrogen during development results in permanent effects on adult prostate size and function, which is mediated through mesenchymal estrogen receptor (ER) alpha. For many years estrogens were thought to inhibit prostate growth because estrogenic drugs studied were administered at very high concentrations that interfered with normal prostate development. There is now extensive evidence that exposure to estrogen at very low concentrations during the early stages of prostate differentiation can stimulate fetal/neonatal prostate growth and lead to prostate disease in adulthood. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental endocrine disrupting chemical that binds to both ER receptor subtypes as well as to AR. Interest in BPA has increased because of its prevalence in the environment and its detection in over 90% of people in the USA. In tissue culture of fetal mouse UGS mesenchymal cells, BPA and estradiol stimulated changes in the expression of several genes. We discuss here the potential involvement of estrogen in regulating signaling pathways affecting cellular functions relevant to steroid hormone signaling and metabolism and to inter- and intra-cellular communications that promote cell growth. The findings presented here provide additional evidence that BPA and the estrogenic drug ethinylestradiol disrupt prostate development in male mice at administered doses relevant to human exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Watson CS, Jeng YJ, Guptarak J. Endocrine disruption via estrogen receptors that participate in nongenomic signaling pathways. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:44-50. [PMID: 21300151 PMCID: PMC3106143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
When inappropriate (non-physiologic) estrogens affect organisms at critical times of estrogen sensitivity, disruption of normal endocrine functions can result. Non-physiologic estrogen mimetics (environmental, dietary, and pharmaceutical) can signal rapidly and potently via the membrane versions of estrogen receptors, as can physiologic estrogens. Both physiologic and non-physiologic estrogens activate multiple signaling pathways, leading to altered cellular functions (e.g. peptide release, cell proliferation or death, transport). Xenoestrogens' mimicry of physiologic estrogens is imperfect. When superimposed, xenoestrogens can alter endogenous estrogens' signaling and thereby disrupt normal signaling pathways, leading to malfunctions in many tissue types. Though these xenoestrogen actions occur rapidly via nongenomic signaling pathways, they can be sustained with continuing ligand stimulation, combinations of ligands, and signaling that perpetuates downstream, eventually also impinging on genomic regulation by controlling the activation state of transcription factors. Because via these pathways estrogens and xenoestrogens cause nonmonotonic stimulation patterns, they must be carefully tested for activity and toxicity over wide dose ranges. Nongenomic actions of xenoestrogens in combination with each other, and with physiologic estrogens, are still largely unexplored from these mechanistic perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
| | - Yow-Juin Jeng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
| | - Jutatip Guptarak
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Karieb S, Fox SW. Phytoestrogens directly inhibit TNF-α-induced bone resorption in RAW264.7 cells by suppressingc-fos-inducedNFATc1expression. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:476-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
31
|
Jeng YJ, Watson CS. Combinations of physiologic estrogens with xenoestrogens alter ERK phosphorylation profiles in rat pituitary cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:104-12. [PMID: 20870566 PMCID: PMC3018487 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogens are potent nongenomic phospho-activators of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). A major concern about the toxicity of xenoestrogens (XEs) is potential alteration of responses to physiologic estrogens when XEs are present simultaneously. OBJECTIVES We examined estrogen-induced ERK activation, comparing the abilities of structurally related XEs (alkylphenols and bisphenol A) to alter ERK responses induced by physiologic concentrations (1 nM) of estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3). METHODS We quantified hormone/mimetic-induced ERK phosphorylations in the GH3/B6/F10 rat pituitary cell line using a plate immunoassay, comparing effects with those on cell proliferation and by estrogen receptor subtype-selective ligands. RESULTS Alone, these structurally related XEs activate ERKs in an oscillating temporal pattern similar (but not identical) to that with physiologic estrogens. The potency of all estrogens was similar (active between femtomolar and nanomolar concentrations). XEs potently disrupted physiologic estrogen signaling at low, environmentally relevant concentrations. Generally, XEs potentiated (at the lowest, subpicomolar concentrations) and attenuated (at the highest, picomolar to 100 nM concentrations) the actions of the physiologic estrogens. Some XEs showed pronounced nonmonotonic responses/inhibitions. The phosphorylated ERK and proliferative responses to receptor-selective ligands were only partially correlated. CONCLUSIONS XEs are both imperfect potent estrogens and endocrine disruptors; the more efficacious an XE, the more it disrupts actions of physiologic estrogens. This ability to disrupt physiologic estrogen signaling suggests that XEs may disturb normal functioning at life stages where actions of particular estrogens are important (e.g., development, reproductive cycling, pregnancy, menopause).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl S. Watson
- Address correspondence to C.S. Watson, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0645 USA. Telephone/fax: (409) 772-2383. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jeng YJ, Kochukov M, Watson CS. Combinations of physiologic estrogens with xenoestrogens alter calcium and kinase responses, prolactin release, and membrane estrogen receptor trafficking in rat pituitary cells. Environ Health 2010; 9:61. [PMID: 20950447 PMCID: PMC2967504 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenoestrogens such as alkylphenols and the structurally related plastic byproduct bisphenol A have recently been shown to act potently via nongenomic signaling pathways and the membrane version of estrogen receptor-α. Though the responses to these compounds are typically measured individually, they usually contaminate organisms that already have endogenous estrogens present. Therefore, we used quantitative medium-throughput screening assays to measure the effects of physiologic estrogens in combination with these xenoestrogens. METHODS We studied the effects of low concentrations of endogenous estrogens (estradiol, estriol, and estrone) at 10 pM (representing pre-development levels), and 1 nM (representing higher cycle-dependent and pregnancy levels) in combinations with the same levels of xenoestrogens in GH3/B6/F10 pituitary cells. These levels of xenoestrogens represent extremely low contamination levels. We monitored calcium entry into cells using Fura-2 fluorescence imaging of single cells. Prolactin release was measured by radio-immunoassay. Extracellular-regulated kinase (1 and 2) phospho-activations and the levels of three estrogen receptors in the cell membrane (ERα, ERβ, and GPER) were measured using a quantitative plate immunoassay of fixed cells either permeabilized or nonpermeabilized (respectively). RESULTS All xenoestrogens caused responses at these concentrations, and had disruptive effects on the actions of physiologic estrogens. Xenoestrogens reduced the % of cells that responded to estradiol via calcium channel opening. They also inhibited the activation (phosphorylation) of extracellular-regulated kinases at some concentrations. They either inhibited or enhanced rapid prolactin release, depending upon concentration. These latter two dose-responses were nonmonotonic, a characteristic of nongenomic estrogenic responses. CONCLUSIONS Responses mediated by endogenous estrogens representing different life stages are vulnerable to very low concentrations of these structurally related xenoestrogens. Because of their non-classical dose-responses, they must be studied in detail to pinpoint effective concentrations and the directions of response changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yow-Jiun Jeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mikhail Kochukov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheryl S Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Watson CS, Alyea RA, Cunningham KA, Jeng YJ. Estrogens of multiple classes and their role in mental health disease mechanisms. Int J Womens Health 2010; 2:153-66. [PMID: 21072308 PMCID: PMC2971739 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s6907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender and sex hormones can influence a variety of mental health states, including mood, cognitive development and function, and vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases and brain damage. Functions of neuronal cells may be altered by estrogens depending upon the availability of different physiological estrogenic ligands; these ligands and their effects vary with life stages, the genetic or postgenetic regulation of receptor levels in specific tissues, or the intercession of competing nonphysiological ligands (either intentional or unintentional, beneficial to health or not). Here we review evidence for how different estrogens (physiological and environmental/dietary), acting via different estrogen receptor subtypes residing in alternative subcellular locations, influence brain functions and behavior. We also discuss the families of receptors and transporters for monoamine neurotransmitters and how they may interact with the estrogenic signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
34
|
Jeng YJ, Kochukov M, Nauduri D, Kaphalia BS, Watson CS. Subchronic exposure to phytoestrogens alone and in combination with diethylstilbestrol - pituitary tumor induction in Fischer 344 rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:40. [PMID: 20459739 PMCID: PMC2881934 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subchronic administration of the potent pharmaceutical estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) to female Fischer 344 (F344) rats induces growth of large, hemorrhagic pituitaries that progress to tumors. Phytoestrogens (dietary plant estrogens) are hypothesized to be potential tumor inhibitors in tissues prone to estrogen-induced cancers, and have been suggested as "safer" estrogen replacements. However, it is unknown if they might themselves establish or exacerbate the growth of estrogen-responsive cancers, such as in pituitary. Methods We implanted rats with silastic capsules containing 5 mg of four different phytoestrogens - either coumestrol, daidzein, genistein, or trans-resveratrol, in the presence or absence of DES. We examined pituitary and other organ weights, blood levels of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH), body weights, and pituitary tissue histology. Results Blood level measurements of the administered phytoestrogens confirmed successful exposure of the animals to high levels of these compounds. By themselves, no phytoestrogen increased pituitary weights or serum PRL levels after 10 weeks of treatment. DES, genistein, and resveratrol increased GH levels during this time. Phytoestrogens neither changed any wet organ weight (uterus, ovary, cervix, liver, and kidney) after 10 weeks of treatment, nor reversed the adverse effects of DES on pituitaries, GH and PRL levels, or body weight gain after 8 weeks of co-treatment. However, they did reverse the DES-induced weight increase on the ovary and cervix. Morphometric examination of pituitaries revealed that treatment with DES, either alone or in combination with phytoestrogens, caused gross structural changes that included decreases in tissue cell density, increases in vascularity, and multiple hemorrhagic areas. DES, especially in combination with phytoestrogens, caused the development of larger and more heterogeneous nuclear sizes in pituitary. Conclusions High levels of phytoestrogens by themselves did not cause pituitary precancerous growth or change weights of other estrogen-sensitive organs, though when combined with DES, they counteracted the growth effects of DES on reproductive organs. In the pituitary, phytoestrogens did not reverse the effects of DES, but they did increase the sizes and size heterogeneity of nuclei. Therefore, phytoestrogens may oppose some but not all estrogen-responsive tissue abnormalities caused by DES overstimulation, and appear to exacerbate DES-induced nuclear changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yow-Jiun Jeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Velders M, Solzbacher M, Schleipen B, Laudenbach U, Fritzemeier KH, Diel P. Estradiol and genistein antagonize the ovariectomy effects on skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain expression via ER-beta mediated pathways. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120:53-9. [PMID: 20347979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The age-related decline in ovarian sex hormone production following the onset of menopause alters skeletal muscle metabolic, structural and functional characteristics. The myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression pattern defines skeletal muscle contraction velocity and is therefore an important factor in skeletal muscle function. The present study was designed to examine the effects of 17beta estradiol (E2), estrogen receptor (ER) subtype selective agonists (ERalpha, ERbeta) or genistein (Gen) following ovary removal (OVX) in female Wistar rats in combination with a high intensity treadmill-based exercise protocol (Ex) or normal cage-based activity (NoEx) on MHC protein expression patterns in the slow fiber type m.Soleus (Sol) and the fast fiber type m.Gastrocnemius (Gas). Gen and E2 in the Sol significantly stimulated MHC-I expression relative to OVX only in the absence of exercise (NoEx). MHC-IIb expression in the Gas was significantly increased relative to OVX in Gen Ex and E2 Ex and NoEx groups. The estrogenic effects in the Sol and Gas were both predominantly mediated via ERbeta pathways, since the ERbeta agonist induced greater MHC increases than OVX or ERalpha. We therefore propose that high intensity exercise in combination with exposure to E2, Gen, ERalpha or ERbeta agonists in OVX rats exerts differential effects on MHC expression in skeletal muscles composed of mainly slow type I MHC (Sol) or fast type II MHC (Gas). In summary, the data shows that MHC composition is affected by estrogens and exercise in a fiber type specific manner and that these effects are mainly mediated by ER-beta. This is of great importance with respect to skeletal muscle health and potential treatment with ER selective agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Velders
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Carl Diem Weg 6, 50927 Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Watson CS, Jeng YJ, Kochukov MY. Nongenomic signaling pathways of estrogen toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2009; 115:1-11. [PMID: 19955490 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenoestrogens can affect the healthy functioning of a variety of tissues by acting as potent estrogens via nongenomic signaling pathways or by interfering with those actions of multiple physiological estrogens. Collectively, our and other studies have compared a wide range of estrogenic compounds, including some closely structurally related subgroups. The estrogens that have been studied include environmental contaminants of different subclasses, dietary estrogens, and several prominent physiological metabolites. By comparing the nongenomic signaling and functional responses to these compounds, we have begun to address the structural requirements for their actions through membrane estrogen receptors in the pituitary, in comparison to other tissues, and to gain insights into their typical non-monotonic dose-response behavior. Their multiple inputs into cellular signaling begin processes that eventually integrate at the level of mitogen-activated protein kinase activities to coordinately regulate broad cellular destinies, such as proliferation, apoptosis, or differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Watson
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0645, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jeng YJ, Watson CS. Proliferative and anti-proliferative effects of dietary levels of phytoestrogens in rat pituitary GH3/B6/F10 cells - the involvement of rapidly activated kinases and caspases. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:334. [PMID: 19765307 PMCID: PMC2755011 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phytoestogens are a group of lipophillic plant compounds that can have estrogenic effects in animals; both tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic effects have been reported. Prolactin-secreting adenomas are the most prevalent form of pituitary tumors in humans and have been linked to estrogen exposures. We examined the proliferative effects of phytoestrogens on a rat pituitary tumor cell line, GH3/B6/F10, originally subcloned from GH3 cells based on its ability to express high levels of the membrane estrogen receptor-α. Methods We measured the proliferative effects of these phytoestrogens using crystal violet staining, the activation of several mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and their downstream targets via a quantitative plate immunoassay, and caspase enzymatic activities. Results Four phytoestrogens (coumestrol, daidzein, genistein, and trans-resveratrol) were studied over wide concentration ranges. Except trans-resveratrol, all phytoestrogens increased GH3/B6/F10 cell proliferation at some concentration relevant to dietary levels. All four phytoestrogens attenuated the proliferative effects of estradiol when administered simultaneously. All phytoestrogens elicited MAPK and downstream target activations, but with time course patterns that often differed from that of estradiol and each other. Using selective antagonists, we determined that MAPKs play a role in the ability of these phytoestrogens to elicit these responses. In addition, except for trans-resveratrol, a serum removal-induced extrinsic apoptotic pathway was blocked by these phytoestrogens. Conclusion Phytoestrogens can block physiological estrogen-induced tumor cell growth in vitro and can also stimulate growth at high dietary concentrations in the absence of endogenous estrogens; these actions are correlated with slightly different signaling response patterns. Consumption of these compounds should be considered in strategies to control endocrine tumor cell growth, such as in the pituitary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yow-Jiun Jeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|