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Liu T, Xu H, Amanullah S, Du Z, Hu X, Che Y, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Zhu L, Wang D. Deciphering the Enhancing Impact of Exogenous Brassinolide on Physiological Indices of Melon Plants under Downy Mildew-Induced Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:779. [PMID: 38592782 PMCID: PMC10974236 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a valuable horticultural crop of the Cucurbitaceae family. Downy mildew (DM), caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is a significant inhibitor of the production and quality of melon. Brassinolide (BR) is a new type of phytohormone widely used in cultivation for its broad spectrum of resistance- and defense-mechanism-improving activity. In this study, we applied various exogenous treatments (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg·L-1) of BR at four distinct time periods (6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h) and explored the impact of BR on physiological indices and the genetic regulation of melon seedling leaves infected by downy-mildew-induced stress. It was mainly observed that a 2.0 mg·L-1 BR concentration effectively promoted the enhanced photosynthetic activity of seedling leaves, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis similarly exhibited an upregulated expression of the predicted regulatory genes of photosystem II (PSII) CmHCF136 (MELO3C023596.2) and CmPsbY (MELO3C010708.2), thus indicating the stability of the PSII reaction center. Furthermore, 2.0 mg·L-1 BR resulted in more photosynthetic pigments (nearly three times more than the chlorophyll contents (264.52%)) as compared to the control and other treatment groups and similarly upregulated the expression trend of the predicted key enzyme genes CmLHCP (MELO3C004214.2) and CmCHLP (MELO3C017176.2) involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the maximum contents of soluble sugars and starch (186.95% and 164.28%) were also maintained, which were similarly triggered by the upregulated expression of the predicted genes CmGlgC (MELO3C006552.2), CmSPS (MELO3C020357.2), and CmPEPC (MELO3C018724.2), thereby maintaining osmotic adjustment and efficiency in eliminating reactive oxygen species. Overall, the exogenous 2.0 mg·L-1 BR exhibited maintained antioxidant activities, plastid membranal stability, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter values of F0 (42.23%) and Fv/Fm (36.67%) were also noticed to be higher; however, nearly three times higher levels of NPQ (375.86%) and Y (NPQ) (287.10%) were observed at 48 h of treatment as compared to all other group treatments. Increased Rubisco activity was also observed (62.89%), which suggested a significant role for elevated carbon fixation and assimilation and the upregulated expression of regulatory genes linked with Rubisco activity and the PSII reaction process. In short, we deduced that the 2.0 mg·L-1 BR application has an enhancing effect on the genetic modulation of physiological indices of melon plants against downy mildew disease stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Liu
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing 163711, China; (T.L.); (H.X.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (Y.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
| | - Huichun Xu
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing 163711, China; (T.L.); (H.X.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (Y.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
| | - Sikandar Amanullah
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhiqiang Du
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing 163711, China; (T.L.); (H.X.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (Y.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xixi Hu
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing 163711, China; (T.L.); (H.X.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (Y.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ye Che
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing 163711, China; (T.L.); (H.X.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (Y.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ling Zhang
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing 163711, China; (T.L.); (H.X.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (Y.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zeyu Jiang
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing 163711, China; (T.L.); (H.X.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (Y.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lei Zhu
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing 163711, China; (T.L.); (H.X.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (Y.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
| | - Di Wang
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing 163711, China; (T.L.); (H.X.); (Z.D.); (X.H.); (Y.C.); (L.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
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Rao A, Driessen AJM. Unraveling the multiplicity of geranylgeranyl reductases in Archaea: potential roles in saturation of terpenoids. Extremophiles 2024; 28:14. [PMID: 38280122 PMCID: PMC10821996 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-023-01330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The enzymology of the key steps in the archaeal phospholipid biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated in recent years. In contrast, the complete biosynthetic pathways for proposed membrane regulators consisting of polyterpenes, such as carotenoids, respiratory quinones, and polyprenols remain unknown. Notably, the multiplicity of geranylgeranyl reductases (GGRs) in archaeal genomes has been correlated with the saturation of polyterpenes. Although GGRs, which are responsible for saturation of the isoprene chains of phospholipids, have been identified and studied in detail, there is little information regarding the structure and function of the paralogs. Here, we discuss the diversity of archaeal membrane-associated polyterpenes which is correlated with the genomic loci, structural and sequence-based analyses of GGR paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Rao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Fortini EA, Batista DS, Felipe SHS, Silva TD, Correia LNF, Farias LM, Faria DV, Pinto VB, Santa-Catarina C, Silveira V, De-la-Peña C, Castillo-Castro E, Otoni WC. Physiological, epigenetic, and proteomic responses in Pfaffia glomerata growth in vitro under salt stress and 5-azacytidine. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:467-482. [PMID: 35788779 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust their complex molecular, biochemical, and metabolic processes to overcome salt stress. Here, we investigated the proteomic and epigenetic alterations involved in the morphophysiological responses of Pfaffia glomerata, a medicinal plant, to salt stress and the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-azaC). Moreover, we investigated how these changes affected the biosynthesis of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E), a pharmacologically important specialized metabolite. Plants were cultivated in vitro for 40 days in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with NaCl (50 mM), 5-azaC (25 μM), and NaCl + 5-azaC. Compared with the control (medium only), the treatments reduced growth, photosynthetic rates, and photosynthetic pigment content, with increase in sucrose, total amino acids, and proline contents, but a reduction in starch and protein. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed 282 common differentially accumulated proteins involved in 87 metabolic pathways, most of them related to amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, and specialized metabolism. 5-azaC and NaCl + 5-azaC lowered global DNA methylation levels and 20-E content, suggesting that 20-E biosynthesis may be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Moreover, downregulation of a key protein in jasmonate biosynthesis indicates the fundamental role of this hormone in the 20-E biosynthesis. Taken together, our results highlight possible regulatory proteins and epigenetic changes related to salt stress tolerance and 20-E biosynthesis in P. glomerata, paving the way for future studies of the mechanisms involved in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Alexandre Fortini
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais (LCTII), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Silva Batista
- Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus III, Bananeiras, PB, 58220-000, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Heitor Sousa Felipe
- PPG em Agroecologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Av. Lourenço Vieira da Silva, s/nº, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Dulcineia Silva
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais (LCTII), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Nayara Freitas Correia
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais (LCTII), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Monteiro Farias
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Daniele Vidal Faria
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais (LCTII), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Vitor Batista Pinto
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia (LBT), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Claudete Santa-Catarina
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT), CBB-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia (LBT), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Clelia De-la-Peña
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. (CICY), 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Castillo-Castro
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. (CICY), 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais (LCTII), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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C R A, Jose D, Joy S. DFT Studies on the Molecular Structure, Regioisomerism, Ground and Excited state Charge Transfer Properties of Spiro‐heterocycles. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anumol C R
- Department of chemistry Mar Athanasius College Kothamangalam
| | - Densely Jose
- Department of chemistry Mar Athanasius College Kothamangalam
| | - Sherin Joy
- Department of chemistry Baselius College Kottayam
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Li R, Yuan S, Zhou Y, Wang S, Zhou Q, Ding Z, Wang Y, Yao Y, Liu J, Guo J. Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Cassava Tuberous Roots in Response to Postharvest Physiological Deterioration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010246. [PMID: 36613690 PMCID: PMC9820078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava is one of the most versatile tuberous-root crops on Earth. However, the postharvest storage properties of cassava tuberous root mean that it is perishable through a process known as postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD), which seriously affects its starch quality. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional regulatory activity of cassava against the PPD response is necessary in order to extract key molecular mechanisms related to PPD tolerance. In this study, we found that RYG1 tuberous roots showed delayed PPD compared to those of SC8. In addition, RYG1 roots maintained a more stable cell wall structure after storage than those of SC8. The transcriptome changes in tuberous roots were analyzed for both RYG1 and SC8 after 21 days of storage (SR and SS) compared to fresh (FR and FS) by the RNA-Seq method. The total number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the various comparisons of these four samples ranged from 68 to 3847. Of these, a total of 2008 co-DEGs in SR vs. SS were shared by either SR vs. FR or SS vs. FS. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that upregulated co-DEGs in SR vs. SS were mainly enriched in photosynthesis, protein processing, hormone and cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis. By contrast, the downregulated co-DEGs were mainly related to cell wall organization, starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, diterpenoid biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the co-DEGs showed a complex interaction of genes in different pathways, and 16 hub genes were characterized to have a degree in excess of 15, among which eight genes were associated with photosynthesis. These results provide new information for the study of cassava resistance to PPD and lay a foundation for the further molecular breeding of storage-tolerant cassava varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yangjiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shijia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhongping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.G.); Tel.: +86-898-6698-6031 (J.L.); +86-898-6696-2953 (J.G.)
| | - Jianchun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (J.G.); Tel.: +86-898-6698-6031 (J.L.); +86-898-6696-2953 (J.G.)
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Luo D, Liu J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Fang L, Liu Z. NUCLEAR TRANSPORT FACTOR 2-LIKE improves drought tolerance by modulating leaf water loss in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:429-450. [PMID: 36006043 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental factor that limits the production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). In the present study, M. sativa NUCLEAR TRANSPORT FACTOR 2-LIKE (MsNTF2L) was identified as a nucleus-, cytoplasm-, and plasma membrane-localized protein. Its transcriptional expression was highly induced by ABA and drought stress. Overexpression of MsNTF2L in Arabidopsis resulted in hypersensitivity to ABA during both the seed germination and seedling growth stages. However, transgenic Arabidopsis plants exhibited enhanced tolerance to drought stress by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing the expression of stress/ABA-inducible genes. Consistently, analysis of MsNTF2L overexpression (OE) and RNA interference (RNAi) alfalfa plants revealed that MsNTF2L confers drought tolerance through promoting ROS scavenging, a decrease in stomatal density, ABA-induced stomatal closure, and epicuticular wax crystal accumulation. MsNTF2L highly affected epicuticular wax deposition, as a large group of wax biosynthesis and transport genes were influenced in the alfalfa OE and RNAi lines. Furthermore, transcript profiling of drought-treated alfalfa WT, OE, and RNAi plants showed a differential drought response for genes related to stress/ABA signaling, antioxidant defense, and photosynthesis. Taken together, these results reveal that MsNTF2L confers drought tolerance in alfalfa via modulation of leaf water loss (by regulating both stomata and wax deposition), antioxidant defense, and photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Yuguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Longfa Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
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7
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Proctor MS, Sutherland GA, Canniffe DP, Hitchcock A. The terminal enzymes of (bacterio)chlorophyll biosynthesis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211903. [PMID: 35573041 PMCID: PMC9066304 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
(Bacterio)chlorophylls are modified tetrapyrroles that are used by phototrophic organisms to harvest solar energy, powering the metabolic processes that sustain most of the life on Earth. Biosynthesis of these pigments involves enzymatic modification of the side chains and oxidation state of a porphyrin precursor, modifications that differ by species and alter the absorption properties of the pigments. (Bacterio)chlorophylls are coordinated by proteins that form macromolecular assemblies to absorb light and transfer excitation energy to a special pair of redox-active (bacterio)chlorophyll molecules in the photosynthetic reaction centre. Assembly of these pigment-protein complexes is aided by an isoprenoid moiety esterified to the (bacterio)chlorin macrocycle, which anchors and stabilizes the pigments within their protein scaffolds. The reduction of the isoprenoid 'tail' and its addition to the macrocycle are the final stages in (bacterio)chlorophyll biosynthesis and are catalysed by two enzymes, geranylgeranyl reductase and (bacterio)chlorophyll synthase. These enzymes work in conjunction with photosynthetic complex assembly factors and the membrane biogenesis machinery to synchronize delivery of the pigments to the proteins that coordinate them. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the catalytic mechanism, substrate recognition and regulation of these crucial enzymes and their involvement in thylakoid biogenesis and photosystem repair in oxygenic phototrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Proctor
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - George A. Sutherland
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Daniel P. Canniffe
- Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Liao Y, Ali A, Xue Z, Zhou X, Ye W, Guo D, Liao Y, Jiang P, Wu T, Zhang H, Xu P, Chen X, Zhou H, Liu Y, Wang W, Wu X. Disruption of LLM9428/ OsCATC Represses Starch Metabolism and Confers Enhanced Blast Resistance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3827. [PMID: 35409186 PMCID: PMC8998287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalases (CATs) are important self-originating enzymes and are involved in many of the biological functions of plants. Multiple forms of CATs suggest their versatile role in lesion mimic mutants (LMMs), H2O2 homeostasis and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. In the current study, we identified a large lesion mimic mutant9428 (llm9428) from Ethyl-methane-sulfonate (EMS) mutagenized population. The llm9428 showed a typical phenotype of LMMs including decreased agronomic yield traits. The histochemical assays showed decreased cell viability and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the leaves of llm9428 compared to its wild type (WT). The llm9428 showed enhanced blast disease resistance and increased relative expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Studies of the sub-cellular structure of the leaf and quantification of starch contents revealed a significant decrease in starch granule formation in llm9428. Genetic analysis revealed a single nucleotide change (C > T) that altered an amino acid (Ala > Val) in the candidate gene (Os03g0131200) encoding a CATALASE C in llm9428. CRISPR-Cas9 targetted knockout lines of LLM9428/OsCATC showed the phenotype of LMMs and reduced starch metabolism. Taken together, the current study results revealed a novel role of OsCATC in starch metabolism in addition to validating previously studied functions of CATs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (A.A.); (Z.X.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (D.G.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (T.W.); (H.Z.); (P.X.); (X.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xianjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.); (A.A.); (Z.X.); (X.Z.); (W.Y.); (D.G.); (Y.L.); (P.J.); (T.W.); (H.Z.); (P.X.); (X.C.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.)
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9
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He F, Shi YJ, Chen Q, Li JL, Niu MX, Feng CH, Lu MM, Tian FF, Zhang F, Lin TT, Chen LH, Liu QL, Wan XQ. Genome-Wide Investigation of the PtrCHLP Family Reveals That PtrCHLP3 Actively Mediates Poplar Growth and Development by Regulating Photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:870970. [PMID: 35620683 PMCID: PMC9127975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.870970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) plays a crucial role in plant photosynthesis. The geranylgeraniol reductase gene (CHLP) participates in the terminal hydrogenation of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Although there are many studies related to the genome-wide analysis of Populus trichocarpa, little research has been conducted on CHLP family genes, especially those concerning growth and photosynthesis. In this study, three CHLP genes were identified in Populus. The evolutionary tree indicated that the CHLP family genes were divided into six groups. Moreover, one pair of genes was derived from segmental duplications in Populus. Many elements related to growth were detected by cis-acting element analysis of the promoters of diverse PtrCHLPs. Furthermore, PtrCHLPs exhibit different tissue expression patterns. In addition, PtrCHLP3 is preferentially expressed in the leaves and plays an important role in regulating chlorophyll biosynthesis. Silencing of PtrCHLP3 in poplar resulted in a decrease in chlorophyll synthesis in plants, thus blocking electron transport during photosynthesis. Furthermore, inhibition of PtrCHLP3 expression in poplar can inhibit plant growth through the downregulation of photosynthesis. Ultimately, PtrCHLP3 formed a co-expression network with photosynthesis and chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes, which synergistically affected the growth and photosynthesis of poplars. Thus, this study provides genetic resources for the improved breeding of fast-growing tree traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Jie Shi
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Lin Li
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Xue Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong-Hua Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Meng Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei-Fei Tian
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian-Tian Lin
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang-Hua Chen
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin-lin Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Qin Wan
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xue-Qin Wan,
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10
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Karlický V, Kmecová Materová Z, Kurasová I, Nezval J, Štroch M, Garab G, Špunda V. Accumulation of geranylgeranylated chlorophylls in the pigment-protein complexes of Arabidopsis thaliana acclimated to green light: effects on the organization of light-harvesting complex II and photosystem II functions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:233-252. [PMID: 33948813 PMCID: PMC8382614 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light quality significantly influences plant metabolism, growth and development. Recently, we have demonstrated that leaves of barley and other plant species grown under monochromatic green light (500-590 nm) accumulated a large pool of chlorophyll a (Chl a) intermediates with incomplete hydrogenation of their phytyl chains. In this work, we studied accumulation of these geranylgeranylated Chls a and b in pigment-protein complexes (PPCs) of Arabidopsis plants acclimated to green light and their structural-functional consequences on the photosynthetic apparatus. We found that geranylgeranylated Chls are present in all major PPCs, although their presence was more pronounced in light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) and less prominent in supercomplexes of photosystem II (PSII). Accumulation of geranylgeranylated Chls hampered the formation of PSII and PSI super- and megacomplexes in the thylakoid membranes as well as their assembly into chiral macrodomains; it also lowered the temperature stability of the PPCs, especially that of LHCII trimers, which led to their monomerization and an anomaly in the photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching. Role of geranylgeranylated Chls in adverse effects on photosynthetic apparatus of plants acclimated to green light is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Karlický
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Kmecová Materová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Kurasová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Nezval
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Štroch
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Győző Garab
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári körút 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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11
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Wang Q, Zhu B, Chen C, Yuan Z, Guo J, Yang X, Wang S, Lv Y, Liu Q, Yang B, Sun C, Wang P, Deng X. A Single Nucleotide Substitution of GSAM Gene Causes Massive Accumulation of Glutamate 1-Semialdehyde and Yellow Leaf Phenotype in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:50. [PMID: 34089406 PMCID: PMC8179877 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetrapyrroles play indispensable roles in various biological processes. In higher plants, glutamate 1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase (GSAM) converts glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA) to 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which is the rate-limiting step of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Up to now, GSAM genes have been successively identified from many species. Besides, it was found that GSAM could form a dimeric protein with itself by x-ray crystallography. However, no mutant of GSAM has been identified in monocotyledonous plants, and no experiment on interaction of GSAM protein with itself has been reported so far. RESULT We isolated a yellow leaf mutant, ys53, in rice (Oryza sativa). The mutant showed decreased photosynthetic pigment contents, suppressed chloroplast development, and reduced photosynthetic capacity. In consequence, its major agronomic traits were significantly affected. Map-based cloning revealed that the candidate gene was LOC_Os08g41990 encoding GSAM protein. In ys53 mutant, a single nucleotide substitution in this gene caused an amino acid change in the encoded protein, so its ALA-synthesis ability was significantly reduced and GSA was massively accumulated. Complementation assays suggested the mutant phenotype of ys53 could be rescued by introducing wild-type OsGSAM gene, confirming that the point mutation in OsGSAM is the cause of the mutant phenotype. OsGSAM is mainly expressed in green tissues, and its encoded protein is localized to chloroplast. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the mutation of OsGSAM not only affected the expressions of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic genes, but also influenced those of photosynthetic genes in rice. In addition, the yeast two-hybrid experiment showed that OsGSAM protein could interact with itself, which could largely depend on the two specific regions containing the 81th-160th and the 321th-400th amino acid residues at its N- and C-terminals, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We successfully characterized rice GSAM gene by a yellow leaf mutant and map-based cloning approach. Meanwhile, we verified that OsGSAM protein could interact with itself mainly by means of the two specific regions of amino acid residues at its N- and C-terminals, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Baiyang Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Congping Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhaodi Yuan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - San Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Changhui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pingrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xiaojian Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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12
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Li YY, Han M, Wang RH, Gao MG. Comparative transcriptome analysis identifies genes associated with chlorophyll levels and reveals photosynthesis in green flesh of radish taproot. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252031. [PMID: 34043661 PMCID: PMC8158985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The flesh of the taproot of Raphanus sativus L. is rich in chlorophyll (Chl) throughout the developmental process, which is why the flesh is green. However, little is known about which genes are associated with Chl accumulation in this non-foliar, internal green tissue and whether the green flesh can perform photosynthesis. To determine these aspects, we measured the Chl content, examined Chl fluorescence, and carried out comparative transcriptome analyses of taproot flesh between green-fleshed "Cuishuai" and white-fleshed "Zhedachang" across five developmental stages. Numerous genes involved in the Chl metabolic pathway were identified. It was found that Chl accumulation in radish green flesh may be due to the low expression of Chl degradation genes and high expression of Chl biosynthesis genes, especially those associated with Part Ⅳ (from Protoporphyrin Ⅸ to Chl a). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes between "Cuishuai" and "Zhedachang" were significantly enriched in photosynthesis-related pathways, such as photosynthesis, antenna proteins, porphyrin and Chl metabolism, carbon fixation, and photorespiration. Twenty-five genes involved in the Calvin cycle were highly expressed in "Cuishuai". These findings suggested that photosynthesis occurred in the radish green flesh, which was also supported by the results of Chl fluorescence. Our study provides transcriptome data on radish taproots and provides new information on the formation and function of radish green flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
- * E-mail: (Y-yL); (M-gG)
| | - Min Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Rui-hua Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Ming-gang Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang University, Weifang, China
- * E-mail: (Y-yL); (M-gG)
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13
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Gan L, Han L, Yin S, Jiang Y. Chlorophyll Metabolism and Gene Expression in Response to Submergence Stress and Subsequent Recovery in Perennial Ryegrass Accessions Differing in Growth Habits. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 251:153195. [PMID: 32485524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Submergence-induced leaf senescence may alter chlorophyll metabolism. The objective of this study was to characterize chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation in contrasting perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in response to submergence stress and recovery. The light-green and fast-growing accession PI238938 and the darker-green and slow-growing cultivar BrightStar SLT were exposed to 0, 6 h, 1-, 3-, and 7-d of submergence stress and 1- and 5- d of de-submergence, respectively. Plant growth of PI238938 were more severely inhibited by submergence stress and recovery. Both accessions showed increased leaf malondialdehyde under stress and recovery, but reduced chlorophyll (Chl) concentrations were observed at 3- and 7-d of stress and at recovery. The reduction in Chl was more severe in BrightStar SLT at 7 d of stress. The concentration of 5-aminolevulenic acid was unaffected by stress but increased at 1d of recovery. Activities of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) involved in Chl biosynthesis remained unchanged under stress and recovery, while the activities of Chl degrading enzymes chlorophyllase (CHL) and pheophytinase (PPH) increased at 3 d or 7 d of stress, and returned to the control level after recovery in both accessions. The downregulation of Chl-biosynthetic genes CHLI, POR, and CHLP and the upregulation of Chl-degrading genes CLH, PPH, and SGR were observed in both accessions under most of the stress periods. BrightStar SLT exhibited much lower expressions of the Chl-biosynthetic genes PBGD, CHS, and CHID under stress, while PI238938 had remarkably higher expressions of genes involved in Chl breakdown including CLH, PPH, PAO, RCCR, and SGR, and the expressions of these genes remained at a higher level at 1 d of recovery. The results indicated that submergence-induced leaf senescence and declines in Chl were associated with downregulation of more Chl-biosynthetic genes in slow-growing genotype and upregulation of more Chl-degrading genes in fast-growing genotype of perennial ryegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liebao Han
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuxia Yin
- Institute of Turfgrass Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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14
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Begum Y, Mondal SK. Comprehensive study of the genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis and degradation pathways in some monocot and dicot plant species. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2387-2414. [PMID: 32292132 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1748717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis is one of the most important cellular processes essential for plant photosynthesis. Chl degradation pathway is also important catabolic process occurs during leaf senescence, fruit ripening and under biotic or abiotic stress conditions. Here we have systematically investigated the molecular evolution, gene structure, compositional analysis along with ENc plot, correspondence analysis and codon usage bias of the proteins and encoded genes involved in Chl metabolism from monocots and dicots. The gene and species specific phylogenetic trees using amino acid sequences showed clear clustering formation of the selected species based on monocots and dicots but not supported by 18S rRNA. Nucleotide composition of the encoding genes showed that average GC%, GC1%, GC2% and GC3% were higher in monocots. RSCU analysis depicts that genes from monocots for both pathways and genes for synthesis pathway from dicots only biased to G/C-ending synonymous codons but in degradation pathway most optimal codons (except UUG) in dicots biased to A/U-ending synonymous codons. We found strong evidence of episodic diversifying selection at several amino acid sites in all genes investigated. Conserved domain and gene structures were observed for the genes with varying lengths of introns and exons, involved in Chl metabolism along with some intronless genes within synthesis pathway. ENc and correspondence analyses suggested the mutational or selection constraint on the genes to shape the codon usage. These comprehensive studies may be helpful in further research in molecular phylogenetics and genomics and to better understand the evolutionary dynamics of Chl metabolic pathway.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Begum
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Center of Excellence in Systems Biology and Biomedical Engineering (TEQIP Phase-II), University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sunil Kanti Mondal
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
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15
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Li C, Liu X, Pan J, Guo J, Wang Q, Chen C, Li N, Zhang K, Yang B, Sun C, Deng X, Wang P. A lil3 chlp double mutant with exclusive accumulation of geranylgeranyl chlorophyll displays a lethal phenotype in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:456. [PMID: 31664904 PMCID: PMC6819399 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytyl residues are the common side chains of chlorophyll (Chl) and tocopherols. Geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR), which is encoded by CHLP gene, is responsible for phytyl biosynthesis. The light-harvesting like protein LIL3 was suggested to be required for stability of GGR and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in Arabidopsis. RESULTS In this study, we isolated a yellow-green leaf mutant, 637ys, in rice (Oryza sativa). The mutant accumulated majority of Chls with unsaturated geranylgeraniol side chains and displayed a yellow-green leaf phenotype through the whole growth period. The development of chloroplasts was suppressed, and the major agronomic traits, especially No. of productive panicles per plant and of spikelets per panicle, dramatically decreased in 637ys. Besides, the mutant exhibited to be sensitive to light intensity and deficiency of tocopherols without obvious alteration in tocotrienols in leaves and grains. Map-based cloning and complementation experiment demonstrated that a point mutation on the OsLIL3 gene accounted for the mutant phenotype of 637ys. OsLIL3 is mainly expressed in green tissues, and its encoded protein is targeted to the chloroplast. Furthermore, the 637ys 502ys (lil3 chlp) double mutant exclusively accumulated geranylgeranyl Chl and exhibited lethality at the three-leaf stage. CONCLUSIONS We identified the OsLIL3 gene through a map-based cloning approach. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that OsLIL3 is of extreme importance to the function of OsGGR, and that the complete replacement of phytyl side chain of chlorophyll by geranylgeranyl chain could be fatal to plant survival in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, 24 Dongsha Street, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jihong Pan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Congping Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Na Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Changhui Sun
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaojian Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Pingrong Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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16
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Cheng S, Tan F, Lu Y, Liu X, Li T, Yuan W, Zhao Y, Zhou DX. WOX11 recruits a histone H3K27me3 demethylase to promote gene expression during shoot development in rice. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2356-2369. [PMID: 29361035 PMCID: PMC5861455 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) genes are key regulators of meristem activity and plant development, the chromatin mechanism of which to reprogram gene expression remains unclear. Histone H3K27me3 is a chromatin mark of developmentally repressed genes. How the repressive mark is removed from specific genes during plant development is largely unknown. Here, we show that WOX11 interacts with the H3K27me3 demethylase JMJ705 to activate gene expression during shoot development in rice. Genetic analysis indicates that WOX11 and JMJ705 cooperatively control shoot growth and commonly regulate the expression of a set of genes involved in meristem identity, chloroplast biogenesis, and energy metabolism in the shoot apex. Loss of WOX11 led to increased H3K27me3 and overexpression of JMJ705 decreased the methylation levels at a subset of common targets. JMJ705 is associated with most of the WOX11-binding sites found in the tested common targets in vivo, regardless of presence or absence of the JMJ705-binding motif. Furthermore, wox11 mutation reduced JMJ705-binding to many targets genome-wide. The results suggest that recruitment of JMJ705 to specific developmental pathway genes is promoted by DNA-binding transcription factors and that WOX11 functions to stimulate shoot growth through epigenetic reprogramming of genes involved in meristem development and energy-generating pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifeng Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Institute for Systems Biology, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjia Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Dao-Xiu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China.,Institute of Plant Science Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-sud 11, Université Paris- Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
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17
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Yi F, Gu W, Chen J, Song N, Gao X, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Ma X, Song W, Zhao H, Esteban E, Pasha A, Provart NJ, Lai J. High Temporal-Resolution Transcriptome Landscape of Early Maize Seed Development. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:974-992. [PMID: 30914497 PMCID: PMC6533015 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The early maize (Zea mays) seed undergoes several developmental stages after double fertilization to become fully differentiated within a short period of time, but the genetic control of this highly dynamic and complex developmental process remains largely unknown. Here, we report a high temporal-resolution investigation of transcriptomes using 31 samples collected at an interval of 4 or 6 h within the first six days of seed development. These time-course transcriptomes were clearly separated into four distinct groups corresponding to the stages of double fertilization, coenocyte formation, cellularization, and differentiation. A total of 22,790 expressed genes including 1415 transcription factors (TFs) were detected in early stages of maize seed development. In particular, 1093 genes including 110 TFs were specifically expressed in the seed and displayed high temporal specificity by expressing only in particular period of early seed development. There were 160, 22, 112, and 569 seed-specific genes predominantly expressed in the first 16 h after pollination, coenocyte formation, cellularization, and differentiation stage, respectively. In addition, network analysis predicted 31,256 interactions among 1317 TFs and 14,540 genes. The high temporal-resolution transcriptome atlas reported here provides an important resource for future functional study to unravel the genetic control of seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- China Specialty Maize Research Center (CIMMYT), Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingsi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuxu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Eddi Esteban
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Asher Pasha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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18
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Abstract
Phytol, the prenyl side chain of chlorophyll, is derived from geranylgeraniol by reduction of three double bonds. Recent results demonstrated that the conversion of geranylgeraniol to phytol is linked to chlorophyll synthesis, which is catalyzed by protein complexes associated with the thylakoid membranes. One of these complexes contains light harvesting chlorophyll binding like proteins (LIL3), enzymes of chlorophyll synthesis (protoporphyrinogen oxidoreductase, POR; chlorophyll synthase, CHLG) and geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR). Phytol is not only employed for the synthesis of chlorophyll, but also for tocopherol (vitamin E), phylloquinol (vitamin K) and fatty acid phytyl ester production. Previously, it was believed that phytol is derived from reduction of geranylgeranyl-diphosphate originating from the 4-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The identification and characterization of two kinases, VTE5 and VTE6, involved in phytol and phytyl-phosphate phosphorylation, respectively, indicated that most phytol employed for tocopherol synthesis is derived from reduction of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll to (phytol-) chlorophyll. After hydrolysis from chlorophyll, free phytol is phosphorylated by the two kinases, and phytyl-diphosphate employed for the synthesis of tocopherol and phylloquinol. The reason why some chloroplast lipids, i.e. chlorophyll, tocopherol and phylloquinol, are derived from phytol, while others, i.e. carotenoids and tocotrienols (in some plant species) are synthesized from geranylgeraniol, remains unclear.
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Ampomah‐Dwamena C, Thrimawithana AH, Dejnoprat S, Lewis D, Espley RV, Allan AC. A kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) R2R3-MYB transcription factor modulates chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:309-325. [PMID: 30067292 PMCID: PMC6585760 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MYB transcription factors (TFs) regulate diverse plant developmental processes and understanding their roles in controlling pigment accumulation in fruit is important for developing new cultivars. In this study, we characterised kiwifruit TFMYB7, which was found to activate the promoter of the kiwifruit lycopene beta-cyclase (AdLCY-β) gene that plays a key role in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. To determine the role of MYB7, we analysed gene expression and metabolite profiles in Actinidia fruit which show different pigment profiles. The impact of MYB7 on metabolic biosynthetic pathways was then evaluated by overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana followed by metabolite and gene expression analysis of the transformants. MYB7 was expressed in fruit that accumulated carotenoid and Chl pigments with high transcript levels associated with both pigments. Constitutive over-expression of MYB7, through transient or stable transformation of N. benthamiana, altered Chl and carotenoid pigment levels. MYB7 overexpression was associated with transcriptional activation of certain key genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, Chl biosynthesis, and other processes such as chloroplast and thylakoid membrane organization. Our results suggest that MYB7 plays a role in modulating carotenoid and Chl pigment accumulation in tissues through transcriptional activation of metabolic pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ampomah‐Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 92 169AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Amali H. Thrimawithana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 92 169AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Supinya Dejnoprat
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 92 169AucklandNew Zealand
| | - David Lewis
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 11600Palmerston North4442New Zealand
| | - Richard V. Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 92 169AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 92 169AucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand
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Jiang M, Liu Y, Li R, Zheng Y, Fu H, Tan Y, Møller IM, Fan L, Shu Q, Huang J. A Suppressor Mutation Partially Reverts the xantha Trait via Lowered Methylation in the Promoter of Genomes Uncoupled 4 in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1003. [PMID: 31428119 PMCID: PMC6688194 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The xantha trait of a yellow leaf rice mutant (HYB), controlled epigenetically by elevated CHG methylation of the genomes uncoupled 4 (OsGUN4) promoter, has reduced chlorophyll content, altered tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, and deregulated transcription of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) compared to its wild-type progenitor Longtefu B (LTB). In the present study, we identified a suppressor mutant (CYB) of HYB and characterized its genetic, molecular, and physiological basis of the mutant phenotype. We found that the light-green phenotype of CYB was caused by a suppressor mutation in an unknown gene other than OsGUN4. Compared to HYB, the CHG methylation in the OsGUN4 promoter was reduced, while OsGUN4 transcript and protein abundance levels were increased in CYB. The contents of total chlorophyll and its intermediate metabolites (except protoporphyrin IX) in CYB plants were intermediate between HYB and LTB. The expression levels of 30 genes involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in CYB were all partially reverted to those of LTB, so were the PhANGs. In summary, a suppressor mutation caused the reversion of the xantha trait via reducing CHG methylation in OsGUN4 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunchao Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haowei Fu
- Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Longjiang Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyao Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingyao Shu,
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jianzhong Huang,
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Zhang J, Li Y, Guo J, Du B, He G, Zhang Y, Chen R, Li J. Lipid profiles reveal different responses to brown planthopper infestation for pest susceptible and resistant rice plants. Metabolomics 2018; 14:120. [PMID: 30830454 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brown planthopper (BPH) is the most destructive insect pest for rice, causing major reductions in rice yield and large economic losses. More than 31 BPH-resistance genes have been located, and several of them have been isolated. Nevertheless, the metabolic mechanism related to BPH-resistance genes remain uncharacterized. OBJECTIVES To elucidate the resistance mechanism of the BPH-resistance gene Bph6 at the metabolic level, a Bph6-transgenic line R6 (BPH-resistant) and the wild-type Nipponbare (BPH-susceptible) were used to investigate their lipid profiles under control and BPH treatments. METHODS In conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, BPH-induced lipid changes in leaf blade and leaf sheath were investigated by GC-MS-based lipidomics. RESULTS Forty-five lipids were identified in leaf sheath extracts. Leaf sheath lipidomics analysis results show that BPH infestation induces significant differences in the lipid profiles of Nipponbare and R6. The levels of hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, linoleic acid, methyl ester, linolenic acid, methyl ester, glycidyl palmitate, eicosanoic acid, methyl ester, docosanoic acid, methyl ester, beta-monolinolein, campesterol, beta-sitosterol, cycloartenol, phytol and phytyl acetate had undergone enormous changes after BPH feeding. These results illustrate that BPH feeding enhances sterol biosynthetic pathway in Nipponbare plants, and strengthens wax biosynthesis and phytol metabolism in R6 plants. The results of quantitative real-time PCR of 5 relevant genes were consistent with the changes in metabolic level. Forty-five lipids were identified in the leaf blade extracts. BPH infestation induces distinct changes in the lipid profiles of the leaf blade samples of Nipponbare and R6. Although the lipid changes in Nipponbare are more drastic, the changes within the two varieties are similar. Lipid profiles in leaf sheath brought out significant differences than in leaf blade within Nipponbare and R6. We propose that Bph6 mainly affects the levels of lipids in leaf sheath, and mediates resistance by deploying metabolic re-programming during BPH feeding. CONCLUSION The results indicate that wax biosynthesis, sterol biosynthetic pathway and phytol metabolism play vital roles in rice response to BPH infestation. This finding demonstrated that the combination of lipidomics and quantitative real-time PCR is an effective approach to elucidating the interactions between brown planthopper and rice mediated by resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jiaru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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22
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Kimura E, Abe T, Murata K, Kimura T, Otoki Y, Yoshida T, Miyazawa T, Nakagawa K. Identification of OsGGR2, a second geranylgeranyl reductase involved in α-tocopherol synthesis in rice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1870. [PMID: 29382838 PMCID: PMC5789843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocopherol (Toc) and tocotrienol (T3) are abundant in rice bran. Geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR) is an essential enzyme for Toc production that catalyzes the reduction of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll. However, we found that a rice mutant line with inactivated Os02g0744900 (OsGGR1/LYL1/OsChl P) gene produces Toc, suggesting that rice plants may carry another enzyme with GGR activity. Using an RNA-mediated interference technique, we demonstrated that the Os01g0265000 ("OsGGR2") gene product has GGR activity. This result supports the existence of two GGR genes (OsGGR1 and OsGGR2) in rice, in contrast to Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) and cyanobacterium Synechocystis that each have only one GGR gene. We also produced rice callus with inactivated OsGGR1 and OsGGR2 that produced T3 but not Toc. Such rice callus could be used as a resource for production of pure T3 for nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kimura
- National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region, NARO, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0198, Japan
| | - Takumi Abe
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980 - 0845, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Murata
- Agricultural Research Institute, Toyama Prefectural Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Toyama, Toyama, 939-8153, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kimura
- Division of Food Function Research, Food Research Institute, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yurika Otoki
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980 - 0845, Japan
| | - Taiji Yoshida
- National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region, NARO, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0198, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980 - 0845, Japan.
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Materová Z, Sobotka R, Zdvihalová B, Oravec M, Nezval J, Karlický V, Vrábl D, Štroch M, Špunda V. Monochromatic green light induces an aberrant accumulation of geranylgeranyled chlorophylls in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 116:48-56. [PMID: 28527413 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Light quality is an important environmental factor affecting the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments whose production seems to be affected not only quantitatively but also qualitatively. In this work, we set out to identify unusual pigment detected in leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and explain its presence in plants grown under monochromatic green light (GL; 500-590 nm). The chromatographic analysis (HPLC-DAD) revealed that a peak belonging to this unknown pigment is eluted between chlorophyll (Chl) a and b. This pigment exhibited the same absorption spectrum and fluorescence excitation and emission spectra as Chl a. It was negligible in control plants cultivated under white light of the same irradiance (photosynthetic photon flux density of 240 μmol m-2 s-1). Mass spectrometry analysis of this pigment (ions m/z = 889 [M-H]-; m/z = 949 [M+acetic acid-H]-) indicates that it is Chl a with a tetrahydrogengeranylgeraniol side chain (containing two double bonds in a phytyl side chain; Chl aTHGG), which is an intermediate in Chl a synthesis. In plants grown under GL, the proportion of Chl aTHGG to total Chl content rose to approximately 8% and 16% after 7 and 14 days of cultivation, respectively. Surprisingly, plants cultivated under GL exhibited drastically increased concentration of the enzyme geranylgeranyl reductase, which is responsible for the reduction of phytyl chain double bonds in the Chl synthesis pathway. This indicates impaired activity of this enzyme in GL-grown plants. A similar effect of GL on Chl synthesis was observed for distinct higher plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Materová
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Sobotka
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Zdvihalová
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Nezval
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava 1, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Karlický
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava 1, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Vrábl
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava 1, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Štroch
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava 1, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava 1, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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A recruiting protein of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase controls metabolic flux toward chlorophyll biosynthesis in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6866-6871. [PMID: 28607067 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705689114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is produced by plastidic GGPP synthase (GGPPS) and serves as a precursor for vital metabolic branches, including chlorophyll, carotenoid, and gibberellin biosynthesis. However, molecular mechanisms regulating GGPP allocation among these biosynthetic pathways localized in the same subcellular compartment are largely unknown. We found that rice contains only one functionally active GGPPS, OsGGPPS1, in chloroplasts. A functionally active homodimeric enzyme composed of two OsGGPPS1 subunits is located in the stroma. In thylakoid membranes, however, the GGPPS activity resides in a heterodimeric enzyme composed of one OsGGPPS1 subunit and GGPPS recruiting protein (OsGRP). OsGRP is structurally most similar to members of the geranyl diphosphate synthase small subunit type II subfamily. In contrast to members of this subfamily, OsGRP enhances OsGGPPS1 catalytic efficiency and specificity of GGPP production on interaction with OsGGPPS1. Structural biology and protein interaction analyses demonstrate that affinity between OsGRP and OsGGPPS1 is stronger than between two OsGGPPS1 molecules in homodimers. OsGRP determines OsGGPPS1 suborganellar localization and directs it to a large protein complex in thylakoid membranes, consisting of geranylgeranyl reductase (OsGGR), light-harvesting-like protein 3 (OsLIL3), protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (OsPORB), and chlorophyll synthase (OsCHLG). Taken together, genetic and biochemical analyses suggest OsGRP functions in recruiting OsGGPPS1 from the stroma toward thylakoid membranes, thus providing a mechanism to control GGPP flux toward chlorophyll biosynthesis.
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Li RQ, Jiang M, Liu YH, Zheng YC, Huang JZ, Wu JM, Shu QY. The xantha Marker Trait Is Associated with Altered Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis and Deregulated Transcription of PhANGs in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:901. [PMID: 28620402 PMCID: PMC5449477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The xantha marker trait, which is controlled by a down-regulating epi-mutation of OsGUN4, has been applied to the production of hybrid rice. However, the molecular basis for the ability of xantha mutants to attain high photosynthetic capacity even with decreased chlorophyll contents has not been characterized. In the present study, we observed that the total chlorophyll content of the xantha mutant was only 27.2% of that of the wild-type (WT) plants. However, the xantha mutant still accumulated 59.9% of the WT δ-aminolevulinic acid content, 72.8% of the WT Mg-protoporphyrin IX content, and 63.0% of the WT protochlorophyllide a content. Additionally, the protoporphyrin IX and heme contents in the mutant increased to 155.0 and 160.0%, respectively, of the WT levels. A search for homologs resulted in the identification of 124 rice genes involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and photosynthesis. With the exception of OsGUN4, OsHO-1, and OsHO-2, the expression levels of the genes involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis were significantly higher in the xantha mutant than in the WT plants, as were all 72 photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes. In contrast, there were no differences between the xantha mutant and WT plants regarding the expression of all 22 photosynthesis-associated chloroplast genes. Furthermore, the abundance of 1O2 and the expression levels of 1O2-related genes were lower in the xantha mutant than in the WT plants, indicating 1O2-mediated retrograde signaling was repressed in the mutant plants. These results suggested that the abundance of protoporphyrin IX used for chlorophyll synthesis decreased in the mutant, which ultimately decreased the amount of chlorophyll in the xantha mutant. Additionally, the up-regulated expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes enabled the mutant to attain a high photosynthetic capacity. Our findings confirm that OsGUN4 plays an important role in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and photosynthesis in rice. GUN4, chlorophyll synthesis pathways, and photosynthetic activities are highly conserved in plants and hence, novel traits (e.g., xantha marker trait) may be generated in other cereal crops by modifying the GUN4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain IndustryJingzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Chao Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Huang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Min Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yao Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain IndustryJingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qing-Yao Shu,
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Zhang F, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Wang S, Qu L, Liu X, Luo J. Identification of a peroxisomal-targeted aldolase involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and sugar metabolism in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 250:205-215. [PMID: 27457997 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll plays remarkable and critical roles in photosynthetic light-harvesting, energy transduction and plant development. In this study, we identified a rice Chl-deficient mutant, ygdl-1 (yellow green and droopy leaf-1), which showed yellow-green leaves throughout plant development with decreased content of Chls and carotene and an increased Chl a/b ratio. The ygdl-1 mutant also exhibited severe defects in chloroplast development, including disorganized grana stacks. Sequence analysis revealed that the mutant contained a T-DNA insertion within the promoter of a fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (OsAld-Y), which dramatically reduced the OsAld-Y mRNA level, and its identity was verified by transgenic complementation. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of genes associated with chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development were concurrently altered in the ygdl-1 mutant. The expression of OsAld-Y-GFP fusion protein in tobacco epidermal cells showed that OsAld-Y was localized to the peroxisome. In addition, the analysis of primary carbon metabolites revealed the significantly reduced levels of sucrose and fructose in the mutant leaves, while the glucose content was similar to wild-type plants. Our results suggest that the OsAld-Y participates in Chl accumulation, chloroplast development and plant growth by influencing the photosynthetic rate of leaves and the sugar metabolism of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lianghuan Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianqing Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Zhao J, Qiu Z, Ruan B, Kang S, He L, Zhang S, Dong G, Hu J, Zeng D, Zhang G, Gao Z, Ren D, Hu X, Chen G, Guo L, Qian Q, Zhu L. Functional Inactivation of Putative Photosynthetic Electron Acceptor Ferredoxin C2 (FdC2) Induces Delayed Heading Date and Decreased Photosynthetic Rate in Rice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143361. [PMID: 26598971 PMCID: PMC4657970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferredoxin (Fd) protein as unique electron acceptor, involved in a variety of fundamental metabolic and signaling processes, which is indispensable for plant growth. The molecular mechanisms of Fd such as regulation of electron partitioning, impact of photosynthetic rate and involvement in the carbon fixing remain elusive in rice. Here we reported a heading date delay and yellowish leaf 1 (hdy1) mutant derived from Japonica rice cultivar “Nipponbare” subjected to EMS treatment. In the paddy field, the hdy1 mutant appeared at a significantly late heading date and had yellow-green leaves during the whole growth stage. Further investigation indicated that the abnormal phenotype of hdy1 was connected with depressed pigment content and photosynthetic rate. Genetic analysis results showed that the hdy1 mutant phenotype was caused by a single recessive nuclear gene mutation. Map-based cloning revealed that OsHDY1 is located on chromosome 3 and encodes an ortholog of the AtFdC2 gene. Complementation and overexpression, transgenic plants exhibited the mutant phenotype including head date, leaf color and the transcription levels of the FdC2 were completely rescued by transformation with OsHDY1. Real-time PCR revealed that the expression product of OsHDY1 was detected in almost all of the organs except root, whereas highest expression levels were observed in seeding new leaves. The lower expression levels of HDY1 and content of iron were detected in hdy1 than WT’s. The FdC2::GFP was detected in the chloroplasts of rice. Real-time PCR results showed that the expression of many photosynthetic electron transfer related genes in hdy1 were higher than WT. Our results suggest that OsFdC2 plays an important role in photosynthetic rate and development of heading date by regulating electron transfer and chlorophyll content in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhennan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Banpu Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shujing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lei He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xingming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
- * E-mail:
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