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Wang F, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Xie L, Zheng N, Chen Z, Lin J, Li B, Li L. Implications of Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation and Ferroptosis in Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropharmacology 2024:110083. [PMID: 39043267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal cell demise represents a prevalent occurrence throughout the advancement of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism of triggering the death of neuronal cells remains unclear. Its potential mechanisms include aggregation of soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) to form insoluble amyloid plaques, abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein and formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuroinflammation, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and metal ion disorders. Among them, ferroptosis is an iron-dependent lipid peroxidation-driven cell death and emerging evidences have demonstrated the involvement of ferroptosis in the pathological process of AD. The sensitivity to ferroptosis is tightly linked to numerous biological processes. Moreover, emerging evidences indicate that LLPS has great impacts on regulating human health and diseases, especially AD. Soluble Aβ can undergo LLPS to form liquid-like droplets, which can lead to the formation of insoluble amyloid plaques. Meanwhile, tau has a high propensity to condensate via the mechanism of LLPS, which can lead to the formation of NFTs. In this review, we summarize the most recent advancements pertaining to LLPS and ferroptosis in AD. Our primary focus is on expounding the influence of Aβ, tau protein, iron ions, and lipid oxidation on the intricate mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and LLPS within the domain of AD pathology. Additionally, we delve into the intricate cross-interactions that occur between LLPS and ferroptosis in the context of AD. Our findings are expected to serve as a theoretical and experimental foundation for clinical research and targeted therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwei Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zihao Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Lihua Xie
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ziwen Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiantao Lin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Baohong Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Li Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
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Zhang J, Jiang Y, Dong X, Meng Z, Ji L, Kang Y, Liu M, Zhou W, Song W. Alpha-lipoic acid alleviates cognitive deficits in transgenic APP23/PS45 mice through a mitophagy-mediated increase in ADAM10 α-secretase cleavage of APP. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:160. [PMID: 39030577 PMCID: PMC11264788 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has a neuroprotective effect on neurodegenerative diseases. In the clinic, ALA can improve cognitive impairments in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. Animal studies have confirmed the anti-amyloidosis effect of ALA, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In particular, the role of ALA in amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) metabolism has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether ALA can reduce the amyloidogenic effect of APP in a transgenic mouse model of AD, and to study the mechanism underlying this effect. METHODS ALA was infused into 2-month-old APP23/PS45 transgenic mice for 4 consecutive months and their cognitive function and AD-like pathology were then evaluated. An ALA drug concentration gradient was applied to 20E2 cells in vitro to evaluate its effect on the expression of APP proteolytic enzymes and metabolites. The mechanism by which ALA affects APP processing was studied using GI254023X, an inhibitor of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), as well as the mitochondrial toxic drug carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). RESULTS Administration of ALA ameliorated amyloid plaque neuropathology in the brain tissue of APP23/PS45 mice and reduced learning and memory impairment. ALA also increased the expression of ADAM10 in 20E2 cells and the non-amyloidogenic processing of APP to produce the 83 amino acid C-terminal fragment (C83). In addition to activating autophagy, ALA also significantly promoted mitophagy. BNIP3L-knockdown reduced the mat/pro ratio of ADAM10. By using CCCP, ALA was found to regulate BNIP3L-mediated mitophagy, thereby promoting the α-cleavage of APP. CONCLUSIONS The enhanced α-secretase cleavage of APP by ADAM10 is the primary mechanism through which ALA ameliorates the cognitive deficits in APP23/PS45 transgenic mice. BNIP3L-mediated mitophagy contributes to the anti-amyloid properties of ALA by facilitating the maturation of ADAM10. This study provides novel experimental evidence for the treatment of AD with ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanshuang Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangjun Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zijun Meng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangye Ji
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjing Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihui Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Weihong Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and the Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China.
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Azargoonjahromi A. The duality of amyloid-β: its role in normal and Alzheimer's disease states. Mol Brain 2024; 17:44. [PMID: 39020435 PMCID: PMC11256416 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological condition that gradually impairs cognitive abilities, disrupts memory retention, and impedes daily functioning by impacting the cells of the brain. A key characteristic of AD is the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, which play pivotal roles in disease progression. These plaques initiate a cascade of events including neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, tau pathology, oxidative stress, impaired protein clearance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disrupted calcium homeostasis. Aβ accumulation is also closely associated with other hallmark features of AD, underscoring its significance. Aβ is generated through cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and plays a dual role depending on its processing pathway. The non-amyloidogenic pathway reduces Aβ production and has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas the amyloidogenic pathway leads to the production of Aβ peptides, including Aβ40 and Aβ42, which contribute to neurodegeneration and toxic effects in AD. Understanding the multifaceted role of Aβ, particularly in AD, is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies that target Aβ metabolism, aggregation, and clearance with the aim of mitigating the detrimental consequences of the disease. This review aims to explore the mechanisms and functions of Aβ under normal and abnormal conditions, particularly in AD, by examining both its beneficial and detrimental effects.
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Shao J, Deng Q, Feng S, Wu C, Liu X, Yang L. Role of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and the impact of exercise-induced remodeling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 732:150418. [PMID: 39032410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent and debilitating brain disorder that worsens progressively with age, characterized by cognitive decline and memory impairment. The accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) leading to amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylation of Tau, resulting in intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), are primary pathological features of AD. Despite significant research investment and effort, therapies targeting Aβ and NFTs have proven limited in efficacy for treating or slowing AD progression. Consequently, there is a growing interest in non-invasive therapeutic strategies for AD prevention. Exercise, a low-cost and non-invasive intervention, has demonstrated promising neuroprotective potential in AD prevention. Astrocytes, among the most abundant glial cells in the brain, play essential roles in various physiological processes and are implicated in AD initiation and progression. Exercise delays pathological progression and mitigates cognitive dysfunction in AD by modulating astrocyte morphological and phenotypic changes and fostering crosstalk with other glial cells. This review aims to consolidate the current understanding of how exercise influences astrocyte dynamics in AD, with a focus on elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying astrocyte remodeling. The review begins with an overview of the neuropathological changes observed in AD, followed by an examination of astrocyte dysfunction as a feature of the disease. Lastly, the review explores the potential therapeutic implications of exercise-induced astrocyte remodeling in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qianting Deng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xiaocao Liu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Yu M, Shen Z, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Zhang L. The active components of Erzhi wan and their anti-Alzheimer's disease mechanisms determined by an integrative approach of network pharmacology, bioinformatics, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33761. [PMID: 39027618 PMCID: PMC11255520 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Erzhi Wan (EZW), a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine formula, has shown promise as a potential therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet its mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we employed an integrative in-silico approach to investigate the active components and their mechanisms against AD. We screened four active components with blood-brain barrier permeabilities from TCMSP, along with 307 corresponding targets predicted by SwissTargetPrediction, PharmMapper, and TCMbank websites. Then, we retrieved 2260 AD-related targets from Genecards, OMIM, and NCBI databases. Furthermore, we constructed the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the intersected targets via the STRING database and performed the GO and KEGG enrichment analyses using the "clusterProfiler" R package. The results showed that the intersected targets were intimately related to the p53/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, serotonergic synapse, and response to oxygen level. Subsequently, 25 core targets were found differentially expressed in brain regions by bioinformatics analyses of GEO datasets of clinical samples from the Alzdata database. The binding sites and stabilities between the active components and the core targets were investigated by the molecular docking approach using Autodock 4.2.6 software, followed by pocket detection and druggability assessment via the DoGSiteScorer server. The results showed that acacetin, β-sitosterol, and 3-O-acetyldammarenediol-II strongly interacted with the druggable pockets of AR, CASP8, POLB, and PREP. Eventually, the docking results were further cross-referenced with the literature research and validated by 100 ns of molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS software. Binding free energies were calculated via MM/PBSA strategy combined with interaction entropy. The simulation results indicated stable bindings between four docking pairs including acacetin-AR, acacetin-CASP8, β-sitosterol-POLB, and 3-O-acetyldammarenediol-II-PREP. Overall, our study demonstrated a theoretical basis for how three active components of EZW confer efficacy against AD. It provides a promising reference for subsequent research regarding drug discoveries and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Zhongqi Shen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Literature and Culture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Shaozhi Zhang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Longfei Zhang
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
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Wang J, Feng Y, Sun Y. ACOT7, a candidate and novel serum biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1345668. [PMID: 39026992 PMCID: PMC11254632 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1345668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common fatal neurodegenerative disease among the elderly worldwide, characterized by memory and cognitive impairment. The identification of biomarkers for AD is crucial and urgent to facilitate the diagnosis and intervention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of acyl-Coenzyme A thioesterase 7 (ACOT7) as a serum biomarker for the prediction of AD. In our study, we observed a significant increase in ACOT7 expression in patients (n = 366) with AD and animal (n = 8-12) models of AD, compared to the control group. A significant negative correlation was found between ACOT7 levels and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (r = -0.85; p < 0.001). The analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for ACOT7 was 0.83 (95% confidence intervals: 0.80-0.86). The optimal cut-off point of 62.5 pg./mL was selected with the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity. The diagnostic accuracy of serum ACOT7 for AD was 77% (95% confidence intervals: 72-82%), with a sensitivity of 80% (95% confidence intervals: 75-84%) and a specificity of 74% (95% confidence intervals: 69-79%). Moreover, the ROC analysis showed that the AUC of Aβ42/40 ratio is 0.70, and the diagnostic accuracy was 72%, with 69% sensitivity and 76% specificity. Compared with the AD traditional marker Aβ42/40 ratio, ACOT7 shows better superiority as a new serum candidate biomarker of AD. By suppressing the ACOT7 gene, our study provides evidence of the involvement of ACOT7 in the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in alterations in the expression levels of Aβ42, BACE1 and βCTF. ACOT7 has the ability to modulate the amyloidogenic pathway of APP metabolism, while it does not have an impact on the non-amyloidogenic pathway. In conclusion, the findings of our study suggest that serum ACOT7 may serve as a promising and non-invasive biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, First People’s Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Medical Research, Qingdao Huangdao People’s Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingni Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Handian Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd., Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Suri K, Ramesh M, Bhandari M, Gupta V, Kumar V, Govindaraju T, Murugan NA. Role of Amyloidogenic and Non-Amyloidogenic Protein Spaces in Neurodegenerative Diseases and their Mitigation Using Theranostic Agents. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400224. [PMID: 38668376 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) refer to a complex heterogeneous group of diseases which are associated with the accumulation of amyloid fibrils or plaques in the brain leading to progressive loss of neuronal functions. Alzheimer's disease is one of the major NDD responsible for 60-80 % of all dementia cases. Currently, there are no curative or disease-reversing/modifying molecules for many of the NDDs except a few such as donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, carbidopa and levodopa which treat the disease-associated symptoms. Similarly, there are very few FDA-approved tracers such as flortaucipir (Tauvid) for tau fibril imaging and florbetaben (Neuraceq), flutemetamol (Vizamyl), and florbetapir (Amyvid) for amyloid imaging available for diagnosis. Recent advances in the cryogenic electron microscopy reported distinctly different microstructures for tau fibrils associated with different tauopathies highlighting the possibility to develop tauopathy-specific imaging agents and therapeutics. In addition, it is important to identify the proteins that are associated with disease development and progression to know about their 3D structure to develop various diagnostics, therapeutics and theranostic agents. The current article discusses in detail the disease-associated amyloid and non-amyloid proteins along with their structural insights. We comprehensively discussed various novel proteins associated with NDDs and their implications in disease pathology. In addition, we document various emerging chemical compounds developed for diagnosis and therapy of different NDDs with special emphasis on theranostic agents for better management of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapali Suri
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Madhu Ramesh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Mansi Bhandari
- Department of computer science and engineering, Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi, 110062
| | - Vishakha Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - N Arul Murugan
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi) Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
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Pantelopulos GA, Abraham CB, Straub JE. Cholesterol and Lipid Rafts in the Biogenesis of Amyloid-β Protein and Alzheimer's Disease. Annu Rev Biophys 2024; 53:455-486. [PMID: 38382114 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-062823-023436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol has been conjectured to be a modulator of the amyloid cascade, the mechanism that produces the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides implicated in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. We propose that cholesterol impacts the genesis of Aβ not through direct interaction with proteins in the bilayer, but indirectly by inducing the liquid-ordered phase and accompanying liquid-liquid phase separations, which partition proteins in the amyloid cascade to different lipid domains and ultimately to different endocytotic pathways. We explore the full process of Aβ genesis in the context of liquid-ordered phases induced by cholesterol, including protein partitioning into lipid domains, mechanisms of endocytosis experienced by lipid domains and secretases, and pH-controlled activation of amyloid precursor protein secretases in specific endocytotic environments. Outstanding questions on the essential role of cholesterol in the amyloid cascade are identified for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor B Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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9
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Zhao F, Fan L, Yang J, Yang M, Zhang C, Wang F, Wang Y. Heterologous expression of BACE1 and its interaction with Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides and Lobetyolin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:133440. [PMID: 38944075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
BACE1, a crucial enzyme in the amyloid-β deposition theory of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is targeted by Codonopsis pilosula, a traditional tonic believed to impede AD onset. However, the specific active compounds responsible for its effects remain elusive. Our prior network pharmacology research identified C. pilosula polysaccharides (CPPS) and Lobetyolin may serve as potential inhibitors of AD by suppressing amyloidogenesis. Here, we recombinantly expressed BACE1 under varied conditions and assessed its activity using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer technology. Through spectroscopy, molecular docking, and dynamics, we elucidated the interactions of CPPS, Lobetyolin, and BACE1. Optimal BACE1 expression occurred at 22 °C with 0.4 mM IPTG for 6 h, yielding a 72 kDa protein. Enzyme kinetics displayed a maximum rate of 4096 μmol/min and a Michaelis constant of 16 mg/mL for BACE1. Spectroscopic analysis revealed differing binding affinities of the compounds at various temperatures, peaking at 293 K. Lobetyolin exhibited superior binding to BACE1 compared to CPPS, driven by hydrophobic and electrostatic forces. Molecular docking and dynamics highlighted hydrophobic amino acids' role in BACE1 interactions with Lobetyolin and CPPS, with binding energy < -1.2 kcal/mol signifying strong affinities. Notably, Lobetyolin and CPPS showed higher BACE1 affinity than APP, with the Lobetyolin-BACE1 complex being the most stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feitao Zhao
- School of life science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Lili Fan
- School of life science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jumei Yang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mingjun Yang
- School of life science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Lanzhou University of Technology Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of life science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Yonggang Wang
- School of life science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
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Wang H, Lakshmana MK, Fields GB. Identification of binding partners that facilitate membrane-type 5 matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP) processing of amyloid precursor protein. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31218. [PMID: 38345408 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
One of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. In addition to Aβ as the core component of the amyloid plaque, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing fragment Aβ was also found accumulated around the plaque. The APPη pathway, mainly mediated by membrane-type 5 matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP), represents an important factor in AD pathogenesis. The proamyloidogenic features of MT5-MMP could result from interactions with APP when trafficking between organelles, so determination of the location within the cell of APPη cleavage and interacting proteins of MT5-MMP affecting this process will be of priority in understanding the role of MT5-MMP in AD. In the present study, MT5-MMP was found to be located in the nucleus, cytosol, and cytosolic subcellular granules of CHO cells that stably expressed wild-type human APP751. MT5-MMP fusion proteins were constructed that could localize enzyme production in the Golgi apparatus, endosome, ER, mitochondria, or plasma membrane. The fusion proteins significantly increased sAPPη when directed to the endosome, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, or mitochondria. Since the C-terminal region of MT5-MMP is responsible for its intracellular location and trafficking, this domain was used as the bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify MT5-MMP protein partners in a human brain cDNA library. Identified binding partners included N4BP2L1, TMX3, EIG121, bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1), RUFY4, HTRA1, and TMEM199. The binding of N4BP2L1, EIG121, BIN1, or TMX3 to MT5-MMP resulted in the most significant increase in sAPPη production. Thus, the action of MT5-MMP on APP occurs in multiple locations within the cell and is facilitated by site-specific binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Madepalli K Lakshmana
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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He C, Jiang J, Liu J, Zhou L, Ge Y, Yang Z. Pseudostellaria heterophylla polysaccharide mitigates Alzheimer's-like pathology via regulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis in 5 × FAD mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132372. [PMID: 38750854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by neuroinflammation, for which gut dysbiosis may be implicated. Our previous study showed that treatment with Pseudostellaria heterophylla aqueous extract and one of its cyclopeptides, heterophyllin B, attenuate memory deficits via immunomodulation and neurite regeneration. However, whether Pseudostellaria heterophylla polysaccharide (PH-PS) exerts neuroprotective effects against AD and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The infrared spectrum, molecular weight, and carbohydrate composition of the PH-PS were determined. The results showed that PH-PS (Mw 8.771 kDa) was composed of glucose (57.78 %), galactose (41.52 %), and arabinose (0.70 %). PH-PS treatment ameliorated learning and spatial memory deficits, reduced amyloid β build-up, and suppressed reactive glia and astrocytes in 5 × FAD mice. 16S rRNA sequencing further showed that PH-PS remodelled the intestinal flora composition by promoting probiotic microbiota, such as Lactobacillus, Muribaculum, Monoglobus, and [Eubacterium]_siraeum_group, and suppressing inflammation-related UCG-009 and Blautia. Additionally, PH-PS restored intestinal barrier function; ameliorated peripheral inflammation by reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, thereby converting M1 microglia and A1 astrocyte toward beneficial M2 and A2 phenotypes; and contributed to Aβ plaques clearance by upregulation of insulin degradation enzyme and neprilysin. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that PH-PS may prevent the progression of AD via modulation of the gut microbiota and regulation of glial polarisation, which could provide evidence to design a potential diet therapy for preventing or curing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuantong He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang Municipal Key laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jiahui Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang Municipal Key laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Junxin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang Municipal Key laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Longjian Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang Municipal Key laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yuewei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiyou Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang Municipal Key laboratory of Marine Drugs and Nutrition for Brain Health, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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12
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Pradeepkiran JA, Baig J, Islam MA, Kshirsagar S, Reddy PH. Amyloid-β and Phosphorylated Tau are the Key Biomarkers and Predictors of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0286. [PMID: 38739937 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a age-related neurodegenerative disease and is a major public health concern both in Texas, US and Worldwide. This neurodegenerative disease is mainly characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) accumulation in the brains of patients with AD and increasing evidence suggests that these are key biomarkers in AD. Both Aβ and p-tau can be detected through various imaging techniques (such as positron emission tomography, PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. The presence of these biomarkers in individuals, who are asymptomatic or have mild cognitive impairment can indicate an increased risk of developing AD in the future. Furthermore, the combination of Aβ and p-tau biomarkers is often used for more accurate diagnosis and prediction of AD progression. Along with AD being a neurodegenerative disease, it is associated with other chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, depression, and diabetes because studies have shown that these comorbid conditions make people more vulnerable to AD. In the first part of this review, we discuss that biofluid-based biomarkers such as Aβ, p-Tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and Aβ & p-Tau in plasma could be used as an alternative sensitive technique to diagnose AD. In the second part, we discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms of chronic conditions linked with AD and how they affect the patients in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javaria Baig
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Sudhir Kshirsagar
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Departments, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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13
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Balczon R, Lin MT, Voth S, Nelson AR, Schupp JC, Wagener BM, Pittet JF, Stevens T. Lung endothelium, tau, and amyloids in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:533-587. [PMID: 37561137 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung endothelia in the arteries, capillaries, and veins are heterogeneous in structure and function. Lung capillaries in particular represent a unique vascular niche, with a thin yet highly restrictive alveolar-capillary barrier that optimizes gas exchange. Capillary endothelium surveys the blood while simultaneously interpreting cues initiated within the alveolus and communicated via immediately adjacent type I and type II epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes. This cell-cell communication is necessary to coordinate the immune response to lower respiratory tract infection. Recent discoveries identify an important role for the microtubule-associated protein tau that is expressed in lung capillary endothelia in the host-pathogen interaction. This endothelial tau stabilizes microtubules necessary for barrier integrity, yet infection drives production of cytotoxic tau variants that are released into the airways and circulation, where they contribute to end-organ dysfunction. Similarly, beta-amyloid is produced during infection. Beta-amyloid has antimicrobial activity, but during infection it can acquire cytotoxic activity that is deleterious to the host. The production and function of these cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are the subject of this review. Lung-derived cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are a recently discovered mechanism of end-organ dysfunction, including neurocognitive dysfunction, during and in the aftermath of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Balczon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Mike T Lin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Sarah Voth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, Louisiana, United States
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Jonas C Schupp
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Brant M Wagener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
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14
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Xu M, Li J, Xia L, Du Y, Wu B, Shi X, Tian N, Pang Y, Yi L, Chen M, Song W, Dong Z. PCSK6 exacerbates Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by promoting MT5-MMP maturation. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114688. [PMID: 38216110 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 (PCSK6) is a calcium-dependent serine proteinase that regulates the proteolytic activity of various precursor proteins and facilitates protein maturation. Dysregulation of PCSK6 expression or function has been implicated in several pathological processes including nervous system diseases. However, whether and how PCSK6 is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. In this study, we reported that the expression of PCSK6 was significantly increased in the brain tissues of postmortem AD patients and APP23/PS45 transgenic AD model mice, as well as N2AAPP cells. Genetic knockdown of PCSK6 reduced amyloidogenic processing of APP in N2AAPP cells by suppressing the activation of membrane-type 5-matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP), referred to as η-secretase. We further found that PCSK6 cleaved and activated MT5-MMP by recognizing the RRRNKR sequence in its N-terminal propeptide domain in N2A cells. The mutation or knockout of this cleavage motif prevented PCSK6 from interacting with MT5-MMP and performing cleavage. Importantly, genetic knockdown of PCSK6 with adeno-associated virus (AAV) reduced Aβ production and ameliorated hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term spatial learning and memory in APP23/PS45 transgenic mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that genetic knockdown of PCSK6 effectively alleviate AD-related pathology and cognitive impairments by inactivating MT5-MMP, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic target for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Xu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yehong Du
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiuyu Shi
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Na Tian
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yayan Pang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Lilin Yi
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Mulan Chen
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China; Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
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15
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Azargoonjahromi A, Abutalebian F. Unraveling the therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol in Alzheimer's disease: an umbrella review of systematic evidence. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:15. [PMID: 38504306 PMCID: PMC10953289 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Resveratrol (RV), a natural compound found in grapes, berries, and peanuts, has been extensively studied for its potential in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). RV has shown promise in inhibiting the formation of beta-amyloid plaques (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), protecting against neuronal damage and oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, promoting neuroprotection, and improving the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, conflicting results have been reported, necessitating a comprehensive umbrella review of systematic reviews to provide an unbiased conclusion on the therapeutic effectiveness of RV in AD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to systematically synthesize and evaluate systematic and meta-analysis reviews investigating the role of RV in AD using data from both human and animal studies. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION Of the 34 systematic and meta-analysis reviews examining the association between RV and AD that were collected, six were included in this study based on specific selection criteria. To identify pertinent studies, a comprehensive search was conducted in English-language peer-reviewed journals without any restrictions on the publication date until October 15, 2023. The search was carried out across multiple databases, including Embase, MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, utilizing appropriate terms relevant to the specific research field. The AMSTAR-2 and ROBIS tools were also used to evaluate the quality and risk of bias of the included systematic reviews, respectively. Two researchers independently extracted and analyzed the data, resolving any discrepancies through consensus. Of note, the study adhered to the PRIOR checklist. DATA ANALYSIS This umbrella review presented robust evidence supporting the positive impacts of RV in AD, irrespective of the specific mechanisms involved. It indeed indicated that all six systematic and meta-analysis reviews unanimously concluded that the consumption of RV can be effective in the treatment of AD. CONCLUSION RV exhibits promising potential for benefiting individuals with AD through various mechanisms. It has been observed to enhance cognitive function, reduce Aβ accumulation, provide neuroprotection, protect the BBB, support mitochondrial function, facilitate synaptic plasticity, stabilize tau proteins, mitigate oxidative stress, and reduce neuroinflammation commonly associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Abutalebian
- Department of Biotechnology and Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Tehran Central Branch, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Zimmer VC, Lauer AA, Haupenthal V, Stahlmann CP, Mett J, Grösgen S, Hundsdörfer B, Rothhaar T, Endres K, Eckhardt M, Hartmann T, Grimm HS, Grimm MOW. A bidirectional link between sulfatide and Alzheimer's disease. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:265-283.e7. [PMID: 37972592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Reduced sulfatide level is found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Here, we demonstrate that amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing regulates sulfatide synthesis and vice versa. Different cell culture models and transgenic mice models devoid of APP processing or in particular the APP intracellular domain (AICD) reveal that AICD decreases Gal3st1/CST expression and subsequently sulfatide synthesis. In return, sulfatide supplementation decreases Aβ generation by reducing β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase processing of APP. Increased BACE1 lysosomal degradation leads to reduced BACE1 protein level in endosomes. Reduced γ-secretase activity is caused by a direct effect on γ-secretase activity and reduced amounts of γ-secretase components in lipid rafts. Similar changes were observed by analyzing cells and mice brain samples deficient of arylsulfatase A responsible for sulfatide degradation or knocked down in Gal3st1/CST. In line with these findings, addition of sulfatides to brain homogenates of AD patients resulted in reduced γ-secretase activity. Human brain APP level shows a significant negative correlation with GAL3ST1/CST expression underlining the in vivo relevance of sulfatide homeostasis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Christin Zimmer
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Anna Andrea Lauer
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Viola Haupenthal
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christoph Peter Stahlmann
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Janine Mett
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Biosciences Zoology/Physiology-Neurobiology, ZHMB (Center of Human and Molecular Biology), Faculty NT-Natural Science and Technology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sven Grösgen
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hundsdörfer
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tatjana Rothhaar
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Eckhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Heike Sabine Grimm
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Marcus Otto Walter Grimm
- Deutsches Institut für Demenzprävention (DIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany.
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17
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Wen X, Huang C, Xie H, Hu D, Luo J, Li K. The Applications of CircRNA in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03977-0. [PMID: 38315302 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and intervention are key to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is an urgent need for new biomarkers and molecular targets for the detection and treatment of early Alzheimer's pathology. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a newly discovered non-coding RNA with a special type of covalently closed single strand, with potential preventive and therapeutic applications in a variety of diseases. New studies in the field of circRNA in AD have made many exciting new discoveries in recent years, some of which have not received sufficient attention but have important research implications. This review will focus on existing studies of circRNA in AD and discuss future translational perspectives of proposed circRNA strategies for clinical application in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Wen
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hesong Xie
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Di Hu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Juyu Luo
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Keshen Li
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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18
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He Z, Zhang H, Li X, Shen L, Li N, Cheng S, Liu Q. Comparative proteomic analysis of cerebral cortex revealed neuroprotective mechanism of esculentoside A on Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 964:176226. [PMID: 38128868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Esculentoside A (EsA), isolated from phytolacca esculenta, is a saponin showing neuroprotective effect in the mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate its action target and underlying mechanism, this study used the proteomics technique of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) to analyze the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the cerebral cortex of EsA-treated and untreated triple-transgenic 3 × Tg-AD model mice. Proteomic comparison revealed 250, 436, and 903 DEPs in three group pairs, i.e. AD/Wild-type (WT), AD+5 mg/kg EsA/AD, AD+10 mg/kg EsA/AD, respectively. Among them 28 DEPs were commonly shared by three group pairs, and 25 of them showed reversed expression levels in the diseased group under the treatment of both doses of EsA. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these DEPs were mainly linked to metabolism, synapses, apoptosis, learning and memory. EsA treatment restored the expression of these proteins, including amyloid precursor protein (APP), cathepsin B (Cstb), 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (Abat), 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase1 (Cpt1) and synaptotagmin 17 (Syt17), thereby ameliorated the spatial learning and memory of AD mice. Collectively, this study reveals for the first time the profound effect of EsA on the cerebral cortex of AD mice, which might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Huajie Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Liming Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Nan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, 518055, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se-rich Agricultural Products, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, 518055, China.
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19
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Nasb M, Tao W, Chen N. Alzheimer's Disease Puzzle: Delving into Pathogenesis Hypotheses. Aging Dis 2024; 15:43-73. [PMID: 37450931 PMCID: PMC10796101 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by both amnestic and non-amnestic clinical manifestations. It accounts for approximately 60-70% of all dementia cases worldwide. With the increasing number of AD patients, elucidating underlying mechanisms and developing corresponding interventional strategies are necessary. Hypotheses about AD such as amyloid cascade, Tau hyper-phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cholinergic, and vascular hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and all of them play a certain role in the development of AD. The amyloid cascade hypothesis is currently the most widely studied; however, other hypotheses are also gaining support. This article summarizes the recent evidence regarding major pathological hypotheses of AD and their potential interplay, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each hypothesis and their implications for the development of effective treatments. This could stimulate further studies and promote the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Joshi N, Alavala RR. Sulfonamido, amido heterocyclic adducts of tetrazole derivatives as BACE1 inhibitors: in silico exploration. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10792-7. [PMID: 38267751 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases and is accompanied by a high mortality rate in patients above 70 years of age. The formation of senile plaques composed of amyloid-β protein is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a proteolytic enzyme involved in the degradation of amyloid precursor protein, which further degrades to form toxic amyloid-β fragments. Hence, inhibition of BACE1 was stated to be an effective strategy for Alzheimer's therapeutics. Keeping in mind the structures of different BACE1 inhibitors that had reached the clinical trials, we designed a library of compounds (total 164) based on a substituted 5-amino tetrazole scaffold which was an isosteric replacement of the cyclic amidine moiety, a common component of the BACE1 inhibitors which reached the clinical trials. The scaffold was linked to different structural moieties with the aid of an amide or sulfonamide bond to design some novel molecules. Molecular docking was initially performed and the top 5 molecules were selected based on docking scores and protein-ligand interactions. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations were performed for these molecules (3g, 7k, 8n, 9d, 9g) for 100 ns and MM-GBSA calculations were performed for each of these complexes. After critical evaluation of the obtained results, three potential molecules (9d, 8n, and 7k) were forwarded for prolonged stability studies by performing molecular dynamic simulations for 250 ns and simultaneous MM-GBSA calculations. It was observed that the compounds (9d, 8n, and 7k) were forming good interactions with the amino acid residues of the catalytic site of the enzyme with multiple non-covalent interactions. In MD simulations, the compounds have shown better stability and better binding energy throughout the runtime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket Joshi
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V L Mehta Road, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Rajasekhar Reddy Alavala
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V L Mehta Road, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
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Yuan J, Kitchener AC, Lackey LB, Sun T, Jiangzuo Q, Tuohetahong Y, Zhao L, Yang P, Wang G, Huang C, Wang J, Hou W, Liu Y, Chen W, Mi D, Murphy WJ, Li G. The genome of the black-footed cat: Revealing a rich natural history and urgent conservation priorities for small felids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310763120. [PMID: 38165928 PMCID: PMC10786289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310763120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Habitat degradation and loss of genetic diversity are common threats faced by almost all of today's wild cats. Big cats, such as tigers and lions, are of great concern and have received considerable conservation attention through policies and international actions. However, knowledge of and conservation actions for small wild cats are lagging considerably behind. The black-footed cat, Felis nigripes, one of the smallest felid species, is experiencing increasing threats with a rapid reduction in population size. However, there is a lack of genetic information to assist in developing effective conservation actions. A de novo assembly of a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of the black-footed cat was made, and comparative genomics and population genomics analyses were carried out. These analyses revealed that the most significant genetic changes in the evolution of the black-footed cat are the rapid evolution of sensory and metabolic-related genes, reflecting genetic adaptations to its characteristic nocturnal hunting and a high metabolic rate. Genomes of the black-footed cat exhibit a high level of inbreeding, especially for signals of recent inbreeding events, which suggest that they may have experienced severe genetic isolation caused by habitat fragmentation. More importantly, inbreeding associated with two deleterious mutated genes may exacerbate the risk of amyloidosis, the dominant disease that causes mortality of about 70% of captive individuals. Our research provides comprehensive documentation of the evolutionary history of the black-footed cat and suggests that there is an urgent need to investigate genomic variations of small felids worldwide to support effective conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Andrew C. Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, EdinburghEH1 1JF, United Kingdom
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3PX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ting Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Qigao Jiangzuo
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100044, China
| | | | - Le Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
- QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong723099, China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Guiqiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Chen Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Jinhong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Wenhui Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou510070, China
| | - Da Mi
- Xi’an Haorui Genomics Technology Co., Ltd., Xi’an710116, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an710049, China
| | - William J. Murphy
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Gang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an710119, China
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou510070, China
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Liang J, LaFleur B, Hussainy S, Perry G. Gene Co-Expression Analysis of Multiple Brain Tissues Reveals Correlation of FAM222A Expression with Multiple Alzheimer's Disease-Related Genes. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:S249-S263. [PMID: 37092222 PMCID: PMC11091573 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly marked by central nervous system (CNS) neuronal loss and amyloid plaques. FAM222A, encoding an amyloid plaque core protein, is an AD brain atrophy susceptibility gene that mediates amyloid-β aggregation. However, the expression interplay between FAM222A and other AD-related pathway genes is unclear. Objective Our goal was to study FAM222A's whole-genome co-expression profile in multiple tissues and investigate its interplay with other AD-related genes. Methods We analyzed gene expression correlations in Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) tissues to identify FAM222A co-expressed genes and performed functional enrichment analysis on identified genes in CNS system. Results Genome-wide gene expression profiling identified 673 genes significantly correlated with FAM222A (p < 2.5×10-6) in 48 human tissues, including 298 from 13 CNS tissues. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that FAM222A co-expressed CNS genes were enriched in multiple AD-related pathways. Gene co-expression network analysis for identified genes in each brain region predicted other disease associated genes with similar biological function. Furthermore, co-expression of 25 out of 31 AD-related pathways genes with FAM222A was replicated in brain samples from 107 aged subjects from the Aging, Dementia and TBI Study. Conclusion This gene co-expression study identified multiple AD-related genes that are associated with FAM222A, indicating that FAM222A and AD-associated genes can be active simultaneously in similar biological processes, providing evidence that supports the association of FAM222A with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bonnie LaFleur
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sadiya Hussainy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Liu MH, Tang Y, Qu LQ, Song LL, Lo HH, Zhang RL, Yun XY, Wang HM, Chan JTW, Wu JH, Wang CR, Wong VKW, Wu AG, Law BYK. Raddeanin A isolated from Anemone raddeana Regel improves pathological and cognitive deficits of the mice model of Alzheimer's disease by targeting β-amyloidosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155121. [PMID: 37856988 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raddeanin A is a triterpenoid isolated from Anemone raddeana Regel. It exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory, however, its neuroprotective effect in targeting Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains uninvestigated. PURPOSE To provide scientific base for the development of novel AD drug by clarifying the neuroprotective effect and molecular mechanisms of raddeanin A in both in vitro and in vivo AD model. STUDY DESIGN To confirm the neuroprotective role of raddeanin A in the treatment of AD, its mechanisms and effects on β-amyloidosis and Aβ fibrillation was studied in U87 cells. Besides, the improvement on cognitive deficit, pathological defects, reactive astrocyte clusters, inhibition on neuronal inflammation and apoptosis were further studied in 3 x Tg-AD mice model of AD. METHODS Real-time PCR, western blot, dot blot, biolayer interferometry and bioinformatics analysis were used to confirm the in vitro effect and targets of raddeanin A on β-amyloidosis and its associated protein network. A series of experiments including Morris water maze, H&E staining, nissl staining and immunofluorescence analysis were conducted to confirm the protective behavioral effect of raddeanin A in the in vivo AD mice model. RESULTS Raddeanin A was identified to reduce β-amyloidosis in U87 cells and 3 x Tg-AD mice model of AD by decreasing level of BACE1, APP, APP-β and Aβ. Raddeanin A improved behavioral, spatial memory and learning ability in the AD mice. In the cortex and hippocampus, raddeanin A improved the morphology and arrangement of neurons, lower the level of reactive astrocyte marker GFAP and apoptotic marker proteins Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Moreover, raddeanin A upregulated the mRNA and protein level of Prkcα in the hippocampus of AD mice whose neuroprotective effect was exerted possibly via the activation of protein kinase C. CONCLUSION As a novel natural agent targeting β-amyloidosis, our results provide the first evidence of the multiple in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effect of raddeanin A, suggesting its potential therapeutic application in preventing or alleviating the symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Han Liu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Li Qun Qu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Lin Lin Song
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hang Hong Lo
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Rui Long Zhang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiao Yun Yun
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hui Miao Wang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Joyce Tsz Wai Chan
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jian Hui Wu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Cai Ren Wang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - An Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Huang H, Zhu Y, Liao L, Gao S, Tao Y, Fang X, Lian Y, Gao C. The long-term effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation on Alzheimer's disease-type pathologies in APP/PS1 mice. Brain Res Bull 2023; 202:110735. [PMID: 37586425 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), an emerging and highly efficient paradigm of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), has been demonstrated to mitigate cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Previous clinical studies have shown that the cognitive improvement of iTBS could last several weeks after treatment. Nonetheless, it is largely uncertain how the long-term effects of iTBS treatment are sustained. To investigate whether iTBS has a long-term effect on AD-type pathologies, 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice are administrated with 30 consecutive days of iTBS treatment. After a 2-month interval, morphological alterations in the brain are examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, while levels of associated proteins are assessed by Western blot at the age of 9 months. We find that iTBS treatment significantly diminishes Aβ burden in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, we observe that iTBS treatment inhibits the expression of BACE1 and elevates the level of IDE, suggesting that the reduction of Aβ load could be attributed to the inhibition of Aβ production and facilitation of Aβ degradation. Furthermore, iTBS treatment attenuates neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and synaptic loss in APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, these data indicate that 1 month of iTBS treatment ameliorates pathologies in the brain of AD mice for at least 2 months. We provide the novel evidence that iTBS may exert after-effects on AD-type pathologies via inhibition of Aβ production and facilitation of Aβ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lingyi Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Shihao Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiangqin Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yan Lian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Changyue Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Hu J, Zheng L, Guan Z, Zhong K, Huang F, Huang Q, Yang J, Li W, Li S. Sensory gamma entrainment: Impact on amyloid protein and therapeutic mechanism. Brain Res Bull 2023; 202:110750. [PMID: 37625524 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is one of the main pathological features of AD. The much-talked sensory gamma entrainment may be a new treatment for Aβ load. Here we reviewed the generation and clearance pathways of Aβ, aberrant gamma oscillation in AD, and the therapeutic effect of sensory gamma entrainment on AD. In addition, we discuss these results based on stimulus parameters and possible potential mechanisms. This provides the support for sensory gamma entrainment targeting Aβ to improve AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Hu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Leyan Zheng
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Ziyu Guan
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Kexin Zhong
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Fankai Huang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Qiankai Huang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China; Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Weiyun Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China; Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China; Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China.
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Roselli S, Satir TM, Camacho R, Fruhwürth S, Bergström P, Zetterberg H, Agholme L. APP-BACE1 Interaction and Intracellular Localization Regulate Aβ Production in iPSC-Derived Cortical Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3653-3668. [PMID: 37355492 PMCID: PMC10477112 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by amyloid β (Aβ)-containing plaques. Generation of Aβ from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by two enzymes, β- and γ-secretase, has therefore been in the AD research spotlight for decades. Despite this, how the physical interaction of APP with the secretases influences APP processing is not fully understood. Herein, we compared two genetically identical human iPSC-derived neuronal cell types: low Aβ-secreting neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) and high Aβ-secreting mature neurons, as models of low versus high Aβ production. We investigated levels of substrate, enzymes and products of APP amyloidogenic processing and correlated them with the proximity of APP to β- and γ-secretase in endo-lysosomal organelles. In mature neurons, increased colocalization of full-length APP with the β-secretase BACE1 correlated with increased β-cleavage product sAPPβ. Increased flAPP/BACE1 colocalization was mainly found in early endosomes. In the same way, increased colocalization of APP-derived C-terminal fragment (CTF) with presenilin-1 (PSEN1), the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, was seen in neurons as compared to NPCs. Furthermore, most of the interaction of APP with BACE1 in low Aβ-secreting NPCs seemed to derive from CTF, the remaining APP part after BACE1 cleavage, indicating a possible novel product-enzyme inhibition. In conclusion, our results suggest that interaction of APP and APP cleavage products with their secretases can regulate Aβ production both positively and negatively. β- and γ-Secretases are difficult targets for AD treatment due to their ubiquitous nature and wide range of substrates. Therefore, targeting APP-secretase interactions could be a novel treatment strategy for AD. Colocalization of APP species with BACE1 in a novel model of low- versus high-Aβ secretion-Two genetically identical human iPSC-derived neuronal cell types: low Aβ-secreting neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) and high Aβ secreting mature neurons, were compared. Increased full-length APP (flAPP)/BACE1 colocalization in early endosomes was seen in neurons, while APP-CTF/BACE1 colocalization was much higher than flAPP/BACE1 colocalization in NPCs, although the cellular location was not determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Roselli
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Tugce Munise Satir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rafael Camacho
- Centre for Cellular Imaging, Core Facilities, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Fruhwürth
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Bergström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Building V3, Mölndal Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London Queen Square, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Units 1501-1502, 1512-1518, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Lotta Agholme
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 15, Sahlgrenska Hospital, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Li W, Pang Y, Wang Y, Mei F, Guo M, Wei Y, Li X, Qin W, Wang W, Jia L, Jia J. Aberrant palmitoylation caused by a ZDHHC21 mutation contributes to pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med 2023; 21:223. [PMID: 37365538 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of pathogenic mutations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) causal genes led to a better understanding of the pathobiology of AD. Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is known to be associated with mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes involved in Aβ production; however, these genetic defects occur in only about 10-20% of FAD cases, and more genes and new mechanism causing FAD remain largely obscure. METHODS We performed exome sequencing on family members with a FAD pedigree and identified gene variant ZDHHC21 p.T209S. A ZDHHC21T209S/T209S knock-in mouse model was then generated using CRISPR/Cas9. The Morris water navigation task was then used to examine spatial learning and memory. The involvement of aberrant palmitoylation of FYN tyrosine kinase and APP in AD pathology was evaluated using biochemical methods and immunostaining. Aβ and tau pathophysiology was evaluated using ELISA, biochemical methods, and immunostaining. Field recordings of synaptic long-term potentiation were obtained to examine synaptic plasticity. The density of synapses and dendritic branches was quantified using electron microscopy and Golgi staining. RESULTS We identified a variant (c.999A > T, p.T209S) of ZDHHC21 gene in a Han Chinese family. The proband presented marked cognitive impairment at 55 years of age (Mini-Mental State Examination score = 5, Clinical Dementia Rating = 3). Considerable Aβ retention was observed in the bilateral frontal, parietal, and lateral temporal cortices. The novel heterozygous missense mutation (p.T209S) was detected in all family members with AD and was not present in those unaffected, indicating cosegregation. ZDHHC21T209S/T209S mice exhibited cognitive impairment and synaptic dysfunction, suggesting the strong pathogenicity of the mutation. The ZDHHC21 p.T209S mutation significantly enhanced FYN palmitoylation, causing overactivation of NMDAR2B, inducing increased neuronal sensitivity to excitotoxicity leading to further synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss. The palmitoylation of APP was also increased in ZDHHC21T209S/T209S mice, possibly contributing to Aβ production. Palmitoyltransferase inhibitors reversed synaptic function impairment. CONCLUSIONS ZDHHC21 p.T209S is a novel, candidate causal gene mutation in a Chinese FAD pedigree. Our discoveries strongly suggest that aberrant protein palmitoylation mediated by ZDHHC21 mutations is a new pathogenic mechanism of AD, warranting further investigations for the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yana Pang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Mei
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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Booth BJ, Nourreddine S, Katrekar D, Savva Y, Bose D, Long TJ, Huss DJ, Mali P. RNA editing: Expanding the potential of RNA therapeutics. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1533-1549. [PMID: 36620962 PMCID: PMC9824937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA therapeutics have had a tremendous impact on medicine, recently exemplified by the rapid development and deployment of mRNA vaccines to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, RNA-targeting drugs have been developed for diseases with significant unmet medical needs through selective mRNA knockdown or modulation of pre-mRNA splicing. Recently, RNA editing, particularly antisense RNA-guided adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR)-based programmable A-to-I editing, has emerged as a powerful tool to manipulate RNA to enable correction of disease-causing mutations and modulate gene expression and protein function. Beyond correcting pathogenic mutations, the technology is particularly well suited for therapeutic applications that require a transient pharmacodynamic effect, such as the treatment of acute pain, obesity, viral infection, and inflammation, where it would be undesirable to introduce permanent alterations to the genome. Furthermore, transient modulation of protein function, such as altering the active sites of enzymes or the interface of protein-protein interactions, opens the door to therapeutic avenues ranging from regenerative medicine to oncology. These emerging RNA-editing-based toolsets are poised to broadly impact biotechnology and therapeutic applications. Here, we review the emerging field of therapeutic RNA editing, highlight recent laboratory advancements, and discuss the key challenges on the path to clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sami Nourreddine
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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29
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Schilling S, Pradhan A, Heesch A, Helbig A, Blennow K, Koch C, Bertgen L, Koo EH, Brinkmalm G, Zetterberg H, Kins S, Eggert S. Differential effects of familial Alzheimer's disease-causing mutations on amyloid precursor protein (APP) trafficking, proteolytic conversion, and synaptogenic activity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:87. [PMID: 37259128 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key player in Alzheimer`s disease (AD) and the precursor of the Aβ peptide, which is generated by consecutive cleavages of β- and γ-secretases. Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) describes a hereditary subgroup of AD that represents a low percentage of AD cases with an early onset of the disease. Different APP FAD mutations are thought to have qualitatively different effects on its proteolytic conversion. However, few studies have explored the pathogenic and putative physiological differences in more detail. Here, we compared different FAD mutations, located at the β- (Swedish), α- (Flemish, Arctic, Iowa) or γ-secretase (Iberian) cleavage sites. We examined heterologous expression of APP WT and FAD mutants in non-neuronal cells and their impact on presynaptic differentiation in contacting axons of co-cultured neurons. To decipher the underlying molecular mechanism, we tested the subcellular localization, the endocytosis rate and the proteolytic processing in detail by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Interestingly, we found that only the Iberian mutation showed altered synaptogenic function. Furthermore, the APP Iowa mutant shows significantly decreased α-secretase processing which is in line with our results that APP carrying the Iowa mutation was significantly increased in early endosomes. However, most interestingly, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the amino acid substitutions of APP FAD mutants have a decisive impact on their processing reflected in altered Aβ profiles. Importantly, N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides starting at position 5 were detected preferentially for APP Flemish, Arctic, and Iowa mutants containing amino acid substitutions around the α-secretase cleavage site. The strongest change in the ratio of Aβ40/Aβ42 was observed for the Iberian mutation while APP Swedish showed a substantial increase in Aβ1-17 peptides. Together, our data indicate that familial AD mutations located at the α-, β-, and γ-secretase cleavage sites show considerable differences in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schilling
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Amelie Heesch
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrea Helbig
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christian Koch
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lea Bertgen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Edward H Koo
- San Diego (UCSD), Department of Neuroscience, University of California, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0662, USA
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City-Campus, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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30
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Yadav Y, Sharma M, Dey CS. PP1γ regulates neuronal insulin signaling and aggravates insulin resistance leading to AD-like phenotypes. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:82. [PMID: 37085815 PMCID: PMC10120118 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PP1γ is one of the isoforms of catalytic subunit of a Ser/Thr phosphatase PP1. The role of PP1γ in cellular regulation is largely unknown. The present study investigated the role of PP1γ in regulating neuronal insulin signaling and insulin resistance in neuronal cells. PP1 was inhibited in mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a) and human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). The expression of PP1α and PP1γ was determined in insulin resistant N2a, SH-SY5Y cells and in high-fat-diet-fed-diabetic mice whole-brain-lysates. PP1α and PP1γ were silenced by siRNA in N2a and SH-SY5Y cells and effect was tested on AKT isoforms, AS160 and GSK3 isoforms using western immunoblot, GLUT4 translocation by confocal microscopy and glucose uptake by fluorescence-based assay. RESULTS Results showed that, in one hand PP1γ, and not PP1α, regulates neuronal insulin signaling and insulin resistance by regulating phosphorylation of AKT2 via AKT2-AS160-GLUT4 axis. On the other hand, PP1γ regulates phosphorylation of GSK3β via AKT2 while phosphorylation of GSK3α via MLK3. Imbalance in this regulation results into AD-like phenotype. CONCLUSION PP1γ acts as a linker, regulating two pathophysiological conditions, neuronal insulin resistance and AD. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Yadav
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Medha Sharma
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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31
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Guzmán-Ocampo DC, Aguayo-Ortiz R, Velasco-Bolom JL, Gupta PL, Roitberg AE, Dominguez L. Elucidating the Protonation State of the γ-Secretase Catalytic Dyad. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:261-269. [PMID: 36562727 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase (GS) is an intramembrane aspartyl protease that participates in the sequential cleavage of C99 to generate different isoforms of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides that are associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease. Due to its importance in the proteolytic processing of C99 by GS, we performed pH replica exchange molecular dynamics (pH-REMD) simulations of GS in its apo and substrate-bound forms to sample the protonation states of the catalytic dyad. We found that the catalytic dyad is deprotonated at physiological pH in our apo form, but the presence of the substrate at the active site displaces its monoprotonated state toward physiological pH. Our results show that Asp257 acts as the general base and Asp385 as the general acid during the cleavage mechanism. We identified different amino acids such as Lys265, Arg269, and the PAL motif interacting with the catalytic dyad and promoting changes in its acid-base behavior. Finally, we also found a significant pKa shift of Glu280 related to the internalization of TM6-CT in the GS-apo form. Our study provides critical mechanistic insight into the GS mechanism and the basis for future research on the genesis of Aβ peptides and the development of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce C Guzmán-Ocampo
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City04510, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City04510, Mexico
| | - José-Luis Velasco-Bolom
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City04510, Mexico
| | - Pancham Lal Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611-7200, United States
| | - Adrian E Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611-7200, United States
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City04510, Mexico
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Xiong W, Cai J, Sun B, Lin H, Wei C, Huang C, Zhu X, Tan H. The association between genetic variations and morphology-based brain networks changes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 36625269 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly heritable disease. The morphological changes of cortical cortex (such as, cortical thickness and surface area) in AD always accompany by the change of the functional connectivity to other brain regions and influence the short- and long-range brain network connections, causing functional deficits of AD. In this study, the first hypothesis is that genetic variations might affect morphology-based brain networks, leading to functional deficits; the second hypothesis is that protein-protein interaction (PPI) between the candidate proteins and known interacting proteins to AD might exist and influence AD. 600 470 variants and structural magnetic resonance imaging scans from 175 AD patients and 214 healthy controls were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 database. A co-sparse reduced-rank regression model was fit to study the relationship between non-synonymous mutations and morphology-based brain networks. After that, PPIs between selected genes and BACE1, an enzyme that was known to be related to AD, are explored by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments. Eight genes affecting morphology-based brain networks were identified. The results of MD simulation showed that the PPI between TGM4 and BACE1 was the strongest among them and its interaction was verified by Co-IP. Hence, gene variations influence morphology-based brain networks in AD, leading to functional deficits. This finding, validated by MD simulation and Co-IP, suggests that the effect is robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixue Xiong
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiahui Cai
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Henghui Lin
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Chiyu Wei
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | | | - Xiaohui Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haizhu Tan
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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33
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The paradigm of amyloid precursor protein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The potential role of the 682YENPTY 687 motif. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:923-930. [PMID: 36698966 PMCID: PMC9860402 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive decline of neuronal function in several brain areas, and are always associated with cognitive, psychiatric, or motor deficits due to the atrophy of certain neuronal populations. Most neurodegenerative diseases share common pathological mechanisms, such as neurotoxic protein misfolding, oxidative stress, and impairment of autophagy machinery. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most common adult-onset motor neuron disorders worldwide. It is clinically characterized by the selective and progressive loss of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord, ultimately leading to muscle atrophy and rapidly progressive paralysis. Multiple recent studies have indicated that the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its proteolytic fragments are not only drivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but also one of the earliest signatures in ALS, preceding or anticipating neuromuscular junction instability and denervation. Indeed, altered levels of APP peptides have been found in the brain, muscles, skin, and cerebrospinal fluid of ALS patients. In this short review, we discuss the nature and extent of research evidence on the role of APP peptides in ALS, focusing on the intracellular C-terminal peptide and its regulatory motif 682YENPTY687, with the overall aim of providing new frameworks and perspectives for intervention and identifying key questions for future investigations.
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Tayanloo-Beik A, Nikkhah A, Alaei S, Goodarzi P, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Mafi AR, Larijani B, Shouroki FF, Arjmand B. Brown adipose tissue and alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:91-107. [PMID: 36322277 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of senile dementia, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive dysfunction and behavioral disability. The two histopathological hallmarks in this disease are the extraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposition of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Despite this, central and peripheral metabolic dysfunction, such as abnormal brain signaling, insulin resistance, inflammation, and impaired glucose utilization, have been indicated to be correlated with AD. There is solid evidence that the age-associated thermoregulatory deficit induces diverse metabolic changes associated with AD development. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been known as a thermoregulatory organ particularly vital during infancy. However, in recent years, BAT has been accepted as an endocrine organ, being involved in various functions that prevent AD, such as regulating energy metabolism, secreting hormones, improving insulin sensitivity, and increasing glucose utilization in adult humans. This review focuses on the mechanisms of BAT activation and the effect of aging on BAT production and signaling. Specifically, the evidence demonstrating the effect of BAT on pathological mechanisms influencing the development of AD, including insulin pathway, thermoregulation, and other hormonal pathways, are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Tayanloo-Beik
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirabbas Nikkhah
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Alaei
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Goodarzi
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Rezazadeh Mafi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Fazeli Shouroki
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhang R, Song Y, Su X. Necroptosis and Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S367-S386. [PMID: 36463451 PMCID: PMC10473100 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered to be the most common neurodegenerative disease, with clinical symptoms encompassing progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment. Necroptosis is a form of programmed necrosis that promotes cell death and neuroinflammation, which further mediates the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, especially AD. Current evidence has strongly suggested that necroptosis is activated in AD brains, resulting in neuronal death and cognitive impairment. We searched the PubMed database, screening all articles published before September 28, 2022 related to necroptosis in the context of AD pathology. The keywords in the search included: "necroptosis", "Alzheimer's disease", "signaling pathways", "Aβ", Aβo", "Tau", "p-Tau", "neuronal death", "BBB damage", "neuroinflammation", "microglia", "mitochondrial dysfunction", "granulovacuolar degeneration", "synaptic loss", "axonal degeneration", "Nec-1", "Nec-1s", "GSK872", "NSA", "OGA", "RIPK1", "RIPK3", and "MLKL". Results show that necroptosis has been involved in multiple pathological processes of AD, including amyloid-β aggregation, Tau accumulation, neuronal death, and blood-brain barrier damage, etc. More importantly, existing research on AD necroptosis interventions, including drug intervention and potential gene targets, as well as its current clinical development status, was discussed. Finally, the issues pertaining to necroptosis in AD were presented. Accordingly, this review may provide further insight into clinical perspectives and challenges for the future treatment of AD by targeting the necroptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxin Zhang
- Linfen People’s Hospital, Linfen, Shanxi, China
| | | | - Xuefeng Su
- Linfen People’s Hospital, Linfen, Shanxi, China
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36
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Buser DP, Spang A. Protein sorting from endosomes to the TGN. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1140605. [PMID: 36895788 PMCID: PMC9988951 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1140605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrograde transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network is essential for recycling of protein and lipid cargoes to counterbalance anterograde membrane traffic. Protein cargo subjected to retrograde traffic include lysosomal acid-hydrolase receptors, SNARE proteins, processing enzymes, nutrient transporters, a variety of other transmembrane proteins, and some extracellular non-host proteins such as viral, plant, and bacterial toxins. Efficient delivery of these protein cargo molecules depends on sorting machineries selectively recognizing and concentrating them for their directed retrograde transport from endosomal compartments. In this review, we outline the different retrograde transport pathways governed by various sorting machineries involved in endosome-to-TGN transport. In addition, we discuss how this transport route can be analyzed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Spang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Wen QX, Luo B, Xie XY, Zhou GF, Chen J, Song L, Liu Y, Xie SQ, Chen L, Li KY, Xiang XJ, Chen GJ. AP2S1 regulates APP degradation through late endosome-lysosome fusion in cells and APP/PS1 mice. Traffic 2023; 24:20-33. [PMID: 36412210 PMCID: PMC10107530 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AP2S1 is the sigma 2 subunit of adaptor protein 2 (AP2) that is essential for endocytosis. In this study, we investigated the potential role of AP2S1 in intracellular processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), which contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) by generating the toxic β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). We found that knockdown or overexpression of AP2S1 decreased or increased the protein levels of APP and Aβ in cells stably expressing human full-length APP695, respectively. This effect was unrelated to endocytosis but involved lysosomal degradation. Morphological studies revealed that silencing of AP2S1 promoted the translocalization of APP from RAB9-positive late endosomes (LE) to LAMP1-positive lysosomes, which was paralleled by the enhanced LE-lysosome fusion. In support, silencing of vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 (VPS41) that is implicated in LE-lyso fusion prevented AP2S1-mediated regulation of APP degradation and translocalization. In APP/PS1 mice, an animal model of AD, AAV-mediated delivery of AP2S1 shRNA in the hippocampus significantly reduced the protein levels of APP and Aβ, with the concomitant APP translocalization, LE-lyso fusion and the improved cognitive functions. Taken together, these data uncover a LE-lyso fusion mechanism in APP degradation and suggest a novel role for AP2S1 in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xin Wen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Biao Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Gui-Feng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Qi Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Xiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Major Neurological and Mental Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing, China.,Institute for Brain Science and Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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PS1 Affects the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease by Regulating BACE1 Distribution in the ER and BACE1 Maturation in the Golgi Apparatus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416151. [PMID: 36555791 PMCID: PMC9782474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuritic plaques are one of the major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. They are formed by the aggregation of extracellular amyloid-β protein (Aβ), which is derived from the sequential cleavage of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase. BACE1 is the main β-secretase in the pathogenic process of Alzheimer's disease, which is believed to be a rate-limiting step of Aβ production. Presenilin 1 (PS1) is the active center of the γ-secretase that participates in the APP hydrolysis process. Mutations in the PS1 gene (PSEN1) are the most common cause of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). The PSEN1 mutations can alter the activity of γ-secretase on the cleavage of APP. Previous studies have shown that PSEN1 mutations increase the expression and activity of BACE1 and that BACE1 expression and activity are elevated in the brains of PSEN1 mutant knock-in mice, compared with wild-type mice, as well as in the cerebral cortex of FAD patients carrying PSEN1 mutations, compared with sporadic AD patients and controls. Here, we used a Psen1 knockout cell line and a PS1 inhibitor to show that PS1 affects the expression of BACE1 in vitro. Furthermore, we used sucrose gradient fractionation combined with western blotting to analyze the distribution of BACE1, combined with a time-lapse technique to show that PS1 upregulates the distribution and trafficking of BACE1 in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and endosomes. More importantly, we found that the PSEN1 mutant S170F increases the distribution of BACE1 in the endoplasmic reticulum and changes the ratio of mature BACE1 in the trans-Golgi network. The effect of PSEN1 mutations on BACE1 may contribute to determining the phenotype of early onset FAD.
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Alraawi Z, Banerjee N, Mohanty S, Kumar TKS. Amyloidogenesis: What Do We Know So Far? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213970. [PMID: 36430450 PMCID: PMC9695042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of protein aggregation, and amyloidosis in particular, has gained considerable interest in recent times. Several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) show a characteristic buildup of proteinaceous aggregates in several organs, especially the brain. Despite the enormous upsurge in research articles in this arena, it would not be incorrect to say that we still lack a crystal-clear idea surrounding these notorious aggregates. In this review, we attempt to present a holistic picture on protein aggregation and amyloids in particular. Using a chronological order of discoveries, we present the case of amyloids right from the onset of their discovery, various biophysical techniques, including analysis of the structure, the mechanisms and kinetics of the formation of amyloids. We have discussed important questions on whether aggregation and amyloidosis are restricted to a subset of specific proteins or more broadly influenced by the biophysiochemical and cellular environment. The therapeutic strategies and the significant failure rate of drugs in clinical trials pertaining to these neurodegenerative diseases have been also discussed at length. At a time when the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the globe hard, the review also discusses the plausibility of the far-reaching consequences posed by the virus, such as triggering early onset of amyloidosis. Finally, the application(s) of amyloids as useful biomaterials has also been discussed briefly in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Alraawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fulbright College of Art and Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Nayan Banerjee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Srujana Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata 741246, India
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Implications of Microorganisms in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4584-4615. [PMID: 36286029 PMCID: PMC9600878 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a deadly brain degenerative disorder that leads to brain shrinkage and dementia. AD is manifested with hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide buildup in the hippocampus and cortex regions of the brain. The nervous tissue of AD patients also contains fungal proteins and DNA which are linked to bacterial infections, suggesting that polymicrobial infections also occur in the brains of those with AD. Both immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques were employed to assess fungal and bacterial infections in the brain tissue of AD patients and non-AD controls, with the most prevalent fungus genera detected in AD patients being Alternaria, Botrytis, Candida, and Malassezia. Interestingly, Fusarium was the most common genus detected in the control group. Both AD patients and controls were also detectable for Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroides for bacterial infection. At the family level, Burkholderiaceae and Staphylococcaceae exhibited higher levels in the brains of those with AD than the brains of the control group. Accordingly, there is thought to be a viscous cycle of uncontrolled neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain, caused by agents such as the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), Chlamydophilapneumonia, and Spirochetes, and the presence of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), which is associated with an increased proinflammatory response in the immune system. Systemic proinflammatory cytokines are produced by microorganisms such as Cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter pylori, and those related to periodontal infections. These can then cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and lead to the onset of dementia. Here, we reviewed the relationship between the etiology of AD and microorganisms (such as bacterial pathogens, Herpesviridae viruses, and periodontal pathogens) according to the evidence available to understand the pathogenesis of AD. These findings might guide a targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach to AD.
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Valiukas Z, Ephraim R, Tangalakis K, Davidson M, Apostolopoulos V, Feehan J. Immunotherapies for Alzheimer’s Disease—A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091527. [PMID: 36146605 PMCID: PMC9503401 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that falls under the umbrella of dementia and is characterised by the presence of highly neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau protein within the brain. Historically, treatments for AD have consisted of medications that can slow the progression of symptoms but not halt or reverse them. The shortcomings of conventional drugs have led to a growing need for novel, effective approaches to the treatment of AD. In recent years, immunotherapies have been at the forefront of these efforts. Briefly, immunotherapies utilise the immune system of the patient to treat a condition, with common immunotherapies for AD consisting of the use of monoclonal antibodies or vaccines. Most of these treatments target the production and deposition of Aβ due to its neurotoxicity, but treatments specifically targeting tau protein are being researched as well. These treatments have had great variance in their efficacy and safety, leading to a constant need for the research and development of new safe and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Valiukas
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Ramya Ephraim
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Kathy Tangalakis
- First Year College, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Liu Y, Yang G, Cui W, Zhang Y, Liang X. Regulatory mechanisms of tetramethylpyrazine on central nervous system diseases: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:948600. [PMID: 36133805 PMCID: PMC9483103 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.948600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases can lead to motor, sensory, speech, cognitive dysfunction, and sometimes even death. These diseases are recognized to cause a substantial socio-economic impact on a global scale. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the main active ingredients extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Ligusticum striatum DC. (Chuan Xiong). Many in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that TMP has a certain role in the treatment of CNS diseases through inhibiting calcium ion overload and glutamate excitotoxicity, anti-oxidative/nitrification stress, mitigating inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis, protecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and facilitating synaptic plasticity. In this review, we summarize the roles and mechanisms of action of TMP on ischemic cerebrovascular disease, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive impairments, migraine, and depression. Our review will provide new insights into the clinical applications of TMP and the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunling Zhang, ; Xiao Liang,
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunling Zhang, ; Xiao Liang,
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Yang Y, Wang X, Xiao A, Han J, Wang Z, Wen M. Ketogenic diet prevents chronic sleep deprivation-induced Alzheimer’s disease by inhibiting iron dyshomeostasis and promoting repair via Sirt1/Nrf2 pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:998292. [PMID: 36118706 PMCID: PMC9475074 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.998292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) is one of the main risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Ketogenic diet (KD) has been shown widely neuroprotective effects but less known about its effect on SD-induced AD. In the present study, a continuous 21 days SD mouse model with or without KD was established. The changes of cognitive function, pathological hallmarks of AD, ferroptosis, and intracellular signal pathways in mice were detected by Morris water maze, ThS staining, diaminobenzidine (DAB)-enhanced Perls’ stain, antioxidant assay, immuno-histochemistry, and western blot. The results showed that KD can prevent the cognitive deficiency, amyloid deposition and hyperphosphorylated tau induced by chronic SD. Analysis of ferroptosis revealed that KD can inhibit iron dyshomeostasis by down-regulating the expression of TfR1 and DMT1 and up-regulating the expression of FTH1, FPN1. Meanwhile, KD alleviated oxidative stress with elevated xCT/GPX4 axis, FSP1 and reduced MDA. In addition, KD could promote neuronal repair by enhancing BDNF and DCX. Further studies demonstrated that KD activated Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathway in the hippocampus in SD-exposed mice. Our finding firstly suggested that KD could prevent chronic SD-induced AD by inhibiting ferroptosis and improving the neuronal repair ability via Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Reich N, Hölscher C. The neuroprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: An in-depth review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:970925. [PMID: 36117625 PMCID: PMC9475012 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.970925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatment available for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (AD and PD) and that includes the highly controversial approval of the Aβ-targeting antibody aducanumab for the treatment of AD. Hence, there is still an unmet need for a neuroprotective drug treatment in both AD and PD. Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for both AD and PD. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone and growth factor that has shown neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies, and the success of GLP-1 mimetics in phase II clinical trials in AD and PD has raised new hope. GLP-1 mimetics are currently on the market as treatments for type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 analogs are safe, well tolerated, resistant to desensitization and well characterized in the clinic. Herein, we review the existing evidence and illustrate the neuroprotective pathways that are induced following GLP-1R activation in neurons, microglia and astrocytes. The latter include synaptic protection, improvements in cognition, learning and motor function, amyloid pathology-ameliorating properties (Aβ, Tau, and α-synuclein), the suppression of Ca2+ deregulation and ER stress, potent anti-inflammatory effects, the blockage of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis pathways, enhancements in the neuronal insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism, functional improvements in autophagy and mitophagy, elevated BDNF and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) synthesis as well as neurogenesis. The many beneficial features of GLP-1R and GLP-1/GIPR dual agonists encourage the development of novel drug treatments for AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical and Life Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Niklas Reich,
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, Second Associated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhengzhou, China
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Ge T, Yuan Y. Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Increases Beta-Amyloid Production and Induces the Development of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8804925. [PMID: 36093396 PMCID: PMC9453006 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8804925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative memory disease, primarily results from the formation of amyloid plaques (Aβ) that gradually inhibit neuron communications. The entire mechanism of Aβ production remains unclear to date, and it is of particular interest among scientists to find out the exact mechanism that leads to amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage through the amyloidogenic pathway so that effective treatments can be developed. Method 2 sets of experiments with the use of human H4-N cell lines are proposed to fully investigate the validity of the hypothesis. All of the experiments would involve immunoblotting of Aβ using an anti-Aβ antibody, and the results would be analyzed with the assistance of an image analyzer. A significant amount of Aβ would be expected to be present in the cytoplasm of cells with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) applied, as APP endocytosis would be induced by HSV-1, which leads to higher Aβ levels inside the cell. Results In this paper, a new hypothesis is presented on how HSV-1 infection initiates APP endocytosis and causes an increase in APP cleavage and Aβ production inside the cells. It is also hypothesized that increased Aβ peptides exit the cell via exocytosis, therefore, leading to the development of Alzheimer's disease. The findings will support the hypothesis if intracellular Aβ concentration is significantly higher after the introduction of dHSV-1 and subsequently if extracellular Aβ concentration becomes higher without TeNT exocytosis inhibition. Conclusion The results of this study would provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease and open new scopes of research for its potential treatments. Further studies on virus infection and the development of memory diseases should be conducted to investigate possible correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Ge
- Canadian International School, Singapore, Singapore 649414
| | - Yufei Yuan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Thomas J, Martinez-Reza MF, Thorwirth M, Zarb Y, Conzelmann KK, Hauck SM, Grade S, Götz M. Excessive local host-graft connectivity in aging and amyloid-loaded brain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabg9287. [PMID: 35687689 PMCID: PMC9187230 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation is a clinically relevant approach for brain repair, but much remains to be understood about influences of the disease environment on transplant connectivity. To explore the effect of amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aging, we examined graft connectivity using monosynaptic rabies virus tracing in APP/PS1 mice and in 16- to 18-month-old wild-type (WT) mice. Transplanted neurons differentiated within 4 weeks and integrated well into the host visual cortex, receiving input from the appropriate brain regions for this area. Unexpectedly, we found a prominent several-fold increase in local inputs, in both amyloid-loaded and aged environments. State-of-the-art deep proteome analysis using mass spectrometry highlights complement system activation as a common denominator of environments promoting excessive local input connectivity. These data therefore reveal the key role of the host pathology in shaping the input connectome, calling for caution in extrapolating results from one pathological condition to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Thomas
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Maria Fernanda Martinez-Reza
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Manja Thorwirth
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yvette Zarb
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, D-81377 Muenchen, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sofia Grade
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster for Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet Muenchen, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
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Ahmad T, Vullhorst D, Chaudhuri R, Guardia CM, Chaudhary N, Karavanova I, Bonifacino JS, Buonanno A. Transcytosis and trans-synaptic retention by postsynaptic ErbB4 underlie axonal accumulation of NRG3. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213222. [PMID: 35579602 PMCID: PMC9118086 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuregulins (NRGs) are EGF-like ligands associated with cognitive disorders. Unprocessed proNRG3 is cleaved by BACE1 to generate the mature membrane-bound NRG3 ligand, but the subcellular site of proNRG3 cleavage, mechanisms underlying its transport into axons, and presynaptic accumulation remain unknown. Using an optogenetic proNRG3 cleavage reporter (LA143-NRG3), we investigate the spatial-temporal dynamics of NRG3 processing and sorting in neurons. In dark conditions, unprocessed LA143-NRG3 is retained in the trans-Golgi network but, upon photoactivation, is cleaved by BACE1 and released from the TGN. Mature NRG3 then emerges on the somatodendritic plasma membrane from where it is re-endocytosed and anterogradely transported on Rab4+ vesicles into axons via transcytosis. By contrast, the BACE1 substrate APP is sorted into axons on Rab11+ vesicles. Lastly, by a mechanism we denote "trans-synaptic retention," NRG3 accumulates at presynaptic terminals by stable interaction with its receptor ErbB4 on postsynaptic GABAergic interneurons. We propose that trans-synaptic retention may account for polarized expression of other neuronal transmembrane ligands and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ahmad
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD,Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Detlef Vullhorst
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rituparna Chaudhuri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre, Haryana, India
| | - Carlos M. Guardia
- Section on Intracellular Protein Trafficking, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nisha Chaudhary
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Irina Karavanova
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Juan S. Bonifacino
- Section on Intracellular Protein Trafficking, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andres Buonanno
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD,Correspondence to Andres Buonanno:
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Aow J, Huang TR, Thinakaran G, Koo EH. Enhanced cleavage of APP by co-expressed Bace1 alters the distribution of APP and its fragments in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3073-3090. [PMID: 35266114 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ) are generated via sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase (Bace1) and γ-secretase. Though the precise subcellular location(s) of Bace1-mediated APP cleavage remains unresolved, current models suggest APP internalization into Bace1-containing endosomes is a critical step. However, direct evidence for this model is lacking, and previous reports that probed the APP/Bace1 interaction (using co-expressed APP and Bace1 differentially labeled with fluorescent protein tags) did not determine if APP fluorescence originated from full-length APP (fl-APP) molecules that had internalized from the cell surface pool. METHODS We adapted the bungarotoxin-ligand (BTX) system to label surface APP and track internalized fluorescent APP/BTX puncta in rodent primary neurons co-expressing fluorescently-tagged Bace1. Subsequently, we employed imaging and biochemical-based approaches to measure N- and C-terminal APP epitope levels in primary neurons, N2a neuroblastoma, and HeLa cell lines. RESULTS We hypothesized that surface-labeled APP/BTX puncta would, upon internalization, colocalize with fluorescently-tagged Bace1. Unexpectedly, we observed a dramatic loss of internalized APP in co-transfected neurons and ~ 80-90% loss of surface-resident fl-APP, which we also observed in HeLa and N2a cells. Loss of surface fl-APP could be reversed by a Bace1 inhibitor, suggesting that enhanced Bace1-mediated APP cleavage was responsible for the altered processing and mis-sorting. Importantly, in a C-terminally-tagged APP construct, the majority of C-terminal fluorescence was preserved in HeLa cells despite the loss of N-terminal APP signal. This phenomenon was not only recapitulated in cultured neurons, but also showed a progressive disappearance of the APP N-terminal tag, reflecting continual cleavage of fl-APP by Bace1 away from the cell body. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggested that in APP/Bace1 co-expression approaches, there was significant early and aberrant Bace1-mediated APP cleavage that perturbed fl-APP trafficking from the secretory pathway onwards, resulting in a substantial loss of surface fl-APP, which in turn led to a marked reduction in APP internalization. In C-terminally-tagged APP constructs, a large fraction of the APP fluorescence signal therefore likely arose from fluorescently-tagged β-C-terminal-fragment (β-CTF) or downstream proteolytic derivatives instead of fl-APP. Thus, care is needed in interpreting results where APP is detected only with a C-terminal tag in the presence of Bace1 co-expression, and previous findings may need to be reinterpreted if it is unclear whether fl-APP is present in normal physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Aow
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Tzu-Rung Huang
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute and Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Delport A, Hewer R. A superior loading control for the cellular thermal shift assay. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6672. [PMID: 35461337 PMCID: PMC9035151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), as a method to determine protein-ligand interaction and cellular protein modification, has rapidly become routine laboratory practice. However, current options to determine that (1) sample was loaded in each lane of the analysed western blot and (2) the amount loaded was equal, are suboptimal. Here, we report that the αC-terminal fragment of the amyloid precursor protein (APP-αCTF), detected in several wild-type mammalian cell lines, is a highly stable, soluble protein equally present from 4 to 95 °C. We demonstrate that the level of traditional loading controls (vinculin, GAPDH, β-actin, heat-shock chaperone 70 and superoxide dismutase-1) are all temperature sensitive. Additionally, both APP-CTFs (α and β) behaved similarly upon temperature exposure while APP-βCTF levels were not influenced by the presence of a binding ligand either. This emphasises that these proteins can be used as a loading control in the unlikely event of off-target binding during ligand screening. A working example is also presented for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in the presence of two inhibitors, PD184352 and U0126, where APP-αCTF was used to normalise the data across experimental replicates. A reduction in data variance and standard deviations was observed after normalisation. Conclusively, APP-αCTF is a superior CETSA loading control that can be used as a standard for this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandré Delport
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa.
| | - Raymond Hewer
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3201, South Africa
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Suresh S, Begum RF, Singh S A, V C. Anthocyanin as a therapeutic in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of preclinical evidences. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 76:101595. [PMID: 35217244 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this systematic review is to ponder the possible mechanism of action of anthocyanin in Alzheimer's disease (AD), to prompt the development of anthocyanin-based dietary supplementation or therapeutic intervention for AD and to explore the natural sources of anthocyanins. METHODS Electronic bibliographic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Proquest, DOAJ, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for preclinical studies probing the efficacy of anthocyanin on AD. The search strategy included no time limit, but was restricted to English. The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO, registration no. CRD42021272972. The systematic review followed the PICO approach for inclusion of reports. All the reports were appraised for risk of bias using the SYRCLE's RoB tool. RESULTS Bibliographic details of the article, animal strain/weight/age, induction model, anthocyanin source, type of anthocyanin, dose, route of administration, duration, and the outcome measures were extracted from 12 retrieved reports explicitly. The implication of food-based anthocyanin in acute and long-term cognition and Aβ mediated neurodegeneration appears alluring. Majority of the studies comprehended in this review had moderate methodological quality. DISCUSSION Efficacy of anthocyanin in alleviating oxidative stress, reactive astrogliosis, cholinergic dysfunction, apoptosis, synaptotoxicity, neuroinflammation, tau hyperphosphorylation, dysregulated membrane potential, neuronal extracellular calcium, dysfunctional amyloidogenic pathway, and cognitive deficits in various rodent models of AD is manifested compositely in 12 studies.
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