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Adu-Amankwaah J, Adekunle AO, Tang Z, Bushi A, Tan R, Fu L, Gong Z, Ma Z, Mprah R, Ndzie Noah ML, Wowui PI, Ong'achwa Machuki J, Pan X, Li T, Sun H. Estradiol contributes to sex differences in resilience to sepsis-induced metabolic dysregulation and dysfunction in the heart via GPER-1-mediated PPARδ/NLRP3 signaling. Metabolism 2024; 156:155934. [PMID: 38762141 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Clinically, septic males tend to have higher mortality rates, but it is unclear if this is due to sex differences in cardiac dysfunction, possibly influenced by hormonal variations. Cardiac dysfunction significantly contributes to sepsis-related mortality, primarily influenced by metabolic imbalances. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) is a key player in cardiac metabolism and its activation has been demonstrated to favor sepsis outcomes. While estradiol (E2) is abundant and beneficial in females, its impact on PPARδ-mediated metabolism in the heart with regards to sex during sepsis remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we unveil that while sepsis diminishes PPARδ nuclear translocation and induces metabolic dysregulation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and dysfunction in the heart thereby enhancing mortality, these effects are notably more pronounced in males than females. Mechanistic experiments employing ovariectomized(OVX) mice, E2 administration, and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1(GPER-1) knockout (KO) mice revealed that under lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis, E2 acting via GPER-1 enhances cardiac electrical activity and function, promotes PPARδ nuclear translocation, and subsequently ameliorates cardiac metabolism while mitigating oxidative stress and apoptosis in females. Furthermore, PPARδ specific activation using GW501516 in female GPER-1-/- mice reduced oxidative stress, ultimately decreasing NLRP3 expression in the heart. Remarkably, targeted GPER-1 activation using G1 in males mirrors these benefits, improving cardiac electrical activity and function, and ultimately enhancing survival rates during LPS challenge. By employing NLRP3 KO mice, we demonstrated that the targeted GPER-1 activation mitigated injury, enhanced metabolism, and reduced apoptosis in the heart of male mice via the downregulation of NLRP3. CONCLUSION Our findings collectively illuminate the sex-specific cardiac mechanisms influencing sepsis mortality, offering insights into physiological and pathological dimensions. From a pharmacological standpoint, this study introduces specific GPER-1 activation as a promising therapeutic intervention for males under septic conditions. These discoveries advance our understanding of the sex differences in sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction and also present a novel avenue for targeted interventions with potential translational impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Adu-Amankwaah
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Ziqing Tang
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aisha Bushi
- School of International Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rubin Tan
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyu Ma
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Richard Mprah
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | | | - Xiuhua Pan
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Koh J, Woo YD, Yoo HJ, Choi JP, Kim SH, Chang YS, Jung KC, Kim JH, Jeon YK, Kim HY, Chung DH. De novo fatty-acid synthesis protects invariant NKT cells from cell death, thereby promoting their homeostasis and pathogenic roles in airway hyperresponsiveness. eLife 2023; 12:RP87536. [PMID: 37917548 PMCID: PMC10622147 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural-killer T (iNKT) cells play pathogenic roles in allergic asthma in murine models and possibly also humans. While many studies show that the development and functions of innate and adaptive immune cells depend on their metabolic state, the evidence for this in iNKT cells is very limited. It is also not clear whether such metabolic regulation of iNKT cells could participate in their pathogenic activities in asthma. Here, we showed that acetyl-coA-carboxylase 1 (ACC1)-mediated de novo fatty-acid synthesis is required for the survival of iNKT cells and their deleterious functions in allergic asthma. ACC1, which is a key fatty-acid synthesis enzyme, was highly expressed by lung iNKT cells from WT mice that were developing asthma. Cd4-Cre::Acc1fl/fl mice failed to develop OVA-induced and HDM-induced asthma. Moreover, iNKT cell-deficient mice that were reconstituted with ACC1-deficient iNKT cells failed to develop asthma, unlike when WT iNKT cells were transferred. ACC1 deficiency in iNKT cells associated with reduced expression of fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, but increased glycolytic capacity that promoted iNKT-cell death. Furthermore, circulating iNKT cells from allergic-asthma patients expressed higher ACC1 and PPARG levels than the corresponding cells from non-allergic-asthma patients and healthy individuals. Thus, de novo fatty-acid synthesis prevents iNKT-cell death via an ACC1-FABP-PPARγ axis, which contributes to their homeostasis and their pathogenic roles in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemoon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Duk Woo
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Yoo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vaccine Innovation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Pyo Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Council, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Council, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Cheon Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vaccine Innovation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Adult Triploid Rainbow Trout Can Adapt to Various Dietary Lipid Levels by Coordinating Metabolism in Different Tissues. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030396. [PMID: 36984836 PMCID: PMC10057997 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Triploid rainbow trout can adapt to various dietary lipid levels; however, the mechanisms of systematic adaptation are not well understood. To investigate how adult triploid rainbow trout maintains lipid hemostasis under different exogenous lipid intake, a 77-day feeding trial was conducted. Diets with lipid contents of 20%, 25%, and 30% were formulated and fed to triploid rainbow trout with an initial weight of 3 ± 0.02 kg, and they were named L20, L25, and L30 group, respectively. Results showed that the condition factor, hepatosomatic index, liver color, and plasma triglyceride were comparable among three groups (p > 0.05), whereas the value of specific growth rate, viscerosomatic index, and liver glycogen content gradually increased with increasing dietary lipid level (p < 0.05). A significantly highest value of plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acids were found in the L30 group (p < 0.05), whereas the significantly higher content of plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol was found in the L25 group compared with those in L20 group (p < 0.05). As for lipid deposition, abdominal adipose tissue, and muscle were the main lipid storage place for triploid rainbow trout when tissues’ weight is taken into consideration. Overall quantitative PCR showed that the lipid transport and glycolysis were upregulated, and fatty acids oxidative was downregulated in liver when fish were fed low lipid diets. It meant that the liver was the primary lipid metabolizing organ to low lipid diet feeding, which could switch energy supply between glycolysis and fatty acids oxidation. Fish fed with a moderate dietary lipid level diet could increase lipid uptake and promote lipogenesis in muscle. Abdominal adipose tissue could efficiently uptake excess exogenous free fatty acid through upregulating fatty acid uptake and synthesis de novo and then storing it in the form of triglyceride. Excess lipid uptake is preferentially stored in abdominal adipose tissue through coordinated fatty acid uptake and fatty acid synthesis de novo as dietary lipid levels increased. In summary, triploid rainbow trout can adapt to various dietary lipid levels by coordinating metabolism in different tissues.
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Busato S, Ford HR, Abdelatty AM, Estill CT, Bionaz M. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Activation in Precision-Cut Bovine Liver Slices Reveals Novel Putative PPAR Targets in Periparturient Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:931264. [PMID: 35903133 PMCID: PMC9315222 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.931264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic challenges experienced by dairy cows during the transition between pregnancy and lactation (also known as peripartum), are of considerable interest from a nutrigenomic perspective. The mobilization of large amounts of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) leads to an increase in NEFA uptake in the liver, the excess of which can cause hepatic accumulation of lipids and ultimately fatty liver. Interestingly, peripartum NEFA activate the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR), a transcriptional regulator with known nutrigenomic properties. The study of PPAR activation in the liver of periparturient dairy cows is thus crucial; however, current in vitro models of the bovine liver are inadequate, and the isolation of primary hepatocytes is time consuming, resource intensive, and prone to errors, with the resulting cells losing characteristic phenotypical traits within hours. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the use of precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) from liver biopsies as a model for PPAR activation in periparturient dairy cows. Three primiparous Jersey cows were enrolled in the experiment, and PCLS from each were prepared prepartum (−8.0 ± 3.6 DIM) and postpartum (+7.7± 1.2 DIM) and treated independently with a variety of PPAR agonists and antagonists: the PPARα agonist WY-14643 and antagonist GW-6471; the PPARδ agonist GW-50156 and antagonist GSK-3787; and the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone and antagonist GW-9662. Gene expression was assayed through RT-qPCR and RNAseq, and intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration was measured. PCLS obtained from postpartum cows and treated with a PPARγ agonist displayed upregulation of ACADVL and LIPC while those treated with PPARδ agonist had increased expression of LIPC, PPARD, and PDK4. In PCLS from prepartum cows, transcription of LIPC was increased by all PPAR agonists and NEFA. TAG concentration tended to be larger in tissue slices treated with PPARδ agonist compared to CTR. Use of PPAR isotype-specific antagonists in PCLS cultivated in autologous blood serum failed to decrease expression of PPAR targets, except for PDK4, which was confirmed to be a PPARδ target. Transcriptome sequencing revealed considerable differences in response to PPAR agonists at a false discovery rate-adjusted p-value of 0.2, with the most notable effects exerted by the PPARδ and PPARγ agonists. Differentially expressed genes were mainly related to pathways involved with lipid metabolism and the immune response. Among differentially expressed genes, a subset of 91 genes were identified as novel putative PPAR targets in the bovine liver, by cross-referencing our results with a publicly available dataset of predicted PPAR target genes, and supplementing our findings with prior literature. Our results provide important insights on the use of PCLS as a model for assaying PPAR activation in the periparturient dairy cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Busato
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Hunter R. Ford
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Alzahraa M. Abdelatty
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Charles T. Estill
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Massimo Bionaz
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5
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Li A, Shi W, Wang J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Lei Z, Jiao XY. The gene knockout of angiotensin II type 1a receptor improves high-fat diet-induced obesity in rat via promoting adipose lipolysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267331. [PMID: 35802723 PMCID: PMC9269876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is over-activated and the serum angiotensin II (Ang II) level increased in obese patients, while their correlations were incompletely understood. This study aims to explore the role of Ang II in diet-induced obesity by focusing on adipose lipid anabolism and catabolism. Methods Rat model of AT1aR gene knockout were established to investigate the special role of Ang II on adipose lipid metabolism. Wild-type (WT) and AT1aR gene knockout (AT1aR-/-) SD rats were fed with normal diet or high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Adipose morphology and adipose lipid synthesis and lipolysis were examined. Results AT1aR deficiency activated lipolysis-related enzymes and increased the levels of NEFAs and glycerol released from adipose tissue in high-fat diet rats, while did not affect triglycerides synthesis. Besides, AT1aR knockout promoted energy expenditure and fatty acids oxidation in adipose tissue. cAMP levels and PKA phosphorylation in the adipose tissue were significantly increased in AT1aR-/- rats fed with high-fat. Activated PKA could promote adipose lipolysis and thus improved adipose histomorphology and insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet rats. Conclusions AT1aR deficiency alleviated adipocyte hypertrophy in high-fat diet rats by promoting adipose lipolysis probably via cAMP/PKA pathway, and thereby delayed the onset of obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhandong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiang-Ying Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- * E-mail:
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6
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Chen K, Nakasone Y, Yi S, Ibrahim HR, Sakao K, Hossain MA, Hou DX. Natural Garlic Organosulfur Compounds Prevent Metabolic Disorder of Lipid and Glucose by Increasing Gut Commensal Bacteroides acidifaciens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5829-5837. [PMID: 35522133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A number of reports of the effects of garlic on gut microbiota revealed that the active garlic organosulfur compounds (OSCs) are destabilized by the action of alliinase during garlic preparation. In this study, garlic alliinase was deactivated to obtain stable garlic OSCs. Experiments with C57BL/6J mice fed with lipid and glucose metabolic disorder-inducing Western diet (WD) revealed that stable garlic OSCs prevented the disorder by increasing the relative abundance of gut Bacteroides acidifaciens. Molecular analysis indicated that garlic OSCs inhibited dyslipidemia and fatty liver by increasing taurine and subsequently promoting hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation. In parallel, garlic OSCs could meliorate glucose homeostasis by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and hepatic gluconeogenesis. In vitro bacterial culture experiments revealed that garlic OSCs directly increased the growth of gut Bacteroides acidifaciens. The results of this study demonstrate that the molecular mechanism of the preventive effect of garlic OSCs on the WD-induced metabolic disorder is attributed to the enhanced growth of Bacteroides acidifaciens and the consequent increase in taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Chen
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | | | - Shuhan Yi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hisham R Ibrahim
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kozue Sakao
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Md Amzad Hossain
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Nakagami District, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - De-Xing Hou
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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7
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McNally BD, Ashley DF, Hänschke L, Daou HN, Watt NT, Murfitt SA, MacCannell ADV, Whitehead A, Bowen TS, Sanders FWB, Vacca M, Witte KK, Davies GR, Bauer R, Griffin JL, Roberts LD. Long-chain ceramides are cell non-autonomous signals linking lipotoxicity to endoplasmic reticulum stress in skeletal muscle. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1748. [PMID: 35365625 PMCID: PMC8975934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulates cellular protein and lipid biosynthesis. ER dysfunction leads to protein misfolding and the unfolded protein response (UPR), which limits protein synthesis to prevent cytotoxicity. Chronic ER stress in skeletal muscle is a unifying mechanism linking lipotoxicity to metabolic disease. Unidentified signals from cells undergoing ER stress propagate paracrine and systemic UPR activation. Here, we induce ER stress and lipotoxicity in myotubes. We observe ER stress-inducing lipid cell non-autonomous signal(s). Lipidomics identifies that palmitate-induced cell stress induces long-chain ceramide 40:1 and 42:1 secretion. Ceramide synthesis through the ceramide synthase 2 de novo pathway is regulated by UPR kinase Perk. Inactivation of CerS2 in mice reduces systemic and muscle ceramide signals and muscle UPR activation. The ceramides are packaged into extracellular vesicles, secreted and induce UPR activation in naïve myotubes through dihydroceramide accumulation. This study furthers our understanding of ER stress by identifying UPR-inducing cell non-autonomous signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D McNally
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Dean F Ashley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Lea Hänschke
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße, 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hélène N Daou
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicole T Watt
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Steven A Murfitt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | | | - Anna Whitehead
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - T Scott Bowen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Michele Vacca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.,Clinica Medica "Frugoni", Interdisciplinar Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Klaus K Witte
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Graeme R Davies
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße, 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lee D Roberts
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Erol SA, Anuk AT, Tanaçan A, Semiz H, Keskin HL, Neşelioğlu S, Erel Ö, Moraloğlu Tekin Ö, Şahin D. An evaluation of maternal serum dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis and ischemia modified albumin changes in pregnant women with COVID-19. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 19:21-27. [PMID: 35343216 PMCID: PMC8966320 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2022.72929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: It is thought that oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species affect the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative status in pregnant patients with COVID-19 infection according to the changes seen in the levels of maternal serum thiol-disulfide and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA). Materials and Methods: A study group was formed of 40 pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 infection (study group) and a control group of 40 healthy pregnant women with no risk factors determined. In this prospective, case-controlled study, analyses were made of the maternal serum native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, IMA, and disulfide/native thiol concentrations. Results: The maternal serum native thiol and total thiol concentrations in the study group were determined to be statistically significantly lower (p=0.007 and p=0.006, respectively), and the disulfide/native thiol ratio was higher but not to a level of statistical significance (p=0.473). There was no difference between the two groups regarding IMA levels (p=0.731). Conclusion: The thiol-disulfide balance was seen to shift in the oxidant direction in pregnancies with COVID-19, which might support the view that ischemic processes play a role in the etiopathogenesis of this novel disease.
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9
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Chen CH, Leu SJJ, Hsu CP, Pan CC, Shyue SK, Lee TS. Atypical antipsychotic drugs deregulate the cholesterol metabolism of macrophage-foam cells by activating NOX-ROS-PPARγ-CD36 signaling pathway. Metabolism 2021; 123:154847. [PMID: 34364926 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical reports indicate that schizophrenia patients taking atypical antipsychotic drugs suffer from metabolism diseases including atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the detrimental effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs on atherosclerosis remain to be explored. METHODS In this study, we used apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoe-/-) hyperlipidemic mice and apoe-/-cd36-/- mice to investigate the underlying mechanism of atypical antipsychotic drugs on atherosclerosis and macrophage-foam cells. RESULTS In vivo studies showed that genetic deletion of cd36 gene ablated the pro-atherogenic effect of olanzapine in apoe-/- mice. Moreover, in vitro studies revealed that genetic deletion or siRNA-mediated knockdown of cd36 or pharmacological inhibition of CD36 prevented atypical antipsychotic drugs-induced oxLDL accumulation in macrophages. Additionally, olanzapine and clozapine activated NADPH oxidase (NOX) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) which upregulated the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and subsequently elevated CD36 expression. Inhibition of NOX activity, ROS production or PPARγ activity suppressed CD36 expression and abolished the detrimental effects of olanzapine and clozapine on oxLDL accumulation in macrophages. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results suggest that atypical antipsychotic drugs exacerbate atherosclerosis and macrophage-foam cell formation by activating the NOX-ROS-PPARγ-CD36 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shr-Jeng Jim Leu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Po Hsu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chian Pan
- Cardiovascular Division, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Cardiovascular Division, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Sadgrove NJ. The ‘bald’ phenotype (androgenetic alopecia) is caused by the high glycaemic, high cholesterol and low mineral ‘western diet’. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Jeon HJ, Choi DK, Choi J, Lee S, Lee H, Yu JH, Min SH. D-Mannitol Induces a Brown Fat-like Phenotype via a β3-Adrenergic Receptor-Dependent Mechanism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040768. [PMID: 33807329 PMCID: PMC8066535 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of brown adipocytes within white adipose tissue is associated with phenotypes that exhibit improved metabolism and proper body weight maintenance. Therefore, a variety of dietary agents that facilitate the browning of white adipocytes have been investigated. In this study, we screened a natural product library comprising 133 compounds with the potential to promote the browning of white adipocytes, and found that D-mannitol induces the browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes by enhancing the expression of brown fat-specific genes and proteins, and upregulating lipid metabolism markers. D-mannitol also increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC), suggesting a possible role in lipolysis and fat oxidation. Moreover, an increase in the expression of genes associated with D-mannitol-induced browning was strongly correlated with the activation of the β3-adrenergic receptor as well as AMPK, protein kinase A (PKA), and PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC1α). D-mannitol effectively reduced the body weight of mice fed a high-fat diet, and increased the expression of β1-oxidation and energy expenditure markers, such as Cidea, carnitine palmityl transferase 1 (CPT1), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), PGC1α, and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (ACOX1) in the inguinal white adipose tissue. Our findings suggest that D-mannitol plays a dual regulatory role by inducing the generation of a brown fat-like phenotype and enhancing lipid metabolism. These results indicate that D-mannitol can function as an anti-obesity supplement.
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12
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Whitehead A, Krause FN, Moran A, MacCannell ADV, Scragg JL, McNally BD, Boateng E, Murfitt SA, Virtue S, Wright J, Garnham J, Davies GR, Dodgson J, Schneider JE, Murray AJ, Church C, Vidal-Puig A, Witte KK, Griffin JL, Roberts LD. Brown and beige adipose tissue regulate systemic metabolism through a metabolite interorgan signaling axis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1905. [PMID: 33772024 PMCID: PMC7998027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissue are emerging as distinct endocrine organs. These tissues are functionally associated with skeletal muscle, adipose tissue metabolism and systemic energy expenditure, suggesting an interorgan signaling network. Using metabolomics, we identify 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 5-oxoproline, and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid as small molecule metabokines synthesized in browning adipocytes and secreted via monocarboxylate transporters. 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 5-oxoproline and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid induce a brown adipocyte-specific phenotype in white adipocytes and mitochondrial oxidative energy metabolism in skeletal myocytes both in vitro and in vivo. 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid and 5-oxoproline signal through cAMP-PKA-p38 MAPK and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid via mTOR. In humans, plasma and adipose tissue 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 5-oxoproline and β-hydroxyisobutyric acid concentrations correlate with markers of adipose browning and inversely associate with body mass index. These metabolites reduce adiposity, increase energy expenditure and improve glucose and insulin homeostasis in mouse models of obesity and diabetes. Our findings identify beige adipose-brown adipose-muscle physiological metabokine crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fynn N Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Moran
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Ben D McNally
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Steven A Murfitt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Wright
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jack Garnham
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Graeme R Davies
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Dodgson
- Phenotypic Screening and High Content Imaging, Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher Church
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Ahmed M, Min DS, Kim DR. Curated gene expression dataset of differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes under pharmacological and genetic perturbations. Adipocyte 2020; 9:600-608. [PMID: 33016192 PMCID: PMC7553567 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1829852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3T3-L1 cell line is used as an adipocyte differentiation model for the analysis of genes specifically expressed during the differentiation course. This cell model has several applications in obesity and insulin resistance research. We built a data resource to model gene expression of differentiating and mature adipocytes in response to several drugs and gene manipulations. We surveyed the literature survey for microarray datasets of differentiating 3T3-L1 cell line sampled at one or more time points under genetic or pharmacological perturbations. Data and metadata were obtained from the gene expression omnibus. The metadata were manually curated using unified language across the studies. Probe intensities were mapped and collapsed to genes using a reproducible pipeline. Samples were classified into none, genetically or pharmacologically modified. In addition to the clean datasets, two aggregated sets were further homogenized for illustration purposes. The curated datasets are available as an R/Bioconductor experimental data package curatedAdipoArray. The package documents the source code of the data collection, curation and processing. Finally, we used a subset of the data to effectively remove batch effects and reproduce biological observations. Database URL https://bioconductor.org/packages/curatedAdipoArray
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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14
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Liu KD, Acharjee A, Hinz C, Liggi S, Murgia A, Denes J, Gulston MK, Wang X, Chu Y, West JA, Glen RC, Roberts LD, Murray AJ, Griffin JL. Consequences of Lipid Remodeling of Adipocyte Membranes Being Functionally Distinct from Lipid Storage in Obesity. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3919-3935. [PMID: 32646215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disorder where the genome interacts with diet and environmental factors to ultimately influence body mass, composition, and shape. Numerous studies have investigated how bulk lipid metabolism of adipose tissue changes with obesity and, in particular, how the composition of triglycerides (TGs) changes with increased adipocyte expansion. However, reflecting the analytical challenge posed by examining non-TG lipids in extracts dominated by TGs, the glycerophospholipid composition of cell membranes has been seldom investigated. Phospholipids (PLs) contribute to a variety of cellular processes including maintaining organelle functionality, providing an optimized environment for membrane-associated proteins, and acting as pools for metabolites (e.g. choline for one-carbon metabolism and for methylation of DNA). We have conducted a comprehensive lipidomic study of white adipose tissue in mice which become obese either through genetic modification (ob/ob), diet (high fat diet), or a combination of the two, using both solid phase extraction and ion mobility to increase coverage of the lipidome. Composition changes in seven classes of lipids (free fatty acids, diglycerides, TGs, phosphatidylcholines, lyso-phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidylserines) correlated with perturbations in one-carbon metabolism and transcriptional changes in adipose tissue. We demonstrate that changes in TGs that dominate the overall lipid composition of white adipose tissue are distinct from diet-induced alterations of PLs, the predominant components of the cell membranes. PLs correlate better with transcriptional and one-carbon metabolism changes within the cell, suggesting that the compositional changes that occur in cell membranes during adipocyte expansion have far-reaching functional consequences. Data are available at MetaboLights under the submission number: MTBLS1775.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-di Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
| | - Animesh Acharjee
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS, Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, U.K
| | - Christine Hinz
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Sonia Liggi
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Antonio Murgia
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Julia Denes
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Melanie K Gulston
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Xinzhu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
| | - Yajing Chu
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
| | - James A West
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
| | - Robert C Glen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EL, U.K
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry & Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
- MRC, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, U.K
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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15
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Yang JJ, Pham MT, Rahim AR, Chuang TH, Hsieh MF, Huang CM. Mouse Abdominal Fat Depots Reduced by Butyric Acid-Producing Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1180. [PMID: 32756446 PMCID: PMC7465043 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated rece ptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is known to induce the differentiation of adipocytes. This study aimed to investigate the probiotic effect of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (L. mesenteroides) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced PPAR-γ activation and abdominal fat depots. Incubation of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with media of L. mesenteroides EH-1, a butyric acid-producing strain, significantly reduced the amounts of lipid droplets. The oral administration of L. mesenteroides EH-1 produced large amounts (>1 mM) of butyric acid in cecum and attenuated the HFD-induced upregulation of PPAR-γ and accumulation of abdominal fats in mice. The combination of 2% glucose with L. mesenteroides EH-1 increased the production of butyric acid and potentiated the probiotic activity of L. mesenteroides EH-1 against the formation of lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 adipocytes as well as abdominal fats in HFD-fed mice. The inhibition of free fatty acid receptor 2 (Ffar2) by its antagonist, GLPG-0974, markedly diminished the probiotic effects of L. mesenteroides EH-1 plus glucose on the suppression of HFD-induced PPAR-γ and abdominal fats. Besides demonstrating the probiotic value of L. mesenteroides EH-1, our results highlight the possible therapy targeting the butyric acid-activated Ffar2 pathway to reduce abdominal fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jackson Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Minh Tan Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (M.T.P.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Adelia Riezka Rahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (M.T.P.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Fa Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (M.T.P.); (A.R.R.)
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16
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Kim DH, Kim DH, Heck BE, Shaffer M, Yoo KH, Hur J. PPAR-δ agonist affects adipo-chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells through the expression of PPAR-γ. Regen Ther 2020; 15:103-111. [PMID: 33426208 PMCID: PMC7770446 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) subfamily play an important role in chondrogenesis. Previous study has reported that mixture of GW0742 (PPAR-δ agonist), hyaluronic acid (HA) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enhance chondrogenesis. The purpose of this study is to compare with efficacies of commercially available HA and demonstrate correlation of PPAR-γ and PPAR-δ. Methods In this experimental study, MSCs were cultured with chondrogenic media and clinical HA gels (Euflexxa®, Synvisc®, Orthovisc® and Supartz®) using micormass culture method. Expression of type Ⅰ, Ⅱ collagen and matrix metalloprotease-13 (MMP-13) was measured by immunoblotting. MSCs were cultured with chondrogenic media and/or HA and/or GW0742 and/or rosiglitazone (PPAR-γ agonist) and/or human osteoarthritis synovial fluid. Immunoblotting was used to measure expression of type Ⅱ collagen and PPAR-γ. To identify the effective dose for chondrogenesis and adipogenesis, either 0.1, 1, 5 or 10 μM of rosiglitazone was added to MSCs in chondrogenic media or adipogenic media. Results Clinical HA gels inhibited expression of type Ⅰ collagen and enhanced the expression of MMP-13. Type Ⅱ collagen expression was significantly elevated in all treatment groups except Supartz®. GW0742 decreased the expression of PPAR-γ with/without inflammation condition. Rosiglitazone enhanced adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced the expression of type Ⅱ collagen under inflammation condition. Otherwise, the expression of type Ⅱ collagen and formation of chondrocyte spheroids showed a dose-dependent manner with a peak at 1 μM of rosiglitazone. Conclusions PPAR-γ has a considerable anti-inflammatory effect and a strong pro-adipogenic effect, which inhibits the chondrogenic effect. PPAR-γ is related with PPAR-δ and shows a chondrogenic effect at lower concentrations. And clinical HA gels shows various efficacy of chondrogenesis. This study suggested that PPAR-γ and PPAR-δ are key regulatory factors of chondrogenesis.
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Key Words
- Adipogenesis
- Chondrogenesis
- DJD, degenerative joint disease
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GAG, glycosaminoglycans
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- MMP, matrix metalloprotease
- MSC, mesenchymal stem cells
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- OA, osteoarthritis
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PPAR, Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor
- PPAR-γ
- PPAR-δ
- TGF, Transforming growth factor
- Type Ⅱ collagen
- α-MEM, α-minimum essential medium
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology /Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, KS, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bruce E Heck
- NWO Stem Cure, LLC, 7595 CR 236, Findlay, OH, 45840, USA
| | | | - Keon Hee Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology /Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, KS, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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17
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McNally BD, Moran A, Watt NT, Ashmore T, Whitehead A, Murfitt SA, Kearney MT, Cubbon RM, Murray AJ, Griffin JL, Roberts LD. Inorganic Nitrate Promotes Glucose Uptake and Oxidative Catabolism in White Adipose Tissue Through the XOR-Catalyzed Nitric Oxide Pathway. Diabetes 2020; 69:893-901. [PMID: 32086288 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An aging global population combined with sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets has contributed to an increasing incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. These metabolic disorders are associated with perturbations to nitric oxide (NO) signaling and impaired glucose metabolism. Dietary inorganic nitrate, found in high concentration in green leafy vegetables, can be converted to NO in vivo and demonstrates antidiabetic and antiobesity properties in rodents. Alongside tissues including skeletal muscle and liver, white adipose tissue is also an important physiological site of glucose disposal. However, the distinct molecular mechanisms governing the effect of nitrate on adipose tissue glucose metabolism and the contribution of this tissue to the glucose-tolerant phenotype remain to be determined. Using a metabolomic and stable-isotope labeling approach, combined with transcriptional analysis, we found that nitrate increases glucose uptake and oxidative catabolism in primary adipocytes and white adipose tissue of nitrate-treated rats. Mechanistically, we determined that nitrate induces these phenotypic changes in primary adipocytes through the xanthine oxidoreductase-catalyzed reduction of nitrate to NO and independently of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. The nitrate-mediated enhancement of glucose uptake and catabolism in white adipose tissue may be a key contributor to the antidiabetic effects of this anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D McNally
- Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Amy Moran
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Nicole T Watt
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Tom Ashmore
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Anna Whitehead
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Steven A Murfitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Richard M Cubbon
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Medical Research Council - Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K.
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18
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D’Souza K, Mercer A, Mawhinney H, Pulinilkunnil T, Udenigwe CC, Kienesberger PC. Whey Peptides Stimulate Differentiation and Lipid Metabolism in Adipocytes and Ameliorate Lipotoxicity-Induced Insulin Resistance in Muscle Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020425. [PMID: 32041341 PMCID: PMC7071342 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of lipid metabolism and insulin function in muscle and adipose tissue are hallmarks of systemic insulin resistance, which can progress to type 2 diabetes. While previous studies suggested that milk proteins influence systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin function, it remains unclear whether bioactive peptides generated from whey alter lipid metabolism and its accumulation in muscle and adipose tissue. Therefore, we incubated murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and C2C12 myotubes with a whey peptide mixture produced through pepsin-pancreatin digestion, mimicking peptides generated in the gut from whey protein hydrolysis, and examined its effect on indicators of lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Whey peptides, particularly those derived from bovine serum albumin (BSA), promoted 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation in accordance with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) upregulation. Whey/BSA peptides also increased lipolysis and mitochondrial fat oxidation in adipocytes, which was associated with the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ). In C2C12 myotubes, whey but not BSA peptides ameliorated palmitate-induced insulin resistance, which was associated with reduced inflammation and diacylglycerol accumulation, and increased sequestration of fatty acids in the TG pool. Taken together, our study suggests that whey peptides generated via pepsin-pancreatin digestion profoundly alter lipid metabolism and accumulation in adipocytes and skeletal myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D’Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada (A.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Angella Mercer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada (A.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Hannah Mawhinney
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada (A.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Petra C. Kienesberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada (A.M.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-506-636-6971
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19
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Ardisson Korat AV, Malik VS, Furtado JD, Sacks F, Rosner B, Rexrode KM, Willett WC, Mozaffarian D, Hu FB, Sun Q. Circulating Very-Long-Chain SFA Concentrations Are Inversely Associated with Incident Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women. J Nutr 2020; 150:340-349. [PMID: 31618417 PMCID: PMC7308624 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very-long-chain SFAs (VLCSFAs), such as arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0), have demonstrated inverse associations with cardiometabolic conditions, although more evidence is needed to characterize their relation with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition, little is known regarding their potential dietary and lifestyle predictors. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the association of plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of VLCSFAs with incident T2D risk. METHODS We used existing measurements of fatty acid concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes among 2854 and 2831 participants in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS), respectively. VLCSFAs were measured using GLC, and individual fatty acid concentrations were expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids. Incident T2D cases were identified by self-reports and confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the association between VLCSFAs and T2D, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and dietary variables. RESULTS During 39,941 person-years of follow-up, we documented 243 cases of T2D. Intakes of peanuts, peanut butter, vegetable fat, dairy fat, and palmitic/stearic (16:0-18:0) fatty acids were significantly, albeit weakly, correlated with plasma and erythrocyte VLCSFA concentrations (|rs| ≤ 0.19). Comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles of plasma concentrations, pooled HRs (95% CIs) were 0.51 (0.35, 0.75) for arachidic acid, 0.43 (0.28, 0.64) for behenic acid, 0.40 (0.27, 0.61) for lignoceric acid, and 0.41 (0.27, 0.61) for the sum of VLCSFAs, after multivariate adjustments for demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors. For erythrocyte VLCSFAs, only arachidic acid and behenic acid concentrations were inversely associated with T2D risk. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that, in US men and women, higher plasma concentrations of VLCSFAs are associated with lower risk of T2D. More research is needed to understand the mechanistic pathways underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres V Ardisson Korat
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vasanti S Malik
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn M Rexrode
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Wang J, Zhang L, Dong L, Hu X, Feng F, Chen F. 6-Gingerol, a Functional Polyphenol of Ginger, Promotes Browning through an AMPK-Dependent Pathway in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:14056-14065. [PMID: 31789021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the browning effect of 6-gingerol (6G), one of the main functional compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of ginger (ginger ethyl acetate fraction, GEF), and its underlying mechanisms. In this study, we first discovered that GEF stimulated brown adipocyte differentiation by upregulating the expression levels of browning-specific transcription makers (UCP1, PRDM16, and PGC-1α), thereby reducing lipogenesis transcriptional regulator (C/EBPα) expression in 3T3-L1-differentiated adipocytes. Then, 6G (47.81 ± 0.62 mg/g) was identified as one of the main functional compounds in GEF using high-performance liquid chromatography. 6G promoted adipocyte browning, as evidenced by an increase in some brown/beige fat-specific genes (PGC-1α, Cidea, Prdm16, Cited1, SIRT1, Tmem26, and Ucp1) and proteins (UCP1, CEBP/β, PGC-1α, and PRDM16) expression levels. Moreover, 6G greatly improved mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism by upregulating the expression levels of some mitochondrial biogenesis markers (Tfam, Nrf1, SIRT1, and p-AMPK/AMPK) and increasing the uncoupled oxygen consumption rate of protons leaked in 3T3-L1 cells. Comparison of the experimental results obtained with an inhibitor (dorsomorphin) and an activator (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) suggested that the 6G-associated regulation of the energy metabolism effect was mediated partly through the AMPK signaling pathway. This study provides new insight into the promotion of fat browning and regulation of lipid metabolism by 6G and suggests that 6G likely has potential therapeutic effects on obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
- Ningbo Research Institute , Zhejiang University , Ningbo 315100 , China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310029 , China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Li Dong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Fengqin Feng
- Ningbo Research Institute , Zhejiang University , Ningbo 315100 , China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310029 , China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , China
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21
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Piao L, Dorotea D, Jiang S, Koh EH, Oh GT, Ha H. Impaired Peroxisomal Fitness in Obese Mice, a Vicious Cycle Exacerbating Adipocyte Dysfunction via Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1339-1351. [PMID: 31530170 PMCID: PMC6859694 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Peroxisome is a critical organelle for fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased oxidative stress in adipose tissue contributes to the development of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in obesity. This study aimed to investigate the role of peroxisomal fitness in maintaining adipocyte function, which has been under-rated in the obesity research area. Results: Reduced peroxisomal gene expressions in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese mice suggested a close correlation between peroxisomes and obesity. Peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 siRNA increased cellular ROS and inflammatory mediators in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. On the contrary, hydrogen peroxide or tumor necrosis factor-α treatment significantly decreased biogenesis- and function-related peroxisomal proteins, suggesting a positive feedback loop of ROS/inflammation and peroxisomal dysfunction. Correspondingly, catalase (a major peroxisomal antioxidant)-knockout mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD) exhibited suppressed peroxisomal proteins along with increased oxidative stress and accelerated obesity. In response to fenofibrate (a peroxisomal proliferator) treatment, WAT of HFD-fed wild-type mice showed not only increases in peroxisomal biogenesis and FAO but also attenuated features of adipocyte dysfunction and obesity. However, these results were not observed in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha null obese mice. Innovation: Impaired peroxisomal fitness enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation in adipocytes, which exacerbates obesity. Conclusion: Adipose tissue peroxisomal homeostasis plays an important role in attenuating the features of obesity, and it can be a potential therapeutic target of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan Piao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Debra Dorotea
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Songling Jiang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Koh
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Balcells C, Foguet C, Tarragó-Celada J, de Atauri P, Marin S, Cascante M. Tracing metabolic fluxes using mass spectrometry: Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics in health and disease. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Gossmann TI, Shanmugasundram A, Börno S, Duvaux L, Lemaire C, Kuhl H, Klages S, Roberts LD, Schade S, Gostner JM, Hildebrand F, Vowinckel J, Bichet C, Mülleder M, Calvani E, Zelezniak A, Griffin JL, Bork P, Allaine D, Cohas A, Welch JJ, Timmermann B, Ralser M. Ice-Age Climate Adaptations Trap the Alpine Marmot in a State of Low Genetic Diversity. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1712-1720.e7. [PMID: 31080084 PMCID: PMC6538971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Some species responded successfully to prehistoric changes in climate [1, 2], while others failed to adapt and became extinct [3]. The factors that determine successful climate adaptation remain poorly understood. We constructed a reference genome and studied physiological adaptations in the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota), a large ground-dwelling squirrel exquisitely adapted to the "ice-age" climate of the Pleistocene steppe [4, 5]. Since the disappearance of this habitat, the rodent persists in large numbers in the high-altitude Alpine meadow [6, 7]. Genome and metabolome showed evidence of adaptation consistent with cold climate, affecting white adipose tissue. Conversely, however, we found that the Alpine marmot has levels of genetic variation that are among the lowest for mammals, such that deleterious mutations are less effectively purged. Our data rule out typical explanations for low diversity, such as high levels of consanguineous mating, or a very recent bottleneck. Instead, ancient demographic reconstruction revealed that genetic diversity was lost during the climate shifts of the Pleistocene and has not recovered, despite the current high population size. We attribute this slow recovery to the marmot's adaptive life history. The case of the Alpine marmot reveals a complicated relationship between climatic changes, genetic diversity, and conservation status. It shows that species of extremely low genetic diversity can be very successful and persist over thousands of years, but also that climate-adapted life history can trap a species in a persistent state of low genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni I Gossmann
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Bielefeld University, Department of Animal Behaviour, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Achchuthan Shanmugasundram
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Stefan Börno
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Sequencing Core Facility, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludovic Duvaux
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France; BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas, France
| | - Christophe Lemaire
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Heiner Kuhl
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Sequencing Core Facility, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Klages
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Sequencing Core Facility, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sophia Schade
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Sequencing Core Facility, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Falk Hildebrand
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK; Gut Health and Microbes Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Jakob Vowinckel
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | | | - Michael Mülleder
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Charitè, Am Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrica Calvani
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Aleksej Zelezniak
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 171 65, Sweden
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Peer Bork
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Centre for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Allaine
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélie Cohas
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - John J Welch
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Sequencing Core Facility, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Ralser
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Charitè, Am Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Biswas D, Duffley L, Pulinilkunnil T. Role of branched‐chain amino acid–catabolizing enzymes in intertissue signaling, metabolic remodeling, and energy homeostasis. FASEB J 2019; 33:8711-8731. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802842rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipsikha Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
| | - Luke Duffley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
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25
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Kim MJ, Kim JH, Kim MS, Yang HJ, Lee M, Kwon DY. Metabolomics Associated with Genome-Wide Association Study Related to the Basal Metabolic Rate in Overweight/Obese Korean Women. J Med Food 2019; 22:499-507. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kim
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Myung-Sunny Kim
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Yang
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Myoungsook Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kwon
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea
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26
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Small molecules for fat combustion: targeting obesity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:220-236. [PMID: 30976490 PMCID: PMC6438825 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasing in an alarming rate worldwide, which causes higher risks of some diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Current therapeutic approaches, either pancreatic lipase inhibitors or appetite suppressors, are generally of limited effectiveness. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige cells dissipate fatty acids as heat to maintain body temperature, termed non-shivering thermogenesis; the activity and mass of BAT and beige cells are negatively correlated with overweight and obesity. The existence of BAT and beige cells in human adults provides an effective weight reduction therapy, a process likely to be amenable to pharmacological intervention. Herein, we combed through the physiology of thermogenesis and the role of BAT and beige cells in combating with obesity. We summarized the thermogenic regulators identified in the past decades, targeting G protein-coupled receptors, transient receptor potential channels, nuclear receptors and miscellaneous pathways. Advances in clinical trials were also presented. The main purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge from the biological importance of thermogenesis in energy homeostasis to the representative thermogenic regulators for treating obesity. Thermogenic regulators might have a large potential for further investigations to be developed as lead compounds in fighting obesity.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- ALDH9, aldehyde dehydrogenase 9
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BA, bile acids
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BMP8b, bone morphogenetic protein 8b
- Beige cells
- Brown adipose tissue
- C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α
- CLA, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid
- CRABP-II, cellular RA binding protein type II
- CRE, cAMP response element
- Cidea, cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor α-like effector A
- Dio2, iodothyronine deiodinase type 2
- ERE, estrogen response element
- ERs, estrogen receptors
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- GPCRs, G protein-coupled receptors
- HFD, high fat diet
- LXR, liver X receptors
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- Obesity
- PDEs, phosphodiesterases
- PET-CT, positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPARs, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
- PPREs, peroxisome proliferator response elements
- PRDM16, PR domain containing 16
- PTP1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- RA, retinoic acid
- RAR, RA receptor
- RARE, RA response element
- RMR, resting metabolic rate
- RXR, retinoid X receptor
- SIRT1, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1
- SNS, sympathetic nervous system
- TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A
- TMEM26, transmembrane protein 26
- TRPs, transient receptor potential cation channels
- Thermogenesis
- UCP1, uncoupling protein 1
- Uncoupling protein 1
- VDR, vitamin D receptor
- VDRE, VDR response elements
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- β3-AR, β3-adrenergic receptor
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27
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Petry CJ, Koulman A, Lu L, Jenkins B, Furse S, Prentice P, Matthews L, Hughes IA, Acerini CL, Ong KK, Dunger DB. Associations between the maternal circulating lipid profile in pregnancy and fetal imprinted gene alleles: a cohort study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16:82. [PMID: 30157874 PMCID: PMC6116391 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imprinted genes, which are expressed in a parent of origin-specific manner, are thought to mediate the genetic priorities of each parent in pregnancy. Recently we reported that some fetal imprinted gene variants are associated with maternal glucose concentrations and blood pressures in pregnancy. We suggest that the conflict between the effects of paternal and maternal transmitted genes starts at conception and may already be evident in measures of maternal metabolism in early pregnancy, before gestational diabetes is manifest. METHODS Lipid fractions in maternal non-fasting serum collected around week 15 of pregnancy were profiled using direct infusion mass spectrometry in a subset Discovery Cohort (n = 200) of women from the Cambridge Baby Growth Study using direct infusion mass spectrometry. Associations between 151 haplotype-tag fetal polymorphisms in 16 imprinted genes and lipids were determined using partial least squares discriminant analysis. Variable importance in projection scores were used to identify those lipid species that contribute most to the underlying variation in the lipid profile and the concentrations of these species tested for associations with fetal imprinted gene alleles using linear regression. In an internal Validation Cohort (n = 567 women from the same cohort) the lipid fraction was profiled using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tested for associations with the same fetal imprinted gene variants as above, followed by meta-analysis of associations from the Discovery and Validation Cohorts. RESULTS The most significant associations were between a monounsaturated triglyceride (44:1) and both paternally-transmitted fetal H19 rs7950932 (R = 0.14, p = 2.9 × 10- 3, n = 386) and maternally-transmitted fetal FAM99A rs7131362 (R = 0.18, p = 6.2 × 10- 3, n = 351; association with maternal-untransmitted allele R = 0.08, p = 0.07, n = 328). This same triglyceride isoform was also associated with subsequent week 28 fasting glucose concentrations (R = 0.09, p = 9.9 × 10- 3, n = 673) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (R = 0.09, p = 0.01, n = 664). CONCLUSIONS Fetal imprinted genes may influence maternal circulating clinically relevant triglyceride concentrations early in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive J Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Albert Koulman
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK
- The Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Liangjian Lu
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Furse
- The Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philippa Prentice
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lee Matthews
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ieuan A Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carlo L Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Mechanism of Action of Magnesium Lithospermate B against Aging and Obesity-Induced ER Stress, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammsome Formation in the Liver. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092098. [PMID: 30134566 PMCID: PMC6225288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is the biologically active compound of the water-soluble fraction of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Magnesium lithospermate B exhibits various biological functions, including antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and antioxidant effects. However, its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and related signaling pathways in the liver need to be elucidated. Our previous study reported that MLB is a PPARβ/δ agonist in fibroblasts. Because insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects of PPARβ/δ has been reported in the liver, we investigated whether MLB has a beneficial effect on insulin-, ER stress- and inflammasome-related signaling in the livers of aging and obese animal models. Western blotting and protein-ligand docking simulation showed that MLB activated PPARβ/δ and improved glucose tolerance in the livers of aging and obese animal models. MLB supplementation ameliorated aging or obesity-induced disruption of insulin signaling in the liver. Consistently, aging and obesity-induced increase in the protein levels of a gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was decreased by MLB. When molecular signaling pathways related to insulin signaling were examined in the liver, MLB supplementation suppressed ER stress- and inflammasome-related signaling molecules induced by aging and obesity. These results suggest that MLB may improve insulin resistance in the liver at least partially by suppressing ER stress and inflammasome formation in aging and obese animal models.
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29
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Zarezadeh R, Mehdizadeh A, Leroy JLMR, Nouri M, Fayezi S, Darabi M. Action mechanisms of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the oocyte maturation and developmental competence: Potential advantages and disadvantages. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1016-1029. [PMID: 30073662 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infertility is a growing problem worldwide. Currently, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is widely performed to treat infertility. However, a high percentage of IVF cycles fails, due to the poor developmental potential of the retrieved oocyte to generate viable embryos. Fatty acid content of the follicular microenvironment can affect oocyte maturation and the subsequent developmental competence. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are mainly used by follicle components as primary energy sources whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a wide range of roles. A large body of evidence supports the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs in prevention, treatment, and amelioration of some pathophysiological conditions including heart diseases, cancer, diabetes, and psychological disorders. Nevertheless, current findings regarding the effects of n-3 PUFAs on reproductive outcomes in general and on oocyte quality more specifically are inconsistent. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of potential molecular mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs affect oocyte maturation and developmental competence, particularly in the setting of IVF and thereby aims to elucidate the reasons behind current discrepancies around this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zarezadeh
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jo L M R Leroy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Gamete Research Center, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Fayezi
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Inserm U1091 - CNRS U7277, Nice 06034, France
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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30
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PPARβ/δ: Linking Metabolism to Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072013. [PMID: 29996502 PMCID: PMC6073704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the general belief that regeneration is a rare event, mainly occurring in simple organisms, the ability of regeneration is widely distributed in the animal kingdom. Yet, the efficiency and extent of regeneration varies greatly. Humans can recover from blood loss as well as damage to tissues like bone and liver. Yet damage to the heart and brain cannot be reversed, resulting in scaring. Thus, there is a great interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms of naturally occurring regeneration and to apply this knowledge to repair human organs. During regeneration, injury-activated immune cells induce wound healing, extracellular matrix remodeling, migration, dedifferentiation and/or proliferation with subsequent differentiation of somatic or stem cells. An anti-inflammatory response stops the regenerative process, which ends with tissue remodeling to achieve the original functional state. Notably, many of these processes are associated with enhanced glycolysis. Therefore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ—which is known to be involved for example in lipid catabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, survival, proliferation, differentiation, as well as mammalian regeneration of the skin, bone and liver—appears to be a promising target to promote mammalian regeneration. This review summarizes our current knowledge of PPARβ/δ in processes associated with wound healing and regeneration.
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Hyatt HW, Zhang Y, Hood WR, Kavazis AN. Changes in Metabolism, Mitochondrial Function, and Oxidative Stress Between Female Rats Under Nonreproductive and 3 Reproductive Conditions. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:114-127. [PMID: 29621953 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118766264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Women who do not lactate display increased incidence of obesity, type II diabetes, and cancer. Stuebe and Rich-Edwards proposed that these effects occur because physiological changes that ensue during pregnancy are not reversed without lactation. To empirically test this hypothesis, we compared markers of metabolism, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress between 4 groups of Sprague-Dawley rats: (1) nonreproductive (NR) rats, (2) rats killed at day 20 of gestation, (3) rats that gave birth but were not allowed to suckle their pups (nonlactating), and (4) rats that suckled their young for 14 days. Nonlactating females displayed higher body fat compared to all other groups. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue of nonlactating rats was lower than the other groups. The PPARδ is associated with lipid metabolism suggesting that the higher fat mass in nonlactating females was not associated with the retention of a physiological state that was set during pregnancy but instead an independent drop in PPARδ. Relative mitochondrial respiratory function and complex activity in the liver and skeletal muscle of nonlactating mice were not predictive of higher body mass, and measures of oxidative stress displayed minimal variation between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden W Hyatt
- 1 School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Wendy R Hood
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Hyatt HW, Zhang Y, Hood WR, Kavazis AN. Physiological, mitochondrial, and oxidative stress differences in the presence or absence of lactation in rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16:2. [PMID: 29316934 PMCID: PMC5761103 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human epidemiological data show that breastfeeding reduces the mother's probability of developing several disease conditions, including obesity and type II diabetes compared to mothers that give birth but do not breastfeed. The goal of this investigation was to characterize how lactation changes a rat's body composition, metabolism, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress. METHODS Ten-week old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n = 8 per group): 1) non-reproductive (NR), 2) those that were allowed to mate and give birth, but were not allowed to suckle their pups (PP), and 3) those that were allowed to mate and give birth, and suckled their young until weaning at 21 days (PL). All animals were sacrificed at a time corresponding to 7 days following the weaning of pups (i.e., day 28 postpartum). RESULTS The body mass of PL rats was similar to NR rats, but the body mass of PP rats was higher than NR rats. Importantly, PL rats had lower retroperitoneal white adipose tissue mass compared to both NR and PP rats. The difference in fat mass was accompanied by higher protein levels of PPARδ, SOD2, and reduced oxidative damage. Furthermore, the liver of PL rats had higher mitochondrial function with NADH-linked substrates, and higher expression of PGC-1α, PPARδ, and SOD2. CONCLUSIONS These acute differences observed between female rats that did and did not suckle their young could be used as the foundation for future research investigating the prolonged and sustained benefits of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden W. Hyatt
- 0000 0001 2297 8753grid.252546.2School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849 USA
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- 0000 0001 2297 8753grid.252546.2Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Wendy R. Hood
- 0000 0001 2297 8753grid.252546.2Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Andreas N. Kavazis
- 0000 0001 2297 8753grid.252546.2School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36849 USA
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Lactation has persistent effects on a mother's metabolism and mitochondrial function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17118. [PMID: 29215072 PMCID: PMC5719424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidemiological data show that breastfeeding reduces the prevalence of numerous diseases compared to mothers that give birth but do not participate in lactation. The goal of this study was to determine if differences in metabolism, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress underlie the protective phenotype found in lactating women. Ten-week old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n = 8 per group): 1) rats that did not reproduce (NR), 2) rats that were allowed to mate and become pregnant but did not suckle their pups after giving birth (NL), and 3) rats that were allowed to mate and become pregnant and suckled their pups for 21 days before weaning (L). All animals were sacrificed at approximately 7 months of age, a time corresponding to 15 weeks after the NL and L females gave birth. Liver mitochondrial respiration was higher in L rats when using NADH-linked substrates and these rats had lower serum glucose concentration. Additionally, the L group exhibited changes in liver, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue PPARδ protein levels that may, in part, explain the observed lower serum glucose concentration. These novel animal findings provide evidence of differences in metabolic processes that persist months after weaning.
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Abstract
The Himalayan Sherpas, a human population of Tibetan descent, are highly adapted to life in the hypobaric hypoxia of high altitude. Mechanisms involving enhanced tissue oxygen delivery in comparison to Lowlander populations have been postulated to play a role in such adaptation. Whether differences in tissue oxygen utilization (i.e., metabolic adaptation) underpin this adaptation is not known, however. We sought to address this issue, applying parallel molecular, biochemical, physiological, and genetic approaches to the study of Sherpas and native Lowlanders, studied before and during exposure to hypobaric hypoxia on a gradual ascent to Mount Everest Base Camp (5,300 m). Compared with Lowlanders, Sherpas demonstrated a lower capacity for fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle biopsies, along with enhanced efficiency of oxygen utilization, improved muscle energetics, and protection against oxidative stress. This adaptation appeared to be related, in part, to a putatively advantageous allele for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor A (PPARA) gene, which was enriched in the Sherpas compared with the Lowlanders. Our findings suggest that metabolic adaptations underpin human evolution to life at high altitude, and could have an impact upon our understanding of human diseases in which hypoxia is a feature.
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Dubois V, Eeckhoute J, Lefebvre P, Staels B. Distinct but complementary contributions of PPAR isotypes to energy homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1202-1214. [PMID: 28368286 DOI: 10.1172/jci88894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) regulate energy metabolism and hence are therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. While they share anti-inflammatory activities, the PPAR isotypes distinguish themselves by differential actions on lipid and glucose homeostasis. In this Review we discuss the complementary and distinct metabolic effects of the PPAR isotypes together with the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as the synthetic PPAR ligands that are used in the clinic or under development. We highlight the potential of new PPAR ligands with improved efficacy and safety profiles in the treatment of complex metabolic disorders.
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Cloning and expression characterization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) with their agonists, dietary lipids, and ambient salinity in rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 206:54-64. [PMID: 28095314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus is the first marine teleost reported to have the ability of biosynthesizing C20-22 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) from C18 precursors, and thus provides a model for studying the regulatory mechanisms of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in teleosts. To investigate the possible roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), critical transcription factors involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, in the regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in rabbitfish, the PPAR genes were cloned and their expression characterization with PPAR agonists, dietary lipid resource, and ambient salinity were examined. Three cDNA sequences respectively encoding 477, 516 and 519 amino acids of PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ isoforms were obtained. PPARα exhibited a wide tissue expression with its highest levels in the heart and brain; PPARβ was predominantly expressed in the gills, while PPARγ was highly expressed in the intestine and gills. In rabbitfish primary hepatocytes, both the PPAR agonists 2-bromopalmitate (2-Bro) and fenofibrate (FF) increased the expression of PPARγ, SREBP1c and Elovl5, whereas FF depressed the expression of Δ6/Δ5 Fad. Moreover, a higher hepatic PPARβ expression was observed in fish fed diets with vegetable oils (VO) than that with fish oil (FO), in the former the expression of PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ were increased at the low ambient salinity (10ppt), where an increasing expression of Δ5/Δ6 Fad, Δ4 Fad and Elovl5 genes was previously reported. These results suggest that PPARs might be involved in the upregulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis with dietary VO and low ambient salinity in rabbitfish.
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Mandave P, Khadke S, Karandikar M, Pandit V, Ranjekar P, Kuvalekar A, Mantri N. Antidiabetic, Lipid Normalizing, and Nephroprotective Actions of the Strawberry: A Potent Supplementary Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E124. [PMID: 28085064 PMCID: PMC5297758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was designed to assess the effect of different strawberry extracts on glucose levels, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress in nicotinamide-streptozotocin (NIC-STZ) induced diabetic rats. The associated changes were evaluated through biochemical, molecular, and histological assays. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ to albino Wistar rats after treatment with nicotinamide. Aqueous, hydroalcoholic, and alcoholic strawberry extracts were administrated orally to diabetic rats. Treatment of strawberry extracts improved lipid profile, liver function, and serum creatinine and led to a significant increase in antioxidant status in diabetic rats. Real-time PCR expression analysis of genes from the liver of animals treated with strawberry extracts exhibited downregulation of several fatty acid synthesis genes, transcription factors, such as Sterol regulatory Element Binding Transcription factor (SREBP) and Nuclear Factor-κβ (NF-κβ), and inflammatory markers, like Interleukin 6 (IL6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α). Strawberry extracts also upregulated liver Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). Histological examination confirmed the nephroprotective and β-cell regeneration/protection effects of strawberry extracts. The present study demonstrates several beneficial effects of strawberry extracts along with its probable mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Mandave
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Katraj, Pune, Maharashtra 411043, India.
| | - Suresh Khadke
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Katraj, Pune, Maharashtra 411043, India.
| | - Manjiri Karandikar
- Department of Pathology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411043, India.
| | - Vijaya Pandit
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune-Satara Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411043, India.
| | - Prabhakar Ranjekar
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Katraj, Pune, Maharashtra 411043, India.
| | - Aniket Kuvalekar
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Katraj, Pune, Maharashtra 411043, India.
| | - Nitin Mantri
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
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Ratneswaran A, Sun MMG, Dupuis H, Sawyez C, Borradaile N, Beier F. Nuclear receptors regulate lipid metabolism and oxidative stress markers in chondrocytes. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:431-444. [PMID: 28070626 PMCID: PMC5357281 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Joint homeostasis failure can result in osteoarthritis (OA). Currently, there are no treatments to alter disease progression in OA, but targeting early changes in cellular behavior has great potential. Recent data show that nuclear receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of OA and could be viable therapeutic targets, but their molecular mechanisms in cartilage are incompletely understood. This study examines global changes in gene expression after treatment with agonists for four nuclear receptor implicated in OA (LXR, PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR). Murine articular chondrocytes were treated with agonists for LXR, PPARδ, PPARγ, or RXR and underwent microarray, qPCR, and cellular lipid analyses to evaluate changes in gene expression and lipid profile. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to compare two differentially expressed targets (Txnip, Gsta4) in control and cartilage-specific PPARδ knockout mice subjected to surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Nuclear receptor agonists induced different gene expression profiles with many responses affecting lipid metabolism. LXR activation downregulated gene expression of proteases involved in OA, whereas RXR agonism decreased expression of ECM components and increased expression of Mmp13. Functional assays indicate increases in cell triglyceride accumulation after PPARγ, LXR, and RXR agonism but a decrease after PPARδ agonism. PPARδ and RXR downregulate the antioxidant Gsta4, and PPARδ upregulates Txnip. Wild-type, but not PPARδ-deficient mice, display increased staining for Txnip after DMM. Collectively, these data demonstrate that nuclear receptor activation in chondrocytes primarily affects lipid metabolism. In the case of PPARδ, this change might lead to increased oxidative stress, possibly contributing to OA-associated changes. Key message Nuclear receptors regulate metabolic genes in chondrocytes. Nuclear receptors affect triglyceride levels. PPARδ mediates regulation of oxidative stress markers. Nuclear receptors are promising therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00109-016-1501-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Ratneswaran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Western Bone & Joint Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Man-Ger Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Western Bone & Joint Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Holly Dupuis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Western Bone & Joint Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia Sawyez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Nica Borradaile
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Western Bone & Joint Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Shi H, Zhang C, Zhao W, Luo J, Loor J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta facilitates lipid secretion and catabolism of fatty acids in dairy goat mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:797-806. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zheng S, Shi JC, Hu JY, Hu WX, Zhang J, Shao B. Chlorination of bisphenol F and the estrogenic and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma effects of its disinfection byproducts. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 107:1-10. [PMID: 27780033 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The reaction kinetics and transformation pathways between bisphenol F (BPF) and sodium hypochlorite were investigated at pH values ranging from 6.5 to 8.5 and with different initial concentration ratios. The reaction rate was pH- and free available chlorine (FAC)-dependent: the reaction rate at pH 8.5 was almost 10 times than that at pH 6.5. A total of 40 compounds were tentatively identified as chloro-substituted BPF and polyphenolic compounds by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry operating in electrospray ionization mode (LC-ESI-Q-ToF), and 4 main byproducts were confirmed by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Toxicity tests indicated that the estrogenic effects of chloro-substituted BPF decrease as the chlorine substitution increase. On the contrary, increasing numbers of chlorines on the phenolic rings of BPF enhanced the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activity. Tetra-chlorinated BPF had an approximately 6.9-fold higher activity than BPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jia-Chen Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 100013, China
| | - Jian-Ying Hu
- College of Urban and Environment Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 1000871, China
| | - Wen-Xin Hu
- College of Urban and Environment Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 1000871, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 100013, China.
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Betancor MB, Sprague M, Montero D, Usher S, Sayanova O, Campbell PJ, Napier JA, Caballero MJ, Izquierdo M, Tocher DR. Replacement of Marine Fish Oil with de novo Omega-3 Oils from Transgenic Camelina sativa in Feeds for Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L.). Lipids 2016; 51:1171-1191. [PMID: 27590240 PMCID: PMC5418318 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are essential components of the diet of all vertebrates. The major dietary source of n-3 LC-PUFA for humans has been fish and seafood but, paradoxically, farmed fish are also reliant on marine fisheries for fish meal and fish oil (FO), traditionally major ingredients of aquafeeds. Currently, the only sustainable alternatives to FO are vegetable oils, which are rich in C18 PUFA, but devoid of the eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) abundant in FO. Two new n-3 LC-PUFA sources obtained from genetically modified (GM) Camelina sativa containing either EPA alone (ECO) or EPA and DHA (DCO) were compared to FO and wild-type camelina oil (WCO) in juvenile sea bream. Neither ECO nor DCO had any detrimental effects on fish performance, although final weight of ECO-fed fish (117 g) was slightly lower than that of FO- and DCO-fed fish (130 and 127 g, respectively). Inclusion of the GM-derived oils enhanced the n-3 LC-PUFA content in fish tissues compared to WCO, although limited biosynthesis was observed indicating accumulation of dietary fatty acids. The expression of genes involved in several lipid metabolic processes, as well as fish health and immune response, in both liver and anterior intestine were altered in fish fed the GM-derived oils. This showed a similar pattern to that observed in WCO-fed fish reflecting the hybrid fatty acid profile of the new oils. Overall the data indicated that the GM-derived oils could be suitable alternatives to dietary FO in sea bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica B Betancor
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - M Sprague
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - D Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Ctra. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - S Usher
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - O Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - P J Campbell
- Biomar Ltd., North Shore Road, Grangemouth, FK3 8UL, UK
| | - J A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - M J Caballero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Ctra. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M Izquierdo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Ctra. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - D R Tocher
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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Ament Z, West JA, Stanley E, Ashmore T, Roberts LD, Wright J, Nicholls AW, Griffin JL. PPAR-pan activation induces hepatic oxidative stress and lipidomic remodelling. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:357-68. [PMID: 26654758 PMCID: PMC4891066 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand activated nuclear receptors that regulate cellular homoeostasis and metabolism. PPARs control the expression of genes involved in fatty-acid and lipid metabolism. Despite evidence showing beneficial effects of their activation in the treatment of metabolic diseases, particularly dyslipidaemias and type 2 diabetes, PPAR agonists have also been associated with a variety of side effects and adverse pathological changes. Agonists have been developed that simultaneously activate the three PPAR receptors (PPARα, γ and δ) in the hope that the beneficial effects can be harnessed while avoiding some of the negative side effects. In this study, the hepatic effects of a discontinued PPAR-pan agonist (a triple agonist of PPAR-α, -γ, and -δ), was investigated after dietary treatment of male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The agonist induced liver enlargement in conjunction with metabolomic and lipidomic remodelling. Increased concentrations of several metabolites related to processes of oxidation, such as oxo-methionine, methyl-cytosine and adenosyl-methionine indicated increased stress and immune status. These changes are reflected in lipidomic changes, and increased energy demands as determined by free fatty acid (decreased 18:3 n-3, 20:5 n-3 and increased ratios of n-6/n-3 fatty acids) triacylglycerol, phospholipid (decreased and increased bulk changes respectively) and eicosanoid content (increases in PGB2 and 15-deoxy PGJ2). We conclude that the investigated PPAR agonist, GW625019, induces liver enlargement, accompanied by lipidomic remodelling, oxidative stress and increases in several pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. This suggests that such pathways should be monitored in the drug development process and also outline how PPAR agonists induce liver proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ament
- Medical Research Council, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK; The Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; The Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (CSBC), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - James A West
- Medical Research Council, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK; The Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; The Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (CSBC), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Elizabeth Stanley
- Medical Research Council, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK; The Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; The Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (CSBC), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Tom Ashmore
- Medical Research Council, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK; The Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; The Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (CSBC), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Medical Research Council, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK; The Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; The Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (CSBC), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jayne Wright
- Jayne Wright Ltd., Underhill House, Ledbury, Herefordshire HR8 2QR, UK
| | - Andrew W Nicholls
- GlaxoSmithKline, Investigative Preclinical Toxicology, Park Road, Ware SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Medical Research Council, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK; The Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; The Cambridge Systems Biology Centre (CSBC), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
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Vázquez-Carrera M. Unraveling the Effects of PPARβ/δ on Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:319-334. [PMID: 27005447 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance precedes dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. Preclinical evidence suggests that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ activators may prevent and treat obesity-induced insulin resistance and T2DM, while clinical trials highlight their potential utility in dyslipidemia. This review summarizes recent mechanistic insights into the antidiabetic effects of PPARβ/δ activators, including their anti-inflammatory actions, their ability to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and hepatic lipogenesis, and to improve atherogenesis and insulin sensitivity, as well as their capacity to activate pathways that are also stimulated by exercise. Findings from clinical trials are also examined. Dissecting the effects of PPARβ/δ ligands on insulin sensitivity and atherogenesis may provide a basis for the development of therapies for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Qiao Y, Tomonaga S, Matsui T, Funaba M. Modulation of the cellular content of metabolites in adipocytes by insulin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 424:71-80. [PMID: 26811873 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the insulin-mediated cell signaling pathway has been extensively examined, changes in the cellular content of metabolites currently remain unclear. We herein examined metabolite contents in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with insulin using a metabolomic analysis. Fifty-four compounds were detected, and the contents of metabolites from the citric acid cycle increased in response to the insulin treatment for 4 h, which was sensitive to U0126 and LY294002, inhibitors for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase, respectively. The cellular contents of fumaric acid and malic acid were increased more by insulin than those of citric acid and succinic acid. Time-course changes in metabolites from the citric acid cycle exhibited oscillations with a 2-h cycle. A metabolic pathway analysis also indicated that insulin affected the metabolism of alanine, aspartate and glutamate, as well as that of arginine and proline. The contents of free amino acids were slightly decreased by the insulin treatment, while the co-treatment with U0126 and LY294002 abrogated these insulin-mediated decreases. The present study revealed the unexpected accumulation of citric acid cycle metabolites in adipocytes by insulin. Our results indicate the usefulness of metabolomic analyses for obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of the regulation of metabolic pathways in cell-culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Qiao
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shozo Tomonaga
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsui
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Funaba
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Chrysin induces brown fat-like phenotype and enhances lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutrition 2016; 32:1002-10. [PMID: 27133810 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many studies have to do with promising therapeutic phytochemicals such as flavonoids to treat obesity and related complications, and a number of dietary compounds have been proposed as tools for increasing energy expenditure and decreasing fat accumulation in mammals. Here, we show that the flavonoid chrysin induces browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes via enhanced expression of brown fat-specific genes and proteins as well as enhances lipid metabolism. METHODS Chrysin-induced fat browning was investigated by determining expression levels of brown fat-specific genes and proteins by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Chrysin enhanced expression of brown fat-specific markers and increased protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, PPARγ, PPARδ, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase, hormone sensitive lipase, perilipin, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-1 alpha (PGC-1α), and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), suggesting its possible role in augmentation of lipolysis, fat oxidation, and thermogenesis as well as reduction of lipogenesis. Increased expression of UCP-1 and other brown fat-specific markers was possibly mediated by chrysin-induced activation of AMPK based on the fact that inhibition of AMPK by dorsomorphin abolished expression of PR domain-containing 16, UCP-1, and PGC-1α while the activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide elevated expression of these brown marker proteins. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that chrysin plays a dual modulatory role in the form of inducing the brown-like phenotype as well as enhancing lipid metabolism and thus may be explored as a potentially promising food additive for prevention of obesity.
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Ashmore T, Roberts LD, Morash AJ, Kotwica AO, Finnerty J, West JA, Murfitt SA, Fernandez BO, Branco C, Cowburn AS, Clarke K, Johnson RS, Feelisch M, Griffin JL, Murray AJ. Nitrate enhances skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation via a nitric oxide-cGMP-PPAR-mediated mechanism. BMC Biol 2015; 13:110. [PMID: 26694920 PMCID: PMC4688964 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle is associated with metabolic flexibility, including a high capacity to increase fatty acid (FA) oxidation in response to increased lipid supply. Lipid overload, however, can result in incomplete FA oxidation and accumulation of potentially harmful intermediates where mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle capacity cannot keep pace with rates of β-oxidation. Enhancement of muscle FA oxidation in combination with mitochondrial biogenesis is therefore emerging as a strategy to treat metabolic disease. Dietary inorganic nitrate was recently shown to reverse aspects of the metabolic syndrome in rodents by as yet incompletely defined mechanisms. RESULTS Herein, we report that nitrate enhances skeletal muscle FA oxidation in rodents in a dose-dependent manner. We show that nitrate induces FA oxidation through a soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cGMP-mediated PPARβ/δ- and PPARα-dependent mechanism. Enhanced PPARβ/δ and PPARα expression and DNA binding induces expression of FA oxidation enzymes, increasing muscle carnitine and lowering tissue malonyl-CoA concentrations, thereby supporting intra-mitochondrial pathways of FA oxidation and enhancing mitochondrial respiration. At higher doses, nitrate induces mitochondrial biogenesis, further increasing FA oxidation and lowering long-chain FA concentrations. Meanwhile, nitrate did not affect mitochondrial FA oxidation in PPARα(-/-) mice. In C2C12 myotubes, nitrate increased expression of the PPARα targets Cpt1b, Acadl, Hadh and Ucp3, and enhanced oxidative phosphorylation rates with palmitoyl-carnitine; however, these changes in gene expression and respiration were prevented by inhibition of either sGC or protein kinase G. Elevation of cGMP, via the inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 by sildenafil, also increased expression of Cpt1b, Acadl and Ucp3, as well as CPT1B protein levels, and further enhanced the effect of nitrate supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Nitrate may therefore be effective in the treatment of metabolic disease by inducing FA oxidation in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Ashmore
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC-Human Nutrition Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea J Morash
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Aleksandra O Kotwica
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - John Finnerty
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - James A West
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven A Murfitt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Cristina Branco
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Andrew S Cowburn
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Randall S Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC-Human Nutrition Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
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Schrader M, Costello J, Godinho LF, Islinger M. Peroxisome-mitochondria interplay and disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:681-702. [PMID: 25687155 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are ubiquitous, highly dynamic organelles with an oxidative type of metabolism in eukaryotic cells. Over the years, substantial evidence has been provided that peroxisomes and mitochondria exhibit a close functional interplay which impacts on human health and development. The so-called "peroxisome-mitochondria connection" includes metabolic cooperation in the degradation of fatty acids, a redox-sensitive relationship, an overlap in key components of the membrane fission machineries and cooperation in anti-viral signalling and defence. Furthermore, combined peroxisome-mitochondria disorders with defects in organelle division have been revealed. In this review, we present the latest progress in the emerging field of peroxisomal and mitochondrial interplay in mammals with a particular emphasis on cooperative fatty acid β-oxidation, redox interplay, organelle dynamics, cooperation in anti-viral signalling and the resulting implications for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK,
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Eiden M, Koulman A, Hatunic M, West JA, Murfitt S, Osei M, Adams C, Wang X, Chu Y, Marney L, Roberts LD, O'Rahilly S, Semple RK, Savage DB, Griffin JL. Mechanistic insights revealed by lipid profiling in monogenic insulin resistance syndromes. Genome Med 2015; 7:63. [PMID: 26273324 PMCID: PMC4535665 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence from several recent metabolomic studies suggests that increased concentrations of triacylglycerols with shorter (14–16 carbon atoms), saturated fatty acids are associated with insulin resistance and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Although causality cannot be inferred from association studies, patients in whom the primary cause of insulin resistance can be genetically defined offer unique opportunities to address this challenge. Methods We compared metabolite profiles in patients with congenital lipodystrophy or loss-of-function insulin resistance (INSR gene) mutations with healthy controls. Results The absence of significant differences in triacylglycerol species in the INSR group suggest that changes previously observed in epidemiological studies are not purely a consequence of insulin resistance. The presence of triacylglycerols with lower carbon numbers and high saturation in patients with lipodystrophy suggests that these metabolite changes may be associated with primary adipose tissue dysfunction. The observed pattern of triacylglycerol species is indicative of increased de novo lipogenesis in the liver. To test this we investigated the distribution of these triacylglycerols in lipoprotein fractions using size exclusion chromatography prior to mass spectrometry. This associated these triacylglycerols with very low-density lipoprotein particles, and hence release of triacylglycerols into the blood from the liver. To test further the hepatic origin of these triacylglycerols we induced de novo lipogenesis in the mouse, comparing ob/ob and wild-type mice on a chow or high fat diet, confirming that de novo lipogenesis induced an increase in relatively shorter, more saturated fatty acids. Conclusions Overall, these studies highlight hepatic de novo lipogenesis in the pathogenesis of metabolic dyslipidaemia in states where energy intake exceeds the capacity of adipose tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0179-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eiden
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
| | - Mensud Hatunic
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James A West
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK ; Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven Murfitt
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Osei
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
| | - Claire Adams
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xinzhu Wang
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK ; Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yajing Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luke Marney
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
| | - Lee D Roberts
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK ; Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David B Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK ; Department of Biochemistry and the Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
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A metabolomic study of the PPARδ agonist GW501516 for enhancing running endurance in Kunming mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9884. [PMID: 25943561 PMCID: PMC4421799 DOI: 10.1038/srep09884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise can increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ) expression in skeletal muscle. PPARδ regulates muscle metabolism and reprograms muscle fibre types to enhance running endurance. This study utilized metabolomic profiling to examine the effects of GW501516, a PPARδ agonist, on running endurance in mice. While training alone increased the exhaustive running performance, GW501516 treatment enhanced running endurance and the proportion of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-positive muscle fibres in both trained and untrained mice. Furthermore, increased levels of intermediate metabolites and key enzymes in fatty acid oxidation pathways were observed following training and/or treatment. Training alone increased serum inositol, glucogenic amino acids, and branch chain amino acids. However, GW501516 increased serum galactose and β-hydroxybutyrate, independent of training. Additionally, GW501516 alone raised serum unsaturated fatty acid levels, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, but levels increased even more when combined with training. These findings suggest that mechanisms behind enhanced running capacity are not identical for GW501516 and training. Training increases energy availability by promoting catabolism of proteins, and gluconeogenesis, whereas GW501516 enhances specific consumption of fatty acids and reducing glucose utilization.
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Giordano Attianese GMP, Desvergne B. Integrative and systemic approaches for evaluating PPARβ/δ (PPARD) function. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2015; 13:e001. [PMID: 25945080 PMCID: PMC4419664 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptors that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes involved in cellular differentiation, development, metabolism and also tumorigenesis. Three PPAR isotypes (α, β/δ and γ) have been identified, among which PPARβ/δ is the most difficult to functionally examine due to its tissue-specific diversity in cell fate determination, energy metabolism and housekeeping activities. PPARβ/δ acts both in a ligand-dependent and -independent manner. The specific type of regulation, activation or repression, is determined by many factors, among which the type of ligand, the presence/absence of PPARβ/δ-interacting corepressor or coactivator complexes and PPARβ/δ protein post-translational modifications play major roles. Recently, new global approaches to the study of nuclear receptors have made it possible to evaluate their molecular activity in a more systemic fashion, rather than deeply digging into a single pathway/function. This systemic approach is ideally suited for studying PPARβ/δ, due to its ubiquitous expression in various organs and its overlapping and tissue-specific transcriptomic signatures. The aim of the present review is to present in detail the diversity of PPARβ/δ function, focusing on the different information gained at the systemic level, and describing the global and unbiased approaches that combine a systems view with molecular understanding.
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