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Singh M, DeVone F, Bayer T, Abul Y, Garbin A, Leeder C, Halladay C, McConeghy KW, Gravenstein S, Rudolph JL. Wandering Behavior and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Veterans Affairs Community Living Center Residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2024; 25:105101. [PMID: 38906176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wandering behavior in nursing home (NH) residents could increase risk of infection. The objective of this study was to assess the association of wandering behavior with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Veterans Affairs (VA) Community Living Center (CLC) residents. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Veterans residing in 133 VA CLCs. METHODS We included residents with SARS-CoV-2 test from March 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 from VA electronic medical records. We identified CLC residents with wandering on Minimum Data Set 3.0 assessments and compared them with residents without wandering. The outcome was SARS-CoV-2 infection, as tested for surveillance testing, in those with and without wandering. Generalized linear model with Poisson link adjusted for relevant covariates was used. RESULTS Residents (n = 9995) were included in the analytic cohort mean, (SD) age 73.4 (10.7); 388 (3.9%) women. The mean (SD) activities of daily living score in the overall cohort was 13.6 (8.25). Wandering was noted in 379 (3.8%) (n = 379) of the cohort. The exposure groups differed in prior dementia (92.6% vs 62.1%, standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.8) and psychoses (41.4% vs 28.1%, SMD = 0.3). Overall, 12.5% (n = 1248) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and more residents among the wandering group were SARS-CoV-2 positive as compared with those in the group without wandering (19% [n = 72] vs 12.2% [n = 1176], SMD = 0.19). Adjusting for covariates, residents with wandering had 34% higher relative risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection (adjusted relative risk, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.04-1.69). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CLC residents with wandering had a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This may inform implementation of infection control and isolation policies as NHs attempt to balance ethical concepts of resident autonomy, proportionality, equity, and utilitarianism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mriganka Singh
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS-COIN), Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Frank DeVone
- Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS-COIN), Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS-COIN), Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yasin Abul
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS-COIN), Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alexander Garbin
- VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO, USA; Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ciera Leeder
- Clifton Springs Hospital, Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Clifton Springs, NY, USA
| | - Chris Halladay
- Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS-COIN), Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kevin W McConeghy
- Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS-COIN), Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS-COIN), Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - James L Rudolph
- Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS-COIN), Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Islam MS, Vogt F, King C, Sheel M. COVID-19 contact tracing and quarantine policies in the Indo-Pacific Region: A mixed-methods study of experiences of public health professionals. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003121. [PMID: 38820343 PMCID: PMC11142539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Contact tracing and quarantine are valuable public health tools to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and control the epidemic. Many low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) adopted global contact tracing and quarantine guidelines but were unable to contextualise the guidance into policies and practices that were relevant to their setting. Therefore, we examine contact tracing policies and practices in the Indo-Pacific region and the need to design context-specific policies. We conducted a mixed-methods study, including a cross-sectional online survey followed by key-informant interviews (KIIs). Using convenience snowball sampling, we invited public health professionals primarily involved in COVID-19 pandemic response from the Indo-Pacific region. We undertook descriptive analyses using counts and percentages for survey data and framework analysis for qualitative data. Seventy-seven public health professionals participated in the survey, of whom ten also participated in the KIIs. The study identified significant gaps between policies and the local contexts. Factors that broaden the gaps were limited knowledge of the changing dynamics of COVID-19 transmission, poor leadership, and coordination, little or no formal training on contact tracing, poor understanding of the guideline recommendations, limited resources, community resistance and mistrust, social stigmatisation and fear of being ostracised, and discrimination. This study revealed substantial disparities between policies and local contexts, significantly influencing policy implementation at national, provincial, and district levels across the studied countries. To bridge these gaps, we advocate for national contact tracing and quarantine guidelines explicitly addressing the quarantine needs of specific demographics, including children, pregnant women, prisoners, and individuals affected by social exclusion issues. Furthermore, we propose strengthening contact tracing training programs, urging revised guidelines to account for social, cultural, and infrastructural nuances influencing contact tracing and quarantine implementation. We also recommend engaging local NGOs, faith-based organisations, and local administrations to reinforce community connections and strengthen contact tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Saiful Islam
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Florian Vogt
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine King
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Meru Sheel
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Mancusi A, Proroga YTR, Maiolino P, Marrone R, D’Emilio C, Girardi S, Egidio M, Boni A, Vicenza T, Suffredini E, Power K. Droplet Digital RT-PCR (dd RT-PCR) Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Honey Bees and Honey Collected in Apiaries across the Campania Region. Viruses 2024; 16:729. [PMID: 38793611 PMCID: PMC11126096 DOI: 10.3390/v16050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), a subfamily of Orthocoronavirinae, are viruses that sometimes present a zoonotic character. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the recent outbreak of COVID-19, which, since its outbreak in 2019, has caused about 774,593,066 confirmed cases and 7,028,881 deaths. Aereosols are the main route of transmission among people; however, viral droplets can contaminate surfaces and fomites as well as particulate matter (PM) in suspensions of natural and human origin. Honey bees are well known bioindicators of the presence of pollutants and PMs in the environment as they can collect a great variety of substances during their foraging activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible role of honey bees as bioindicators of the prevalence SARS-CoV-2. In this regard, 91 samples of honey bees and 6 of honey were collected from different apiaries of Campania region (Southern Italy) in four time periods from September 2020 to June 2022 and were analyzed with Droplet Digital RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 target genes Orf1b and N. The screening revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in 12/91 in honey bee samples and in 2/6 honey samples. These results suggest that honey bees could also be used as indicators of outbreaks of airborne pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancusi
- Department of Food Security Coordination, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute No. 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.M.); (Y.T.R.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Yolande Thérèse Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Security Coordination, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute No. 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.M.); (Y.T.R.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (P.M.); (R.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Raffaele Marrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (P.M.); (R.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Claudia D’Emilio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (P.M.); (R.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Santa Girardi
- Department of Food Security Coordination, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute No. 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.M.); (Y.T.R.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Marica Egidio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (P.M.); (R.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Arianna Boni
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (T.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Teresa Vicenza
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (T.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (T.V.); (E.S.)
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy;
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Calvet GA, Kara E, Gonsalves L, Seuc AH, de Oliveira RDVC, Thwin SS, Gomez Ponce de León R, Gámez MC, Peña GM, Pendás BVR, Alzugaray MG, Carballo GO, Cala DC, Guimarães PMQ, Bonet M, Taylor M, Thorson A, Kim C, Ali M, Broutet N. Viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in body fluids associated with sexual activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e073084. [PMID: 38387982 PMCID: PMC10882346 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and summarise the evidence on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA detection and persistence in body fluids associated with sexual activity (saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, urine and faeces/rectal secretion). ELIGIBILITY All studies that reported detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, urine and faeces/rectal swabs. INFORMATION SOURCES The WHO COVID-19 database from inception to 20 April 2022. RISK OF BIAS ASSESSMENT The National Institutes of Health tools. SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS The proportion of patients with positive results for SARS-CoV-2 and the proportion of patients with a viral duration/persistence of at least 14 days in each fluid was calculated using fixed or random effects models. INCLUDED STUDIES A total of 182 studies with 10 023 participants. RESULTS The combined proportion of individuals with detection of SARS-CoV-2 was 82.6% (95% CI: 68.8% to 91.0%) in saliva, 1.6% (95% CI: 0.9% to 2.6%) in semen, 2.7% (95% CI: 1.8% to 4.0%) in vaginal secretion, 3.8% (95% CI: 1.9% to 7.6%) in urine and 31.8% (95% CI: 26.4% to 37.7%) in faeces/rectal swabs. The maximum viral persistence for faeces/rectal secretions was 210 days, followed by semen 121 days, saliva 112 days, urine 77 days and vaginal secretions 13 days. Culturable SARS-CoV-2 was positive for saliva and faeces. LIMITATIONS Scarcity of longitudinal studies with follow-up until negative results. INTERPRETATION SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in all fluids associated with sexual activity but was rare in semen and vaginal secretions. Ongoing droplet precautions and awareness of the potential risk of contact with faecal matter/rectal mucosa are needed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020204741.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edna Kara
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lianne Gonsalves
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armando Humberto Seuc
- National Institute of Hygiene Epidemiology and Microbiology, Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Soe Soe Thwin
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mercedes Bonet
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Taylor
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Thorson
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caron Kim
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Moazzam Ali
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Broutet
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ambalavanan R, Snead RS, Marczika J, Malioukis A. Epidemiological contemplation for a currently pragmatic COVID-19 health passport: a perspective. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1347623. [PMID: 38414904 PMCID: PMC10896918 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1347623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global pandemic that has wreaked havoc on the lives of millions of people around the world. Confinement measures aim to reduce the epidemic's spread and minimize the burden of morbidity and mortality. In response to the challenges caused by the pandemic, digital health passports have been developed exponentially. We highlight the latent epidemiological barriers to health passports to achieve standardized digital care platforms. This review paper not only highlights the epidemiological barriers but also articulates the possible infrastructure required to make the International Standard for a multi-factor authenticated and validated health passport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Ambalavanan
- Research Department, The Self Research Institute, Broken Arrow, OK, United States
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6
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Braggion A, Dugerdil A, Wilson O, Hovagemyan F, Flahault A. Indoor Air Quality and COVID-19: A Scoping Review. Public Health Rev 2024; 44:1605803. [PMID: 38273885 PMCID: PMC10810127 DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2023.1605803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major public health concern for the past 3 years. Scientific evidence on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and indoor air quality still needs to be demonstrated. This scoping review aims to study the association between air quality indoors and COVID-19. Methods: A scoping review analyzing the association between indoor air quality and epidemiological outcomes was conducted. Papers published between 1 January 2020 and 31 October 2022 were included. Hospital settings were excluded from the study. Results: Eight relevant articles met the inclusion criteria. Indoor settings included workplaces, schools, restaurants, and public transport. Types of ventilation used to improve indoor air quality were dilution methods (opening windows) and mechanical systems with or without filtration or purifier. CO2 sensors were employed in one study. All the studies showed a positive association between indoor air quality and its improvement and epidemiological indicators. Conclusion: The findings of this scoping review indicate that indoor air quality, which can be improved with ventilation methods, may reduce the risk of developing COVID-19. Ventilation could thus be viewed as a possible effective mitigating method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Braggion
- Institut de Santé Globale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adeline Dugerdil
- Institut de Santé Globale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olwen Wilson
- Institut de Santé Globale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Public Policy, London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Hovagemyan
- Institut de Santé Globale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Flahault
- Institut de Santé Globale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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Tamis Z, Sadeghi F, Heydari A, Mirza SS, Morowvat MH. Potentials of Stem Cell Therapy in Patients Infected with COVID- 19: A Systematic Review. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2024; 18:227-240. [PMID: 37594090 DOI: 10.2174/1872208317666230818092522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the present study, we have examined different aspects and potentials of stem cells for the management of patients infected with COVID-19. BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been reported in most of the countries and territories (>230) of the world with .686 million confirmed cases (as of Apr. 22, 2023). While the scientific community is working to develop vaccines and develop drugs against the COVID-19 pandemic, novel alternative therapies may reduce the mortality rate. Recently, the application of stem cells for critically ill COVID-19 patients in a small group of patients has been examined. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to July 2022. Those studies that reviewed COVID-19 and cell therapy potentials were entered into the study. Moreover, some recently published patents were exploited and reviewed. Patentscope, USPTO, Espacenet, Free Patents Online, and Google Patents were used for patent searches. RESULTS Cell-based therapy as a modality of regenerative medicine is considered one of the most promising disciplines in the fields of modern science and medicine. Such an advanced technology offers endless possibilities for transformative and potentially curative treatments for some of the most life-threatening diseases. This therapeutic tool can be useful to reduce the rate of mortality. There have been several published patents for different stem cell therapy platforms in recent years. CONCLUSION Stem cell therapy could be considered a safe and effective therapeutic strategy to reduce death cases in patients infected with COVID-19. Besides, stem cell therapy might increase the pulmonary functions in the patients, it suppresses the occurring inflammations and ameliorates the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tamis
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aigin Heydari
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102152, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Saima Shahzad Mirza
- Department of Zoology, Microbiology Laboratory, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
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Keller JK, Dulovic A, Gruber J, Griesbaum J, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Wülfing C, Kruse J, Hartmann A, Diekhof EK. SARS-CoV-2 specific sIgA in saliva increases after disease-related video stimulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22631. [PMID: 38123577 PMCID: PMC10733377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in saliva is the most important immunoglobulin fighting pathogens in the respiratory tract and may thus play a role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections. To gain a better understanding of the plasticity in the mucosal antibody, we investigated the proactive change in secretion of salivary SARS-CoV-2-specific sIgA in 45 vaccinated and/or previously infected, generally healthy persons (18 to 35 years, 22 women). Participants were exposed to a disease video displaying humans with several respiratory symptoms typical for COVID-19 in realistic situations of increased contagion risk. The disease video triggered an increase in spike-specific sIgA, which was absent after a similar control video with healthy people. The increase further correlated inversely with revulsion and aversive feelings while watching sick people. In contrast, the receptor binding domain-specific sIgA did not increase after the disease video. This may indicate differential roles of the two salivary antibodies in response to predictors of airborne contagion. The observed plasticity of spike-specific salivary antibody release after visual simulation of enhanced contagion risk suggests a role in immune exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith K Keller
- Department of Biology, Neuroendocrinology and Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Alex Dulovic
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Jens Gruber
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Griesbaum
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Wülfing
- Department of Biology, Interdisciplinary Neurobiology and Immunology, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Kruse
- Department of Biology, Neuroendocrinology and Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Neuroendocrinology and Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Esther K Diekhof
- Department of Biology, Neuroendocrinology and Human Biology Unit, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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Arienzo A, Gallo V, Tomassetti F, Pitaro N, Pitaro M, Antonini G. A narrative review of alternative transmission routes of COVID 19: what we know so far. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:681-695. [PMID: 37350182 PMCID: PMC10614718 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2228048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemics, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, represent an unprecedented public health challenge. Beside person-to-person contagion via airborne droplets and aerosol, which is the main SARS-CoV-2's route of transmission, alternative modes, including transmission via fomites, food and food packaging, have been investigated for their potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. In this context, several studies have demonstrated the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and, in some cases, of infectious particles on exposed fomites, food and water samples, confirming their possible role as sources of contamination and transmission. Indeed, fomite-to-human transmission has been demonstrated in a few cases where person-to-person transmission had been excluded. In addition, recent studies supported the possibility of acquiring COVID-19 through the fecal-oro route; the occurrence of COVID-19 gastrointestinal infections, in the absence of respiratory symptoms, also opens the intriguing possibility that these cases could be directly related to the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Overall, most of the studies considered these alternative routes of transmission of low epidemiological relevance; however, it should be considered that they could play an important role, or even be prevalent, in settings characterized by different environmental and socio-economic conditions. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings regarding SARS-CoV-2 alternative transmission routes, with the aim to disclose what is known about their impact on COVID-19 spread and to stimulate research in this field, which could potentially have a great impact, especially in low-resource contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michele Pitaro
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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Reshamwala D, Shroff S, Liimatainen J, Tienaho J, Laajala M, Kilpeläinen P, Viherä-Aarnio A, Karonen M, Jyske T, Marjomäki V. Willow ( Salix spp.) bark hot water extracts inhibit both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses: study on its anti-coronavirus and anti-enterovirus activities. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1249794. [PMID: 38029113 PMCID: PMC10663278 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1249794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recurring viral outbreaks have a significant negative impact on society. This creates a need to develop novel strategies to complement the existing antiviral approaches. There is a need for safe and sustainable antiviral solutions derived from nature. Objective This study aimed to investigate the antiviral potential of willow (Salix spp.) bark hot water extracts against coronaviruses and enteroviruses. Willow bark has long been recognized for its medicinal properties and has been used in traditional medicines. However, its potential as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent remains relatively unexplored. Methods Cytopathic effect inhibition assay and virucidal and qPCR-based assays were used to evaluate the antiviral potential of the bark extracts. The mechanism of action was investigated using time-of-addition assay, confocal microscopy, TEM, thermal, and binding assays. Extracts were fractionated and screened for their chemical composition using high-resolution LC-MS. Results The native Salix samples demonstrated their excellent antiviral potential against the non-enveloped enteroviruses even at room temperature and after 45 s. They were equally effective against the seasonal and pandemic coronaviruses. Confocal microscopy verified the loss of infection capacity by negligible staining of the newly synthesized capsid or spike proteins. Time-of-addition studies demonstrated that Salix bark extract had a direct effect on the virus particles but not through cellular targets. Negative stain TEM and thermal assay showed that antiviral action on enteroviruses was based on the added stability of the virions. In contrast, Salix bark extract caused visible changes in the coronavirus structure, which was demonstrated by the negative stain TEM. However, the binding to the cells was not affected, as verified by the qPCR study. Furthermore, coronavirus accumulated in the cellular endosomes and did not proceed after this stage, based on the confocal studies. None of the tested commercial reference samples, such as salicin, salicylic acid, picein, and triandrin, had any antiviral activity. Fractionation of the extract and subsequent MS analysis revealed that most of the separated fractions were very effective against enteroviruses and contained several different chemical groups such as hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and procyanidins. Conclusion Salix spp. bark extracts contain several virucidal agents that are likely to act synergistically and directly on the viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sailee Shroff
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Jenni Tienaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | | | - Maarit Karonen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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11
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Sinclair LG, Ilieva Z, Morris G, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Maclean M. Viricidal Efficacy of a 405-nm Environmental Decontamination System for Inactivation of Bacteriophage Phi6: Surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1493-1500. [PMID: 36872097 PMCID: PMC10952546 DOI: 10.1111/php.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly transmittable nature of SARS-CoV-2 has increased the necessity for novel strategies to safely decontaminate public areas. This study investigates the efficacy of a low irradiance 405-nm light environmental decontamination system for the inactivation of bacteriophage phi6 as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Bacteriophage phi6 was exposed to increasing doses of low irradiance (~0.5 mW cm-2 ) 405-nm light while suspended in SM buffer and artificial human saliva at low (~103-4 PFU mL-1 ) and high (~107-8 PFU mL-1 ) seeding densities, to determine system efficacy for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation and establish the influence of biologically relevant suspension media on viral susceptibility. Complete/near-complete (≥99.4%) inactivation was demonstrated in all cases, with significantly enhanced reductions observed in biologically relevant media (P < 0.05). Doses of 43.2 and 172.8 J cm-2 were required to achieve ~3 log10 reductions at low density, and 97.2 and 259.2 J cm-2 achieved ~6 log10 reductions at high density, in saliva and SM buffer, respectively: 2.6-4 times less dose was required when suspended in saliva compared to SM buffer. Comparative exposure to higher irradiance (~50 mW cm-2 ) 405-nm light indicated that, on a per unit dose basis, 0.5 mW cm-2 treatments were capable of achieving up to 5.8 greater log10 reductions with up to 28-fold greater germicidal efficiency than that of 50 mW cm-2 treatments. These findings establish the efficacy of low irradiance 405-nm light systems for inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate and demonstrate the significant enhancement in susceptibility when suspended in saliva, which is a major vector in COVID-19 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy G. Sinclair
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Zornitsa Ilieva
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Georgina Morris
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - John G. Anderson
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Scott J. MacGregor
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
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12
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Liu L, Casner RG, Guo Y, Wang Q, Iketani S, Chan JFW, Yu J, Dadonaite B, Nair MS, Mohri H, Reddem ER, Yuan S, Poon VKM, Chan CCS, Yuen KY, Sheng Z, Huang Y, Bloom JD, Shapiro L, Ho DD. Antibodies targeting a quaternary site on SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein prevent viral receptor engagement by conformational locking. Immunity 2023; 56:2442-2455.e8. [PMID: 37776849 PMCID: PMC10588992 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, with many variants evading clinically authorized antibodies. To isolate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with broadly neutralizing capacities against the virus, we screened serum samples from convalescing COVID-19 patients. We isolated two mAbs, 12-16 and 12-19, which neutralized all SARS-CoV-2 variants tested, including the XBB subvariants, and prevented infection in hamsters challenged with Omicron BA.1 intranasally. Structurally, both antibodies targeted a conserved quaternary epitope located at the interface between the N-terminal domain and subdomain 1, uncovering a site of vulnerability on SARS-CoV-2 spike. These antibodies prevented viral receptor engagement by locking the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike in the down conformation, revealing a mechanism of virus neutralization for non-RBD antibodies. Deep mutational scanning showed that SARS-CoV-2 could mutate to escape 12-19, but such mutations are rarely found in circulating viruses. Antibodies 12-16 and 12-19 hold promise as prophylactic agents for immunocompromised persons who do not respond robustly to COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Ryan G Casner
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Health@InnoHK, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Manoj S Nair
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mohri
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eswar R Reddem
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Health@InnoHK, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Health@InnoHK, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chris Chung-Sing Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Health@InnoHK, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Health@InnoHK, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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13
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Adnan N, Haq MA, Tisha TA, Khandker SS, Jamiruddin MR, Sajal SSA, Akter S, Ahmed MF, Raqib R, Khondoker MU, Azmuda N, Haque M. Optimizing SARS-CoV-2 Immunoassays for Specificity in Dengue-Co-Endemic Areas. Cureus 2023; 15:e47683. [PMID: 37899905 PMCID: PMC10599982 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The overlap in clinical presentation between COVID-19 and dengue poses challenges for diagnosis in co-endemic regions. Furthermore, there have been reports of antibody cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and dengue. Our research aims to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 antigens for serological testing while reducing the possibility of cross-reactivity with anti-dengue antibodies. Method Two hundred and ten serum samples were collected from 179 patients and divided into four panels. Panels 1 and 2 consisted of COVID-19-negative healthy donors (n=81) and pre-pandemic dengue patients (n=50), respectively. Alternatively, Panel 3 (n=19) was composed of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-positive samples collected within two weeks of COVID-19 symptom onset, while Panel 4 (n=60) was composed of positive samples collected after two weeks of symptom onset. Previously developed and characterized in-house SARS-CoV-2 spike-1 (S1), receptor binding domain (RBD), and nucleocapsid (N) immunoglobin G (IgG)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays were used for the study. Results Six dengue-positive sera cross-reacted with the RBD of SARS-CoV-2. However, only one dengue-positive sera cross-reacted with the S1 and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Co-immobilization of S1 and RBD in different ratios revealed an 80:20 (S1:RBD) ratio as optimal for achieving an overall 96.2% sensitivity with the least cross-reaction to anti-dengue antibodies. Conclusion Our findings indicated that SARS-CoV-2 RBD-based immunoassays present more cross-reactivity with anti-dengue antibodies than S1 and N proteins. Furthermore, co-immobilization of S1 and RBD reduces the cross-reactivity with anti-dengue antibodies compared to RBD, thereby increasing the immunoassay specificity without affecting overall sensitivity for the dengue-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihad Adnan
- Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Md Ahsanul Haq
- Bio-Statistics, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, BGD
| | | | - Shahad Saif Khandker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Dhaka, BGD
| | | | - Sm Shafiul Alam Sajal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Salma Akter
- Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, BGD
| | | | - Rubhana Raqib
- Immunology, Nutrition, and Toxicology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, BGD
| | | | | | - Mainul Haque
- Department of Research, School of Dentistry, Karnavati Scientific Research Center (KSRC) Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MYS
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14
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Brown TW, Park GW, Wittry B, Barclay L, Person M, Relja B, Daly S, Chhabra P, Kincaid E, Johnson J, Ahmad A, Herzegh O, Vinjé J, Murphy J. SARS-CoV-2 surface contamination in metro-Atlanta grocery stores. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291747. [PMID: 37725625 PMCID: PMC10508621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While the COVID-19 pandemic has had a detrimental impact on many businesses worldwide, essential businesses, such as grocery stores, continued to operate despite potential disease transmission. Although the principal mode by which people are infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is through exposure to respiratory droplets and very small particles carrying infectious virus, contaminated surfaces might play a role in transmission. We collected swab samples from frequently touched surfaces, including grocery carts, touchscreen monitors, credit card keypads, pharmacy counters, self-service food utensils, and refrigerator and freezer handles, in two metro-Atlanta grocery stores over the course of two sampling events in March 2021. Of the 260 swab samples collected, 6 (2.3%) samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Positive samples were collected from pharmacy (12.0% [3/25] samples), refrigerator/freezer aisles (2.5% [1/39] samples), and self-service food court (5.0% [2/40] samples) areas. Table/counter edge and underside surfaces represented 33% (2/6) of positive samples. These data suggest that risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 from frequently touched surfaces in grocery store settings is likely low; however, more frequent cleaning of surfaces in pharmacy and self-service food courts might be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis W. Brown
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Geun W. Park
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunological and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Beth Wittry
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Leslie Barclay
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunological and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Margaret Person
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Boris Relja
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunological and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Scott Daly
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Preeti Chhabra
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunological and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Erin Kincaid
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jona Johnson
- Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ausaf Ahmad
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Owen Herzegh
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunological and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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15
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Si Y, Wu W, Xue X, Sun X, Qin Y, Li Y, Qiu C, Li Y, Zhuo Z, Mi Y, Zheng P. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15990. [PMID: 37701824 PMCID: PMC10493083 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientists have made great efforts to understand the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) to provide crucial information to public health experts on strategies to control this viral pathogen. The pandemic of the coronavirus disease that began in 2019, COVID-19, lasted nearly three years, and nearly all countries have set different epidemic prevention policies for this virus. The continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 alters its pathogenicity and infectivity in human hosts, thus the policy and treatments have been continually adjusted. Based on our previous study on the dynamics of binding ability prediction between the COVID-19 spike protein and human ACE2, the present study mined over 10 million sequences and epidemiological data of SARS-CoV-2 during 2020-2022 to understand the evolutionary path of SARS-CoV-2. We analyzed and predicted the mutation rates of the whole genome and main proteins of SARS-CoV-2 from different populations to understand the adaptive relationship between humans and COVID-19. Our study identified a correlation of the mutation rates from each protein of SARS-CoV-2 and various human populations. Overall, this analysis provides a scientific basis for developing data-driven strategies to confront human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Si
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Cente, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xia Xue
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Cente, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Cente, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yaping Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Cente, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chunjing Qiu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Cente, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Cente, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ziran Zhuo
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yang Mi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Cente, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pengyuan Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori & Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Cente, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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16
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Tortellini E, Fosso Ngangue YC, Dominelli F, Guardiani M, Falvino C, Mengoni F, Carraro A, Marocco R, Pasculli P, Mastroianni CM, Ciardi MR, Lichtner M, Zingaropoli MA. Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccination in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1844. [PMID: 37766251 PMCID: PMC10534440 DOI: 10.3390/v15091844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) remain at high risk of mortality and morbidity from vaccine-preventable diseases, even though antiretroviral therapy (ART) has restored life expectancy and general well-being. When, which, and how many doses of vaccine should be administered over the lifetime of PLWH are questions that have become clinically relevant. Immune responses to most vaccines are known to be impaired in PLWH. Effective control of viremia with ART and restored CD4+ T-cell count are correlated with an improvement in responsiveness to routine vaccines. However, the presence of immune alterations, comorbidities and co-infections may alter it. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on immune responses to different vaccines in the setting of HIV infection, emphasizing the potential effect of HIV-related factors and presence of comorbidities in modulating such responses. A better understanding of these issues will help guide vaccination and prevention strategies for PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Tortellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Yann Collins Fosso Ngangue
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Federica Dominelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Mariasilvia Guardiani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Carmen Falvino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Fabio Mengoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Anna Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Raffaella Marocco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, SM Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy; (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Patrizia Pasculli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Claudio Maria Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Maria Rosa Ciardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, SM Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy; (R.M.); (M.L.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs, NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Zingaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
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17
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Aiello A, Najafi-Fard S, Goletti D. Initial immune response after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or to SARS-COV-2: similarities and differences. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244556. [PMID: 37662901 PMCID: PMC10470049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose etiologic agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are currently the two deadliest infectious diseases in humans, which together have caused about more than 11 million deaths worldwide in the past 3 years. TB and COVID-19 share several aspects including the droplet- and aerosol-borne transmissibility, the lungs as primary target, some symptoms, and diagnostic tools. However, these two infectious diseases differ in other aspects as their incubation period, immune cells involved, persistence and the immunopathological response. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between TB and COVID-19 focusing on the innate and adaptive immune response induced after the exposure to Mtb and SARS-CoV-2 and the pathological pathways linking the two infections. Moreover, we provide a brief overview of the immune response in case of TB-COVID-19 co-infection highlighting the similarities and differences of each individual infection. A comprehensive understanding of the immune response involved in TB and COVID-19 is of utmost importance for the design of effective therapeutic strategies and vaccines for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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18
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Acevedo-Sánchez G, Mora-Aguilera G, Coria-Contreras JJ, Álvarez-Maya I. Were metabolic and other chronic diseases the driven onset epidemic forces of COVID-19 in Mexico? Front Public Health 2023; 11:995602. [PMID: 37608984 PMCID: PMC10441236 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.995602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The underline hypothesis of this study was that SARS-CoV-2 can infect individuals regardless of health condition, sex, and age in opposition to the classical epidemiological assumption of an identifiable susceptible subpopulation for epidemic development. To address this issue, a population cohort with 24.4 million metadata associated with 226,089 official RT-qPCR positive and 283,450 negative cases, including 27,769 deceased, linked putatively to B.1. and B.1.1. SARS-CoV-2 lineages were analyzed. The analysis baseline was to determine the infection and mortality structure of the diseased cohort at the onset-exponential phase of the first epidemic wave in Mexico under the assumption of limited herd immunity. Individuals with nonchronic diseases (NOCDs) were compared with those exhibiting at least one of 10 chronic diseases (CDs) adjusted by age and sex. Risk factors for infection and mortality were estimated with classification and regression tree (CART) and cluster analysis based on Spearman's matrix of rho-values in RStudio®, complemented with two proposed mortality indices. SARS-CoV-2 infection was independent of health condition (52.8% NOCD vs. 47.2% CDs; p = 0.001-0.009) but influenced by age >46 in one risk analysis scenario (p < 0.001). Sex contributed 9.7% to the overall risk. The independent effect was supported by the health structure of negative cases with a similar tendency but a higher proportion of NOCDs (61.4%, p = 0.007). The infection probability in individuals with one CD was determined by the disease type and age, which was higher in those older individuals (≥56 years) exhibiting diabetes (12.3%, cp = 0.0006), hypertension (10.1%, cp < 0.0001), and obesity (7.8%, cp = 0.001). In contrast, the mortality risk was heavily influenced by CD conditioned by sex and age, accounting for 72.3% of total deaths (p = 0.001-0.008). Significant mortality risk (48%) was comprised of women and men (w, m) aged ≥56 years with diabetes (19% w and 27.9% m, cp < 0.0004), hypertension (11.5% w, cp = 0.0001), and CKD (3.5% w and 5.3% m, cp = 0.0009). Older people with diabetes and hypertension comorbidity increased the risk to 60.5% (p = 0.001). Based on a mortality-weighted index, women were more vulnerable to preexisting metabolic or cardiovascular diseases. These findings support our hypothesis and justify the need for surveillance systems at a communitarian level. This is the first study addressing this fundamental epidemiological question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Acevedo-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Epidemiological Risk Analysis (LANREF), Postgraduate College, Montecillo Campus, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Mora-Aguilera
- Laboratory of Epidemiological Risk Analysis (LANREF), Postgraduate College, Montecillo Campus, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juan J. Coria-Contreras
- Laboratory of Epidemiological Risk Analysis (LANREF), Postgraduate College, Montecillo Campus, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ikuri Álvarez-Maya
- Center for Research and Applied Technology in Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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19
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Roham PH, Kamath JJ, Sharma S. Dissecting the Interrelationship between COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300107. [PMID: 37246237 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to enormous morbidity and mortality worldwide. After gaining entry into the human host, the virus initially infects the upper and lower respiratory tract, subsequently invading multiple organs, including the pancreas. While on one hand, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection and associated death, recent reports have shown the onset of DM in COVID-19-recovered patients. SARS-CoV-2 infiltrates the pancreatic islets and activates stress response and inflammatory signaling pathways, impairs glucose metabolism, and consequently leads to their death. Indeed, the pancreatic autopsy samples of COVID-19 patients reveal the presence of SARS-CoV-2 particles in β-cells. The current review describes how the virus enters the host cells and activates an immunological response. Further, it takes a closer look into the interrelationship between COVID-19 and DM with the aim to provide mechanistic insights into the process by which SARS-CoV-2 infects the pancreas and mediates dysfunction and death of endocrine islets. The effects of known anti-diabetic interventions for COVID-19 management are also discussed. The application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a future therapy for pancreatic β-cells damage to reverse COVID-19-induced DM is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha H Roham
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Jayesh J Kamath
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Shilpy Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
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20
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Beale S, Yavlinsky A, Hoskins S, Nguyen V, Byrne T, Fong WLE, Kovar J, Van Tongeren M, Aldridge RW, Hayward A. Between-occupation differences in work-related COVID-19 mitigation strategies over time: Analysis of the Virus Watch Cohort in England and Wales. Scand J Work Environ Health 2023; 49:350-362. [PMID: 37066842 PMCID: PMC10713985 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.4092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES COVID-19 mitigations have had a profound impact on workplaces, however, multisectoral comparisons of how work-related mitigations were applied are limited. This study aimed to investigate (i) occupational differences in the usage of key work-related mitigations over time and (ii) workers' perceptions of these mitigations. METHODS Employed/self-employed Virus Watch study participants (N=6279) responded to a mitigation-related online survey covering the periods of December 2020-February 2022. Logistic regression was used to investigate occupation- and time-related differences in the usage of work-related mitigation methods. Participants' perceptions of mitigation methods were investigated descriptively using proportions. RESULTS Usage of work-related mitigation methods differed between occupations and over time, likely reflecting variation in job roles, workplace environments, legislation and guidance. Healthcare workers had the highest predicted probabilities for several mitigations, including reporting frequent hand hygiene [predicted probability across all survey periods 0.61 (95% CI 0.56-0.66)] and always wearing face coverings [predicted probability range 0.71 (95% CI 0.66-0.75) - 0.80 (95% CI 0.76-0.84) across survey periods]. There were significant cross-occupational trends towards reduced mitigations during periods of less stringent national restrictions. The majority of participants across occupations (55-88%) agreed that most mitigations were reasonable and worthwhile even after the relaxation of national restrictions; agreement was lower for physical distancing (39-44%). CONCLUSIONS While usage of work-related mitigations appeared to vary alongside stringency of national restrictions, agreement that most mitigations were reasonable and worthwhile remained substantial. Further investigation into the factors underlying between-occupational differences could assist pandemic planning and prevention of workplace COVID-19 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beale
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK, WC1E 7HB.
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21
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Lotti V, Lagni A, Diani E, Sorio C, Gibellini D. Crosslink between SARS-CoV-2 replication and cystic fibrosis hallmarks. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1162470. [PMID: 37250046 PMCID: PMC10213757 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1162470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiological cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, can cause severe illness in certain at-risk populations, including people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). Nevertheless, several studies indicated that pwCF do not have higher risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection nor do they demonstrate worse clinical outcomes than those of the general population. Recent in vitro studies indicate cellular and molecular processes to be significant drivers in pwCF lower infection rates and milder symptoms than expected in cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These range from cytokine releases to biochemical alterations leading to morphological rearrangements inside the cells associated with CFTR impairment. Based on available data, the reported low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among pwCF is likely a result of several variables linked to CFTR dysfunction, such as thick mucus, IL-6 reduction, altered ACE2 and TMPRSS2 processing and/or functioning, defective anions exchange, and autophagosome formation. An extensive analysis of the relation between SARS-CoV-2 infection and pwCF is essential to elucidate the mechanisms involved in this lower-than-expected infection impact and to possibly suggest potential new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Lotti
- Microbiology Section, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Lagni
- Microbiology Section, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Erica Diani
- Microbiology Section, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Sorio
- General Pathology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Microbiology Section, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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22
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Bernhard GH, Madronich S, Lucas RM, Byrne SN, Schikowski T, Neale RE. Linkages between COVID-19, solar UV radiation, and the Montreal Protocol. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:991-1009. [PMID: 36995652 PMCID: PMC10062285 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
There are several connections between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), solar UV radiation, and the Montreal Protocol. Exposure to ambient solar UV radiation inactivates SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. An action spectrum describing the wavelength dependence of the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by UV and visible radiation has recently been published. In contrast to action spectra that have been assumed in the past for estimating the effect of UV radiation on SARS-CoV-2, the new action spectrum has a large sensitivity in the UV-A (315-400 nm) range. If this "UV-A tail" is correct, solar UV radiation could be much more efficient in inactivating the virus responsible for COVID-19 than previously thought. Furthermore, the sensitivity of inactivation rates to the total column ozone would be reduced because ozone absorbs only a small amount of UV-A radiation. Using solar simulators, the times for inactivating SARS-CoV-2 have been determined by several groups; however, many measurements are affected by poorly defined experimental setups. The most reliable data suggest that 90% of viral particles embedded in saliva are inactivated within ~ 7 min by solar radiation for a solar zenith angle (SZA) of 16.5° and within ~ 13 min for a SZA of 63.4°. Slightly longer inactivation times were found for aerosolised virus particles. These times can become considerably longer during cloudy conditions or if virus particles are shielded from solar radiation. Many publications have provided evidence of an inverse relationship between ambient solar UV radiation and the incidence or severity of COVID-19, but the reasons for these negative correlations have not been unambiguously identified and could also be explained by confounders, such as ambient temperature, humidity, visible radiation, daylength, temporal changes in risk and disease management, and the proximity of people to other people. Meta-analyses of observational studies indicate inverse associations between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 positivity or severity of COVID-19, although the quality of these studies is largely low. Mendelian randomisation studies have not found statistically significant evidence of a causal effect of 25(OH)D concentration on COVID-19 susceptibility or severity, but a potential link between vitamin D status and disease severity cannot be excluded as some randomised trials suggest that vitamin D supplementation is beneficial for people admitted to a hospital. Several studies indicate significant positive associations between air pollution and COVID-19 incidence and fatality rates. Conversely, well-established cohort studies indicate no association between long-term exposure to air pollution and infection with SARS-CoV-2. By limiting increases in UV radiation, the Montreal Protocol has also suppressed the inactivation rates of pathogens exposed to UV radiation. However, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the expected larger inactivation rates without the Montreal Protocol would have had tangible consequences on the progress of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - S Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - S N Byrne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - T Schikowski
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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23
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Bernhard GH, Bais AF, Aucamp PJ, Klekociuk AR, Liley JB, McKenzie RL. Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:937-989. [PMID: 37083996 PMCID: PMC10120513 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This assessment provides a comprehensive update of the effects of changes in stratospheric ozone and other factors (aerosols, surface reflectivity, solar activity, and climate) on the intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth's surface. The assessment is performed in the context of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its Amendments and Adjustments. Changes in UV radiation at low- and mid-latitudes (0-60°) during the last 25 years have generally been small (e.g., typically less than 4% per decade, increasing at some sites and decreasing at others) and were mostly driven by changes in cloud cover and atmospheric aerosol content, caused partly by climate change and partly by measures to control tropospheric pollution. Without the Montreal Protocol, erythemal (sunburning) UV irradiance at northern and southern latitudes of less than 50° would have increased by 10-20% between 1996 and 2020. For southern latitudes exceeding 50°, the UV Index (UVI) would have surged by between 25% (year-round at the southern tip of South America) and more than 100% (South Pole in spring). Variability of erythemal irradiance in Antarctica was very large during the last four years. In spring 2019, erythemal UV radiation was at the minimum of the historical (1991-2018) range at the South Pole, while near record-high values were observed in spring 2020, which were up to 80% above the historical mean. In the Arctic, some of the highest erythemal irradiances on record were measured in March and April 2020. For example in March 2020, the monthly average UVI over a site in the Canadian Arctic was up to 70% higher than the historical (2005-2019) average, often exceeding this mean by three standard deviations. Under the presumption that all countries will adhere to the Montreal Protocol in the future and that atmospheric aerosol concentrations remain constant, erythemal irradiance at mid-latitudes (30-60°) is projected to decrease between 2015 and 2090 by 2-5% in the north and by 4-6% in the south due to recovering ozone. Changes projected for the tropics are ≤ 3%. However, in industrial regions that are currently affected by air pollution, UV radiation will increase as measures to reduce air pollutants will gradually restore UV radiation intensities to those of a cleaner atmosphere. Since most substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol are also greenhouse gases, the phase-out of these substances may have avoided warming by 0.5-1.0 °C over mid-latitude regions of the continents, and by more than 1.0 °C in the Arctic; however, the uncertainty of these calculations is large. We also assess the effects of changes in stratospheric ozone on climate, focusing on the poleward shift of climate zones, and discuss the role of the small Antarctic ozone hole in 2019 on the devastating "Black Summer" fires in Australia. Additional topics include the assessment of advances in measuring and modeling of UV radiation; methods for determining personal UV exposure; the effect of solar radiation management (stratospheric aerosol injections) on UV radiation relevant for plants; and possible revisions to the vitamin D action spectrum, which describes the wavelength dependence of the synthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin upon exposure to UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - A F Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A R Klekociuk
- Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand
| | - R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand
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24
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Liu L, Casner RG, Guo Y, Wang Q, Iketani S, Chan JFW, Yu J, Dadonaite B, Nair MS, Mohri H, Reddem ER, Yuan S, Poon VKM, Chan CCS, Yuen KY, Sheng Z, Huang Y, Bloom JD, Shapiro L, Ho DD. Antibodies that neutralize all current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by conformational locking. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.08.536123. [PMID: 37090592 PMCID: PMC10120718 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.08.536123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve and evade most existing neutralizing antibodies, including all clinically authorized antibodies. We have isolated and characterized two human monoclonal antibodies, 12-16 and 12-19, which exhibited neutralizing activities against all SARS-CoV-2 variants tested, including BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5. They also blocked infection in hamsters challenged with Omicron BA.1 intranasally. Structural analyses revealed both antibodies targeted a conserved quaternary epitope located at the interface between the N-terminal domain and subdomain 1, revealing a previously unrecognized site of vulnerability on SARS-CoV-2 spike. These antibodies prevent viral receptor engagement by locking the receptor-binding domain of spike in the down conformation, revealing a novel mechanism of virus neutralization for non-RBD antibodies. Deep mutational scanning showed that SARS-CoV-2 could mutate to escape 12-19, but the responsible mutations are rarely found in circulating viruses. Antibodies 12-16 and 12-19 hold promise as prophylactic agents for immunocompromised persons who do not respond robustly to COVID-19 vaccines.
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25
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Pozdnyakova V, Weber B, Cheng S, Ebinger JE. Review of Immunologic Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination. Heart Fail Clin 2023; 19:177-184. [PMID: 36863809 PMCID: PMC9973544 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
We herein summarize currently available and clinically relevant information regarding the human immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, in relation to COVID-19 outcomes with a focus on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Pozdnyakova
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, D4005, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Brittany Weber
- Carl J. and Ruth Shapiro Cardiovascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 70 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South Vicente Boulevard, Suite A3100, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Joseph E Ebinger
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South Vicente Boulevard, Suite A3100, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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26
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Mushebenge AG, Ugbaja SC, Mtambo SE, Ntombela T, Metu JI, Babayemi O, Chima JI, Appiah-Kubi P, Odugbemi AI, Ntuli ML, Khan R, Kumalo HM. Unveiling the Inhibitory Potentials of Peptidomimetic Azanitriles and Pyridyl Esters towards SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: A Molecular Modelling Investigation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062641. [PMID: 36985614 PMCID: PMC10051727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19, which was declared a global pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since SARS-CoV-2 main protease plays an essential role in the virus’s life cycle, the design of small drug molecules with lower molecular weight has been a promising development targeting its inhibition. Herein, we evaluated the novel peptidomimetic azatripeptide and azatetrapeptide nitriles against SARS-CoV-2 main protease. We employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the selected compounds’ binding free energy profiles against SARS-CoV-2 and further unveil the residues responsible for the drug-binding properties. Compound 8 exhibited the highest binding free energy of −49.37 ± 0.15 kcal/mol, followed by compound 7 (−39.83 ± 0.19 kcal/mol), while compound 17 showed the lowest binding free energy (−23.54 ± 0.19 kcal/mol). In addition, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) assessment was performed and revealed that only compound 17 met the drug-likeness parameters and exhibited high pharmacokinetics to inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 with better absorption potential and blood-brain barrier permeability (BBB) index. The additional intermolecular evaluations suggested compound 8 as a promising drug candidate for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The substitution of isopropane in compound 7 with an aromatic benzene ring in compound 8 significantly enhanced the drug’s ability to bind better at the active site of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aganze G. Mushebenge
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Samuel C. Ugbaja
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.U.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Sphamandla E. Mtambo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Thandokuhle Ntombela
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Joy I. Metu
- National Institute for Nigerian Languages, Aba 453106, Nigeria;
| | - Oludotun Babayemi
- Cloneshouse Nigeria, 6th Floor, Left Wing, NICON Plaza, Plot 242, Muhammadu Buhari Way, Central Business District, Abuja 900103, Nigeria;
| | - Joy I. Chima
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Patrick Appiah-Kubi
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Adeshina I. Odugbemi
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | - Mthobisi L. Ntuli
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Rene Khan
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
| | - Hezekiel M. Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.G.M.); (S.E.M.); (J.I.C.); (P.A.-K.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.U.); (H.M.K.)
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Oladipo A, Ejeromedoghene O, Adebayo A, Ogunyemi O, Egejuru G. A mini review on the prospects of Fagara zanthoxyloides extract based composites: a remedy for COVID-19 and associated replica? PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Studies are still being conducted to find a sustainable and long-lasting solution to the lethal consequences of the feared virus characterized as coronavirus disease (Covid-19) and its accompanying pathogenic replication, which pose a serious threat to human survival in the wake of its broad distribution. Since its emergence, researchers have investigated synthetic approaches in search of a dependable vaccine or treatment and curtail the spread of the virus and also enhance the health of a patient who has been affected. Unfortunately, the infection is yet to be entirely eradicated in many parts of the world. Despite the introduction of synthetic pharmaceuticals like remdesivir and derivatives of chloroquine, plant extracts may be an alternative reliable strategy that could successfully combat the operation of the virus. Herein, we investigated the prospects of fagara zanthoxyloides lam. (rutaceae) (syn. zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides), a well-known medicinal tree whose extracts have demonstrated success in treating many microbiological and viral-related infections. The distinctive plant extracts contain several bioactive phytochemicals with promising biological activity with minimal or no side effects and are being researched for a variety of applications, particularly in the pharmaceutical and medicinal industries. Consequently, in this review, we examined the crude extracts from the Fagara species and suggested that careful consideration should be given to its independent use or combination with other bioactive molecules, such as biopolymers and nano-metallic composites, to combat the terrifying Covid-19 virus and its associates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun Oladipo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China , College of Forestry , Nanjing Forestry University , 210037 Nanjing , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Onome Ejeromedoghene
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Jiangning District , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , 211189 , P. R. China
| | - Ademola Adebayo
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences , Faculty of Forestry , University of British Columbia , V6T1Z4 B.C , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Olakunle Ogunyemi
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management , Federal University of Agriculture , PMB 2240 Abeokuta , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - George Egejuru
- School of Public Health , Southeast University , Jiangning District , Nanjing , Jiangsu Province , 211189 , P. R. China
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Dutta D, Ghosh A, Dutta C, Sukla S, Biswas S. Cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 with other pathogens, especially dengue virus: A historical perspective. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28557. [PMID: 36755367 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a vector-borne viral disease caused by a Flavivirus whereas the COVID-19 pandemic was caused by a highly contagious virus, SARS-CoV-2 belonging to the family Coronaviridae. However, COVID-19 severity was observably less in dengue-endemic countries and vice versa especially during the active years of the pandemic (2019-2021). We observed that dengue virus (DENV) antibodies (Abs) could cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. This resulted in SARS-CoV-2 false positivity by rapid Ab test kits. DENV Abs binding to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (and the reverse scenario), as revealed by docking studies further validated DENV and SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactivity. Finally, SARS-CoV-2 Abs were found to cross-neutralize DENV1 and DENV2 in virus neutralization test (VNT). Abs to other pathogens like Plasmodium were also cross-reactive but non-neutralizing for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we analyze the existing data on SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactivity with other pathogens, especially dengue to assess its impact on health (cross-protection?) and differential sero-diagnosis/surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debrupa Dutta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anisa Ghosh
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chiroshri Dutta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumi Sukla
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhajit Biswas
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Cox M, Peacock TP, Harvey WT, Hughes J, Wright DW, Willett BJ, Thomson E, Gupta RK, Peacock SJ, Robertson DL, Carabelli AM. SARS-CoV-2 variant evasion of monoclonal antibodies based on in vitro studies. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:112-124. [PMID: 36307535 PMCID: PMC9616429 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) offer a treatment option for individuals with severe COVID-19 and are especially important in high-risk individuals where vaccination is not an option. Given the importance of understanding the evolution of resistance to mAbs by SARS-CoV-2, we reviewed the available in vitro neutralization data for mAbs against live variants and viral constructs containing spike mutations of interest. Unfortunately, evasion of mAb-induced protection is being reported with new SARS-CoV-2 variants. The magnitude of neutralization reduction varied greatly among mAb-variant pairs. For example, sotrovimab retained its neutralization capacity against Omicron BA.1 but showed reduced efficacy against BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5, and BA.2.12.1. At present, only bebtelovimab has been reported to retain its efficacy against all SARS-CoV-2 variants considered here. Resistance to mAb neutralization was dominated by the action of epitope single amino acid substitutions in the spike protein. Although not all observed epitope mutations result in increased mAb evasion, amino acid substitutions at non-epitope positions and combinations of mutations also contribute to evasion of neutralization. This Review highlights the implications for the rational design of viral genomic surveillance and factors to consider for the development of novel mAb therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacGregor Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Medical School, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William T Harvey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Derek W Wright
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - David L Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Ransome E, Hobbs F, Jones S, Coleman CM, Harris ND, Woodward G, Bell T, Trew J, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Savolainen V. Evaluating the transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 from sewage pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159161. [PMID: 36191696 PMCID: PMC9525188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated sewage has been confirmed in many countries but its incidence and infection risk in contaminated waters is poorly understood. The River Thames in the UK receives untreated sewage from 57 Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs), with many discharging dozens of times per year. This study investigated if such discharges provide a pathway for environmental transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Samples of wastewater, surface water, and sediment collected close to six CSOs on the River Thames were assayed over eight months for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and infectious virus. Bivalves were also sampled as an indicator species of viral bioaccumulation. Sediment and water samples from the Danube and Sava rivers in Serbia, where raw sewage is also discharged in high volumes, were assayed as a positive control. No evidence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA or infectious virus was found in UK samples, in contrast to RNA positive samples from Serbia. Furthermore, this study shows that infectious SARS-CoV-2 inoculum is stable in Thames water and sediment for <3 days, while SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detectable for at least seven days. This indicates that dilution of wastewater likely limits environmental transmission, and that detection of viral RNA alone is not an indication of pathogen spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ransome
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK.
| | - F Hobbs
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - S Jones
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - C M Coleman
- Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, Department of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - N D Harris
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - G Woodward
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - T Bell
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - J Trew
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - S Kolarević
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department of Hydroecology and Water Protection, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Kračun-Kolarević
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Department of Hydroecology and Water Protection, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Savolainen
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
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Virucidal Activities of Acidic Electrolyzed Water Solutions with Different pH Values against Multiple Strains of SARS-CoV-2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0169922. [PMID: 36511659 PMCID: PMC9888296 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01699-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a threat to human health. Acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) has recently been suggested to demonstrate virucidal activity. Many types of AEW with different pH values, generated by the electrolysis of different chemicals, such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and hydrochloric acid, are commercially available. In this study, we compared the virucidal activities of these types of AEW against SARS-CoV-2, including the ancestral strain and variant Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron strains. Virus solution (viral titer, 6.9 log10 50% tissue culture infective dose [TCID50]/mL) was mixed with AEW (free available chlorine concentration, 34.5 ppm) at mixing ratios of 1:9, 1:19, and 1:49. At mixing ratios of 1:9 and 1:19, AEW with a pH of 2.8 showed stronger virucidal activities than AEW with a pH of 4.1 to 6.5 against the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain in 20 s. From the strongest to the weakest virucidal activity, the AEW pH levels were as follows: pH 2.8, pH 4.1 to 5.4, pH 6.4 to 6.5. At a ratio of 1:49, the viral titers of viruses treated with all AEW solutions at pH 2.8 to 6.5 were almost below the detection limit, which was 1.25 log10 TCID50/mL. The virus inactivation efficiency of AEW was reduced in the presence of fetal bovine serum and other substances contained in the virus solution used in this study. AEW with pH values of 2.8 to 6.5 showed virucidal activity against all of the tested SARS-CoV-2 strains, including the ancestral and variant strains. These results provide useful knowledge for the effective application of AEW as a SARS-CoV-2 disinfectant. IMPORTANCE Acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) demonstrates virucidal activity against multiple viruses. Since AEW exhibits low toxicity, is inexpensive, and is environmentally friendly, it can be a useful disinfectant against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the pH values of currently available AEW products vary, the impact of different pH values on SARS-CoV-2 inactivation has not previously been evaluated in detail. In this study, we compared the virucidal activities of multiple AEW solutions with different pH values, under the same experimental conditions. We found that AEW solutions with lower pH values demonstrated more potent virucidal activity. Also, we showed that the extent of virus inactivation by the AEW was based on the balance of the abundance of free available chlorine, virus, and other organic substances in the mixture. AEW exhibited rapid virucidal activity against multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains. This study demonstrated the usefulness of AEW as a disinfectant which can be applied to the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2.
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A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess mRNA-COVID-19 Vaccine Safety among Indian Children (5-17 Years) Living in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020207. [PMID: 36851085 PMCID: PMC9961071 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the frequency and severity of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in Indian children aged 5-17 years who received the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, as well as to investigate for predictors of AEFI. To examine AEFI following the first and second doses of Pfizer's vaccine, semi-structured questionnaires were distributed as Google forms at Indian schools in Saudi Arabia. The 385 responses included 48.1% male and 51.9% female children, with 136 responses of children aged 5-11 years (group A) and 249 responses from children aged 12-17 years (group B). Overall, 84.4% of children had two shots. The frequency of AEFI was reported to be higher after the first dose than after the second (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.57-2.86). The reported AEFIs included myalgia, rhinitis, local reaction with fever, a temperature of 102 °F or higher, and mild to moderate injection site reactions. While group B frequently reported multiple AEFIs, group A typically reported just one. Local reaction with low grade fever was more frequently reported in group B after the first dose (24.1%) and second dose (15.4%), while local reaction without low grade fever was most frequently observed in group A after the first (36.8%) and second dose (30%). Only prior COVID-19 infection (OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.44-6.2) was associated with AEFI after the second dose in the study sample, whereas male gender (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.13-2.6) and prior COVID-19 infection (OR = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.38-6.3) were predictors of AEFI after the first dose. Non-serious myocarditis was reported by only one child. According to the analysis conducted, the Pfizer's mRNA COVID-19 vaccination was found to be safe in Indian children.
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Mahmoudvand S, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H, Jalilian FA, Farzanehpour M, Dorostkar R. Design of a multi-epitope-based vaccine consisted of immunodominant epitopes of structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 using immunoinformatics approach. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023:10.1002/bab.2431. [PMID: 36577011 PMCID: PMC9880719 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has shown rapid global spread and has resulted in a significant death toll worldwide. In this study, we aimed to design a multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 based on structural proteins S, M, N, and E. We identified B- and T-cell epitopes and then the antigenicity, toxicity, allergenicity, and similarity of predicted epitopes were analyzed. T-cell epitopes were docked with corresponding HLA alleles. Consequently, the selected T- and B-cell epitopes were included in the final construct. All selected epitopes were connected with different linkers and flagellin and pan-HLA DR binding epitopes (PADRE) as an adjuvant were used in the vaccine construct. Furthermore, molecular docking was used to evaluate the complex between the final vaccine construct and two alleles, HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-DRB1*01:01. Finally, codons were optimized for in silico cloning into pET28a(+) vector using SnapGene. The final vaccine construct comprised 11 CTL, HTL, and B-cell epitopes corresponding to 394 amino acid residues. In silico evaluation showed that the designed vaccine might potentially promote an immune response. Further in vivo preclinical and clinical testing is required to determine the safety and efficacy of the designed vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Mahmoudvand
- Applied Virology Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Department of Medical VirologyFaculty of MedicineHamadan University of Medical SciencesHamadanIran
| | - Mahdieh Farzanehpour
- Applied Virology Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ruhollah Dorostkar
- Applied Virology Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Samadian E, Aghcheli B, Gharaei R, Tabarraei A. A review on human reproductive systems encountering with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Int J Reprod Biomed 2023; 21:1-16. [PMID: 36875501 PMCID: PMC9982318 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v21i1.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is the leading cause of the new deadly pneumonia named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This pathogen has different co-receptors on various tissues, resulting in vast pathophysiological circumstances. Here, we present a comprehensive narrative review focusing on the impact of SARS-CoV2 on human reproduction. Evidence-based literature revealed inconsistent results for this virus in the reproductive organs of patients with COVID-19, even in the critical phase. Conversely, numerous satisfactory data represented those different reproductive activities, from gametogenesis to pregnancy, can be targeted by SARS-CoV2. The severity of COVID-19 depends on the differential expression of the host cellular components required to enter SARS-CoV2. The cytokine storm and oxidative stress coming out during COVID-19 are associated with complications in reproductive endocrinopathies. Men are naturally more susceptible to COVID-19, especially accompanied by orchitis and varicocele. Synergistically the interaction of SARS-CoV2 and female reproductive failures (polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis) increases the susceptibility to COVID-19. Thus, pharmaceutical interventions that ameliorate the complications in individuals with reproductive disorders can be helpful to achieve good outcomes in assisted reproductive techniques. Soon, an increase in the infertility rate will likely be an overall impact of SARS-CoV2 in patients who recovered from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Samadian
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Bahman Aghcheli
- Infection Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Roghaye Gharaei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infection Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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35
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R Mohamed E, Ragab D, Taeimah M, Shaltoot H. Risk factors of intensive care admission and mortality in a cohort of 111 Egyptian COVID-19 patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/11101849.2022.2121479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enas R Mohamed
- Geriatrics and Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Ragab
- Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Taeimah
- Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Shaltoot
- Geriatrics and Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Rana R, Kant R, Huirem RS, Bohra D, Ganguly NK. Omicron variant: Current insights and future directions. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127204. [PMID: 36152612 PMCID: PMC9482093 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 outbreak has returned with the identification of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) after appearing to be persistently spreading for the more than past two years. In comparison to prior SARS-CoV-2 variants, this new variant revealed a significant amount of mutation. This novel variety may have a greater rate of transmissibility which might impede the effectiveness of current diagnostic equipment as well as vaccination efficacy and also impede immunotherapies (Antibody / monoclonal antibody based). WHO designated B.1.1.529 as a variant of concern on November 26, 2021, identified as Omicron. The Omicron variant transmission method and severity, on the other hand, are well defined. The global spread of Omicron, which has now seized many nations, has resulted in numerous speculations regarding its origin and degree of infectivity. The following sections will go over its potential for transmission, omicron structure, and impact on COVID-19 vaccines, how it is different from delta variant and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India.
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India
| | | | - Deepika Bohra
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India
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Mawrie UG, Kumar S, Goswami B, Sarkar R, Albert S. The need for a holistic approach toward pandemic control: lessons from a cross-sectional study on COVID-19 in Meghalaya, India. J Public Health Policy 2022; 43:515-529. [PMID: 36376454 PMCID: PMC9661453 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-022-00380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a community-based cross-sectional survey of 416 participants from Meghalaya, India to assess knowledge, perceptions, and practices toward recommended COVID-19 preventive measures, and to explore health-seeking behavior and stigma during early phase of the pandemic. Most participants had knowledge of the signs and symptoms of COVID-19 (94%) and its spread (96%), and reported positive behavior change such as handwashing ≥ 6 times/day (41% pre-COVID-19 vs. 81% during COVID-19, P < 0.001), sneezing or coughing into sleeves (65% pre-COVID-19 vs. 89% during COVID-19, P < 0.001) and staying home if having flu-like symptoms (44% pre-COVID-19 vs. 94% during COVID-19, P < 0.001). We found delayed healthcare seeking for non-COVID-19 illnesses (16%). Fear of losing life was reported by 26% participants, as was discrimination toward migrant returnees, with 35% blaming returnees for the spread of COVID-19. We highlight the need for a holistic approach toward pandemic control, including social and mental health interventions, in public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uniqueky Gratis Mawrie
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Lawmali, Pasteur Hill, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793001, India
- Indian Institute of Public Health Delhi, Gurugram, India
| | - Sampath Kumar
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Meghalaya, Shillong, India
| | - Barshana Goswami
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Lawmali, Pasteur Hill, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793001, India
| | - Rajiv Sarkar
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Lawmali, Pasteur Hill, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793001, India.
| | - Sandra Albert
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Lawmali, Pasteur Hill, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793001, India
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Fichtner UA, Piotrowsky-Fichtner M, Fichtner M, Goßmann AK, Weis F, Weiß M, Steinmann D. [Development of specific guidance for the safe opening and operation of recreational destinations under pandemic conditions]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR ARBEITSMEDIZIN, ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2022; 72:267-277. [PMID: 36249273 PMCID: PMC9540292 DOI: 10.1007/s40664-022-00480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The SARS-CoV‑2 pandemic led to the closure of leisure and recreation facilities worldwide. As part of a model study funded by the Baden-Wuerttemberg Ministry of Social Affairs, Health and Integration, it was possible to demonstrate how a hygiene and safety concept can be successfully implemented in practice using the example of the opening and operation of an amusement park in Baden-Wuerttemberg (Germany) under scientific supervision. Objective The aim of the model project was, besides the verification of a possible infection event through a visit to the amusement park, to develop and review a recommended course of action for the safe opening and operation of leisure facilities under pandemic conditions, which can be transferred to other destinations. Methods A variety of data sources were used for this project: Recurrent expert rounds of multidisciplinary teams (business administration, healthcare research, sociology and medicine), aerosol measurement data, observation protocols, official infection statistics and interview data from visitor surveys. Results The action plan developed in this project provides guidance and recommendations for operators of recreation and leisure facilities to implement measures that enhance staff and guest safety, allowing facilities to operate under pandemic conditions. Conclusion This study sets a precedent using the example of a recreational park in Baden-Wuerttemberg (Germany) to serve as a guide for other facilities; however, operations in the leisure and tourism sector are unique and measures are accordingly difficult to transfer directly. The recommended action plan is further intended to support policy makers in future pandemic situations regarding measures to close, open and operate such facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A. Fichtner
- Fichtner*Piotrowsky Projektconsulting, Sparneckerweg 4, 95445 Bayreuth, Deutschland
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik – Sektion Versorgungsforschung und Rehabilitationsforschung, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 49, 79106 Freiburg, Deutschland
| | | | - Myriel Fichtner
- Fichtner*Piotrowsky Projektconsulting, Sparneckerweg 4, 95445 Bayreuth, Deutschland
| | | | - Frederik Weis
- Palas GmbH, Greschbachstr. 3b, 76229 Karlsruhe, Deutschland
| | | | - Daniel Steinmann
- Betriebsärztlicher Dienst – Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 86b, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Deutschland
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Balmforth D, Swales JA, Silpa L, Dunton A, Davies KE, Davies SG, Kamath A, Gupta J, Gupta S, Masood MA, McKnight Á, Rees D, Russell AJ, Jaggi M, Uppal R. Evaluating the efficacy and safety of a novel prophylactic nasal spray in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multi-centre, double blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. J Clin Virol 2022; 155:105248. [PMID: 35952426 PMCID: PMC9313533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic continues to devastate communities all over the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the test agent as a prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population of high-risk healthcare workers. Methods The study was a multi-centre, prospective, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Key eligibility criteria included absence of significant co-morbidity and no previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Participants were randomised to either the active agent nasal spray or placebo using computer generated random number tables. The nasal spray was administered 3 times daily over a 45 day course. The primary end point was the percentage of subjects who tested positive for IgGS (anti-spike, immunoglobulin G specific to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2) at day 45. Results Between 16th April 2021 and 26th July 2021, 556 participants were analysed for the primary endpoint (275 Test; 281 Placebo). The test agent significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to placebo [36 cases (13.1%) Vs 97 cases (34.5%); OR 0.29 (95% CI; 0.18-0.45), p < 0.0001]. Fewer clinical symptoms were also seen in the test group [57 cases (17.6%) vs 112 cases (34.6%); OR 0.40, (95% CI; 0.27-0.59), p < 0.0001]. No harmful effects were associated with taking the test agent. Conclusion The test agent significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers, with 62% fewer infections when compared to placebo. It was found to be safe and well tolerated and offers a novel treatment option for prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Balmforth
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom.
| | - James A Swales
- Raphael Labs Limited, 6 Derby Street, London, W1J 7AD, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Silpa
- Raphael Labs Limited, 6 Derby Street, London, W1J 7AD, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Dunton
- Danerius, LLC. Sarasota, FL, United States of America
| | - Kay E Davies
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sir Henry Wellcome Building of Gene Function, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G Davies
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Archana Kamath
- Manipal Hospital & Research Center, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Sandeep Gupta
- Department of Pulmonology, Atharva Multispeciality Hospital & Research Centre, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Abid Masood
- Raphael Labs Limited, 6 Derby Street, London, W1J 7AD, United Kingdom
| | - Áine McKnight
- Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Doug Rees
- Raphael Labs Limited, 6 Derby Street, London, W1J 7AD, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Manu Jaggi
- Althea Lifesciences, Sahibabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Uppal
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom; Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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Baker CA, Gibson KE. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces and relevance to the food industry. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022; 47:100875. [PMID: 35784376 PMCID: PMC9238272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Determining the prevalence and persistence of viruses outside the human host aids our ability to characterize exposure risk across multiple transmission pathways. Since 2020, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in a surge of research regarding severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its potential to spread via direct and indirect contact transmission routes. Here, the authors discuss the current state of the science concerning SARS-CoV-2 transmission via contaminated surfaces and its persistence on environmental surfaces. This review aims to provide the reader with an overview of the currently published SARS-CoV-2 persistence studies, factors impacting persistence, guidelines for performing persistence studies, limitation of current data, and future directions for assessing SARS-CoV-2 persistence on fomites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Baker
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
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Gernandt S, Perez A, Courvoisier DS, Scolozzi P. The lockdown effect: The impact of the COVID-19-related confinement on the nature of dental emergencies and the number of patients seen at the Geneva university hospital's dental clinic. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:e229-e232. [PMID: 36031148 PMCID: PMC9420025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this retrospective case study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 confinement on consultation number and nature of dental emergencies. Materials and Methods The investigators implemented a retrospective case-control study and enrolled a sample of patients who presented to the University Hospital of Geneva for dental emergencies during the COVID-19 confinement from March 16 to April 26, 2020. They were compared to a matched case-control group treated in 2018 and 2019. The predictor variable was the COVID-19 confinement. The outcome variables were consultation number and nature of dental emergencies. Other study variables included age, gender, socio-economic status, delay from symptoms to consultation and type of treatment. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed and significance level was set at ≤ 0.05. Results The study sample was composed of 1104 patients, with 386 in the case-study and 718 in the control group. No significant change in patient numbers was observed. In the case-study group patients were significantly younger (P= 0.004), had a significantly higher proportion of acute toothache and dental infections (P= 0.01), the main reason for consultation was pain or swelling (P= 0.01) and the delay from first symptoms to consultation was shorter compared to the controls (P=0.008). Conclusion The COVID-19 confinement had no impact on the consultation number of dental emergencies. However, changes in emergency type were noted, with an increase in acute toothaches and infections and patients waited less time between the onset of symptoms to consultation.
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Wang M, Chang W, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Pyroptotic cell death in SARS-CoV-2 infection: revealing its roles during the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5827-5848. [PMID: 36263178 PMCID: PMC9576507 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.77561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), remains a global public health emergency. The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 can induce aberrant and excessive immune responses, leading to cytokine storm syndrome, autoimmunity, lymphopenia, neutrophilia and dysfunction of monocytes and macrophages. Pyroptosis, a proinflammatory form of programmed cell death, acts as a host defense mechanism against infections. Pyroptosis deprives the replicative niche of SARS-CoV-2 by inducing the lysis of infected cells and exposing the virus to extracellular immune attack. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to hijack this cell death mode for its own survival, propagation and shedding. SARS-CoV-2-encoded viral products act to modulate various key components in the pyroptosis pathways, including inflammasomes, caspases and gasdermins. SARS-CoV-2-induced pyroptosis contriubtes to the development of COVID-19-associated immunopathologies through leakage of intracellular contents, disruption of immune system homeostasis or exacerbation of inflammation. Therefore, pyroptosis has emerged as an important mechanism involved in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis. However, the entangled links between pyroptosis and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis lack systematic clarification. In this review, we briefly summarize the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19-related immunopathologies. Moreover, we present an overview of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and pyroptosis and highlight recent research advances in the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the implication of the pyroptosis pathways in COVID-19 pathogenesis, which will provide informative inspirations and new directions for further investigation and clinical practice. Finally, we discuss the potential value of pyroptosis as a therapeutic target in COVID-19. An in-depth discussion of the underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis will be conducive to the identification of potential therapeutic targets and the exploration of effective treatment measures aimed at conquering SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- ✉ Corresponding author: Man Wang, Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China. Tel.: +86-532-82991791; E-mail address:
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Yupari-Azabache IL, Díaz-Ortega JL, Bardales-Aguirre LB, Barros-Sevillano S, Paredes-Díaz SE. Factors Associated with the Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccines in Citizens of Northern Peru: Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:1705-1715. [PMID: 36110565 PMCID: PMC9470081 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s374385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The presence of the COVID-19 coronavirus in Peru, and especially in northern Peru, was very fast and caused many deaths. As a result, vaccination proved to be the most immediate option to control it. However, a sector of the population was reluctant to vaccination. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the factors associated with the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines by citizens of northern Peru. Patients and Methods The study was observational, descriptive-correlational and the sample was stratified and consisted of 516 citizens from eight departments of northern Peru, who answered an online questionnaire regarding sociodemographic, cultural and health aspects. The data were analyzed using statistical tests of association and a logistic model was estimated to identify factors predicting vaccine acceptance. Results Among the factors associated with vaccine acceptance, sociodemographic factors such as age and family income, cultural factors such as level of knowledge, and health factors such as having another chronic disease and a vaccine with a higher confidence (p<0.05) were found. In addition, 12% of the population do not trust them, 10% are afraid that they may cause thrombosis, 13% disagree with vaccination for children, 7% think that a chip will be implanted and 8% believe that their DNA will be changed. However, most people accept vaccination and consider it necessary. A multivariate analysis was also performed for the acceptance of vaccines, which presented a percentage of 80.2% correct in the prognosis. Conclusion The multivariate analysis allowed a conclusion that the predictor variables for vaccine acceptance are household income of less than 1000 Peruvian soles per month, low or medium levels of knowledge, and having another chronic disease. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/b-0wyz42OOY
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Luz Yupari-Azabache
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Transmisibles, Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru
| | - Jorge Luis Díaz-Ortega
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Transmisibles, Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru.,Escuela Profesional de Nutrición, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru
| | | | - Shamir Barros-Sevillano
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Transmisibles, Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru.,Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru
| | - Susana Edita Paredes-Díaz
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Transmisibles, Universidad César Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru
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Fernández de Mera IG, Granda C, Villanueva F, Sánchez‐Sánchez M, Moraga‐Fernández A, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J. HEPA filters of portable air cleaners as a tool for the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13109. [PMID: 36168219 PMCID: PMC9538271 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies about the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor aerosols have been conducted in hospital patient rooms and to a lesser extent in nonhealthcare environments. In these studies, people were already infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, in the present study, we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in HEPA filters housed in portable air cleaners (PACs) located in places with apparently healthy people to prevent possible outbreaks. A method for detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in HEPA filters was developed and validated. The study was conducted for 13 weeks in three indoor environments: school, nursery, and a household of a social health center, all in Ciudad Real, Spain. The environmental monitoring of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 was conducted in HEPA filters and other surfaces of these indoor spaces for a selective screening in asymptomatic population groups. The objective was to limit outbreaks at an early stage. One HEPA filter tested positive in the social health center. After analysis by RT-PCR of SARS-CoV-2 in residents and healthcare workers, one worker tested positive. Therefore, this study provides direct evidence of virus-containing aerosols trapped in HEPA filters and the possibility of using these PACs for environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 while they remove airborne aerosols and trap the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel G. Fernández de Mera
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM)Ronda de ToledoCiudad RealSpain
| | - Carmen Granda
- Residencias CADIG Guadiana I y IICentro de Salud Ciudad Real ISpain
| | - Florentina Villanueva
- Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación AtmosféricaUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaCiudad RealSpain
- Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla‐La ManchaPaseo de la Innovación 1AlbaceteSpain
| | - Marta Sánchez‐Sánchez
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM)Ronda de ToledoCiudad RealSpain
| | - Alberto Moraga‐Fernández
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM)Ronda de ToledoCiudad RealSpain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM)Ronda de ToledoCiudad RealSpain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM‐CSIC‐JCCM)Ronda de ToledoCiudad RealSpain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health SciencesOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
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Osan J, Talukdar SN, Feldmann F, DeMontigny BA, Jerome K, Bailey KL, Feldmann H, Mehedi M. Goblet Cell Hyperplasia Increases SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0045922. [PMID: 35862971 PMCID: PMC9430117 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00459-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the underlying conditions in adults of any age that place them at risk for developing severe illnesses associated with COVID-19. To determine whether SARS-CoV-2's cellular tropism plays a critical role in severe pathophysiology in the lung, we investigated its host cell entry receptor distribution in the bronchial airway epithelium of healthy adults and high-risk adults (those with COPD). We found that SARS-CoV-2 preferentially infects goblet cells in the bronchial airway epithelium, as mostly goblet cells harbor the entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and its cofactor transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). We also found that SARS-CoV-2 replication was substantially increased in the COPD bronchial airway epithelium, likely due to COPD-associated goblet cell hyperplasia. Likewise, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) infection increased disease pathophysiology (e.g., syncytium formation) in the COPD bronchial airway epithelium. Our results reveal that goblet cells play a critical role in SARS-CoV-2-induced pathophysiology in the lung. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19's first case was discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and by March 2020 it was declared a pandemic by the WHO. It has been shown that various underlying conditions can increase the chance of having severe COVID-19. COPD, which is the third leading cause of death worldwide, is one of the conditions listed by the CDC which can increase the chance of severe COVID-19. The present study uses a healthy and COPD-derived bronchial airway epithelial model to study the COVID-19 and host factors which could explain the reason for COPD patients developing severe infection due to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Osan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Sattya N. Talukdar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Beth Ann DeMontigny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Kailey Jerome
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Kristina L. Bailey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep and Allergy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Masfique Mehedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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Modelling airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a local scale. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273820. [PMID: 36040921 PMCID: PMC9426895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has changed our lives and still poses a challenge to science. Numerous studies have contributed to a better understanding of the pandemic. In particular, inhalation of aerosolised pathogens has been identified as essential for transmission. This information is crucial to slow the spread, but the individual likelihood of becoming infected in everyday situations remains uncertain. Mathematical models help estimate such risks. In this study, we propose how to model airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a local scale. In this regard, we combine microscopic crowd simulation with a new model for disease transmission. Inspired by compartmental models, we describe virtual persons as infectious or susceptible. Infectious persons exhale pathogens bound to persistent aerosols, whereas susceptible ones absorb pathogens when moving through an aerosol cloud left by the infectious person. The transmission depends on the pathogen load of the aerosol cloud, which changes over time. We propose a ‘high risk’ benchmark scenario to distinguish critical from non-critical situations. A parameter study of a queue shows that the new model is suitable to evaluate the risk of exposure qualitatively and, thus, enables scientists or decision-makers to better assess the spread of COVID-19 and similar diseases.
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Mysiris DS, Vavougios GD, Karamichali E, Papoutsopoulou S, Stavrou VT, Papayianni E, Boutlas S, Mavridis T, Foka P, Zarogiannis SG, Gourgoulianis K, Xiromerisiou G. Post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9739. [PMID: 36077138 PMCID: PMC9456372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, globally. Dopaminergic neuron degeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta and aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein are the PD hallmarks, accompanied by motor and non-motor symptoms. Several viruses have been linked to the appearance of a post-infection parkinsonian phenotype. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has evolved from a novel pneumonia to a multifaceted syndrome with multiple clinical manifestations, among which neurological sequalae appear insidious and potentially long-lasting. Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles bearing a complex cargo of active biomolecules and playing crucial roles in intercellular communication under pathophysiological conditions. Exosomes constitute a reliable route for misfolded protein transmission, contributing to PD pathogenesis and diagnosis. Herein, we summarize recent evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection shares numerous clinical manifestations and inflammatory and molecular pathways with PD. We carry on hypothesizing that these similarities may be reflected in exosomal cargo modulated by the virus in correlation with disease severity. Travelling from the periphery to the brain, SARS-CoV-2-related exosomal cargo contains SARS-CoV-2 RNA, viral proteins, inflammatory mediators, and modified host proteins that could operate as promoters of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory cascades, potentially leading to a future parkinsonism and PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George D. Vavougios
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cyprus, Lefkosia 1678, Cyprus
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Eirini Karamichali
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasileios T. Stavrou
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Eirini Papayianni
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Stylianos Boutlas
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodoros Mavridis
- 1st Neurology Department, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Pelagia Foka
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gourgoulianis
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
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Sheikh‐Mohamed S, Sanders EC, Gommerman JL, Tal MC. Guardians of the oral and nasopharyngeal galaxy: IgA and protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunol Rev 2022; 309:75-85. [PMID: 35815463 PMCID: PMC9349649 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In early 2020, a global emergency was upon us in the form of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While horrific in its health, social and economic devastation, one silver lining to this crisis has been a rapid mobilization of cross-institute, and even cross-country teams that shared common goals of learning as much as we could as quickly as possible about the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and how the immune system would respond to both the virus and COVID-19 vaccines. Many of these teams were formed by women who quickly realized that the classical model of "publish first at all costs" was maladaptive for the circumstances and needed to be supplanted by a more collaborative solution-focused approach. This review is an example of a collaboration that unfolded in separate countries, first Canada and the United States, and then also Israel. Not only did the collaboration allow us to cross-validate our results using different hands/techniques/samples, but it also took advantage of different vaccine types and schedules that were rolled out in our respective home countries. The result of this collaboration was a new understanding of how mucosal immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection vs COVID-19 vaccination can be measured using saliva as a biofluid, what types of vaccines are best able to induce (limited) mucosal immunity, and what are potential correlates of protection against breakthrough infection. In this review, we will share what we have learned about the mucosal immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and to COVID-19 vaccines and provide a perspective on what may be required for next-generation pan-sarbecoronavirus vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin C. Sanders
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Michal Caspi Tal
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer CenterStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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Nakwa FL, Thomas R, van Kwawegen A, Ntuli N, Seake K, Kesting SJ, Kamanga NHB, Kgwadi DM, Chami N, Mogajane T, Ondongo-Ezhet C, Maphosa TN, Jones S, Baillie VL, Madhi SA, Velaphi S. An outbreak of infection due to severe acute respiratory corona virus-2 in a neonatal unit from a low and middle income setting. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:933982. [PMID: 35967580 PMCID: PMC9366465 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.933982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The provision of kangaroo mother care (KMC) involving continuous skin-to-skin care (SSC) is an important intervention in neonatal care, which is recommended even when women are infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). We report on a nosocomial outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infections in a KMC ward. Methods Contact tracing was conducted following the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in a mother lodging in the KMC ward. All mother-newborn dyads in the KMC and healthcare workers (HCW) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 within 24-72 h of diagnosing the index case. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained and tested from contacts, with a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) assay. Next-generation sequencing was done on positive samples. The secondary attack rate (SAR) was calculated assuming that the mother who presented with symptoms was the source of infection. Results Twelve (70.6%) of 17 mothers and 8 (42.1%) of 19 neonates who were in the KMC ward with the index case were found to be positive with SARS-CoV-2. Seven (87.5%) of the 8 neonates who tested positive had mothers who also tested positive. Seventy-five percent (9/12) of the mothers and 62.5% (5/8) of the neonates who tested positive were asymptomatic. Eight (27.6%) of 29 HCW were found to be positive and were all asymptomatic. One neonate died from Acinetobacter baumannii sepsis, and his post-mortem lung histopathology showed features compatible with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The sequencing of 13 specimens, which included 1 mother-newborn dyad, indicated clustering to the same phylogenetic lineage with identical mutations. In assessing for factors contributing to this outbreak, it was found that spaces between beds were less than 1 m and mothers had their meals around the same table at the same time. Conclusion We report on a nosocomial outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in a KMC ward, affecting a high number of mothers and neonates, and to a lesser extent HCWs. Although it is difficult to point to the index case as the source of this outbreak, as asymptomatic individuals can spread infection, the inadequate adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions was assessed to have contributed to the spread of infection. This highlights the need for awareness and adherence to mitigation strategies to avoid SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdose Lambey Nakwa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Reenu Thomas
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alison van Kwawegen
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nandi Ntuli
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Karabo Seake
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Samantha Jane Kesting
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Noela Holo Bertha Kamanga
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dikeledi Maureen Kgwadi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neema Chami
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tshiamo Mogajane
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Claude Ondongo-Ezhet
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thulisile Nelly Maphosa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Jones
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vicky Lynne Baillie
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir Ahmed Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sithembiso Velaphi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Dessalegn D, Tola EK, Tamiru A, Zerfu B. Evaluation of the performance of Panbio™ COVID-19 antigen rapid diagnostic test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in suspected patients in Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221110079. [PMID: 35860810 PMCID: PMC9289906 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is a gold standard diagnostic
tool for coronavirus disease-2019. Limited coverage and long turnaround
times are linked to the poor response to the pandemic in developing
countries like Ethiopia. To overcome the challenges, rapid antigen
diagnostic kits are recommended if their diagnostic performance is at an
acceptable level. We explored the performance of the Panbio™ coronavirus
disease-2019 antigen rapid diagnostic test in diagnosing the coronavirus
disease-2019 infection. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on coronavirus disease-2019 suspected
patients in Wollega University Referral Hospital, from 1 April to 30 May
2021. After obtaining consent/ assent, sociodemographic and pair of
nasopharyngeal samples were collected from each and examined by Panbio
antigen rapid diagnostic test and reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction. Data were entered and analysed using SPSS version 24. Sensitivity,
specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and kappa values were
calculated. Results: A total of 148 coronavirus disease-2019 suspected individuals (54.1% male)
participated in the study. Of all, 73 (49.3%) were positive for severe acute
respiratory syndrome corona virus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction test. The sensitivity and specificity of Panbio were found 81% (95%
confidence interval: 71%–91%) and 98.7% (95% confidence interval: 96%–100%),
respectively. From 75 negative and 73 positive samples by reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 1 (1.33%) and 14 (19.18%) were
found false positive and negative by antigen rapid diagnostic test,
respectively. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of
Panbio were 98.3% and 84.1%, respectively, and test agreement was
substantial (kappa value = 0.80). Conclusion: Panbio has fine performance in suspected patients. Further studies are needed
to examine the accuracy of self-collecting and patient self-testing with
healthcare workers, using antigen rapid diagnostic test against the
reference standard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edosa Kifle Tola
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Afework Tamiru
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Biruk Zerfu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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