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Lu F, Xu J, Liu Y, Ren Z, Chen J, Gong W, Yin Y, Li Y, Qian L, He X, Han X, Lin Z, Lu J, Zhang W, Liu J, Menard D, Han ET, Cao J. Plasmodium vivax serological exposure markers: PvMSP1-42-induced humoral and memory B-cell response generates long-lived antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012334. [PMID: 38941356 PMCID: PMC11239109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax serological exposure markers (SEMs) have emerged as promising tools for the actionable surveillance and implementation of targeted interventions to accelerate malaria elimination. To determine the dynamic profiles of SEMs in current and past P. vivax infections, we screened and selected 11 P. vivax proteins from 210 putative proteins using protein arrays, with a set of serum samples obtained from patients with acute P. vivax and documented past P. vivax infections. Then we used a murine protein immune model to initially investigate the humoral and memory B cell response involved in the generation of long-lived antibodies. We show that of the 11 proteins, especially C-terminal 42-kDa region of P. vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP1-42) induced longer-lasting long-lived antibodies, as these antibodies were detected in individuals infected with P. vivax in the 1960-1970s who were not re-infected until 2012. In addition, we provide a potential mechanism for the maintenance of long-lived antibodies after the induction of PvMSP1-42. The results indicate that PvMSP1-42 induces more CD73+CD80+ memory B cells (MBCs) compared to P. vivax GPI-anchored micronemal antigen (PvGAMA), allowing IgG anti-PvMSP1-42 antibodies to be maintained for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaobao Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenyu Ren
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junhu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinyue Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinlong He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingyuan Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Didier Menard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Strasbourg, UR 3073—Pathogens Host Arthropods Vectors Interactions Unit, Malaria Genetics and Resistance Team (MEGATEAM), Strasbourg, France
- CHU Strasbourg, Laboratory of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Cao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
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Kojom Foko LP, Moun A, Singh V. Addressing low-density malaria infections in India and other endemic part of the world-the opportune time? Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38632931 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2339267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Shifting from high- to low-malaria transmission accompanies a higher proportion of asymptomatic low-density malaria infections (LDMI). Currently, several endemic countries, such as India, are experiencing this shift as it is striving to eliminate malaria. LDMI is a complex concept for which there are several important questions yet unanswered on its natural history, infectiousness, epidemiology, and pathological and clinical impact. India is on the right path to eliminating malaria, but it is facing the LDMI problem. A brief discussion on the concept and definitions of LDMI is beforehand presented. Also, an exhaustive review and critical analysis of the existing literature on LDMI in malaria-endemic areas, including India, are included in this review. Finally, we opine that addressing LDMI in India is ethically and pragmatically achievable, and a pool of sine qua non conditions is required to efficiently and sustainably eliminate malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loick P Kojom Foko
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Moun
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Parasite and Host Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abebe A, Dieng CC, Dugassa S, Abera D, Shenkutie TT, Assefa A, Menard D, Lo E, Golassa L. Genetic differentiation of Plasmodium vivax duffy binding protein in Ethiopia and comparison with other geographical isolates. Malar J 2024; 23:55. [PMID: 38395885 PMCID: PMC10885561 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) is a merozoite surface protein located in the micronemes of P. vivax. The invasion of human reticulocytes by P. vivax merozoites depends on the parasite DBP binding domain engaging Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokine (DARC) on these red blood cells (RBCs). PvDBPII shows high genetic diversity which is a major challenge to its use in the development of a vaccine against vivax malaria. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2021 to September 2022 in five study sites across Ethiopia. A total of 58 blood samples confirmed positive for P. vivax by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were included in the study to determine PvDBPII genetic diversity. PvDBPII were amplified using primers designed from reference sequence of P. vivax Sal I strain. Assembling of sequences was done using Geneious Prime version 2023.2.1. Alignment and phylogenetic tree constructions using MEGA version 10.1.1. Nucleotide diversity and haplotype diversity were analysed using DnaSP version 6.12.03, and haplotype network was generated with PopART version 1.7. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 25 years, 5 (8.6%) participants were Duffy negatives. From the 58 PvDBPII sequences, seven haplotypes based on nucleotide differences at 8 positions were identified. Nucleotide diversity and haplotype diversity were 0.00267 ± 0.00023 and 0.731 ± 0.036, respectively. Among the five study sites, the highest numbers of haplotypes were identified in Arbaminch with six different haplotypes while only two haplotypes were identified in Gambella. The phylogenetic tree based on PvDBPII revealed that parasites of different study sites shared similar genetic clusters with few exceptions. Globally, a total of 39 haplotypes were identified from 223 PvDBPII sequences representing different geographical isolates obtained from NCBI archive. The nucleotide and haplotype diversity were 0.00373 and 0.845 ± 0.015, respectively. The haplotype prevalence ranged from 0.45% to 27.3%. Two haplotypes were shared among isolates from all geographical areas of the globe. CONCLUSIONS PvDBPII of the Ethiopian P. vivax isolates showed low nucleotide but high haplotype diversity, this pattern of genetic variability suggests that the population may have undergone a recent expansion. Among the Ethiopian P. vivax isolates, almost half of the sequences were identical to the Sal-I reference sequence. However, there were unique haplotypes observed in the Ethiopian isolates, which does not share with isolates from other geographical areas. There were two haplotypes that were common among populations across the globe. Categorizing population haplotype frequency can help to determine common haplotypes for designing an effective blood-stage vaccine which will have a significant role for the control and elimination of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abnet Abebe
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 24756, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Cheikh Cambel Dieng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sisay Dugassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 24756, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Deriba Abera
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 24756, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tassew T Shenkutie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Global Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Didier Menard
- Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
- Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université de Strasbourg, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 24756, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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4
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Watson QD, Carias LL, Malachin A, Redinger KR, Bosch J, Bardelli M, Baldor L, Feufack-Donfack LB, Popovici J, Moon RW, Draper SJ, Zimmerman PA, King CL. Human monoclonal antibodies inhibit invasion of transgenic Plasmodium knowlesi expressing Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein. Malar J 2023; 22:369. [PMID: 38049801 PMCID: PMC10696754 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax has been more resistant to various control measures than Plasmodium falciparum malaria because of its greater transmissibility and ability to produce latent parasite forms. Therefore, developing P. vivax vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (humAbs) remains a high priority. The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) expressed on erythrocytes is central to P. vivax invasion of reticulocytes. P. vivax expresses a Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) on merozoites, a DARC ligand, and the DARC: PvDBP interaction is critical for P. vivax blood stage malaria. Therefore, PvDBP is a leading vaccine candidate for P. vivax and a target for therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies (humAbs). METHODS Here, the functional activity of humAbs derived from naturally exposed and vaccinated individuals are compared for the first time using easily cultured Plasmodium knowlesi (P. knowlesi) that had been genetically modified to replace its endogenous PkDBP orthologue with PvDBP to create a transgenic parasite, PkPvDBPOR. This transgenic parasite requires DARC to invade human erythrocytes but is not reticulocyte restricted. This model was used to evaluate the invasion inhibition potential of 12 humAbs (9 naturally acquired; 3 vaccine-induced) targeting PvDBP individually and in combinations using growth inhibition assays (GIAs). RESULTS The PvDBP-specific humAbs demonstrated 70-100% inhibition of PkPvDBPOR invasion with the IC50 values ranging from 51 to 338 µg/mL for the 9 naturally acquired (NA) humAbs and 33 to 99 µg/ml for the 3 vaccine-induced (VI) humAbs. To evaluate antagonistic, additive, or synergistic effects, six pairwise combinations were performed using select humAbs. Of these combinations tested, one NA/NA (099100/094083) combination demonstrated relatively strong additive inhibition between 10 and 100 µg/mL; all combinations of NA and VI humAbs showed additive inhibition at concentrations below 25 µg/mL and antagonism at higher concentrations. None of the humAb combinations showed synergy. Invasion inhibition efficacy by some mAbs shown with PkPvDBPOR was closely replicated using P. vivax clinical isolates. CONCLUSION The PkPvDBPOR transgenic model is a robust surrogate of P. vivax to assess invasion and growth inhibition of human monoclonal Abs recognizing PvDBP individually and in combination. There was no synergistic interaction for growth inhibition with the humAbs tested here that target different epitopes or subdomains of PvDBP, suggesting little benefit in clinical trials using combinations of these humAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin D Watson
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lenore L Carias
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Malachin
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karli R Redinger
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Lea Baldor
- Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Jean Popovici
- Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Robert W Moon
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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5
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Suwannarong K, Cotter C, Ponlap T, Bubpa N, Thammasutti K, Chaiwan J, Finn TP, Kitchakarn S, Mårtensson A, Baltzell KA, Hsiang MS, Lertpiriyasuwat C, Sudathip P, Bennett A. Assessing the acceptability and feasibility of reactive drug administration for malaria elimination in a Plasmodium vivax predominant setting: a qualitative study in two provinces in Thailand. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1346. [PMID: 37438774 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive case detection (RACD) or testing and treatment of close contacts of recent malaria cases, is commonly practiced in settings approaching malaria elimination, but standard diagnostics have limited sensitivity to detect low level infections. Reactive drug administration (RDA), or presumptive treatment without testing, is an alternative approach, but better understanding regarding community acceptability and operational feasibility are needed. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted as part of a two-arm cluster randomized-controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of RDA targeting high-risk villages and forest workers for reducing Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum malaria in Thailand. Key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted virtually among key public health staff, village health volunteers (VHVs), and household members that implemented or received RDA activities. Transcriptions were reviewed, coded, and managed manually using Dedoose qualitative data analysis software, then underwent qualitative content analysis to identify key themes. RESULTS RDA was well accepted by household members and public health staff that implemented it. RDA participation was driven by fear of contracting malaria, eagerness to receive protection provided by malaria medicines, and the increased access to health care. Concerns were raised about the safety of taking malaria medicines without having an illness, particularly if underlying health conditions existed. Health promotion hospital (HPH) staff implementing RDA noted its operational feasibility, but highlighted difficulty in traveling to remote areas, and requested additional travel resources and hiring more VHVs. Other challenges were highlighted including the need for additional training for VHVs on malaria activities and the inability of HPH staff to conduct RDA due to other health priorities (e.g., Covid-19). More training and practice for VHVs were noted as ways to improve implementation of RDA. CONCLUSIONS To maximize uptake of RDA, regular education and sensitization campaigns in collaboration with village leaders on the purpose and rationale of RDA will be critical. To alleviate safety concerns and increase participant safety, a rigorous pharmacovigilance program will be important. To accelerate uptake of RDA, trust between HPH staff and VHVs and the communities they serve must continue to be strengthened to ensure acceptance of the intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was approved by the Committee on Human Research at the University of California San Francisco (19-28,060) and the local Ethics Committee for Research in Human Subjects at Tak Provincial Health office (009/63) and Kanchanaburi Provincial health office (Kor Chor 0032.002/2185). Local authorities and health officers in the provinces, districts, and villages agreed upon and coordinated the implementation of the study. All methods in this study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
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Grants
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- QSE-M-UNOPS-UCSF-20864-003-41 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Suwannarong
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- SUPA71 Co., Ltd, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chris Cotter
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Nisachon Bubpa
- Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand
| | | | - Jintana Chaiwan
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Timothy P Finn
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Suravadee Kitchakarn
- Department of Disease Control, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Andreas Mårtensson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kimberly A Baltzell
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle S Hsiang
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cheewanan Lertpiriyasuwat
- Department of Disease Control, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Prayuth Sudathip
- Department of Disease Control, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Adam Bennett
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abebe A, Bouyssou I, Mabilotte S, Dugassa S, Assefa A, Juliano JJ, Lo E, Menard D, Golassa L. Potential hidden Plasmodium vivax malaria reservoirs from low parasitemia Duffy-negative Ethiopians: Molecular evidence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011326. [PMID: 37399221 PMCID: PMC10348516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between the Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding protein and the corresponding Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) is primarily responsible for the invasion of reticulocytes by P. vivax. The Duffy-negative host phenotype, highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, is caused by a single point mutation in the GATA-1 transcription factor binding site of the DARC gene promoter. The aim of this study was to assess the Duffy status of patients with P. vivax infection from different study sites in Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2021 to September 2022 at five varying eco-epidemiological malaria endemic sites in Ethiopia. Outpatients who were diagnosed with P. vivax infection (pure and mixed P. vivax/P. falciparum) by microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) were subjected to PCR genotyping at the DARC promoter. The associations between P. vivax infection, host genotypes and other factors were evaluated. RESULT In total, 361 patients with P. vivax infection were included in the study. Patients with pure P. vivax infections accounted for 89.8% (324/361), while the remaining 10.2% (37/361) had mixed P. vivax/P. falciparum infections. About 95.6% (345/361) of the participants were Duffy-positives (21.2% homozygous and 78.8%, heterozygous) and 4.4% (16/361) were Duffy-negatives. The mean asexual parasite density in homozygous and heterozygous Duffy-positives was 12,165 p/μl (IQR25-75: 1,640-24,234 p/μl) and11,655 p/μl (IQR25-75: 1,676-14,065 p/μl), respectively, significantly higher than that in Duffy-negatives (1,227p/μl; IQR25-75: 539-1,732p/μl). CONCLUSION This study confirms that Duffy-negativity does not provide complete protection against P. vivax infection. The development of P. vivax-specific elimination strategies, including alternative antimalarial vaccines should be facilitated by a better understanding of the epidemiological landscape of vivax malaria in Africa. More importantly, low parasitemia associated with P. vivax infections in Duffy-negative patients may represent hidden reservoirs of transmission in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abnet Abebe
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Isabelle Bouyssou
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, INSERM U1201, F-75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral ED 515 Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Solenne Mabilotte
- Université de Strasbourg, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sisay Dugassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Global Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Juliano
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Global Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics Research Center, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States of America
| | - Didier Menard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, INSERM U1201, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Paris, France
- CHU Strasbourg, Laboratory of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
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7
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Watson QD, Carias LL, Malachin A, Redinger KR, Bosch J, Bardelli M, Moon RW, Draper SJ, Zimmerman PA, King CL. Naturally-acquired and Vaccine-induced Human Monoclonal Antibodies to Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein Inhibit Invasion of Plasmodium knowlesi (PvDBPOR) Transgenic Parasites. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.07.531647. [PMID: 36945444 PMCID: PMC10028882 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.531647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) expressed on erythrocytes is central to Plasmodium vivax (Pv) invasion of reticulocytes. Pv expresses a Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) on merozoites, a DARC ligand, and their protein-protein interaction is central to vivax blood stage malaria. Here we compared the functional activity of humAbs derived from naturally exposed and vaccinated individuals for the first time using easily cultured P. knowlesi (Pk) that had been genetically modified to replace its endogenous PkDBP orthologue with PvDBP to create a transgenic parasite, PkPvDBPOR. This transgenic parasite requires DARC to invade human erythrocytes but is not reticulocyte restricted. Using this model, we evaluated the invasion inhibition potential of 12 humAbs (9 naturally acquired; 3 vaccine-induced) targeting PvDBP individually and in combinations using growth inhibition assays (GIAs). The PvDBP-specific humAbs demonstrated 70-100% inhibition of PkPvDBPOR invasion with the IC50 values ranging from 51 to 338 μg/mL for the 9 naturally acquired (NA) humAbs and 33 to 99 μg/ml for the 3 vaccine-induced (VI) humAbs. To evaluate antagonistic, additive, or synergistic effects, six pairwise combinations were performed using select humAbs. Of these combinations tested, one NA/NA (099100/094083) combination demonstrated relatively strong additive inhibition between 10-100 μg/mL; all combinations of NA and VI humAbs showed additive inhibition at concentrations below 25 μg/mL and antagonism at higher concentrations. None of the humAb combinations showed synergy. This PkPvDBPOR model system enables efficient assessment of NA and VI humAbs individually and in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin D. Watson
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lenore L. Carias
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Malachin
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karli R. Redinger
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Robert W. Moon
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A. Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher L. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
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8
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Ossè RA, Tokponnon F, Padonou GG, Glitho ME, Sidick A, Fassinou A, Koukpo CZ, Akinro B, Sovi A, Akogbéto M. Evidence of Transmission of Plasmodium vivax 210 and Plasmodium vivax 247 by Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii, Major Malaria Vectors in Benin/West Africa. INSECTS 2023; 14:231. [PMID: 36975916 PMCID: PMC10053026 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Current diagnostic and surveillance systems in Benin are not designed to accurately identify or report non-Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) human malaria infections. This study aims to assess and compare the prevalence of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antibodies of Pf and P. vivax (Pv) in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Benin. For that, mosquito collections were performed through human landing catches (HLC) and pyrethrum spray catches (PSC). The collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified, and Pf, Pv 210, and Pv 247 CSP antibodies were sought in An. gambiae s.l. through the ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Of the 32,773 collected mosquitoes, 20.9% were An. gambiae s.l., 3.9% An. funestus gr., and 0.6% An. nili gr. In An. gambiae s.l., the sporozoite rate was 2.6% (95% CI: 2.1-3.1) for Pf, against 0.30% (95% CI: 0.1-0.5) and 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.4), respectively, for Pv 210 and Pv 247. P. falciparum sporozoite positive mosquitoes were mostly An. gambiae (64.35%), followed by An. coluzzii (34.78%) and An. arabiensis (0.86%). At the opposite, for the Pv 210 sporozoite-positive mosquitoes, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae accounted for 76.92% and 23.08%, respectively. Overall, the present study shows that P. falciparum is not the only Plasmodium species involved in malaria cases in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razaki A. Ossè
- Ecole de Gestion et d’Exploitation des Systèmes d’Elevage, Université Nationale d’Agriculture, Kétou BP 44, Benin
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Filémon Tokponnon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey Calavi, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Germain Gil Padonou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Mariette E. Glitho
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Aboubakar Sidick
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Arsène Fassinou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Come Z. Koukpo
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
| | - Bruno Akinro
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
| | - Arthur Sovi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
- Faculté d’Agronomie, Université de Parakou, Parakou BP 123, Benin
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Martin Akogbéto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
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9
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Sun XD, Zhao YL, Lin ZR, Zhao Y, Zhou YW, Li SG, Guo XR, Tian P, Duan KX, Ding CL, Chen QY, Sui Y, Lu SN, Cotter C, Wang DQ, Zheng Z. Implementing a novel capture and ligation probe-PCR method in mass screen and treatment to support malaria elimination efforts in the China-Myanmar border region. Malar J 2023; 22:21. [PMID: 36658578 PMCID: PMC9854064 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass screening and treatment (MSAT) for malaria elimination lacks an ideal diagnostic tool to allow sensitive and affordable test of the target population in the field. This study evaluated whether Capture and Ligation Probe-PCR (CLIP-PCR) could be used in a field MSAT in Laiza City, Myanmar. METHODS On day 0, two dried blood spots were collected from each participant. On day 1, all samples were screened for Plasmodium in a 20 m2 laboratory with workbench, a biosafety cabinet, a refrigerator, a benchtop shaking incubator and a qPCR machine, by four technicians using CLIP-PCR with sample pooling, at a health clinic of the Chinese bordering town of Nabang. On day 2, all positives were followed up and treated. RESULTS Of 15,038 persons (65% of the total population) screened, 204 (1.36%) were CLIP-PCR positives. Among them, 188, 14, and 2 were infected with Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, and P. vivax/P. falciparum mix, respectively. The testing capacity was 538 persons/day, with a cost of US$0.92 /person. The proportion of submicroscopic infection was 64.7%. All positive individuals received treatment within 72 h after blood collection. CONCLUSION Using CLIP-PCR in MSAT in low transmission settings can support the malaria elimination efforts in the China-Myanmar border region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-dong Sun
- grid.464500.30000 0004 1758 1139Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Puer, 665000 China
| | - Ya-ling Zhao
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Zu-rui Lin
- grid.464500.30000 0004 1758 1139Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Puer, 665000 China
| | - Ye Zhao
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Yao-wu Zhou
- grid.464500.30000 0004 1758 1139Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Puer, 665000 China
| | - Shi-gang Li
- Yingjiang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yingjiang, 679300 China
| | - Xiang-rui Guo
- Yingjiang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yingjiang, 679300 China
| | - Peng Tian
- grid.464500.30000 0004 1758 1139Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Puer, 665000 China
| | - Kai-xia Duan
- grid.464500.30000 0004 1758 1139Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Puer, 665000 China
| | - Chun-li Ding
- grid.464500.30000 0004 1758 1139Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Puer, 665000 China
| | - Qi-yan Chen
- grid.464500.30000 0004 1758 1139Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Puer, 665000 China
| | - Yuan Sui
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Shen-ning Lu
- grid.508378.1WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Chris Cotter
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Duo-quan Wang
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Zhi Zheng
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China
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10
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Sustainable Radical Cure of the Latent Malarias. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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11
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Stadler E, Cromer D, Mehra S, Adekunle AI, Flegg JA, Anstey NM, Watson JA, Chu CS, Mueller I, Robinson LJ, Schlub TE, Davenport MP, Khoury DS. Population heterogeneity in Plasmodium vivax relapse risk. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010990. [PMID: 36534705 PMCID: PMC9810152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A key characteristic of Plasmodium vivax parasites is their ability to adopt a latent liver-stage form called hypnozoites, able to cause relapse of infection months or years after a primary infection. Relapses of infection through hypnozoite activation are a major contributor to blood-stage infections in P vivax endemic regions and are thought to be influenced by factors such as febrile infections which may cause temporary changes in hypnozoite activation leading to 'temporal heterogeneity' in reactivation risk. In addition, immunity and variation in exposure to infection may be longer-term characteristics of individuals that lead to 'population heterogeneity' in hypnozoite activation. We analyze data on risk of P vivax in two previously published data sets from Papua New Guinea and the Thailand-Myanmar border region. Modeling different mechanisms of reactivation risk, we find strong evidence for population heterogeneity, with 30% of patients having almost 70% of all P vivax infections. Model fitting and data analysis indicates that individual variation in relapse risk is a primary source of heterogeneity of P vivax risk of recurrences. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01640574, NCT01074905, NCT02143934.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Stadler
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Somya Mehra
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adeshina I. Adekunle
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Flegg
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - James A. Watson
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cindy S. Chu
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leanne J. Robinson
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Timothy E. Schlub
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - David S. Khoury
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Barros LB, Calil PR, Rodrigues PT, Tonini J, Fontoura PS, Sato PM, Cardoso MA, Russo MWDAA, Cavasini CE, Fernandes ARDJ, Ferreira MU. Clinically silent Plasmodium vivax infections in native Amazonians of northwestern Brazil: acquired immunity or low parasite virulence? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220175. [PMID: 36542002 PMCID: PMC9756956 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains common among native Amazonians, challenging Brazil's elimination efforts. OBJECTIVES We examined the epidemiology of malaria in riverine populations of the country's main hotspot - the upper Juruá Valley in Acre state, close to the Brazil-Peru border, where Plasmodium vivax accounts for > 80% of cases. METHODS Participants (n = 262) from 10 villages along the Azul River were screened for malaria parasites by microscopy and genus-specific, cytochrome b (cytb) gene-based polymerase chain reaction. Positive samples were further tested with quantitative TaqMan assays targeting P. vivax- and P. falciparum-specific cytb domains. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to identify independent correlates of P. vivax infection. FINDINGS Microscopy detected only one P. vivax and two P. falciparum infections. TaqMan assays detected 33 P. vivax infections (prevalence, 11.1%), 78.1% of which asymptomatic, with a median parasitaemia of 34/mL. Increasing age, male sex and use of insecticide-treated bed nets were significant predictors of elevated P. vivax malaria risk. Children and adults were similarly likely to remain asymptomatic once infected. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our findings are at odds with the hypothesis of age-related clinical immunity in native Amazonians. The low virulence of local parasites is suggested as an alternative explanation for subclinical infections in isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Barbosa Barros
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Priscila Rodrigues Calil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Priscila Thihara Rodrigues
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Tonini
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Pablo Secato Fontoura
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Priscila Moraes Sato
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Nutrição, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marly Augusto Cardoso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Nutrição, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Cavasini
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Marcelo Urbano Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil,Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisboa, Portugal,+ Corresponding author: /
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13
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Mueller I, Vantaux A, Karl S, Laman M, Witkowski B, Pepey A, Vinit R, White M, Barry A, Beeson JG, Robinson LJ. Asia-Pacific ICEMR: Understanding Malaria Transmission to Accelerate Malaria Elimination in the Asia Pacific Region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:131-137. [PMID: 36228917 PMCID: PMC9662229 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining an in-depth understanding of malaria transmission requires integrated, multifaceted research approaches. The Asia-Pacific International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) is applying specifically developed molecular and immunological assays, in-depth entomological assessments, and advanced statistical and mathematical modeling approaches to a rich series of longitudinal cohort and cross-sectional studies in Papua New Guinea and Cambodia. This is revealing both the essential contribution of forest-based transmission and the particular challenges posed by Plasmodium vivax to malaria elimination in Cambodia. In Papua New Guinea, these studies document the complex host-vector-parasite interactions that are underlying both the stunning reductions in malaria burden from 2006 to 2014 and the significant resurgence in transmission in 2016 to 2018. Here we describe the novel analytical, surveillance, molecular, and immunological tools that are being applied in our ongoing Asia-Pacific ICEMR research program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Mueller
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter + Eliza Hall Institutes, Melbourne, Australia;,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;,Address correspondence to Ivo Mueller, Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter + Eliza Hall Institutes, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052. E-mail:
| | | | - Stephan Karl
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia;,PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Moses Laman
- PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | | | - Anais Pepey
- Institute Pasteur Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rebecca Vinit
- PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | | | - Alyssa Barry
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia;,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James G. Beeson
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia;,Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne J. Robinson
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter + Eliza Hall Institutes, Melbourne, Australia;,PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea;,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia;,Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Bei AK, Cordy RJ. Optimizing Plasmodium vivax serological surveillance within a coendemic epidemiological landscape. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:829-830. [PMID: 36038428 PMCID: PMC10066934 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Serological surveillance is a useful tool for revealing hotspots of transmission intensity or cryptic asymptomatic reservoirs, especially as malaria transmission declines. Such approaches can help us to understand malaria epidemiology, but also to guide interventions. Recently, Longley et al. refined a panel for Plasmodium vivax serological surveillance to aid in malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Bei
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Regina J Cordy
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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15
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Kattenberg JH, Nguyen HV, Nguyen HL, Sauve E, Nguyen NTH, Chopo-Pizarro A, Trimarsanto H, Monsieurs P, Guetens P, Nguyen XX, Esbroeck MV, Auburn S, Nguyen BTH, Rosanas-Urgell A. Novel highly-multiplexed AmpliSeq targeted assay for Plasmodium vivax genetic surveillance use cases at multiple geographical scales. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:953187. [PMID: 36034708 PMCID: PMC9403277 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the power of genetic surveillance tools has been acknowledged widely, there is an urgent need in malaria endemic countries for feasible and cost-effective tools to implement in national malaria control programs (NMCPs) that can generate evidence to guide malaria control and elimination strategies, especially in the case of Plasmodium vivax. Several genetic surveillance applications (‘use cases’) have been identified to align research, technology development, and public health efforts, requiring different types of molecular markers. Here we present a new highly-multiplexed deep sequencing assay (Pv AmpliSeq). The assay targets the 33-SNP vivaxGEN-geo panel for country-level classification, and a newly designed 42-SNP within-country barcode for analysis of parasite dynamics in Vietnam and 11 putative drug resistance genes in a highly multiplexed NGS protocol with easy workflow, applicable for many different genetic surveillance use cases. The Pv AmpliSeq assay was validated using: 1) isolates from travelers and migrants in Belgium, and 2) routine collections of the national malaria control program at sentinel sites in Vietnam. The assay targets 229 amplicons and achieved a high depth of coverage (mean 595.7 ± 481) and high accuracy (mean error-rate of 0.013 ± 0.007). P. vivax parasites could be characterized from dried blood spots with a minimum of 5 parasites/µL and 10% of minority-clones. The assay achieved good spatial specificity for between-country prediction of origin using the 33-SNP vivaxGEN-geo panel that targets rare alleles specific for certain countries and regions. A high resolution for within-country diversity in Vietnam was achieved using the designed 42-SNP within-country barcode that targets common alleles (median MAF 0.34, range 0.01-0.49. Many variants were detected in (putative) drug resistance genes, with different predominant haplotypes in the pvmdr1 and pvcrt genes in different provinces in Vietnam. The capacity of the assay for high resolution identity-by-descent (IBD) analysis was demonstrated and identified a high rate of shared ancestry within Gia Lai Province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, as well as between the coastal province of Binh Thuan and Lam Dong. Our approach performed well in geographically differentiating isolates at multiple spatial scales, detecting variants in putative resistance genes, and can be easily adjusted to suit the needs in other settings in a country or region. We prioritize making this tool available to researchers and NMCPs in endemic countries to increase ownership and ensure data usage for decision-making and malaria policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Helena Kattenberg
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Johanna Helena Kattenberg, ; Anna Rosanas-Urgell,
| | - Hong Van Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Luong Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Erin Sauve
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ngoc Thi Hong Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ana Chopo-Pizarro
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hidayat Trimarsanto
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Pieter Monsieurs
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Guetens
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xa Xuan Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Clinical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Binh Thi Huong Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anna Rosanas-Urgell
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Johanna Helena Kattenberg, ; Anna Rosanas-Urgell,
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Plasmodium vivax malaria serological exposure markers: Assessing the degree and implications of cross-reactivity with P. knowlesi. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100662. [PMID: 35732155 PMCID: PMC9245056 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Serological markers are a promising tool for surveillance and targeted interventions for Plasmodium vivax malaria. P. vivax is closely related to the zoonotic parasite P. knowlesi, which also infects humans. P. vivax and P. knowlesi are co-endemic across much of South East Asia, making it important to design serological markers that minimize cross-reactivity in this region. To determine the degree of IgG cross-reactivity against a panel of P. vivax serological markers, we assayed samples from human patients with P. knowlesi malaria. IgG antibody reactivity is high against P. vivax proteins with high sequence identity with their P. knowlesi ortholog. IgG reactivity peaks at 7 days post-P. knowlesi infection and is short-lived, with minimal responses 1 year post-infection. We designed a panel of eight P. vivax proteins with low levels of cross-reactivity with P. knowlesi. This panel can accurately classify recent P. vivax infections while reducing misclassification of recent P. knowlesi infections.
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Llanos-Cuentas A, Manrrique P, Rosas-Aguirre A, Herrera S, Hsiang MS. Tafenoquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:759-768. [PMID: 35379070 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2058394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plasmodium vivax malaria causes significant disease burden worldwide, especially in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. P. vivax is characterized by the production of liver hypnozoites that cause clinical relapses upon periodic activation. Primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline drug, has been the standard of care for decades to treat liver-stage P. vivax malaria; however, it requires long treatment regimens (one to two weeks) that lead to poor adherence and thus clinical relapses. Tafenoquine (TFQ), a newly available and efficacious single-dose 8-aminoquinoline, aims to address this challenge. Safe administration is possible when paired with the use of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) diagnostics to prevent 8-aminoquinoline-induced hemolysis in patients with underlying G6PD deficiency (G6PDd). AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors present the recent literature regarding the pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and tolerability of TFQ and highlight regional differences in these areas. The authors also discuss the potential for TFQ, complemented with primaquine PQ and effective screening for G6PDd, to improve P. vivax clinical management and facilitate targeted mass drug administration in communities to decrease transmission. EXPERT OPINION Clinical studies show therapeutic efficacy of TFQ as well as a good performance in terms of safety and tolerability. Additional research regarding the effectiveness and safety TFQ in malaria elimination strategies such as targeted or mass drug administration are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Manrrique
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, PA, USA
| | - Angel Rosas-Aguirre
- Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sonia Herrera
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michelle S Hsiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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Naing C, Htet NH, Aye SN, Aung HH, Tanner M, Whittaker MA. Detection of asymptomatic malaria in Asian countries: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. Malar J 2022; 21:50. [PMID: 35172833 PMCID: PMC8848787 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Achieving malaria elimination requires the targeting of the human reservoir of infection, including those patients with asymptomatic infection. The objective was to synthesise evidence on the accuracy of the rapid-onsite diagnostic tests (RDTs) and microscopy for the detection of asymptomatic malaria as part of the surveillance activities in Asian countries. Methods This was a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. Relevant studies that evaluated the diagnostic performance of RDTs and microscopy for detection of asymptomatic malaria were searched in health-related electronic databases. The methodological quality of the studies included was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results Ten studies assessing RDT and/or microscopy were identified. The diagnostic accuracies in all these studies were verified by PCR. Overall, the pooled sensitivities of RDT, as well as microscopy for detection of any malaria parasites in asymptomatic participants, were low, while their pooled specificities were almost ideal. For the detection of Plasmodium falciparum, pooled sensitivity by RDT (59%, 95%CI:16–91%) or microscopy (55%, 95%CI: 25–82%) were almost comparable. For detection of Plasmodium vivax, pooled sensitivity of RDT (51%, 95% CI:7–94%) had also the comparable accuracy of microscopy (54%, 95%CI,11–92%). Of note are the wide range of sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that RDTs and microscopy have limited sensitivity and are inappropriate for the detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections. Other methods including a combination of PCR-based strategies, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) technique must be considered to target these infections, in order to achieve malaria elimination. However, more data is needed for the wide acceptance and feasibility of these approaches. Studies to explore the role of asymptomatic and sub-patent infections in the transmission of malaria are of critical importance and are recommended. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04082-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Naing
- International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,James Cook University, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Douglas, QLD, Australia.
| | | | - Saint Nway Aye
- International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Htar Htar Aung
- International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maxine A Whittaker
- James Cook University, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Douglas, QLD, Australia
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Lin ZR, Li SG, Sun XD, Guo XR, Zheng Z, Yang J, Pian HR, Tian P, Chen QY, Sun XY, Ding CL, Duan KX, Chen HW, Bee DY, Zhou HN. Effectiveness of joint 3 + 1 malaria strategy along China-Myanmar cross border areas. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1246. [PMID: 34906092 PMCID: PMC8670156 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-border malaria in Laiza City of Myanmar seriously affected Yingjiang County of China and compromised reaching the goal of malaria elimination by 2020. Since 2017, a pilot project on 3 + 1 strategy of joint cross-border malaria prevention and control was carried out for building a malaria buffer in these border areas. Here, 3 were the three preventive lines in China where different focalized approaches of malaria elimination were applied and + 1 was a defined border area in Myanmar where the integrated measures of malaria control were adopted. METHODS A 5-year retrospective analysis (2015 to 2019) was conducted that included case detection, parasite prevalence and vector surveillance. Descriptive statistics was used and the incidence or rates were compared. The annual parasite incidence and the parasite prevalence rate in + 1 area of Myanmar, the annual importation rate in Yingjiang County of China and the density of An. minimus were statistically significant indictors to assess the effectiveness of the 3 + 1 strategy. RESULTS In + 1 area of Myanmar from 2015 to 2019, the averaged annual parasite incidence was (59.11 ± 40.73)/1000 and Plasmodium vivax accounted for 96.27% of the total confirmed cases. After the pilot project, the annual parasite incidence dropped 89% from 104.77/1000 in 2016 to 12.18/1000 in 2019, the microscopic parasite prevalence rate dropped 100% from 0.34% in 2017 to zero in 2019 and the averaged density of An. Minimus per trap-night dropped 93% from 1.92 in June to 0.13 in September. The submicroscopic parasite prevalence rate increased from 1.15% in 2017 to 1.66% in 2019 without significant difference between the two surveys (P = 0.084). In Yingjiang County of China, neither indigenous nor introduced case was reported and 100% cases were imported from Myanmar since 2017. The averaged annual importation rate from 2015 to 2019 was (0.47 ± 0.15)/1000. After the pilot project, the annual importation rate dropped from 0.59/1000 in 2016 to 0.28/1000 in 2019 with an overall reduction of 53% in the whole county. The reduction was 67% (57.63/1000 to 18.01/1000) in the first preventive line, 52% (0.20/1000 to 0.10/1000) in the second preventive line and 36% (0.32/1000 to 0.22/1000) in the third preventive line. The averaged density of An. Minimus per trap-night in the first preventive line dropped 94% from 2.55 in June to 0.14 in September, without significant difference from that of + 1 area of Myanmar (Z value = - 1.18, P value = 0.24). CONCLUSION The pilot project on 3 + 1 strategy has been significantly effective in the study areas and a buffer zone of border malaria was successfully established between Laiza City of Myanmar and Yingjiang County of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Rui Lin
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, China
| | - Shi-Gang Li
- Yangjiang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangjiang, 679300, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, China.
| | - Xiang-Rui Guo
- Yangjiang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangjiang, 679300, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Dehong Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Mangshi, 678400, China
| | - Hong-Ru Pian
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, China
| | - Qi-Yan Chen
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, China
| | | | - Chun-Li Ding
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, China
| | - Kai-Xia Duan
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, China
| | - Hong-Wei Chen
- Nangbang Township Central Hospital, Yingjiang, 679300, China
| | - Dakhidam Yaw Bee
- Malaria Project Office, Health Department of Kachin Special Region II, Laiza City, Myanmar
| | - Hong-Ning Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases; Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Centre for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Pu'er, 665000, China.
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Tayipto Y, Liu Z, Mueller I, Longley RJ. Serology for Plasmodium vivax surveillance: A novel approach to accelerate towards elimination. Parasitol Int 2021; 87:102492. [PMID: 34728377 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread causative agent of human malaria in the world. Despite the ongoing implementation of malaria control programs, the rate of case reduction has declined over the last 5 years. Hence, surveillance of malaria transmission should be in place to identify and monitor areas that require intensified malaria control interventions. Serological tools may offer additional insights into transmission intensity over parasite and entomological measures, especially as transmission levels decline. Antibodies can be detected in the host system for months to even years after parasite infections have been cleared from the blood, enabling malaria exposure history to be captured. Because the Plasmodium parasite expresses more than 5000 proteins, it is important to a) understand antibody longevity following infection and b) measure antibodies to more than one antigen in order to accurately inform on the exposure and/or immune status of populations. This review summarises current practices for surveillance of P. vivax malaria, the current state of research into serological exposure markers and their potential role for accelerating malaria elimination, and discusses further studies that need to be undertaken to see such technology implemented in malaria-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanie Tayipto
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zoe Liu
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhea J Longley
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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Abstract
J. Kevin Baird and colleagues, examine and discuss the estimated global burden of vivax malaria and it's biological, clinical, and public health complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Battle
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - J. Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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22
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Bhowmick IP, Nirmolia T, Pandey A, Subbarao SK, Nath A, Senapati S, Tripathy D, Pebam R, Nag S, Roy R, Dasgupta D, Debnath J, Gogoi K, Gogoi K, Borah L, Chanda R, Borgohain A, Mog C, Sarkar U, Gogoi P, Debnath B, Debbarma J, Ranjan Bhattacharya D, Joshi PL, Kaur H, Narain K. Dry Post Wintertime Mass Surveillance Unearths a Huge Burden of P. vivax, and Mixed Infection with P. vivax P. falciparum, a Threat to Malaria Elimination, in Dhalai, Tripura, India. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101259. [PMID: 34684207 PMCID: PMC8541100 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With India aiming to achieve malaria elimination by 2030, several strategies have been put in place. With that aim, mass surveillance is now being conducted in some malaria-endemic pockets. As dry season mass surveillance has been shown to have its importance in targeting the reservoir, a study was undertaken to assess the parasite load by a sensitive molecular method during one of the mass surveys conducted in the dry winter period. It was executed in two malaria-endemic villages of Dhalai District, Tripura, in northeast India, also reported as P. falciparum predominated area. The present study found an enormous burden of Rapid Diagnostic Test negative malaria cases with P. vivax along with P. vivax and P. falciparum mixed infections during the mass surveillance from febrile and afebrile cases in dry winter months (February 2021–March 2021). Of the total 150 samples tested, 72 (48%) were positive and 78 (52%) negative for malaria by PCR. Out of the 72 positives, 6 (8.33%) were P. falciparum, 40 (55.55%) P. vivax, and 26 (36.11%) mixed infections. Out of 78 malaria negative samples, 6 (7.7%) were with symptoms, while among the total malaria positive, 72 cases 7 (9.8%) were with symptoms, and 65 (90.2%) were asymptomatic. Out of 114 samples tested by both microscopy and PCR, 42 samples turned out to be submicroscopic with 4 P. falciparum, 23 P. vivax, and 15 mixed infections. Although all P. vivax submicroscopic infections were asymptomatic, three P. falciparum cases were found to be febrile. Evidence of malaria transmission was also found in the vectors in the winter month. The study ascertained the use of molecular diagnostic techniques in detecting the actual burden of malaria, especially of P. vivax, in mass surveys. As Jhum cultivators in Tripura are at high risk, screening for the malarial reservoirs in pre-Jhum months can help with malaria control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Pal Bhowmick
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tulika Nirmolia
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Apoorva Pandey
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, Delhi 110029, India; (A.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Sarala K. Subbarao
- Formerly National Institute of Malaria Research-ICMR, Delhi 110077, India;
| | - Aatreyee Nath
- Northeastern Space Applications Centre, Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, India; (A.N.); (R.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Susmita Senapati
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Debabrata Tripathy
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Rocky Pebam
- Northeastern Space Applications Centre, Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, India; (A.N.); (R.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Suman Nag
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Rajashree Roy
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Dipanjan Dasgupta
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Kongkona Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Karuna Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Lakhyajit Borah
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | | | - Arup Borgohain
- Northeastern Space Applications Centre, Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, India; (A.N.); (R.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Chelapro Mog
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Ujjwal Sarkar
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Phiroz Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Bishal Debnath
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Jyotish Debbarma
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharya
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
| | - Pyare Lal Joshi
- Formerly National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP), Delhi 110054, India;
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, Delhi 110029, India; (A.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Kanwar Narain
- Regional Medical Research Center-Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (D.T.); (S.N.); (R.R.); (D.D.); (J.D.); (K.G.); (K.G.); (L.B.); (C.M.); (U.S.); (P.G.); (B.D.); (J.D.); (D.R.B.); (K.N.)
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Longley RJ, White MT, Brewster J, Liu ZSJ, Bourke C, Takashima E, Harbers M, Tham WH, Healer J, Chitnis CE, Monteiro W, Lacerda M, Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Mueller I. IgG Antibody Responses Are Preferential Compared With IgM for Use as Serological Markers for Detecting Recent Exposure to Plasmodium vivax Infection. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab228. [PMID: 34159216 PMCID: PMC8214013 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve malaria elimination, new tools are required to explicitly target Plasmodium vivax. Recently, a novel panel of P. vivax proteins were identified and validated as serological markers for detecting recent exposure to P. vivax within the last 9 months. In order to improve the sensitivity and specificity of these markers, immunoglobulin M (IgM) in addition to immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses were compared with a down-selected panel of 20 P. vivax proteins. IgM was tested using archival plasma samples from observational cohort studies conducted in malaria-endemic regions of Thailand and Brazil. IgM responses to these proteins generally had poorer classification performance than IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea J Longley
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael T White
- Malaria Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Brewster
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Zoe S J Liu
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Caitlin Bourke
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Matthias Harbers
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Julie Healer
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Wuelton Monteiro
- Fundacão de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Instituto Leônicas & Maria Deane (Fiocruz), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Malaria Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Auburn S, Cheng Q, Marfurt J, Price RN. The changing epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax: Insights from conventional and novel surveillance tools. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003560. [PMID: 33891580 PMCID: PMC8064506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarah Auburn and co-authors discuss the unique biology and epidemiology of P. vivax and current evidence on conventional and new approaches to surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Auburn
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qin Cheng
- Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- The Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jutta Marfurt
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Ric N. Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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High Prevalence of Low-Level Parasitemia With Plasmodium vivax in Makira-Ulawa Province Presents a Challenge for the Diagnosis and Eradication of Malaria in Solomon Islands. Ochsner J 2021; 21:76-80. [PMID: 33828428 PMCID: PMC7993419 DOI: 10.31486/toj.20.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria remains endemic in Solomon Islands, but data on malaria in the provinces of Solomon Islands are limited. This study from Makira-Ulawa Province aimed to identify the most prevalent strain of malaria and assess if the available rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was effective in Kirakira Hospital. Methods: Forty-five patients who presented to Kirakira Hospital with symptoms of fever had a positive malaria parasite smear during a 4-week period in 2017. The parasite count for each smear was calculated. Simultaneous testing using the CareStart Malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/pan) Combo RDT was conducted. The data for all malaria parasite smears performed in Makira-Ulawa Province in 2016 were collated for comparison. Results: All 45 patients diagnosed with malaria in a 4-week period in 2017 were positive for Plasmodium vivax. The median parasite load was 280 parasites per μL (range, 160 to 640 parasites per μL). None of the 45 CareStart RDTs performed was positive. In 2016, 5,505 of 17,195 patients (32.0%) screened had malaria parasites detected on a malaria parasite smear. P vivax was detected in 5,212 (94.7%) and Plasmodium falciparum in 285 (5.2%) of patients with malaria. Conclusion:P vivax is the predominant strain of malaria present in Makira-Ulawa Province. RDTs were not helpful in the diagnosis of malaria at Kirakira Hospital. The parasite load detected in the 45 patients diagnosed with malaria in this study was low. A focus on attempting to eradicate P vivax in the community through improved compliance with treatment protocols is suggested as a possible way forward to best manage malaria in Makira-Ulawa Province.
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Galatas B, Mayor A, Gupta H, Balanza N, Jang IK, Nhamussua L, Simone W, Cisteró P, Chidimatembue A, Munguambe H, Saúte F, Aide P, Bassat Q. Field performance of ultrasensitive and conventional malaria rapid diagnostic tests in southern Mozambique. Malar J 2020; 19:451. [PMID: 33287822 PMCID: PMC7720469 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An ultrasensitive malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was recently developed for the improved detection of low-density Plasmodium falciparum infections. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of the PfHRP2-based Abbott Malaria Ag P. falciparum ultrasensitive RDT (uRDT) to that of the conventional SD-Bioline Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT (cRDT) when performed under field conditions. Methods Finger-prick blood samples were collected from adults and children in two cross-sectional surveys in May of 2017 in southern Mozambique. Using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) as the reference method, the age-specific diagnostic performance indicators of the cRDT and uRDT were compared. The presence of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) and Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) antigens was evaluated in a subset from dried blood spots by a quantitative antigen assay. pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions were assessed in samples positive by RT-qPCR and negative by both RDTs. Results Among the 4,396 participants with complete test results, the sensitivity of uRDTs (68.2; 95% CI 60.8 to 74.9) was marginally better than that of cRDTs (61.5; 95% CI 53.9 to 68.6) (p-value = 0.004), while the specificities were similar (uRDT: 99.0 [95% CI 98.6 to 99.2], cRDT: 99.2 [95% CI 98.9 to 99.4], p-value = 0.02). While the performance of both RDTs was lowest in ≥ 15-year-olds, driven by the higher prevalence of low parasite density infections in this group, the sensitivity of uRDTs was significantly higher in this age group (54.9, 95% CI 40.3 to 68.9) compared to the sensitivity of cRDTs (39.2, 95% CI 25.8 to 53.9) (p-value = 0.008). Both RDTs detected P. falciparum infections at similar geometric mean parasite densities (112.9 parasites/μL for uRDTs and 145.5 parasites/μL for cRDTs). The presence of HRP2 antigen was similar among false positive (FP) samples of both tests (80.5% among uRDT-FPs and 84.4% among cRDT-FPs). Only one false negative sample was detected with a partial pfhrp2 deletion. Conclusion This study showed that the uRDTs developed by Abbott do not substantially outperform SD-Bioline Pf malaria RDTs in the community and are still not comparable to molecular methods to detect P. falciparum infections in this study setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Galatas
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Núria Balanza
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lidia Nhamussua
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Wilson Simone
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Pau Cisteró
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Saúte
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Pedro Aide
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Gruenberg M, Moniz CA, Hofmann NE, Koepfli C, Robinson LJ, Nate E, Monteiro WM, de Melo GC, Kuehn A, Siqueira AM, Nguitragool W, Bassat Q, Lacerda M, Sattabongkot J, Mueller I, Felger I. Utility of ultra-sensitive qPCR to detect Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections under different transmission intensities. Malar J 2020; 19:319. [PMID: 32883308 PMCID: PMC7469345 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of molecular diagnostics has revealed an unexpectedly large number of asymptomatic low-density malaria infections in many malaria endemic areas. This study compared the gains in parasite prevalence obtained by the use of ultra-sensitive (us)-qPCR as compared to standard qPCR in cross-sectional surveys conducted in Thailand, Brazil and Papua New Guinea (PNG). The compared assays differed in the copy number of qPCR targets in the parasite genome. METHODS Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv) parasites were quantified by qPCR amplifying the low-copy Pf_ and Pv_18S rRNA genes or the multi-copy targets Pf_varATS and Pv_mtCOX1. Cross-sectional surveys at the three study sites included 2252 participants of all ages and represented different transmission intensities. RESULTS In the two low-transmission areas, P. falciparum positivity was 1.3% (10/773) (Thailand) and 0.8% (5/651) (Brazil) using standard Pf_18S rRNA qPCR. In these two countries, P. falciparum positivity by Pf_varATS us-qPCR increased to 1.9% (15/773) and 1.7% (11/651). In PNG, an area with moderate transmission intensity, P. falciparum positivity significantly increased from 8.6% (71/828) by standard qPCR to 12.2% (101/828) by us-qPCR. The proportions of P. falciparum infections not detected by standard qPCR were 33%, 55% and 30% in Thailand, Brazil and PNG. Plasmodium vivax was the predominating species in Thailand and Brazil, with 3.9% (30/773) and 4.9% (32/651) positivity by Pv_18S rRNA qPCR. In PNG, P. vivax positivity was similar to P. falciparum, at 8.0% (66/828). Use of Pv_mtCOX1 us-qPCR led to a significant increase in positivity to 5.1% (39/773), 6.4% (42/651) and 11.5% (95/828) in Thailand, Brazil, and PNG. The proportions of P. vivax infections missed by standard qPCR were similar at all three sites, with 23%, 24% and 31% in Thailand, Brazil and PNG. CONCLUSION The proportional gains in the detection of P. falciparum and P. vivax infections by ultra-sensitive diagnostic assays were substantial at all three study sites. Thus, us-qPCR yields more precise prevalence estimates for both P. falciparum and P. vivax at all studied levels of endemicity and represents a significant diagnostic improvement. Improving sensitivity in P. vivax surveillance by us-qPCR is of particular benefit, because the additionally detected P. vivax infections signal the potential presence of hypnozoites and subsequent risk of relapse and further transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gruenberg
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clara Antunes Moniz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalie E Hofmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Leanne J Robinson
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elma Nate
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | | | | | - Andrea Kuehn
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andre M Siqueira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine & Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Universidade Do Estado Do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Malaria Parasite & Hosts Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Varo R, Balanza N, Mayor A, Bassat Q. Diagnosis of clinical malaria in endemic settings. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:79-92. [PMID: 32772759 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1807940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria continues to be a major global health problem, with over 228 million cases and 405,000 deaths estimated to occur annually. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of malaria is essential to decrease the burden and impact of this disease, particularly in children. We aimed to review the main available techniques for the diagnosis of clinical malaria in endemic settings and explore possible future options to improve its rapid recognition. AREAS COVERED literature relevant to malaria diagnosis was identified through electronic searches in Pubmed, with no language or date restrictions and limited to humans. EXPERT OPINION Light microscopy is still considered the gold standard method for malaria diagnosis and continues to be at the frontline of malaria diagnosis. However, technologies as rapid diagnostic tests, mainly those who detect histidine-rich protein-2, offer an accurate, rapid and affordable alternative for malaria diagnosis in endemic areas. They are now the technique most extended in endemic areas for parasitological confirmation. In these settings, PCR-based assays are usually restricted to research and they are not currently helpful in the management of clinical malaria. Other technologies, such as isothermal methods could be an interesting and alternative approach to PCR in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat De Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Centro De Investigação Em Saúde De Manhiça (CISM) , Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Núria Balanza
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat De Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat De Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Centro De Investigação Em Saúde De Manhiça (CISM) , Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat De Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Centro De Investigação Em Saúde De Manhiça (CISM) , Maputo, Mozambique.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23 , Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan De Deu (University of Barcelona) , Barcelona, Spain.,Consorcio De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Epidemiología Y Salud Publica (CIBERESP) , Madrid, Spain
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Alvar J, Alves F, Bucheton B, Burrows L, Büscher P, Carrillo E, Felger I, Hübner MP, Moreno J, Pinazo MJ, Ribeiro I, Sosa-Estani S, Specht S, Tarral A, Wourgaft NS, Bilbe G. Implications of asymptomatic infection for the natural history of selected parasitic tropical diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:231-246. [PMID: 32189034 PMCID: PMC7299918 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Progress has been made in the control or elimination of tropical diseases, with a significant reduction of incidence. However, there is a risk of re-emergence if the factors fueling transmission are not dealt with. Although it is essential to understand these underlying factors for each disease, asymptomatic carriers are a common element that may promote resurgence; their impact in terms of proportion in the population and role in transmission needs to be determined. In this paper, we review the current evidence on whether or not to treat asymptomatic carriers given the relevance of their role in the transmission of a specific disease, the efficacy and toxicity of existing drugs, the Public Health interest, and the benefit at an individual level, for example, in Chagas disease, to prevent irreversible organ damage. In the absence of other control tools such as vaccines, there is a need for safer drugs with good risk/benefit profiles in order to change the paradigm so that it addresses the complete infectious process beyond manifest disease to include treatment of non-symptomatic infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alvar
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Fabiana Alves
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Louise Burrows
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Cenre for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Sakud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Cenre for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Sakud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabela Ribeiro
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Centro de Investigación de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIESP-IECS), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabine Specht
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Tarral
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Graeme Bilbe
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
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30
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Longley RJ, White MT, Takashima E, Brewster J, Morita M, Harbers M, Obadia T, Robinson LJ, Matsuura F, Liu ZSJ, Li-Wai-Suen CSN, Tham WH, Healer J, Huon C, Chitnis CE, Nguitragool W, Monteiro W, Proietti C, Doolan DL, Siqueira AM, Ding XC, Gonzalez IJ, Kazura J, Lacerda M, Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Mueller I. Development and validation of serological markers for detecting recent Plasmodium vivax infection. Nat Med 2020; 26:741-749. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Medeiros CMP, Moreira EUM, Pires CV, Torres LM, Guimarães LFF, Alves JRS, Lima BAS, Fontes CJF, Costa HL, Brito CFA, Sousa TN, Ntumngia FB, Adams JH, Kano FS, Carvalho LH. Dynamics of IgM and IgG responses to the next generation of engineered Duffy binding protein II immunogen: Strain-specific and strain-transcending immune responses over a nine-year period. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232786. [PMID: 32379804 PMCID: PMC7205269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A low proportion of P. vivax-exposed individuals acquire protective strain-transcending neutralizing IgG antibodies that are able to block the interaction between the Duffy binding protein II (DBPII) and its erythrocyte-specific invasion receptor. In a recent study, a novel surface-engineered DBPII-based vaccine termed DEKnull-2, whose antibody response target conserved DBPII epitopes, was able to induce broadly binding-inhibitory IgG antibodies (BIAbs) that inhibit P. vivax reticulocyte invasion. Toward the development of DEKnull-2 as an effective P. vivax blood-stage vaccine, we investigate the relationship between naturally acquired DBPII-specific IgM response and the profile of IgG antibodies/BIAbs activity over time. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A nine-year follow-up study was carried-out among long-term P. vivax-exposed Amazonian individuals and included six cross-sectional surveys at periods of high and low malaria transmission. DBPII immune responses associated with either strain-specific (Sal1, natural DBPII variant circulating in the study area) or conserved epitopes (DEKnull-2) were monitored by conventional serology (ELISA-detected IgM and IgG antibodies), with IgG BIAbs activity evaluated by functional assays (in vitro inhibition of DBPII-erythrocyte binding). The results showed a tendency of IgM antibodies toward Sal1-specific response; the profile of Sal1 over DEKnull-2 was not associated with acute malaria and sustained throughout the observation period. The low malaria incidence in two consecutive years allowed us to demonstrate that variant-specific IgG (but not IgM) antibodies waned over time, which resulted in IgG skewed to the DEKnull-2 response. A persistent DBPII-specific IgM response was not associated with the presence (or absence) of broadly neutralizing IgG antibody response. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The current study demonstrates that long-term exposure to low and unstable levels of P. vivax transmission led to a sustained DBPII-specific IgM response against variant-specific epitopes, while sustained IgG responses are skewed to conserved epitopes. Further studies should investigate on the role of a stable and persistent IgM antibody response in the immune response mediated by DBPII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M. P. Medeiros
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Camilla V. Pires
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Letícia M. Torres
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bárbara A. S. Lima
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cor J. F. Fontes
- Hospital Júlio Muller, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Helena L. Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tais N. Sousa
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Francis B. Ntumngia
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Flora S. Kano
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LHC); (FSK)
| | - Luzia H. Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LHC); (FSK)
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van Dorp L, Gelabert P, Rieux A, de Manuel M, de-Dios T, Gopalakrishnan S, Carøe C, Sandoval-Velasco M, Fregel R, Olalde I, Escosa R, Aranda C, Huijben S, Mueller I, Marquès-Bonet T, Balloux F, Gilbert MTP, Lalueza-Fox C. Plasmodium vivax Malaria Viewed through the Lens of an Eradicated European Strain. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:773-785. [PMID: 31697387 PMCID: PMC7038659 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Plasmodium vivax is responsible for 42% of all cases of malaria outside Africa. The parasite is currently largely restricted to tropical and subtropical latitudes in Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. Though, it was historically present in most of Europe before being finally eradicated during the second half of the 20th century. The lack of genomic information on the extinct European lineage has prevented a clear understanding of historical population structuring and past migrations of P. vivax. We used medical microscope slides prepared in 1944 from malaria-affected patients from the Ebro Delta in Spain, one of the last footholds of malaria in Europe, to generate a genome of a European P. vivax strain. Population genetics and phylogenetic analyses placed this strain basal to a cluster including samples from the Americas. This genome allowed us to calibrate a genomic mutation rate for P. vivax, and to estimate the mean age of the last common ancestor between European and American strains to the 15th century. This date points to an introduction of the parasite during the European colonization of the Americas. In addition, we found that some known variants for resistance to antimalarial drugs, including Chloroquine and Sulfadoxine, were already present in this European strain, predating their use. Our results shed light on the evolution of an important human pathogen and illustrate the value of antique medical collections as a resource for retrieving genomic information on pathogens from the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pere Gelabert
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrien Rieux
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, St. Pierre de la Réunion, France
| | - Marc de Manuel
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni de-Dios
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shyam Gopalakrishnan
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Carøe
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcela Sandoval-Velasco
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosa Fregel
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raül Escosa
- Consorci de Polítiques Ambientals de les Terres de l'Ebre (COPATE), Deltebre, Spain
| | - Carles Aranda
- Servei de Control de Mosquits, Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Silvie Huijben
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo Mueller
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomàs Marquès-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- CNAG-CRG, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Balloux
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Sutanto I, Kosasih A, Elyazar IRF, Simanjuntak DR, Larasati TA, Dahlan MS, Wahid I, Mueller I, Koepfli C, Kusriastuti R, Surya A, Laihad FJ, Hawley WA, Collins FH, Baird JK, Lobo NF. Negligible Impact of Mass Screening and Treatment on Mesoendemic Malaria Transmission at West Timor in Eastern Indonesia: A Cluster-Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1364-1372. [PMID: 29579195 PMCID: PMC6186863 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mass screening and treatment (MST) aims to reduce malaria risk in communities by identifying and treating infected persons without regard to illness. Methods A cluster-randomized trial evaluated malaria incidence with and without MST. Clusters were randomized to 3, 2, or no MST interventions: MST3, 6 clusters (156 households/670 individuals); MST2, 5 clusters (89 households/423 individuals); and MST0, 5 clusters (174 households/777 individuals). All clusters completed the study with 14 residents withdrawing. In a cohort of 324 schoolchildren (MST3, n = 124; MST2, n = 57; MST0, n = 143) negative by microscopy at enrollment, we evaluated the incidence density of malaria during 3 months of MST and 3 months following. The MST intervention involved community-wide expert malaria microscopic screening and standard therapy with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and primaquine for glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase–normal subjects. All blood examinations included polymerase chain reaction assays, which did not guide on-site treatment. Results The risk ratios for incidence density of microscopically patent malaria in MST3 or MST2 relative to that in MST0 clusters were 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], .53–1.91) and 1.22 (95% CI, .42–3.55), respectively. Similar results were obtained with molecular analysis and species-specific (P. falciparum and P. vivax) infections. Microscopically subpatent, untreated infections accounted for 72% of those infected. Conclusions Two or 3 rounds of MST within 3 months did not impact the force of anopheline mosquito-borne infection in these communities. The high rate of untreated microscopically subpatent infections likely explains the observed poor impact. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01878357.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Sutanto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Ayleen Kosasih
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | | | - Deddy R Simanjuntak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Tri A Larasati
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | | | - Isra Wahid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanudin, Makasar, Indonesia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rita Kusriastuti
- Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Asik Surya
- Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - J Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Indonesia.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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Amaral LC, Robortella DR, Guimarães LFF, Limongi JE, Fontes CJF, Pereira DB, de Brito CFA, Kano FS, de Sousa TN, Carvalho LH. Ribosomal and non-ribosomal PCR targets for the detection of low-density and mixed malaria infections. Malar J 2019; 18:154. [PMID: 31039781 PMCID: PMC6492410 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The unexpected high proportion of submicroscopic malaria infections in areas with low transmission intensity challenges the control and elimination of malaria in the Americas. The current PCR-based assays present limitations as most protocols still rely on amplification of few-copies target gene. Here, the hypothesis was that amplification of different plasmodial targets—ribosomal (18S rRNA) and non-ribosomal multi-copy sequences (Pvr47 for Plasmodium vivax and Pfr364 for Plasmodium falciparum)—could increase the chances of detecting submicroscopic malaria infection. Methods A non-ribosomal real-time PCR assay targeting Pvr47/Pfr364 (NR-qPCR) was established and compared with three additional PCR protocols, two of them based on 18S rRNA gene amplification (Nested-PCR and R-qPCR) and one based on Pvr47/Pfr364 targets (NR-cPCR). The limit of detection of each PCR protocol, at single and artificial mixed P. vivax/P. falciparum infections, was determined by end-point titration curves. Field samples from clinical (n = 110) and subclinical (n = 324) malaria infections were used to evaluate the impact of using multiple molecular targets to detect malaria infections. Results The results demonstrated that an association of ribosomal and non-ribosomal targets did not increase sensitivity to detect submicroscopic malaria infections. Despite of that, artificial mixed-malaria infections demonstrated that the NR-qPCR was the most sensitive protocol to detect low-levels of P. vivax/P. falciparum co-infections. Field studies confirmed that submicroscopic malaria represented a large proportion (up to 77%) of infections among asymptomatic Amazonian residents, with a high proportion of infections (~ 20%) identified only by the NR-qPCR. Conclusions This study presents a new species-specific non-ribosomal PCR assay with potential to identify low-density P. vivax and P. falciparum infections. As the majority of subclinical infections was caused by P. vivax, the commonest form of malaria in the Amazon area, future studies should investigate the potential of Pvr47/Pfr364 to detect mixed-malaria infections in the field. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2781-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cotta Amaral
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Rocha Robortella
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Dhelio Batista Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisas em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia (CEPEM), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Flora Satiko Kano
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Luzia Helena Carvalho
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-MINAS, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Almeida-de-Oliveira NK, Moreira OC, de Lavigne AR, Mendonça-Lima L, Werneck GL, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF. Analytical validation of real-time quantitative PCR assays for optimum diagnosis of vivax malaria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e180350. [PMID: 30726341 PMCID: PMC6358008 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prompt diagnosis of plasmodial species for effective treatment prevents
worsening of individual health and avoids transmission maintenance or even
malaria reintroduction in areas where Plasmodium does not
exist. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows for the detection of parasites
below the threshold of microscopic examination. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to develop a real-time PCR test to reduce diagnostic errors and
increase efficacy. METHODS The lower limit of quantification and the linearity/analytical sensitivity
to measure sensitivity or limit of detection (LoD) were determined.
Intra-assay variations (repeatability) and alterations between assays,
operators, and instruments (reproducibility) were also assessed to set
precision. FINDINGS The linearity in SYBR™ Green and TaqMan™ systems was 106 and
102 copies and analytical sensitivity 1.13 and 1.17
copies/μL, respectively. Real-time PCR was more sensitive than conventional
PCR, showing a LoD of 0.01 parasite (p)/μL. Reproducibility and
repeatability (precision) were 100% for up to 0.1 p/μL in SYBR™ Green and 1
p/μL in TaqMan™ and conventional PCR. CONCLUSION Real-time PCR may replace conventional PCR in reference laboratories for
P. vivax detection due to its rapidity. The TaqMan™
system is the most indicated when quantification assays are required.
Performing tests in triplicate when diagnosing
Plasmodium-infected-asymptomatic individuals is recommended
to minimise diagnostic errors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Otacílio C Moreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Aline Rosa de Lavigne
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leila Mendonça-Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Loureiro Werneck
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Medicina Social, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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36
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White MT, Walker P, Karl S, Hetzel MW, Freeman T, Waltmann A, Laman M, Robinson LJ, Ghani A, Mueller I. Mathematical modelling of the impact of expanding levels of malaria control interventions on Plasmodium vivax. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3300. [PMID: 30120250 PMCID: PMC6097992 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax poses unique challenges for malaria control and elimination, notably the potential for relapses to maintain transmission in the face of drug-based treatment and vector control strategies. We developed an individual-based mathematical model of P. vivax transmission calibrated to epidemiological data from Papua New Guinea (PNG). In many settings in PNG, increasing bed net coverage is predicted to reduce transmission to less than 0.1% prevalence by light microscopy, however there is substantial risk of rebounds in transmission if interventions are removed prematurely. In several high transmission settings, model simulations predict that combinations of existing interventions are not sufficient to interrupt P. vivax transmission. This analysis highlights the potential options for the future of P. vivax control: maintaining existing public health gains by keeping transmission suppressed through indefinite distribution of interventions; or continued development of strategies based on existing and new interventions to push for further reduction and towards elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T White
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Patrick Walker
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Stephan Karl
- Vector-borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang 511, Papua New Guinea
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Manuel W Hetzel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Freeman
- Rotarians Against Malaria, Port Moresby 121, Papua New Guinea
| | - Andreea Waltmann
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Moses Laman
- Vector-borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang 511, Papua New Guinea
| | - Leanne J Robinson
- Vector-borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang 511, Papua New Guinea
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Azra Ghani
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
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Abstract
Malaria is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in tropical countries. The causative agent, Plasmodium sp., has a complex life cycle and is armed with various mechanisms which ensure its continuous transmission. Gametocytes represent the sexual stage of the parasite and are indispensable for the transmission of the parasite from the human host to the mosquito. Despite its vital role in the parasite's success, it is the least understood stage in the parasite's life cycle. The presence of gametocytes in asymptomatic populations and induction of gametocytogenesis by most antimalarial drugs warrants further investigation into its biology. With a renewed focus on malaria elimination and advent of modern technology available to biologists today, the field of gametocyte biology has developed swiftly, providing crucial insights into the molecular mechanisms driving sexual commitment. This review will summarise key current findings in the field of gametocyte biology and address the associated challenges faced in malaria detection, control and elimination.
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38
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Lover AA, Baird JK, Gosling R, Price RN. Malaria Elimination: Time to Target All Species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:17-23. [PMID: 29761762 PMCID: PMC6035869 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Important strides have been made within the past decade toward malaria elimination in many regions, and with this progress, the feasibility of eradication is once again under discussion. If the ambitious goal of eradication is to be achieved by 2040, all species of Plasmodium infecting humans will need to be targeted with evidence-based and concerted interventions. In this perspective, the potential barriers to achieving global malaria elimination are discussed with respect to the related diversities in host, parasite, and vector populations. We argue that control strategies need to be reorientated from a sequential attack on each species, dominated by Plasmodium falciparum to one that targets all species in parallel. A set of research themes is proposed to mitigate the potential setbacks on the pathway to a malaria-free world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Lover
- Malaria Elimination Initiative at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - J. Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roly Gosling
- Malaria Elimination Initiative at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ric N. Price
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
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39
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Almeida ACG, Kuehn A, Castro AJM, Vitor-Silva S, Figueiredo EFG, Brasil LW, Brito MAM, Sampaio VS, Bassat Q, Felger I, Tadei WP, Monteiro WM, Mueller I, Lacerda MVG. High proportions of asymptomatic and submicroscopic Plasmodium vivax infections in a peri-urban area of low transmission in the Brazilian Amazon. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:194. [PMID: 29558985 PMCID: PMC5859403 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based studies conducted in Latin America have shown a high proportion of asymptomatic and submicroscopic malarial infections. Considering efforts aiming at regional elimination, it is important to investigate the role of this asymptomatic reservoir in malaria transmission in peri-urban areas. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. and gametocyte burden on symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in the Brazilian Amazon. RESULTS Two cross-sectional household surveys (CS) were conducted including all inhabitants in a peri-urban area of Manaus, western Amazonas State, Brazil. Malaria parasites were detected by light microscopy (LM) and qPCR. Sexual stages of Plasmodium spp. were detected by LM and RT-qPCR. A total of 4083 participants were enrolled during the two surveys. In CS1, the prevalence of Plasmodium vivax infections was 4.3% (86/2010) by qPCR and 1.6% (32/2010) by LM. Fifty percent (43/86) of P. vivax infected individuals (qPCR) carried P. vivax gametocytes. In CS2, 3.4% (70/2073) of participants had qPCR-detectable P. vivax infections, of which 42.9% (30/70) of infections were gametocyte positive. The P. vivax parasite density was associated with gametocyte carriage (P < 0.001). Sixty-seven percent of P. vivax infected individuals and 53.4% of P. vivax gametocyte carriers were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms a substantial proportion of asymptomatic and submicroscopic P. vivax infections in the study area. Most asymptomatic individuals carried gametocytes and presented low asexual parasitemia. This reservoir actively contributes to malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon, underscoring a need to implement more efficient control and elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C G Almeida
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, N.25, Dom Pedro, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69040-000, Brazil. .,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Djalma Batista, N. 3578, Flores, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69005-010, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Kuehn
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer del Rosselló, 132, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arthur J M Castro
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Djalma Batista, N. 3578, Flores, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69005-010, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, N. 2.936, Petrópolis, Manaus, CEP: 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Sheila Vitor-Silva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, N.25, Dom Pedro, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Erick F G Figueiredo
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, N.25, Dom Pedro, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa W Brasil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, N.25, Dom Pedro, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A M Brito
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, N.25, Dom Pedro, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69040-000, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Djalma Batista, N. 3578, Flores, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69005-010, Brazil
| | - Vanderson S Sampaio
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas, Sala de Análise de Situação em Saúde, Av. Torquato Tapajós, N. 6132, Colônia Santo Antonio, Manaus, CEP:69093-018, Brazil
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer del Rosselló, 132, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Rua 12, Cambeve, Vila de Manhiça, CP 1929, Maputo, Mozambique.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wanderli P Tadei
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, N. 2.936, Petrópolis, Manaus, CEP: 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, N.25, Dom Pedro, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69040-000, Brazil. .,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Djalma Batista, N. 3578, Flores, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69005-010, Brazil.
| | - Ivo Mueller
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer del Rosselló, 132, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, N.25, Dom Pedro, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69040-000, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Djalma Batista, N. 3578, Flores, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP: 69005-010, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas e Maria Deane (ILMD), Manaus, Brazil
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40
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Gunalan K, Niangaly A, Thera MA, Doumbo OK, Miller LH. Plasmodium vivax Infections of Duffy-Negative Erythrocytes: Historically Undetected or a Recent Adaptation? Trends Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29530446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the main cause of malarial disease in Asia and South America. Plasmodium vivax infection was thought to be absent in African populations who are Duffy blood group antigen negative (Duffy-negative). However, many cases of P. vivax infection have recently been observed in Duffy-negative Africans. This raises the question: were P. vivax infections in Duffy-negative populations previously missed or has P. vivax adapted to infect Duffy-negative populations? This review focuses on recent P. vivax findings in Africa and reports views on the parasite ligands that may play a role in Duffy-negative P. vivax infections. In addition, clues gained from studying P. vivax infection of reticulocytes are presented, which may provide possible avenues for establishing P. vivax culture in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthigayan Gunalan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; These authors contributed equally.
| | - Amadou Niangaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; These authors contributed equally
| | - Mahamadou A Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Gruenberg M, Moniz CA, Hofmann NE, Wampfler R, Koepfli C, Mueller I, Monteiro WM, Lacerda M, de Melo GC, Kuehn A, Siqueira AM, Felger I. Plasmodium vivax molecular diagnostics in community surveys: pitfalls and solutions. Malar J 2018; 17:55. [PMID: 29378609 PMCID: PMC5789620 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A distinctive feature of Plasmodium vivax infections is the overall low parasite density in peripheral blood. Thus, identifying asymptomatic infected individuals in endemic communities requires diagnostic tests with high sensitivity. The detection limits of molecular diagnostic tests are primarily defined by the volume of blood analysed and by the copy number of the amplified molecular marker serving as the template for amplification. By using mitochondrial DNA as the multi-copy template, the detection limit can be improved more than tenfold, compared to standard 18S rRNA targets, thereby allowing detection of lower parasite densities. In a very low transmission area in Brazil, application of a mitochondrial DNA-based assay increased prevalence from 4.9 to 6.5%. The usefulness of molecular tests in malaria epidemiological studies is widely recognized, especially when precise prevalence rates are desired. Of concern, however, is the challenge of demonstrating test accuracy and quality control for samples with very low parasite densities. In this case, chance effects in template distribution around the detection limit constrain reproducibility. Rigorous assessment of false positive and false negative test results is, therefore, required to prevent over- or under-estimation of parasite prevalence in epidemiological studies or when monitoring interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gruenberg
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clara Antunes Moniz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Ellen Hofmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Wampfler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Marcus Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Gisely Cardoso de Melo
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andrea Kuehn
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andre M Siqueira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Naeem MA, Ahmed S, Khan SA. Detection of asymptomatic carriers of malaria in Kohat district of Pakistan. Malar J 2018; 17:44. [PMID: 29357890 PMCID: PMC5778661 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kohat district is one of the medium intensity malaria transmission areas in Pakistan where asymptomatic carriers are likely to form a reservoir of infection. This study was done to explore the possibility of using microscopy, rapid diagnostic testing (RDT), real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-PCR followed by endpoint fluorometry (EPF) for detection of malaria in asymptomatic immediate family members of patients of malaria (homestead) and in a sample from the general population of Kohat. Methods This cross-sectional study was done at Combined Military Hospital Kohat and Molecular Lab of Riphah International University, Islamabad from Jan to Dec 2015. A total of 1000 individuals including 200 microscopy positive patients of malaria, 400 asymptomatic immediate family members (homestead) of the active patients of malaria and 400 apparently healthy controls were tested by microscopy, RDT and RT-PCR. At the end of RT-PCR the result were read by EPF. Results In the 200 malaria microscopy positive patients, 190 (95%) were RDT positive and all were RT-PCR positive. In the 400 individuals from the homestead of malaria patients, 6 (1.5%) individuals were malaria microscopy positive while RDT failed to pick any positive and 32 (8%) were RT-PCR positive for malaria. EPF of all the RT-PCR positive results were positive and the negative results were negative. The difference in the frequency of malaria in the homestead versus general population was very significant (p = 0.0002) and the relative risk of malaria was 4.0 times higher (95% CI 1.87–8.57). Conclusion The chances of detecting asymptomatic malaria carriers is significantly higher in the homestead of malaria patients than in the general population and for this purpose RT-PCR with EPF can be very useful in the diagnosis of malaria especially with low parasite density. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2191-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhaib Ahmed
- Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Hematologic Aspects of Parasitic Diseases. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
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Niang M, Diop F, Niang O, Sadio BD, Sow A, Faye O, Diallo M, Sall AA, Perraut R, Toure-Balde A. Unexpected high circulation of Plasmodium vivax in asymptomatic children from Kédougou, southeastern Senegal. Malar J 2017; 16:497. [PMID: 29284488 PMCID: PMC5747145 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria in Senegal is due essentially to infections by Plasmodium falciparum and, to a lesser extent to Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. By the use of molecular methods, detection of Plasmodium vivax has been recently reported in the region of Kedougou, raising the question of appraisal of its potential prevalence in this setting. Methods A retrospective serological study was carried out using 188 samples taken from 2010 to 2011 in a longitudinal school survey during which 48 asymptomatic children (9–11 years) were recruited. Four collections of samples collected during two successive dry and rainy seasons were analysed for antibody responses to P. vivax and P. falciparum. Recombinant P. falciparum and P. vivax MSP1 antigens and total P. falciparum schizont lysate from African 07/03 strain (adapted to culture) were used for ELISA. Nested PCR amplification was used for molecular detection of P. vivax. Results A surprising high prevalence of IgG responses against P. vivax MSP1 was evidenced with 53% of positive samples and 58% of the individuals that were found positive to this antigen. There was 77% of responders to P. falciparum outlined by 63% of positive samples. Prevalence of responders did not differ as function of seasons. Levels of antibodies to P. falciparum fluctuated with significant increasing between dry and rainy season (P < 0.05), contrary to responses to P. vivax. There was a significant reciprocal relationship (P < 10−3) between antibody responses to the different antigens, but with weak coefficient of correlation (Rho around 0.3) underlining a variable profile at the individual level. Clear molecular signature was found in positive IgG to P. vivax msp1 samples by PCR. Conclusion This cross-sectional longitudinal study highlights the unexpected high circulation of P. vivax in this endemic area. Sero-immunology and molecular methods are powerful additive tools to identify endemic sites where relevant control measures have to be settled and monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makhtar Niang
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fode Diop
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oulimata Niang
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Bacary D Sadio
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdourahmane Sow
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.,West African Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou A Sall
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ronald Perraut
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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malERA: An updated research agenda for characterising the reservoir and measuring transmission in malaria elimination and eradication. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002452. [PMID: 29190279 PMCID: PMC5708619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper summarises key advances in defining the infectious reservoir for malaria and the measurement of transmission for research and programmatic use since the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda (malERA) publication in 2011. Rapid and effective progress towards elimination requires an improved understanding of the sources of transmission as well as those at risk of infection. Characterising the transmission reservoir in different settings will enable the most appropriate choice, delivery, and evaluation of interventions. Since 2011, progress has been made in a number of areas. The extent of submicroscopic and asymptomatic infections is better understood, as are the biological parameters governing transmission of sexual stage parasites. Limitations of existing transmission measures have been documented, and proof-of-concept has been established for new innovative serological and molecular methods to better characterise transmission. Finally, there now exists a concerted effort towards the use of ensemble datasets across the spectrum of metrics, from passive and active sources, to develop more accurate risk maps of transmission. These can be used to better target interventions and effectively monitor progress toward elimination. The success of interventions depends not only on the level of endemicity but also on how rapidly or recently an area has undergone changes in transmission. Improved understanding of the biology of mosquito-human and human-mosquito transmission is needed particularly in low-endemic settings, where heterogeneity of infection is pronounced and local vector ecology is variable. New and improved measures of transmission need to be operationally feasible for the malaria programmes. Outputs from these research priorities should allow the development of a set of approaches (applicable to both research and control programmes) that address the unique challenges of measuring and monitoring transmission in near-elimination settings and defining the absence of transmission.
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Longley RJ, White MT, Takashima E, Morita M, Kanoi BN, Li Wai Suen CSN, Betuela I, Kuehn A, Sripoorote P, Franca CT, Siba P, Robinson LJ, Lacerda M, Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Mueller I. Naturally acquired antibody responses to more than 300 Plasmodium vivax proteins in three geographic regions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005888. [PMID: 28892517 PMCID: PMC5614652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax remains an important cause of malaria in South America and the Asia-Pacific. Naturally acquired antibody responses against multiple P. vivax proteins have been described in numerous countries, however, direct comparison of these responses has been difficult with different methodologies employed. We measured antibody responses against 307 P. vivax proteins at the time of P. vivax infection, and at 2–3 later time-points in three countries. We observed that seropositivity rates at the time of infection were highest in Thailand, followed by Brazil then PNG, reflecting the level of antigenic input. The majority of sero-reactive antigens in all sites induced short-lived antibody responses with estimated half-lives of less than 6 months, although there was a trend towards longer-lived responses in PNG children. Despite these differences, IgG seropositivity rates, magnitude and longevity were highly and significantly rank-correlated between the different regions, suggesting such features are reflective of the individual protein. In the pursuit of eliminating all species of malaria, Plasmodium vivax presents one of the most substantial challenges, particularly in countries in Asia, the Western-Pacific and South America. This is primarily due to the ability of P. vivax to cause relapse infections months to years after the initial infectious bite. In areas with low levels of malaria transmission, serology has become an increasingly useful tool for surveillance, as anti-Plasmodium antibodies can be detected in individuals long after blood-stage parasites have cleared. In this study, we provide a detailed characterisation of the antibody response generated following P. vivax infection by measuring antibodies to over 300 P. vivax antigens in three different populations in Thailand, Brazil and Papua New Guinea. The individuals in these populations were followed for up to nine months allowing us to estimate the rate at which antibodies decay over time. This improved understanding of the magnitude and dynamics of the antibody response, validated in multiple populations, will contribute to the development of serological surveillance tools needed for enhanced control and elimination of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea J. Longley
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael T. White
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Morita
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Bernard N. Kanoi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Connie S. N. Li Wai Suen
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Inoni Betuela
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Andrea Kuehn
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Piyarat Sripoorote
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Camila T. Franca
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Siba
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Leanne J. Robinson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Malaria: Parasites & Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites & Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Carrasco-Escobar G, Gamboa D, Castro MC, Bangdiwala SI, Rodriguez H, Contreras-Mancilla J, Alava F, Speybroeck N, Lescano AG, Vinetz JM, Rosas-Aguirre A, Llanos-Cuentas A. Micro-epidemiology and spatial heterogeneity of P. vivax parasitaemia in riverine communities of the Peruvian Amazon: A multilevel analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8082. [PMID: 28808240 PMCID: PMC5556029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria has steadily increased in the Peruvian Amazon over the last five years. This study aimed to determine the parasite prevalence and micro-geographical heterogeneity of Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia in communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Four cross-sectional active case detection surveys were conducted between May and July 2015 in four riverine communities in Mazan district. Analysis of 2785 samples of 820 individuals nested within 154 households for Plasmodium parasitaemia was carried out using light microscopy and qPCR. The spatio-temporal distribution of Plasmodium parasitaemia, dominated by P. vivax, was shown to cluster at both household and community levels. Of enrolled individuals, 47% had at least one P. vivax parasitaemia and 10% P. falciparum, by qPCR, both of which were predominantly sub-microscopic and asymptomatic. Spatial analysis detected significant clustering in three communities. Our findings showed that communities at small-to-moderate spatial scales differed in P. vivax parasite prevalence, and multilevel Poisson regression models showed that such differences were influenced by factors such as age, education, and location of households within high-risk clusters, as well as factors linked to a local micro-geographic context, such as travel and occupation. Complex transmission patterns were found to be related to human mobility among communities in the same micro-basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacióny Desarrollo, Facultad de Cienciasy Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
- Facultad de Salud Públicay Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacióny Desarrollo, Facultad de Cienciasy Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celularesy Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Juan Contreras-Mancilla
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacióny Desarrollo, Facultad de Cienciasy Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Niko Speybroeck
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andres G Lescano
- Facultad de Salud Públicay Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celularesy Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Angel Rosas-Aguirre
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Facultad de Salud Públicay Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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Recht J, Siqueira AM, Monteiro WM, Herrera SM, Herrera S, Lacerda MVG. Malaria in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela: current challenges in malaria control and elimination. Malar J 2017; 16:273. [PMID: 28676055 PMCID: PMC5496604 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of significant progress towards malaria control and elimination achieved in South America in the 2000s, this mosquito-transmitted tropical disease remains an important public health concern in the region. Most malaria cases in South America come from Amazon rain forest areas in northern countries, where more than half of malaria is caused by Plasmodium vivax, while Plasmodium falciparum malaria incidence has decreased in recent years. This review discusses current malaria data, policies and challenges in four South American Amazon countries: Brazil, Colombia, Peru and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Challenges to continuing efforts to further decrease malaria incidence in this region include: a significant increase in malaria cases in recent years in Venezuela, evidence of submicroscopic and asymptomatic infections, peri-urban malaria, gold mining-related malaria, malaria in pregnancy, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and primaquine use, and possible under-detection of Plasmodium malariae. Some of these challenges underscore the need to implement appropriate tools and procedures in specific regions, such as a field-compatible molecular malaria test, a P. malariae-specific test, malaria diagnosis and appropriate treatment as part of regular antenatal care visits, G6PD test before primaquine administration for P. vivax cases (with weekly primaquine regimen for G6PD deficient individuals), single low dose of primaquine for P. falciparum malaria in Colombia, and national and regional efforts to contain malaria spread in Venezuela urgently needed especially in mining areas. Joint efforts and commitment towards malaria control and elimination should be strategized based on examples of successful regional malaria fighting initiatives, such as PAMAFRO and RAVREDA/AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André M Siqueira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Sonia M Herrera
- Centro de Investigación Científica Caucaseco, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Fiocruz/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado/Institute Elimina, Manaus, Brazil
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Sow F, Bonnot G, Ahmed BR, Diagana SM, Kebe H, Koita M, Samba BM, Al-Mukhaini SK, Al-Zadjali M, Al-Abri SS, Ali OAM, Samy AM, Hamid MMA, Ali Albsheer MM, Simon B, Bienvenu AL, Petersen E, Picot S. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax metacaspase 1 and Plasmodium vivax multi-drug resistance 1 genes of field isolates from Mauritania, Sudan and Oman. Malar J 2017; 16:61. [PMID: 28153009 PMCID: PMC5288979 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax is the second most important human malaria parasite, widely spread across the world. This parasite is associated with important issues in the process toward malaria elimination, including potential for relapse and increased resistance to chloroquine. Plasmodium vivax multi-drug resistant (pvmdr1) is suspected to be a marker of resistance although definitive evidence is lacking. Progress has been made in knowledge of biological factors affecting parasite growth, including mechanisms of regulated cell death and the suspected role of metacaspase. Plasmodium vivax metacaspase1 (PvMCA1-cd) has been described with a catalytic domain composed of histidine (H372) and cysteine (C428) residues. The aim of this study was to test for a link between the conserved histidine and cysteine residues in PvMCA1-cd, and the polymorphism of the P. vivax multi-drug resistant gene (pvmdr1). RESULTS Thirty P. vivax isolates were collected from Mauritania, Sudan, and Oman. Among the 28 P. vivax isolates successfully sequenced, only 4 samples showed the conserved His (372)-Cys (428) residues in PvMCA1-cd. Single nucleotide polymorphisms observed were H372T (46.4%), H372D (39.3%), and C428R (85.7%). A new polymorphic catalytic domain was observed at His (282)-Cys (305) residues. Sequences alignment analysis of pvmdr1 showed SNP in the three codons 958, 976 and 1076. A single SNP was identified at the codon M958Y (60%), 2 SNPs were found at the position 976: Y976F (13%) and Y976V (57%), and 3 SNPs were identified at the position 1076: F1076L (40%), F1076T (53%) and F1076I (3%). Only one isolate was wildtype in all three codons (MYF), 27% were single MYL mutants, and 10% were double MFL mutants. Three new haplotypes were also identified: the triple mutant YVT was most prevalent (53.3%) distributed in the three countries, while triple YFL and YVI mutants (3%), were only found in samples from Sudan and Mauritania. CONCLUSIONS Triple or quadruple mutants for metacaspase genes and double or triple mutants for Pvmdr1 were observed in 24/28 and 19/28 samples. There was no difference in the frequency of mutations between PvMCA1-cd and Pvmdr1 (P > 0.2). Histidine and cysteine residues in PvMCA1-cd are highly polymorphic and linkage disequilibrium with SNPs of Pvmdr1 gene may be expected from these three areas with different patterns of P. vivax transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimata Sow
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires ICBMS-UMR5246, CNRS-INSA-CPE, Malaria Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Lyon, 69622, Villeurbane, France.
| | - Guillaume Bonnot
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires ICBMS-UMR5246, CNRS-INSA-CPE, Malaria Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Lyon, 69622, Villeurbane, France
| | - Bilal Rabah Ahmed
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie et Parasitologie de l'Hôpital Cheikh Zayed, BP-5720, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sidi Mohamed Diagana
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie et Parasitologie de l'Hôpital Cheikh Zayed, BP-5720, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Hachim Kebe
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier National de Nouakchott, BP-612, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Mohamedou Koita
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale Institut National de Recherches en Santé Publique (INRSP), Avenue Jemal AbdeNasser, BP-695, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Ba Malado Samba
- Laboratoire Analyse de Biologie Médicale du Centre hospitalier de Rosso Mauritanie, BP-41, Rosso, Mauritania
| | - Said K Al-Mukhaini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.,Department of malaria, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Majed Al-Zadjali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.,Department of malaria, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Seif S Al-Abri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.,Department of malaria, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Osama A M Ali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.,Department of malaria, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Abdallah M Samy
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.,Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Medical Campus, University of Khartoum, Qassr Street, P.O. BOX 102, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Musab M Ali Albsheer
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Medical Campus, University of Khartoum, Qassr Street, P.O. BOX 102, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Bruno Simon
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires ICBMS-UMR5246, CNRS-INSA-CPE, Malaria Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Lyon, 69622, Villeurbane, France.,Institut of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Lise Bienvenu
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires ICBMS-UMR5246, CNRS-INSA-CPE, Malaria Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Lyon, 69622, Villeurbane, France.,Institut of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Eskild Petersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.,Department of malaria, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stéphane Picot
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires ICBMS-UMR5246, CNRS-INSA-CPE, Malaria Research Unit, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Lyon, 69622, Villeurbane, France.,Institut of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Howes RE, Battle KE, Mendis KN, Smith DL, Cibulskis RE, Baird JK, Hay SI. Global Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:15-34. [PMID: 27402513 PMCID: PMC5198891 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread human malaria, putting 2.5 billion people at risk of infection. Its unique biological and epidemiological characteristics pose challenges to control strategies that have been principally targeted against Plasmodium falciparum Unlike P. falciparum, P. vivax infections have typically low blood-stage parasitemia with gametocytes emerging before illness manifests, and dormant liver stages causing relapses. These traits affect both its geographic distribution and transmission patterns. Asymptomatic infections, high-risk groups, and resulting case burdens are described in this review. Despite relatively low prevalence measurements and parasitemia levels, along with high proportions of asymptomatic cases, this parasite is not benign. Plasmodium vivax can be associated with severe and even fatal illness. Spreading resistance to chloroquine against the acute attack, and the operational inadequacy of primaquine against the multiple attacks of relapse, exacerbates the risk of poor outcomes among the tens of millions suffering from infection each year. Without strategies accounting for these P. vivax-specific characteristics, progress toward elimination of endemic malaria transmission will be substantially impeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind E. Howes
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Katherine E. Battle
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kamini N. Mendis
- Global Malaria Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David L. Smith
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Sanaria Institute for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Rockville, Maryland
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - J. Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon I. Hay
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
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